what are the major elements of a map? scale conventional signs grid reference title

What are the major elements of a map?

• Scale• Conventional

signs• Grid reference• Title

Scale• Scale 1:20,000• 1cm = 20,000cm = 200m =

0.2km• 1:20,0005 cm 10 cm

X1:

20,0001:

10

5

27

28

29

12 13 14

Grid reference

Grid square 1328

Grid reference

What does a map tell us?

•location•land use•relief•communication•drainage•vegetation

Favourable conditionscontour

Swamp Fluvial sand

Motorway, railway

Coastal location

Flat land, space for expansion

Cheap land formed naturally

Good transport

Facilitates import and export

Environmental problems• Oil refinery(710950)• Accidental oilspill, leakage• Affect wildlife of the neighbouring ar

ea• Extension sedimentation found alon

g the lower course of the R. Neath ( ) and the shore

• Imply low water energy

• Cannot flush away pollutant coming from the factories

• Industrial areas are found quite near to other urban uses

• e.g. NW of Port Tabort• e.g. the steel works to the west of M

argam• Cause air and noise pollution

• Industrial development impair the recreational activities

• e.g. golf course at 723934• beach along the coastal sand• Air pollutants concentrate in the con

stricted Neath River Valley• Onshore winds pass over industrial a

rea enter Neath River Valley

Intra-urban location

Harbour C.B.D.

river

City boundary

Railway

1:2,000,000A

A

A B B

B

C

C

C

C D

D

D

D

Group A : • Locate near to C.B.D.• they have strong linkages with central

business• e.g. Printing, office machines• market is the whole of the city and its

immediate hinterland. e.g. newspaper• They usually occupy small area therefore

they can bear the high unit rent• Inertia is also one of the reason of

location

Group B : • Water-front location• Port facilities related e.g. ship repairing• Easy import and export by water transport• Involve heavy and bulky raw materials and

productse.g. oil refinery• raw materials brought from other regions

or overseas are needed • Heavy industries• Cheap coastal lowland• Industrial inertia

Group D : • Locate on the urban fringe or suburb• there is much space • and the rent and rates are lower • Industries which involve long

production line are space consuming • newly developed industrial estates or

industrial park• Offensive industries / pollution• Relocated from inner urban• e.g. cement, food processing

Group C :

• Random location• Footloose industries• No strong location pull

Creating Flatland• grid square 1326 – reclaim land from sea• because the site is shallow water and

sheltered• Grid square 1325 - leveling of the round

top hill• because it is lower in height and easier to

be removed, • and the rocks / debris can be easily

transported to the bay for reclamation

Impact on physical environment• Destruction of woodland and the scenic spot on

the round top hill• Destruction of the beach• Reclamation of the bay and cutting down of the

round top hill• Create a lot of dust• Polluting the sea water and the river• Generating harmful effect on the zone of marine

fish culture• Generating a lot of noise

Impact on socio-economic environment

• No more holiday makers come here• The services relating to visitors would

be seriously affected• The local residents would be forced to

change their jobs and move houses• The income from marine fish culture

would be seriously affected • The village would be demolished

Proposed industrial estate • grid square 1326 and 1426• southwest is the prevailing wind,

the site is on the downwind sidethe strong offshore current could help to drain away the industrial waste from the factories to the open sea

Support development• appreciation of land value• more job opportunities• a better living standard in the future• improving communication network

with the city centre• better facilities and infrastructure•

Against development• the natural environment would be

destroyed• the existing business concerning

holiday makers and marine fish culture would be the seriously affected

• the environment familiar to the local inhabitants would be changed

• the lifestyle would also be changed• the village would be demolished •