why is it so important? - in1touch€¦ · terrain analysis, why is it so important? 16 what is...
Post on 21-Jul-2020
4 Views
Preview:
TRANSCRIPT
Terrain Analysis
WHY IS IT SO IMPORTANT?
Presentation to Alberta Institute of Agrology
Banff, Alberta
Dennis O’Leary, P.Ag
Dr. Anne Sommerville, Ph.D., P.Ag.
March 29, 2019
___AGENDA
1. Introductions
2. Who uses Terrain Data
3. What is Terrain Analysis
4. Components of Terrain Analysis
5. Coffee Break
6. Importance of Scale
7. Tools
8. What can go wrong without proper terrain data
9. Qualifications for Terrain Mapping
2
___Terrain Analysis, Why is it so Important?
3
W H O U S E S T E R R A I N D ATA
Who Uses Terrain Data
___Terrain Analysis, Why is it so Important?
4
W H O U S E S T E R R A I N D ATA
Who Uses Terrain Data?
❑ Engineers
❑ Soil scientists
❑ Geologists
❑ Ecologists
❑ Landscape architects
❑ Planners
❑ Archaeologists
___Terrain Analysis, Why is it so Important?
5
W H O U S E S T E R R A I N D ATA
What industries use Terrain Data
❑ Agriculture
❑ Mining
❑ Landfill/Disposal sites
❑ Recreation
❑ Ski operators
❑ Railways
❑ Transportation
❑ Pipelines
❑ Transmission
❑ Renewables
❑ Water/electric hydro
❑ Wind farms
___Terrain Analysis, Why is it so Important?
6
What is Terrain Analysis
___Terrain Analysis, Why is it so Important?
7
W H AT I S T E R R A I N A N A LY S I S
Terrain……no definition, see “Terrane”
Terrane……
A region of CRUST with well-defined margins, which differs
significantly in TECTONIC evolution from neighboring regions
Dictionary of Geology
___Terrain Analysis, Why is it so Important?
8
W H AT I S T E R R A I N A N A LY S I S
Terrain……..no definition
Terrane………
A rock formation, a cluster of rock formations, or the general
areas of outcrops
Dictionary of Earth Science
___Terrain Analysis, Why is it so Important?
9
W H AT I S T E R R A I N A N A LY S I S
Terrain……
The physical characteristics of the natural features of an area,
i.e. its LANDFORMS, vegetation and soils
Dictionary of Physical Geography
___Terrain Analysis, Why is it so Important?
10
W H AT I S T E R R A I N A N A LY S I S
Terrain Analysis…….
The scientific interpretation of the landforms, vegetation and
soils of a given area in relation to the uses to which it may be
put.
Dictionary of Physical Geography
___Terrain Analysis, Why is it so Important?
11
W H AT I S T E R R A I N A N A LY S I S
Terrain-type map……
A map depicting all the different types of terrain in a region,
classified into categories with broadly similar attributes, e.g.,
slope gradient, AVAILABLE RELIEF, degree of dissection, and
depicted with distinctive shading, colouring and/or numerical
notation.
Dictionary of Physical Geography
___Terrain Analysis, Why is it so Important?
12
W H AT I S T E R R A I N A N A LY S I S
❑ Terrain is the interface between the geotechnical world
and the biophysical world!
___Terrain Analysis, Why is it so Important?
13
W H AT I S T E R R A I N A N A LY S I S
___Terrain Analysis, Why is it so Important?
14
W H AT I S T E R R A I N A N A LY S I S - P U R P O S E
❑ What is the purpose of the mapping?
❑ Regional
❑ Planning, allocation of land
❑ Local
❑ Oilsands development
❑ Site specific
❑ River crossing
❑ Facility
___Terrain Analysis, Why is it so Important?
15
W H AT I S T E R R A I N A N A LY S I S - S C A L E
❑ Purpose influences scale
❑ Regional
❑ Broad scale > 1:50,000
❑ Local
❑ Medium scale 1:10,000 to 1:50,000
❑ Site Specific
❑ Large scale 1:500 to 1:2,000
___Terrain Analysis, Why is it so Important?
16
W H AT I S T E R R A I N A N A LY S I S – M I N I M U M P O LY G O N S I Z E
❑ Scale influences minimum polygon size
Scale Average1
Polygon (ha)
Minimum2
Polygon (ha)
1:250,000 1,900 – 3,400 625
1:100,000 280 – 500 100
1:50,000 150 – 425 25
1:20,000 16 – 100 4
1:10,000 12 - 25 2
1:2,0003 3 – 103 0.4
1:5003 0.43 0.1
1. From Guidelines and Standards to Terrain Mapping in British Columbia (RIC 1996)
2. Minimum polygon size at any scale is 1 cm2
3. Data from Golder Associates Ltd.
Increased
level of
detail
Operational
scale data
___Terrain Analysis, Why is it so Important?
17
Components of Terrain Analysis
___Terrain Analysis, Why is it so Important?
18
C O M P O N E N T S O F T E R R A I N A N A LY S I S
❑ Involves the subdivision of the landscape for a particular
purpose at a given scale
___Terrain Analysis, Why is it so Important?
19
C O M P O N E N T S O F T E R R A I N A N A LY S I S
Surficial geology of
AlbertaFenton et al. 2013
• 1:1,000,000 scale
• Compilation map
___Terrain Analysis, Why is it so Important?
20
C O M P O N E N T S O F T E R R A I N A N A LY S I S
Quaternary
Geology,
Southern AlbertaShetsen 1987
• 1:500,000 scale
• Compilation map
___Terrain Analysis, Why is it so Important?
21
Surficial geology map Terrain map
C O M P O N E N T S O F T E R R A I N A N A LY S I S
___Terrain Analysis, Why is it so Important?
22
C O M P O N E N T S O F T E R R A I N A N A LY S I S
___Terrain Analysis, Why is it so Important?
23
C O M P O N E N T S O F T E R R A I N A N A LY S I S
___Terrain Analysis, Why is it so Important?
24
C O M P O N E N T S O F T E R R A I N A N A LY S I S
Drainage
Topography
Geoprocesses
SlopeSoil Parent Materials
Depth to Bedrock
Texture
No one variable
takes precedence
over another!
Climate
Change
Seismicity
___Terrain Analysis, Why is it so Important?
25
C O M P O N E N T S O F T E R R A I N A N A LY S I S -
M AT E R I A L S
❑ Soil Parent Materials
Soil Parent Materials
• Anthropogenic
• Colluvium
• Eolian
• Fluvial / Alluvium
• Glaciofluvial
• Glaciolacustrine
• Glaciomarine
• Ice
• Lacustrine
• Marine
• Moraine (till)
• Organic
• Pre-glacial gravels
• Rock/Bedrock
• Weathered Bedrock
Highly
dependent upon
geology and
glacial history
___Terrain Analysis, Why is it so Important?
26
C O M P O N E N T S O F T E R R A I N A N A LY S I S - M AT E R I A L S
❑ Issue………
❑ Not all till materials are the same…..
❑ Not all glaciofluvial materials are the same…..
❑ Not all organics are the same…….
❑ Purpose of terrain analysis is to identify these landforms and
deposits as they will all have different physical and chemical
properties that influence a particular use (e.g., construction,
reclamation)
Till: Mainly till comprised of
clay, silt and sand as well
as a mixture of pebbles,
cobbles and boulders.
Locally may include blocks
of bedrock, stratified
sediment, or lenses of
glaciolacustrine and/or
glaciofluvial sediment
Fenton et al (2013)
___Terrain Analysis, Why is it so Important?
27
C O M P O N E N T S O F T E R R A I N A N A LY S I S - M AT E R I A L S
Moraine
Hummocky ablation till
Morainal plain
Ridged moraine
___Terrain Analysis, Why is it so Important?
28
C O M P O N E N T S O F T E R R A I N A N A LY S I S - M AT E R I A L S
Glaciofluvial
Kettled glaciofluvial deposits
Outwash plain
Esker
___Terrain Analysis, Why is it so Important?
29
C O M P O N E N T S O F T E R R A I N A N A LY S I S - M AT E R I A L S
Colluvium
Scree slope Colluvial materials
Debris flow track
Boulder colluvium
___Terrain Analysis, Why is it so Important?
30
C O M P O N E N T S O F T E R R A I N A N A LY S I S - T E X T U R E
❑ Pedological “Soil” textures
❑ % sand, silt and clay
Engineers
ABHOR
the term/concept of
LOAM
Not in their
vocabulary!
___Terrain Analysis, Why is it so Important?
31
C O M P O N E N T S O F T E R R A I N A N A LY S I S - T E X T U R E
❑ “Terrain soil” textures
___Terrain Analysis, Why is it so Important?
32
C O M P O N E N T S O F T E R R A I N A N A LY S I S - T E X T U R E
❑ Textural terms
Specific Clastic
Terms
Common Clastic
Terms
Organic
Terms
▪ Blocks
▪ Boulders
▪ Cobbles
▪ Pebbles
▪ Sand
▪ Silt
▪ Clay
• Mixed fragments
• Angular fragments
• Gravel
• Rubble
• Mud
• Shells
• Fibric
• Mesic
• Humic
From: Terrain Classification System for British Columbia (Howes and Kenk 1997)
___Terrain Analysis, Why is it so Important?
33
C O M P O N E N T S O F T E R R A I N A N A LY S I S - T E X T U R E
❑ Engineers use the Unified Soil Classification System (USCS)
• Used to define terms
cobbles, gravels, sand and
“fines” (silt and clay)
• No “loams”
• Engineering properties
(e.g., plasticity) assigned
to each group (e.g., GM,
GC, CL, CH)
___Terrain Analysis, Why is it so Important?
34
C O M P O N E N T S O F T E R R A I N A N A LY S I S – D E P T H T O B E D R O C K
❑ Overburden thickness / Depth to Bedrock
❑ Bedrock at surface
❑ Bedrock < 1 m below surface
❑ Bedrock 1 – 3 m below surface
❑ Bedrock > 3 m below surface
Veneer (< 1 m)
> 3 m thick
___Terrain Analysis, Why is it so Important?
35
C O M P O N E N T S O F T E R R A I N A N A LY S I S - T O P O G R A P H Y
❑ Topography / Surface Expression
❑ “General configuration of a surface, including its relief; the natural
surface features of a region treated collectively as to form”
Dictionary of Earth Science
• Planar / level
• Inclined
- Gentle
- Moderate
- Moderately steep
- Steep
• Apron
• Cone
• Depression
• Fan
• Hummocky
• Rolling
• Ridged
• Terraced
• Undulating
___Terrain Analysis, Why is it so Important?
36
C O M P O N E N T S O F T E R R A I N A N A LY S I S - S L O P E
❑ Slope
❑ Straight
❑ Concave
❑ Convex
❑ May be controlled either by:
❑ Bedrock (e.g., upper mountain slopes)
❑ Thick soil materials (e.g., eskers)
❑ May occur over short or long distances
___Terrain Analysis, Why is it so Important?
37
C O M P O N E N T S O F T E R R A I N A N A LY S I S - S L O P E
❑ Percent slope classes
1. Coincide with USDA slope classes.
Canadian
System of Soil
Classification1
B.C. Terrain
Classification
System Reality?
0 – 0.5
0.5 – 2
2 – 5
6 – 9
10 – 15
16 – 30
30 -50
50 – 70
> 70
0 – 5
6 – 26
27 – 49
50 – 70
> 70
0 – 1
2 – 5
6 – 20
20 – 40
40 – 60
60 – 80
>80
___Terrain Analysis, Why is it so Important?
38
C O M P O N E N T S O F T E R R A I N A N A LY S I S - D R A I N A G E
❑ Drainage
❑ Perhaps the most important feature of the landscape
❑ Often not considered or considered enough
❑ Influences land use decisions
- siting of facilities
❑ Affects pipeline integrity (SCC)
❑ Critical to ecological mapping
Follow
the water!
___Terrain Analysis, Why is it so Important?
39
C O M P O N E N T S O F T E R R A I N A N A LY S I S - D R A I N A G E
❑ Drainage classes
❑ Rapid
❑ Well
❑ Moderate
❑ Imperfect
❑ Poor
❑ Very poor
Associated with
Mineral wetlands
Associated with
Organic soils
Associated with
upland soils
• Determined by specific
criteria (e.g., presence /
absence of mottling,
gleying, etc.)
• Some use a “Very Rapid”
drainage class
• Does bedrock have
drainage?
• Does not necessarily
equate to permeability!
___Terrain Analysis, Why is it so Important?
40
C O M P O N E N T S O F T E R R A I N A N A LY S I S - G E O P R O C E S S E S
❑ Geoprocesses
❑ Naturally occurring or man-made phenomena that have the
potential to alter the landscape
❑ Include:
❑ Landsliding
❑ Gullying
❑ Groundwater seepage
❑ Permafrost
❑ Karst
❑ Flooding
Cougar Creek debris torrent, Canmore 2013
___Terrain Analysis, Why is it so Important?
41
C O M P O N E N T S O F T E R R A I N A N A LY S I S - G E O P R O C E S S E S
❑ Geomorphological Processes
Did you see all those Geoprocesses when
driving from Calgary to Banff?
• Debris flows
• Debris torrents
• Landslides
• Rock slide
• Avulsion
• Gullying
• Rock fall
• Avalanching
• Areas subject to flooding
• Stream bank erosion
• Seepage
___Terrain Analysis, Why is it so Important?
42
C O M P O N E N T S O F T E R R A I N A N A LY S I S - G E O P R O C E S S E S
❑ Geomorphological Processes
❑ Mass movement processes
❑ Erosional processes
❑ Fluvial processes
❑ Hydrologic processes
❑ Periglacial processes
Assumed to be
active processes
___Terrain Analysis, Why is it so Important?
43
C O M P O N E N T S O F T E R R A I N A N A LY S I S - G E O P R O C E S S E S
❑ Rapid and Slow Mass Movements (landslides!)
Rapid Mass Movements Slow Mass Movements
• Debris flow
• Debris torrent
• Debris fall
• Rock fall
• Avalanche
• Lateral spread
• Tension cracks
• Soil creep
• Rock creep
• Thaw slide
Rapid and Slow Mass
Movements
• Earthflow
• Slump
• Slump/earthflow
• Debris slide
• Rock slide
Thaw slide from
permafrost degradation Tension cracks
___Terrain Analysis, Why is it so Important?
44
C O M P O N E N T S O F T E R R A I N A N A LY S I S - G E O P R O C E S S E S
❑ Erosional Processes
❑ Gully erosion
❑ Karst
❑ Piping
❑ Deflation
❑ Washing
Gullying in southern
Alberta
___Terrain Analysis, Why is it so Important?
45
C O M P O N E N T S O F T E R R A I N A N A LY S I S - G E O P R O C E S S E S
❑ Fluvial processes
❑ Braided channel
❑ Irregular sinuous channel
❑ Anastomosing channel
❑ Meandering channel
Anastomosing channel
Meandering
channel
Braided stream channel
Sinuous channel, Bow River
___Terrain Analysis, Why is it so Important?
46
C O M P O N E N T S O F T E R R A I N A N A LY S I S - G E O P R O C E S S E S
❑ Hydrologic processes
❑ Inundation / flooding
❑ Groundwater seepage
❑ Springs
Flooding in Nebraska March 2019
Seepage in winter period
Spring / seep
___Terrain Analysis, Why is it so Important?
47
C O M P O N E N T S O F T E R R A I N A N A LY S I S - G E O P R O C E S S E S
❑ Periglacial processes
❑ Cryoturbation
❑ Nivation
❑ Solifluction
❑ Permafrost processes
❑ Thermokarst
❑ Palsas, peat plateaus
❑ Thaw flow slides
❑ Ice wedge polygons
❑ Patterned ground
Solifluction
Cryoturbated soil
Ice wedge polygons
Palsa
Thermokarst
___Terrain Analysis, Why is it so Important?
48
C O M P O N E N T S O F T E R R A I N M A P P I N G
❑ Need to consider other factors in combination, including:
❑ Climate
❑ Climate change
❑ Seismic events
Liquified leda clays, Lemieux
Landslide June 20, 1993
Materials
+
Slope angle
+
Precipitation / snow melt
+
Land Use
+
Time
___
Terrain Analysis, Why is it so Important?
Coffee Break
49
___Terrain Analysis, Why is it so Important?
50
I M P O R TA N C E O F S C A L E
❑ Do you consider the concept of scale when you start a
project?
❑ Scale is a common word…….hence may not give it the attention
it deserves…..
❑ Government regulations vs. what is needed by industry!
___Terrain Analysis, Why is it so Important?
51
I M P O R TA N C E O F S C A L E
❑ Macro versus Micro Scale
❑ Small versus Large Scale
❑ 1:500,000 vs. 1:2,000 vs. 1:500
❑ Glaciolacustrine = clays, stone free
❑ Moraine = whatever texture + stones
❑ Glaciofluvial = sands and gravels
❑ Colluvium = steep slopes, coarse angular fragments
❑ Organics = depressional landscape
❑ Fluvial = sands and gravels
Theory
vs.
Reality
___Terrain Analysis, Why is it so Important?
52
I M P O R TA N C E O F S C A L E
❑ What is the size of an oilsands operation?
❑ What is the size of an upgrader?
❑ What is the size of a well site?
❑ What is the length of a pipe segment?
❑ What is the width of a gravel road?
❑ What is the width of a paved two lane highway?
___Terrain Analysis, Why is it so Important?
53
I M P O R TA N C E O F S C A L E
Scotford Refinery
Approximately 1 mi2
or 640 ac
___Terrain Analysis, Why is it so Important?
54
I M P O R TA N C E O F S C A L E
Hydraulic fracturing well pad in Marcellus Shale Basin
Typical well pad
varies from 1.5 to
3.5 ac
Gravel roads vary
from 6 – 10 m in
width
___Terrain Analysis, Why is it so Important?
55
I M P O R TA N C E O F S C A L E
Average pipe segment is
12.2 m or 40 ft in length
___Terrain Analysis, Why is it so Important?
56
I M P O R TA N C E O F S C A L E
❑ Pipe segments versus scale
___Terrain Analysis, Why is it so Important?
57
I M P O R TA N C E O F S C A L E
~ 3.5 km or 287
pipe segments
Mapping at 1:2,000 to 1:5,000 depicted
at 1:10,000 scale
Landslide
Area
(19.7 ha)
122 m
crossing
145 m susceptible to
SCC issues
1.35 km of organic
materials; potential
buoyancy issues
___Terrain Analysis, Why is it so Important?
58
I M P O R TA N C E O F S C A L E
Mapping at 1:500 scale
for integrity management
purposes
Colluvial slope is 83 m in
length with evidence of
groundwater seepage
and slumping
6.8 pipe segments
subject to threat
___Terrain Analysis, Why is it so Important?
59
TOOLS
___Terrain Analysis, Why is it so Important?
60
T E R R A I N A N A LY S I S
Terrain Analysis
Scoping
Model
Background Data
Mapping
Field Investigations
The 5 steps in a proper
terrain analysis program
___Terrain Analysis, Why is it so Important?
61
T E R R A I N A N A LY S I S - 1 S T S T E P - S C O P I N G
❑ Scoping
❑ What is the purpose of the project
❑ How does it tie into other disciplines
❑ Given the purpose of the project, what scale of analysis is
required
❑ What is the schedule, including critical dates
❑ What are the deliverables
___Terrain Analysis, Why is it so Important?
62
Terrain Analysis
Scoping
Model
Background Data
Mapping
Field Investigations
T E R R A I N A N A LY S I S - 2 N D S T E P – M O D E L
The 5 steps in a proper
terrain analysis program
___Terrain Analysis, Why is it so Important?
63
T O O L S – 2 N D S T E P, D E V E L O P “ M O D E L ”
• Develop a model in your head
• Where am I working?
• What is your knowledge of the glacial history of the area?
• Is there a glacial history to your area?
___Terrain Analysis, Why is it so Important?
64
T E R R A I N A N A LY S I S
Terrain Analysis
Scoping
Model
Background Data
Mapping
Field Investigations
The 5 steps in a proper
terrain analysis program
___Terrain Analysis, Why is it so Important?
65
T O O L S – 3 R D S T E P - B A C K G R O U N D D ATA
❑ Background data
❑ Bedrock geology maps
❑ Surficial geology maps
❑ Soil survey maps
❑ Water well records
❑ Drift thickness maps
❑ Borehole records
Available from:
• Federal government agencies
• Provincial government agencies
• State government agencies
• University collections
___Terrain Analysis, Why is it so Important?
66
T O O L S – 3 R D S T E P - B A C K G R O U N D D ATA
❑ Important consideration
❑ What is the scale of the background data
❑ Generally at
❑ 1:1,000,000
❑ 1:500,000
❑ 1:250,000
❑ 1:126,620
❑ 1:100,000
❑ 1:63,360
❑ 1:50,000
Small scale mapping intended for:
• Regional and subregional planning
• Mineral exploration
Government regulations generally
require mapping at 1:20,000 to
1:5,000 depending upon the nature
of the study
SO HOW DO WE GET
1:5,000 SCALE MAPPING
AND BETTER?
___Terrain Analysis, Why is it so Important?
67
T E R R A I N A N A LY S I S
Terrain Analysis
Scoping
Model
Background DataMapping
Field Investigations
The 5 steps in a proper
terrain analysis program
___Terrain Analysis, Why is it so Important?
68
T O O L S – 4 T H S T E P - M A P P I N G
❑ Mapping
❑ Generally completed using hardcopy aerial photographs and a
stereoscope (hopefully by an experienced terrain scientist)
Issues:
• Limited by scale of aerial photographs
• Most aerial photograph scales range from 1:15,000
to 1:60,000 with scales of 1:20,000 1:30,000 and
1:40,000 being most common
• 1:20,000 scale photos = 1:20,000 scale mapping
• Limited by stereoscope
___Terrain Analysis, Why is it so Important?
69
T O O L S – 3 R D S T E P - M A P P I N G
❑ How do we overcome these limitations?
❑ New technologies
❑ Softcopy mapping
❑ LiDAR
❑ Drones
❑ Artificial Intelligence / Machine Learning (AI/ML)
___Terrain Analysis, Why is it so Important?
70
T O O L S – 3 R D S T E P - M A P P I N G
❑ How do we overcome these limitations?
❑ Use of “softcopy” mapping tools
❑ Systems have been in use since 1996 (MicroStation-based)
❑ Combination of ArcGIS + Viewing software
❑ PurVIEW, Summit DAT/EM
Softcopy Mapping Station
• Get digital imagery from government
agencies
• Merge with DEM data (Provincial DEM
or LiDAR)
• Creates digital imagery that can be
seen in 3D on computer monitor
___Terrain Analysis, Why is it so Important?
71
T O O L S – 3 R D S T E P - M A P P I N G
❑ What is softcopy?
❑ Suite of tools that allows mappers to view stereo digital stereo
imagery in 3D on a computer monitor with the aid of 3D glasses
❑ Advantages:
❑ Can zoom down from initial capture scales of 1:30,000 to scales as
large as 1:2,000 to 1:1,000 and larger
❑ Being able to zoom down into the imagery allows for better
identification, delineation and classification of key terrain features that
are not visible when viewing imagery at initial capture scales
❑ All work is completed in a digital environment
___Terrain Analysis, Why is it so Important?
72
T O O L S – 3 R D S T E P - M A P P I N G
❑ Can use either:
❑ Aerial photographs
❑ Black & White
❑ Colour
❑ Black & White IR
❑ Colour IR
❑ Satellite imagery
❑ IKONOS
❑ Quick Bird
❑ GeoEye
___Terrain Analysis, Why is it so Important?
73
T O O L S – 3 R D S T E P - M A P P I N G
• Area in southwest
Pennsylvania
• Mapping at 1:30,000
from 1:30,000 scale
aerial photographs
• Only 4 terrain
polygons, 3 valley
bottoms and the
larger upland ridged
terrain typical of the
Appalachian
Mountains
___Terrain Analysis, Why is it so Important?
74
T O O L S – 3 R D S T E P - M A P P I N G
Mapping at 1:5,000
(from same 1:30,000
scale imagery)
38 terrain units identified
___Terrain Analysis, Why is it so Important?
75
T O O L S – 3 R D S T E P - M A P P I N G
Mapping at 1:2,000 scale
(from original 1:30,000
scale photos
Landslides
Possible route to
avoid landslides
___Terrain Analysis, Why is it so Important?
76
T O O L S – 3 R D S T E P - M A P P I N G
❑ Aerial photographs / satellite imagery
Advantages Disadvantages
• Available for anywhere in the
world
• Black & White, colour, IR
• Inferences from vegetation data
• Flow of water in system,
drainage
• Inexpensive
• Historical
• Not all airphotos or satellite
imagery is the same
- scale / resolution dependent
- 1:15,000, 1:30,000, 1:60,000
• No automated processes to
classify imagery
___Terrain Analysis, Why is it so Important?
77
T O O L S – 3 R D S T E P - M A P P I N G
❑ LiDAR
❑ Light Detection and Ranging
❑ Remote sensing method that uses light in the form of a pulsed
laser to measure ranges to the earth surface
❑ Elevation data that provides 3D hillshade models
___Terrain Analysis, Why is it so Important?
78
T O O L S – 3 R D S T E P - M A P P I N G
___Terrain Analysis, Why is it so Important?
79
T O O L S – 3 R D S T E P - M A P P I N G
❑ LiDAR
Advantages Disadvantages
• Excellent 3D representation of the
earths surface
• Slope and aspect
• Phenomenal data on “form”
• Great for deep-seated rotational
landslides, debris flows, etc.
• Not all LiDAR is equal; resolution
dependent
• No information on soil moisture /
soil drainage
• Limited vegetation
• Costly
• Not always available
___Terrain Analysis, Why is it so Important?
80
T O O L S – 3 R D S T E P - M A P P I N G
❑ Drones
❑ More detailed data captured
❑ Generally for ¼ sections or pipeline segments
❑ Inspections
❑ Survey
❑ Monitoring
___Terrain Analysis, Why is it so Important?
81
T O O L S – 3 R D S T E P M A P P I N G
❑ Artificial Intelligence / Machine Learning (AI/ML)
❑ Predictive mapping
___Terrain Analysis, Why is it so Important?
82
T E R R A I N A N A LY S I S
Terrain Analysis
Scoping
Model
Background Data
Mapping
Field Investigations
The 5 steps in a proper
terrain analysis program
___Terrain Analysis, Why is it so Important?
83
T O O L S – 4 T H S T E P - F I E L D I N V E S T I G AT I O N S
❑ Field investigations
❑ Dual purpose
❑ Verify the mapping
❑ Collect detailed data on physical and chemical characteristics of soil
material
❑ Texture,
❑ Coarse fragment content,
❑ pH,
❑ Depth to bedrock,
❑ Depth to water table Stratified glaciofluvial deposits
Morainal materials
___Terrain Analysis, Why is it so Important?
84
T E R R A I N M A P P I N G – B E N E F I T S T O O T H E R D I S C I P L I N E S
Terrain Mapping
Soils Mapping
Vegetation Mapping
Wildlife Habitat Mapping
Land Use Decision Making
___Terrain Analysis, Why is it so Important?
85
T E R R A I N A N A LY S I S – W H AT H A P P E N S W H E N T H I N G S G O W R O N G
❑ What can happen with inadequate terrain analysis?
February 2017
Edmonton, Oct 26, 1999
___Terrain Analysis, Why is it so Important?
86
T E R R A I N A N A LY S I S – W H AT H A P P E N S W H E N T H I N G S G O W R O N G
Land disturbance associated with the progressive expansion of a
major pipeline and power corridor, along with extensive timber
harvesting, triggered the reactivation of an ancient, 100 million
cubic meter deep-seated landslide in northern Alberta. The
landslide threatened six major transmission pipelines and caused a
loss of containment in one of the pipelines. The level of landslide
activity and associated pipeline damage was surprising given the
relatively subtle disturbances in relation to the massive scale of the
slide.
Given the very shallow 4.5 degree slope inclination and the lack
of any surface expression of distress over most of the slope
area, this case history underscores the importance of
considering regionally specific geological conditions within
pipeline geohazard evaluations.
___Terrain Analysis, Why is it so Important?
87
Q U A L I F I C AT I O N S F O R T E R R A I N M A P P E R S
❑ Passion for earth sciences…..
❑ Earth science background……
❑ Physical geography
❑ Quaternary geology
❑ Soils
❑ Geotechnical engineering
❑ Attention to detail……
❑ Must be inquisitive……open minded….
___Terrain Analysis, Why is it so Important?
88
Q U A L I F I C AT I O N S F O R T E R R A I N M A P P E R S
❑ Must be able to look at aerial imagery in stereo for long
hours, day after day, weeks after weeks…….
❑ P.Ag., P.Geo., or P.Eng.
❑ Implies that they must be properly trained and have been
mentored properly and pass requirements for individual
organizations, including both technical and ethical standards
___Terrain Analysis, Why is it so Important?
89
Thank You!
Questions?
top related