wmo-cas technical conference, incheon, r. korea 16-17 november, 2009
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IMPACTS ON PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF A STORM FROM THE TROPICAL-
VS-MID-LATITUDE CONTRAST IN INSTABILITY AND HUMIDITY OF THE ENVIRONMENT
V.Spiridonov1 and M.Curic2
1 Hydrometeorological Institute Skopje, Macedonia, 2Department of Meteorology, Faculty of Physics, Belgrade Serbia
WMO-CAS TECHNICAL CONFERENCE, INCHEON, R. KOREA 16-17 NOVEMBER, 2009
The convective cloud model is a three-dimensional, non-hydrostatic, time-dependant, compressible system using the dynamic scheme from Klemp and Wilhelmson (1978).
The thermodynamic energy equation is based on Orville and Kopp (1977) with effects of the snow field added.
Bulk water parameterizations are used for simulation of microphysical processes with detailed scheme from Lin et al. (1983) with a significant improvement proposed by Curic and Janc (1995, 1997).
It takes into account 6 water variables (water vapor, cloud droplets, ice crystals, rain, snow, and graupel).
The graupel hydrometeor class is represented as hail with a density of 0.9 g cm-3.
The equivalent radar reflectivity factors for hail, rain are computed by using equations from Smith et al., (1975) and empirical equation for snow by Sekhon and Srivistava (1970).
MODEL FRAMEWORK
MODEL CHEMISTRY The chemistry module includes 4 species (SO2, SO42-, NH4+, H2O2) and
3 aqueous-phase reactions describing in-cloud sulfate chemistry (Taylor, 1989).
While the mass of aerosol sulfate is predicted, the aerosols do not affect the cloud drop activation. The absorption of chemical species from the gas phase into cloud water and rainwater is determined by either Henry’s law equilibrium (Taylor, 1989), or by diffusion-limited mass transfer between gas and liquid phases to include possible non-equilibrium states, (Barth et al., 2001).
All equilibrium constants and oxidation reactions are temperature dependent according to the van’t-Hoff relation (Seinfeld, 1986). Cloud water and rainwater pH is calculated using the charge balance equation from Taylor (1989).
The model includes a freezing transport mechanism of chemical species based on Rutledge et al. (1986). Thus, when water from one hydrometeor class is transferred to another, the dissolved scalar is transferred to the destination hydrometeor in proportion to the water mass that was transferred. More detailed information’s regarding the hydrodynamic equations, microphysics equations, turbulent closure, chemistry parameterizations and numerical methods could be found in Telenta and Aleksic (1988) and (Spiridonov and Curic, 2003; 2005).
1. A THREE-DIMENSIONAL
2. NON-HYDROSTATIC
3. CLOUD RESOLVING
4. COMMPRESIBLE
5. TIME-DEPENDANT
MODEL CONCEPT
1.DYNAMICS AND THERMODYNAMICS
2. TURBULENCE
3. MICROPHYSICS
4. CHEMISTRY
5.BOUNDARY CONDITIONS, NUMERICAL
TECHNIQUES AND INITIALIZATION
MODEL FRAMEWORK
1. KLEMP AND WILHELMSON (1978)
2.The momentum equations are derived from
Navier-Stokes equations with the aid
3.of moist equation of state
4.Non-dimensional pressure (Exner function)
5.
DYNAMICS
(1) )υ0,608qT(1dρRp
(2) υ/cd
R)υρθ
0p
dR(p/c
dR
)0
pp(Π
(3) )()'608.00
'('0dtd
uFxkfvqcqvqpc
1. DERIVED BY TAKING SUBSTANTIAL DERIVATIVE OF EQ. (2) USING
2.COMPRESSIBLE CONTINUITY EQUATION
3.
4.
THE PRESSURE EQUATION
(4) ''ju'ρ'jxjuρ
jxtρ
(5) πDdt
υdθ2
υθpc
2c
jxju
υcπdR
jxπ
ju)juυθρ(jx2
υθρpc
2ctπ
To eliminate d/dt, and thermodynamic equation to eliminate d/dt.
The final equationhas the following form:
1.The potential temperature is used as a
Conservative variable for adiabatic processes
2. The flux-conserving form of the equation is:
3.
4.
’ is specific entropy of moist air;
Kh heat eddy coefficient
THERMODYNAMIC EQUATION
CW00
WSMLTGMLT0
00
Wsg
00P
fh [q
T
c)P)(PT(T
T
c)'P'(P
Tc
L'K'
t
'
(6) T] )Uk(qT)Uk(qTδ[qTc
cT])Uk(q SSGGCI
00P
IRR
1.
SUB-GRID SCALE PARAMETERIZATION BASED ON THE SOLUTION OF THE TURBULENT
KINETIC ENERGY (TKE ), DERIVED FROM:
2.
MOMENTUM EQUATION (3), FOR INCOMPRESSIBLE FLUID (=const), PERFORMING REYNOLDS AVERAGING ON EACH PROGNOSTIC VARIABLES AND APPLYING FIRST-ORDER CLOSURE TO NEARLY CONSERVATIVE VARIABLES
3.
4. Subgrid-scale kinetic energy per unit mass
THE SUBGRID SCALE PROCESSES
(8) 2)'i(21E u
(7) 23
)/()(jxi'j'u)'Cq''V0,608q
0
''('tE ElDC
jxE
mKjx
iugdd
θθδ
1.BUOYANCY
2.SHEAR
3.
DIFFUSSION
4.
DISSIPATION
5.
’ deviation of vertical velocity ,CD=0.2 empirical value; l=(xyz)1/3 is the appropriate length
TKE TERMS R.H.S. EQ. (7)
)'Cq''V0,608q0
''(' θθδ g
jxi'j'u
iu
)(jxE
mKjx
23
)/( ElDC
1.Bulk cloud microphysics scheme from Lin
et al. (1983)
2.6 water variables (water vapor, cloud droplets, ice crystals, rain, snow and
graupel)
3.Cloud water and cloud ice are assumed to
be monodisperse, with zero terminal velocities
4.Cloud droplets mass: Mw=4.19x10-9
Cloud crystal mass: Mi=4.19x10-10
5.Rain, hail and snow have Marshall-Palmer type size distributions with fixed intercept
parameters
CLOUD MICROPHYSICS
4cm2-10x 30Sn and 4-cm 4-10x 40Hn ;4-cm 2-10x 80Rn
1.Density of rain, hail and snow are:
(1g cm-3; 0.9 g cm-3; 0.1 g cm-3)
2.The density of air is separately calculated
3.These six forms of water substances
interact mutually
4. Four continuity equations for the water substances
MICROPHYSICS PARAMETERIZATIONS
The equivalent radar reflectivity factors for hail and rain are computed on the equations given by
Smith et al., (1975) and empirical equation for snow by Sekhon and Srivistava (1970)
5.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.where
Are the mixing ratios for cloud water, cloud ice, rain, hail and snow and water vapor, respectively
MICROPHYSICS (CONTINUE)
(9) GPSPRPqhKqtq
(10) RqR(Uzρ
1RPRqmKRq
tRq
ρ)
(11) GqG(Uzρ
1GPGqmKGq
tGq
ρ)
(12)SqS(Uzρ
1SPSqmKSq
tSq
ρ)
CIqCWqrq r and Sq ,Gq ,Rq,CIq ,CWq
1.
Kh is the eddy heat diffusion coefficient
Km is the eddy momentum diffusion coefficient
2.UR, UG and US are terminal velocities for rain,
graupel and snow;
PR, PG and PS are production terms
3. Allow coexistence of cloud water and cloud ice in the temperature region of - 40C to 0C
Hsie et al. (1980) 4.
Condensation and deposition of water vapor produce, cloud water and cloud ice, respectively
5. Conversly, evaporation and sublimation of cloud water and cloud ice maintain saturation
MICROPHYSICS (CONTINUE)
1.Natural cloud ice is initiated by using a Fletcher-
type equation for the ice nuclei number concentration
2.Bergeron-Findeisen process transforms some of cloud water into cloud ice, and both into snow
3.Rain is produced by the autoconversion of cloud
water, melting of snow and hail, and shedding during wet growth of hail
4.Hail is produced by the auto-conversion of
snow, interaction of cloud ice and snow with rain, and by immersion freezing of rain
5.
Snow may by produced by the auto-conversion, Bergeron-Findeisen growth of cloud ice, and
interaction of cloud ice and rain
MICROPHYSICS (CONTINUE)
All types of precipitation elements grow by different forms of accretion
1. Model chemistry is formulated in terms of continuity equations
2.
3.
4.
5.
MODEL CHEMISTRY
(14) , ri,Sq
ri,SM
ri,E
ri,SF
tri,
q
riq
(15) g_hi,Sqg_hi,SMg_hi,Eg_hi,SF_,tg_hi,
q
hgiq
(16) si,
Sqsi,
SMsi,
Esi,
SFsi,
qtsi,
q
(13) 3 2, 1,i ,,
ai,Sq
ai,SM
ai,E
tai,
q
aiq
concentration of the i-th pollutant expressed through mixing ratio in the air, cloud water and cloud ice by ( ) rain( ), graupel or hail ( ) and snow ( )
ai,q
ri,q
g_hi,q
si,q
6.
1.SUBGRID CONTRIBUTION
2.REDISTRIBUTION TERMS INDUCED BY MICROPHYSICS CONVERSION PROCESSES
3.
GIVEN BY (17)
WHERE IS THE RATE OF MICROPHYSICS TRANSFORMATION DERIVED FROM MIC.SCHEME
4.CHEMICAL TRANSFORMATIONS TERMS
5.FALLOUT TERMS
(18)
MODEL CHEMISTRY
si,E and g_hi,E ,ri,E ,ci,E ,ai,E
si,SM and g_hi,SM ,ri,SM ,ai,
SM
wi)/q(wmqwi,
qwi,
SM
i)(wmq
si,Sq and g_hi,Sq ,ri,Sq ,ai,
Sq
)sg_h,r,i,
qsg_h,r,
Uρ(3
xρρ1
sg_h,r,i,SF
During transformation water “w” is considered to lose mass while “i” to gain
mass
1.
Absorption of gas phase is determined:
a) Equilibrium according to Henry’s law;
b) Mass transfer limitation calculation
2.
Gases, (with an effective Henrys law constant
3.
4.
These liquid-phase concentrations of each chemical component (i) are calculated according to Henry’s law; i.e.
Where [i] is in mol i/L H2O (M); KH Henry’s law coefficient (M atm-1); pi partial pressure of the
Species “i” given in units atm.
MASS TRANSFER BETWEEN GAS AND LIQUID PHASES
1-atm 3-dm mol 310*HK
in cloud water and rain are assumed to be in equilibrium with the local gas-phase concentrations
(19) ip H]i[ K
1.
All equilibrium constants and oxidation reactions are temperature dependent
according to van’t-Hoff’s relation
2.where H increase of enthalpy induced
by chemical reactions, KT0 is the equilibrium constant at standard temperature and R
3.
4.
However, a chemical species not attain equilibrium on the time scale of cloud model due to the slow mass transfer between phases. In that case a fully kinetic calculation of gas dissolution in cloud drops and
raindrops is applied in the model
5.
MASS TRANSFER BETWEEN GAS AND LIQUID PHASES
(20)01/TΔH/R(1/Texp(T0KTK )
(21) )*
HKαi,d,
q
iPαNα(V
2RTαiSh,
Nig,12η2
dtai,d,
dq
Where qd,i,a is the rate of molar mixing ratio of gas
species inside dropswith diameter to that in the air; KH* effective Henrys’s law coefficient; Dg,I diffusivity of gases “i”, P partial pressure; Nsh,i mass ventilation index; factor as function of Knudsen number; yi sticking coefficient
1.After dissolution into cloud water and rain
follows: transfer of a soluble compound through microphysical processes
2.
The present model includes: frezing transport mechanism of chemical species
3.
4.
It is assumed that dissolved compounds are retained during conversion of liquid drops to
frozen hydrometeors
5.During sublimation of hail and snow, dissolved
scalar is retain in the hail or snow unless all hydrometeor mass is converted to gas phase
MASS TRANSFER BETWEEN CLOUD HYDROMETEORS
Melting of ice, snow or hail transfer the dissolved matter to cloud water and rain
1.
The chemistry module includes sulfate chemistry from (Taylor, 1989) both inside
and outside clouds
2.
The absorbtion of chemical species from the gas phase into cloud water and rain is determined:
Hentry’s law equilibrium (Taylor, 1989), or
Diffusion limited mass transfer (Barth et al., 2001)
3.
4.
Equilibrium constants and oxidation reactions are temperature dependent, van’t-Hoff relation
(Seifeld, 1986)
5.
SULFATE CHEMISTRY PARAMETERIZATION
The model includes a freezing transport mechanizm of chemical species (Rutledge et al. 1986); i.e. water from one hydrometeor class is
transferred another,
The dissolved chemical scalar is tranaferred to the destination hydrometeor in proportion to the water
mass that was transferred
SCHEMATIC OF MICROPHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY-RELATED CONVERSIONS FOR SO4 -2 IN AIR AND IN
DIFFERENT WATER CATEGORIES
Fig. 1.
S(IV) CLOUD WATER
EXPLICIT FIELD
S(IV) RAIN
EXPLICIT FIELD
SO4 ¯² RAIN
SO4 ¯² GRAUPEL or
HAIL
SO4 ¯² CLOUD WATER
SO4 ¯² SNOW
SO4 ¯² AEROSOL
SO4 ¯² CLOUD ICE
PRECIPITATION ON THE GROUND
SO2 G A S
OXIDATION
PS 1
(SU
L1)
PS 2
PS 5
(SU
L15
)
OXIDATION
PS 9
PS 1
0
P
S 15
PS
3
P
S 4
PS5
PS26
PS 24
PS14
PS 6
PS 8
PS 13
PS 12
PS 20
PS 16
PS 2
5
PS 2
2
PS 7
PS 17
PS 18
PS 2
1
PS 2
3
PS 1
9
PS 1
1
SCHEMATIC OF MICROPHYSICS- AND SCHEMATIC OF MICROPHYSICS- AND CHEMISTRY-RELATED CONVERSIONS FOR CHEMISTRY-RELATED CONVERSIONS FOR HH2OO2, SO, SO22 AND O AND O33 IN AIR AND IN DIFFERENT IN AIR AND IN DIFFERENT
WATER CARRIERSWATER CARRIERSFig.2
PH6, OHP6, SUL 6
PH15, OHP15, SUL15
S(IV) H2O2 O3
CLOUD WATER
S(IV) H2O2 O3
RAIN RAIN
SO2
H2O2 O3
GRAUPEL or HAIL
SO2 H2O2 O3
SNOW
SO2 H2O2 O3
CLOUD ICE
SO2 H2O2
O3 G GASES
PH17, OHP17, SUL 17
PH5, OHP5, SUL5
PH 1 (PH1K), OHP1, SUL1
PH 16 (PH16K), OHP 16, SUL16
PH 9, OHP 9, SUL 9 PH 18, OHP18, SUL 18
PH4, OHP4, SUL 4
PH14, OHP14, SUL14
PH8, OHP8, SUL8
PH3, OHP3,SUL3
PH7, OHP7, SUL7
PH21
, OH
P21,
SU
L21
P
H13
, OH
P13
,SU
L13
PH2,
OH
P2, S
UL
2
PH
11, O
HP
11, S
UL
11
PH20
, OH
P20,
SU
L20
PH12
, O
HP1
2, S
UL
12
PH19, OHP19, SUL19
PH10, OHP10, SUL10
Cloud water and rainwater pH is calculated using the charge balance equation from (Taylor,
1989)
SULFATE CHEMISTRY PARAMETERIZATION
}0.5)W4K2
SOp*
H4K2])4
[NH]24
((2[SO]4
[NH]24
0.5{2[SO][H
Table 1. Contents of Chemical Species Groups in the Model Group ______________________________________________________________
Group Gaseous Phase Aqueous or Solid Phase S(IV) SO2 SO2, HSO3
-,SO3=
S(VI) - H2SO4, HSO4-,SO4
= C(IV) CO2 CO2,HCO3
-,CO3=
NH3 NH3 NH4OH, NH4+
H2O2 H2O2 H2O2 O3 O3 O3 N(V) HNO3 HNO3, NO3
-
_____________________________________________________________________
Table 3. S(IV) Oxidations and the Corresponding Coefficients ___________________________________________________________________________________
No. Reaction )sM(K 1n298
)K(R/H298 References
9 S(IV) + O3 S(VI) + O2 510x7.3 -5530 Hoffman and Calvert (1985)
10 S(IV) + H2O2 S(VI) + H2O 710x5.7 -4751 Hoffman and Calvert (1985) ___________________________________________________________________________________
Table 2. Equilibrium Reactions and rate coefficients
No. Reactions )MorMatm(K 1298
)K(R/H298 References
1 )aq(SO)g(SO 22 1.2 -3135 Hoffman & Calvert (1985)
2 HHSO)aq(SO 32 210x3.1 -2000 Hoffman & Calvert (1985)
3 HSOHSO 233 810x3.6 -1495 Hoffman & Calvert (1985)
4 )aq(OH)g(OH 2222 410x1.7 -6800 Martin & Damschen (1981)
5 )()( 22 aqCOgCO 210x4.3 -2440 Pandis & Seinfeld (1989)
6 )()( 33 aqHNOgHNO 5101.2 x -6710 Pandis & Seinfeld (1989)
7 )()( 33 aqOgO 21013.1 x -2300 Pandis & Seinfeld (1989)
8. )()( 43 aqOHNHgNH 2100.2 x -3402 Graedel & Weschler (1981)
9 OH 14w 10x0.1K
_____________________________________________________________________
Table 4. Initial concentrations for chemical species at the lowest model level; H is
the scale height; o(k) is the air density at each vertical level. Chemical species q(0) H (km) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
CSO2 21.0 )]air(gkg[ 1 3.0
24SO
C 16.0 - 3.5
4NHC 3.0 - 3.5
CH2O2 0.59 - CHNO3 1.0 ppb 3.0 CNH3 1.0 ppb 3.0 CO3 50.0 ppb CCO2 330 ppm
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1.
Boundary conditions are specified along all sides of the integration domain since the
computations take place within a finite model domain
2.Along the bottom of the model domain the
normal velocity w is set to zero
3.The open top boundary condition is applied in the model in order to eliminate strong internal
gravity waves (Klemp and Durran, 1983)
4.The lateral boundaries are open and time-dependant, so that disturbances can pass
through with minimal reflection
5.Two different cases with regard to the wind velocity are considered, after Durran [1981]
BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
1.
When the velocity component normal to the boundary is directed inside the domain (inflow boundary), normal derivatives are set to zero
2.
At outflow boundaries, the normal velocity component is advected out through the
boundary with an estimated propagation speed which is averaged in the vertical, and weighted at each level by the approximate local amplitude of
the wave
3.Boundary conditions for the pressure are calculated from other boundary values to
maintain consistency
BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
1.Model equations are solved on a standard
spatially staggered grid
2.
All velocity components are defined at one-half grid interval , while scalar variables are defined
at the mid point of each grid
3.
The horizontal and vertical advection terms are calculated by centered fourth- and second-order
differences, respectively
4.
Since the model equations are compressible, a time splitting procedure is applied to achieve
numerical efficiency
5.
With this procedure the sound wave terms are solved separately using a smaller time step, while all other processes are treated with a larger time step , which is appropriate to the time scales of
physical interest.
NUMERICAL TECHNIQUES
1.
The scalar prognostic equations, except the pressure equation, are solved from t-t to t+t by a single leap-frog
step
2.
The terms which are not responsible for sound wave generation in the equations of motion and the pressure
equation, are evaluated at the central time level t
3.
Wind and pressure prognostic variables are stepped forward from t-t to t+t with forward time differencing with
the small time step
4.
In grid points adjacent to lateral boundaries, the normal horizontal advection terms are approximated using second-
order differences instead of the fourth-order ones used elsewhere
5.
At lateral boundaries the normal derivatives for all prognostic variables are calculated with first-order accuracy,
through one-sided differences lagged at time to provide stability
NUMERICAL TECHNIQUES
1.The model chemistry also included the time splitting
procedure, using ratios of the time step n1, n2, n3, n4 and n5 of a given process (e.g., advection, subgrid scale,
microphysical, the dissociation, oxidation or other aqueous phase reaction term) to the base time step Dt, Wang and
Chang (1993a)
2.
3.
The advection scheme for chemicals is mainly based on Bott (1989), using nonoscillatory method by Smolarkiewicz
and Grabowski (1990)
More detailed information about the cloud model and the chemistry submodels could be found in studies by Telenta
and Aleksic (1988) and Spiridonov and Curic (2003,2005,2006)
NUMERICAL TECHNIQUES-CHEMISTRY
1.Initial impulse for convection is an ellipsoidal warm bubble
of the form
2.for
3. where
4. Here, the subscript c refers to the location of the center of the perturbation
5. While x*, y*, z* are radial dimensions of the bubble
MODEL INITIALIZATION
β2π2cos0ΔTΔT 1β
21
]2)zczz
(2)ycyy
(2)xcxx
[(β
THE MAIN MOTIVATION OF THE STUDY
CONVECTIVE PROCESSING OF TRACE GAS SPECIES AND AEROSOLS IS AN IMPORTANT MEANS OF MOVING CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS RAPIDLY BETWEEN THE BOUNDARY LAYER AND FREE TROPOSPHERE, AND IS ALSO AN EFFECTIVE WAY OF CLEANSING THE ATMOSPHERE THROUGH WET DEPOSITION.
BECAUSE OF THESE TWO PROCESSES, THE EFFECT OF CONVECTION ON CHEMICAL SPECIES AND AEROSOLS IS CRITICAL TO OUR UNDERSTANDING OF CHEMISTRY-CLIMATE STUDIES, AIR QUALITY STUDIES, AND THE EFFECTS OF ACIDIC PRECIPITATION ON THE EARTH'S SURFACE.
IT IS INTERESTING TO STUDY THE IMPACTS ON PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF CONVECTIVE CLOUDS FROM THE TROPICAL-VS-MID-LATITUDE CONTRAST IN INSTABILITY AND HUMIDITY OF THE ENVIRONMENT.
IT IS ALSO IMPORTANT TO ANALYSE THE RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF SCAVENGING, OXIDATION AND ICE PHASE PROCESSES IN SULFATE PRODUCTION AND WET REMOVAL IN SUCH TYPE OF CLOUDS.
MODEL INITIALIZATION
Continental environemnt Tropical environment
STATION INFORMATION / THERMODYNAMIC PARAMETER
CONTINENTAL CASE
Station number: Wyoming-72672
TROPICAL CASE Station number: Bangkok-48455
Observation time 070725/0000 960710/0000 Station latitude 13.73 43.06 Station longitude 100.57 -108.48 Station elevation 4.0 1703.0 Showalter index 1.10 Lifted index -2.26 -0.50 LIFT computed using virtual temperature -2.76 -0.72 SWEAT index 177.60 K index 28.30 Cross totals index 18.50 Vertical totals index 24.50 Totals totals index 43.00 Convective Available Potential Energy 749.13 49.80 CAPE using virtual temperature 878.78 Convective Inhibition -142.75 CINS using virtual temperature -86.44 -54.09 Equilibrum Level 216.33 437.46 Equilibrum Level using virtual temperature 215.67 Level of Free Convection 669.79 592.39 LFCT using virtual temperature 726.35 598.21 Bulk Richardson Number 303.12 2.03 Bulk Richardson Number using CAPV 355.58 2.84 Temp [K] of the Lifted Condensation Level 293.72 274.90 Pres [hPa] of the Lifted Condensation Level 913.15 638.44 Mean mixed layer potential temperature 301.47 312.51 Mean mixed layer mixing ratio 17.04 6.86 1000 hPa to 500 hPa thickness 5794.00 5768.00 Precipitable water [mm] for entire sounding 51.88 17.95
THERMODYNAMIC PARAMETERS
INITIALIZATION OF CHEMICAL SPECIESINCLUDED IN SULFATE PRODUCTION
0
5
10
15
20
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Hei
gh
t (k
m)
0
5
10
15
20
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Heig
ht (k
m)
0
5
10
15
20
0,0 0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5 3,0
Heig
ht (k
m)
0
24
68
10
1214
1618
20
0,00 0,50 1,00 1,50 2,00 2,50 3,00
H2O2 (ppbv)
Hei
ght (
km, m
.s.l.
)
0
24
68
10
1214
1618
20
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
O3 (ppbv)
Hei
ght (
km, m
.s.l.
)
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF CLOUDSMaximum updrafts as a function of the simulation time in a
mid-latitude and tropical run
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120
simulation time (min.)
wm
ax (
m/s
)
wmax (mid-lat)
wmax (trop)
Turbulent diffusion coefficient
0
500
1000
1500
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 9010011
012
0
Simulation time (min)
(m**
2/s
)
Mid.-lat
Trop.
MICROPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF CLOUDS
Maximum hydrometeor mixing ratios as a function of the simulation time (mid-latitude run)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120
simulation time (min.)
mix
ing
rat
io (
g/k
g)
cloud w ater
cloud ice
rainw ater
graupel or hail
snow
Maximum hydrometeor mixing ratios as a function of the simulation
time (tropical run)
0
2
4
6
8
10
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120
simulation time (min.)
mix
ing
rati
o (
g/k
g)
cloud w ater
cloud ice
rainw ater
graupel or hail
snow
RAINFALL AND RADAR REFLECTIVITY
Maximum reflectivity and accumulated rainfall as a function
of the simulation time
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120
simulation time (min.)
Ref
lect
ivity
(dB
z) r
ainf
all (
mm
) ref. (mid-lat)
ref. (trop)
Rainfall (mid-lat)
Rainfall (trop)
DISTRIBUTION OF CHEMICALS
Time distribution of sulfur dioxide mixing ratios in condensate phase
0
0,5
1
1,5
2
2,5
3
3,5
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120
simulation time (min.)
SO2(trop)
SO2(mid-lat)
)/( 3mg
Time distribution of hydrogen peroxide mixing ratios in condensate phase
0
0,5
1
1,5
2
2,5
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120simulation time (min.)
H2O2(trop)
H2O2(mid-at)
)/( 3mgTime distribution of ozone mixing ratios
in condensate phase
0
50
100
150
200
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120
simulation time (min.)
O3 (trop)
O3(mid-lat)
)/( 3mg
Time distribution of sulfate aerosol mixing ratios in condensate phase
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120
simulation time (min.)
Mid-lat.
Tropical
)/( 3mg
pH-FACTOR
Cloud water ph (non-polluted background)
1
2
3
4
5
6
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120
simulation time (min.)
ph
Trop.
Cont.
Rain water ph (non-polluted background)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120
simulation time (min.)
ph Trop_non
Cont_non
Rain water ph (polluted background)
1
1,5
2
2,5
3
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120
simulation time (min.)
ph Trop_pol
Cont_pol
Cloud water ph (polluted background)
0
1
2
3
4
5
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120
simulation time (min.)
ph
Trop.
Cont.
THE MEAN TRANSFER RATES OF THE MICROPHYSICAL PROCESSES AVERAGED OVER 2
H SIMULATION PERIOD
___________________________________________________________________________Term QRR (kg kg-1s-1 ) Term CLCW (kg kg-1s-1 ) Term CLCI (kg kg-1s-1 ) Continental Tropical Continental Tropical Continental Tropical ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
PSDEP -0610 6.8 -0510 2.1 PRAUT -0610 3.4 -0610 3.0 PSAUT -0710 3.0 -0710 1.1 PRACW -1310 1.1 -1310 8.4 PSACI
-0610 7.9 -0610 5.9 PSACW -0410 1.5 -0410 1.3 PRACI
-1710 7.4 -1810 2.7 PGACW -0410 1.2 -0410 1.4 PSFI
-0610 9.6 -0610 7.7 PSFW -1010 2.9 -910 4.5 PGACI
-0710 5.2 -0710 4.2 PGACIP -0610 5.2 -0610 4.2 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Term RA1 (kg kg-1s-1 ) Term SN1 (kg kg-1s-1 ) Term HA1 (kg kg-1s-1 ) Continental Tropical Continental Tropical Continental Tropical ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
PREVP -0510 6.7- -0510 8.4- PSMLT -0710 2.4 -0610 2.2 PGMLT -0410 7.1 -0410 9.1 PIACR -0610 6.1 -0610 6.8 PGAUT -0610 3.1 -0610 0.1 PGSUB -0610 6.5 -0610 1.1 PSACR -0510 9.1 -0510 0.5 PRACS -0510 7.8 -0510 4.6 PGWET -0310 1.2 -0310 3.1 PGFR -06101.0 -07104.8 PSSUB -0510 5.1 -0610 7.4 PGDRY -0410 6.2 -0410 1.3 PGACR
-0510 9.0 -0410 1.1 PGACS -0510 2.5 -0510 5.5 PGACRP -510 5.1 -0510 1.4- PGACSP -0410 6.3 -0410 7.2 ___________________________________________________________________________
THE MEAN CHEMICAL CONVERSION RATES OF SULFATE (KG KG-1 S-1) AVERAGED OVER 2H
SIMULATION PERIOD (POLLUTED BACKGROUND) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Term Continental Tropical Term Continental Tropical Term Continental Tropical ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ PS1 -1510 1.4 -1510 8.1 PS10 -1910 7.7 -1610 6.1 PS19 -1310 1.1 -1410 7.4 PS2 -0810 9.3 -0810 1.1 PS11 -2510 1.4 -2410 7.2 PS20 -2210 3.2 -2210 4.2 PS3 -0810 1.1 -0810 4.1 PS12 -1410 2.1 -1310 4.1 PS21 -1510 7.6 -1510 7.1 PS4 -1110 3.8 -1110 6.8 PS13 -1410 7.1 -1210 3.4 PS22 -2610 8.2 -2510 8.1 PS5 -1110 8.1 -1110 6.1 PS14 -1510 1.2 -1610 3.9 PS23 -2510 2.1 -2410 0.3 PS6 -1110 8.2 -1310 4.0 PS15 -1410 8.4 -1410 0.4 PS24 -2710 1.2 -2710 9.2 PS7 -1210 7.6 -1110 4.0 PS16 -1610 7.3 -1510 4.1 PS25 -1510 5.3 -1510 9.6 PS8 -1210 7.6 -1210 9.0 PS17 -1410 1.3 -1410 7.1 PS26 -1810 0.1 -2010 4.7 PS9 -0810 3.1 -0910 0.2 PS18 -1710 7.2 17--10 5.1 ________________________________________________________________________
THE MEAN CHEMICAL CONVERSION RATES OF SULFATE (KG KG-1 S-1) AVERAGED OVER 2 H SIM.
PERIOD (NON-POLLUTED BACKGROUND) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Term Continental Tropical Term Continental Tropical Term Continental Tropical ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ PS1 -1610 9.3 -1610 6.3 PS10 -1810 4.9 -2010 6.8 PS19 -1410 1.2 -1510 1.9 PS2 -0910 3.8 -0910 4.2 PS11 -2610 0.2 -2510 3.5 PS20 -2310 4.4 -2310 6.4 PS3 -0910 0.2 -0910 0.3 PS12 -1510 5.6 -1210 8.2 PS21 -1510 2.1 -1510 1.9 PS4 -1110 6.1 -1110 7.1 PS13 -1210 2.1 -1510 3.2 PS22 -2710 4.5 -2510 6.3 PS5 -1210 4.3 -1210 1.3 PS14 -1610 0.4 -1610 8.1 PS23 -2610 4.2 -2510 9.5 PS6 -1110 1.1 -1210 8.4 PS15 -1510 3.9 -1510 5.7 PS24 -2810 1.4 -2810 6.5 PS7 -1210 2.2 -1510 9.2 PS16 -1710 2.7 -1610 6.2 PS25 -1610 7.6 -1510 3.1 PS8 -1210 1.2 -1510 9.2 PS17 -1510 9.5 -1510 4.3 PS26 -1910 4.1 -2310 4.1 PS9 -0910 2.1 -0910 9.4 PS18 -1810 3.5 18--10 9.2 ________________________________________________________________________
SULFUR INTEGRATED CLOUD BASE FLUX AND PRECIPITATION MASS
Non-polluted background Polluted background --------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------
Sulfur (kg) Continental Tropical Continental Tropical
Base run Cloudbase (CB) 201.12 213.99 760.16 960.48 Precipitation (P) 12.35 13.74 36.25 49.83 P/CB 0.061 0.064 0.048 0.052 (%)
Absorbtion-Kinetic method off Cloudbase (CB) 214.40 238.54 921.88 1082.85 Precipitation (P) 13.86 15.12 54.80 65.39 P/CB 0.064 0.063 0.059 0.064
In-cloud scavenging off Cloudbase (CB) 200.13 172.07 701.86 886.74 Precipitation (P) 9.51 9.38 24.51 32.59 P/CB 0.048 0.054 0.035 0.047
Subcloud scavenging off Cloudbase (CB) 197.78 172.16 698.75 884.27 Precipitation (P) 10.56 12 .02 29.23 40.16 P/CB 0.053 0.069 0.042 0.045
In-cloud oxidation off Cloudbase (CB) 180.32 172.22 704.96 902.55 Precipitation (P) 7.24 11.28 19.58 28.48 P/CB 0.040 0.065 0.029 0.033
Subcloud oxidation off Cloudbase (CB) 161.24 178.35 705.11 889.80 Precipitation (P) 9.77 9.32 23.75 37.97 P/CB 0.060 0.052 0.034 0.043
Aqueous simulation of ice phase off Cloudbase (CB) 179.30 172.40 695.85 881.55 Precipitation (P) 7.71 7.57 21.89 30.81 P/CB 0.043 0.044 0.031 0.035
THE REL. CONTRIBUTION IN (%) OF THE TOTAL SULFUR MASS REMOVED BY WET DEPOSITION FOR MID-LATITUDE COTINENTAL AND TROPICAL NON-POLLUTED AND POLLUTED BACKGROUND
RELATIVE CONTRIBUTION (CONTINUE)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
In-cloudscav.
Sub-cloudscav.
In-cloudoxid.
Sub-cloudoxid.
Iceneglect.
Henry'sLaw
(%) c
ontri
butio
n
Mid-latitude
Tropicalcase
overestimate
underestimate
SULFATE AEROSOL AND CLOUD -TROPICAL CASE
10 m in.
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 1000
5
10
15
20
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 1000
5
10
15
20
30 m in.
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 1000
5
10
15
20
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 1000
5
10
15
20
40 m in.
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 1000
5
10
15
20
0.1
0.6
1.1
1.6
2.1
2.6
3.1
3.6
4.1
4.6
5.1
5.6
6.1
6.6
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 1000
5
10
15
20
50 m in.
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 1000
5
10
15
20
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 1000
5
10
15
20
70 m in.
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 1000
5
10
15
20
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 1000
5
10
15
20
90 m in.
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 1000
5
10
15
20
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 1000
5
10
15
20
x (km )
z (k
m)
z (k
m)
z (k
m)
z (k
m)
z (k
m)
z (k
m)
TROPICAL CASE
CLOUD +SULFATE AEROSOLS (CONT. CASE)10 m in.
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 1000
5
10
15
20
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 1000
5
10
15
20
30 m in.
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 1000
5
10
15
20
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
10
20
50 m in.
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 1000
5
10
15
20
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 1000
5
10
15
20
70 m in.
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 1000
5
10
15
20
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
10
20
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 1000
5
10
15
2090 m in.
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 1000
5
10
15
20
z (k
m)
z (k
m)
z (k
m)
z (k
m)
z (k
m)
x (km )
40 m in.
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 1000
5
10
15
20
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 1000
5
10
15
20
0.1
0.6
1.1
1.6
2.1
2.6
3.1
3.6
4.1
4.6
5.1
5.6
z (k
m)
M ID-LATITUDE CASE
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS RADAR REFLECTIVITY-CONTINENTAL CASE
20 40 60 80 100 120 14006
12
15
25
35
45
55
65
X (KM )
Z (
KM
)
REF (dBz)
X (KM)
Y (KM
)
Z (dBz)
continenta l storm (60 m in)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 1200
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
5
15
25
35
45
55
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS RADAR REF. AND RAINFALL-TROPICAL CASE
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 600
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
10152025303540455055606570
X (KM)
Y (K
M)
Z (dBz)
0.1
5
10
20
30
40
50
70
90
120
150
200
250
300
400
500Í ÓàÀ Í » Ò¡ à¡ Å ç
Í ÓàÀ Í àÁ ×Í § ¹ ¹ · º ØÃÕÍ ÓàÀ Í º Ò§ ãË è
Í ÓàÀ Í Ê ÒÁ ¾ÃÒ¹
Í ÓàÀ Í ¡ Ãз ØèÁ Ạ¹
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Í ÓàÀ Í ¾Ãл ÃÐá´ §
Í ÓàÀ Í àÁ ×Í § ©Ðઠԧ à· ÃÒ
Ë ¹ Í § ¨ Í ¡
Å Ò ¡ Ãк ѧ
Á Õ¹ º ØÃÕ
¤ ÅÍ § Ê ÒÁ ÇÒ
Ê Ð¾Ò¹ Ê Ù§
» ÃÐàÇÈ
º Ò§ ¹ Ò
¾ÃÐ⢠¹ §
Ê Ç¹ Ë Åǧ
º Ò§ ¡ л Ô
º Ö§ ¡ ØèÁ
¤ ѹ ¹ ÒÂÒÇ
º Ò§ ࢠ¹
Ê ÒÂäË Á
´ Í ¹ àÁ ×Í §
Ë ÅÑ¡ Ê Õè
ÅÒ ¾ÃéÒǨ µ ØÑ¡ ú Ò§ « ×èÍ
Çѧ · Í § Ë ÅÒ§¾ Òä·Ë éÇ¢ ÇÒ§
´ ØÊ Ôµ
´ Ô¹ á´ §
» · ØÁ Çѹº Ò§ ÃÑ¡
ÇѲ ¹ Ò
¤ ÅÍ § ൠÂÊ Ò· Ã
ÂÒ¹ ¹ ÒÇÒº Ò§ ¤ Í á Ë ÅÁ
¾Ãй ¤ û éÍ Á » ÃÒº
· ÇÕÇѲ ¹ Ò
º Ò§ á ¤
Ë ¹ Í § ᢠÁ
º Ò§ º Í ¹
º Ò§ ¢ ع à· Õ¹
· Øè§ ¤ ÃØ
µ ÅÔè§ ª ѹ
º Ò§ ¡ Í ¡ ¹ éÍ Â
º Ò§ ¾ÅÑ
º Ò§ ¡ Í ¡ ãË èÀ ÒÉ Õà ÃÔ
¸ ¹ º ØÃÕ
¨ Í Á · Í §
ÃÒÉ ®Ãìº Ùó Ð
Ê Ó¹ Ñ¡ ¾Ñ² ¹ ÒÍ Øµ ع ÔÂÁ ÇÔ· ÂÒ ¡ ÃÁ Í Øµ ع ÔÂÁ ÇÔ· ÂÒ
Accumulate Rainfall (00 Z 25 –00 Z 26 Jul 2007)Max66.5 mm. At Bangkok area
0.1
5
10
20
30
40
50
70
90
120
150
200
250
300
400
500Í ÓàÀ Í » Ò¡ à¡ Å ç
Í ÓàÀ Í àÁ ×Í § ¹ ¹ · º ØÃÕÍ ÓàÀ Í º Ò§ ãË è
Í ÓàÀ Í Ê ÒÁ ¾ÃÒ¹
Í ÓàÀ Í ¡ Ãз ØèÁ Ạ¹
Í ÓàÀ Í àÁ ×Í § Ê Á Ø· ÃÊ Ò¤ ÃÍ ÓàÀ Í ¾ÃÐÊ Á Ø· Ãà ´ ÕÂì
Í ÓàÀ Í ¾Ãл ÃÐá´ §
Í ÓàÀ Í àÁ ×Í § ©Ðઠԧ à· ÃÒ
Ë ¹ Í § ¨ Í ¡
Å Ò ¡ Ãк ѧ
Á Õ¹ º ØÃÕ
¤ ÅÍ § Ê ÒÁ ÇÒ
Ê Ð¾Ò¹ Ê Ù§
» ÃÐàÇÈ
º Ò§ ¹ Ò
¾ÃÐ⢠¹ §
Ê Ç¹ Ë Åǧ
º Ò§ ¡ л Ô
º Ö§ ¡ ØèÁ
¤ ѹ ¹ ÒÂÒÇ
º Ò§ ࢠ¹
Ê ÒÂäË Á
´ Í ¹ àÁ ×Í §
Ë ÅÑ¡ Ê Õè
ÅÒ ¾ÃéÒǨ µ ØÑ¡ ú Ò§ « ×èÍ
Çѧ · Í § Ë ÅÒ§¾ Òä·Ë éÇ¢ ÇÒ§
´ ØÊ Ôµ
´ Ô¹ á´ §
» · ØÁ Çѹº Ò§ ÃÑ¡
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¤ ÅÍ § ൠÂÊ Ò· Ã
ÂÒ¹ ¹ ÒÇÒº Ò§ ¤ Í á Ë ÅÁ
¾Ãй ¤ û éÍ Á » ÃÒº
· ÇÕÇѲ ¹ Ò
º Ò§ á ¤
Ë ¹ Í § ᢠÁ
º Ò§ º Í ¹
º Ò§ ¢ ع à· Õ¹
· Øè§ ¤ ÃØ
µ ÅÔè§ ª ѹ
º Ò§ ¡ Í ¡ ¹ éÍ Â
º Ò§ ¾ÅÑ
º Ò§ ¡ Í ¡ ãË èÀ ÒÉ Õà ÃÔ
¸ ¹ º ØÃÕ
¨ Í Á · Í §
ÃÒÉ ®Ãìº Ùó Ð
Ê Ó¹ Ñ¡ ¾Ñ² ¹ ÒÍ Øµ ع ÔÂÁ ÇÔ· ÂÒ ¡ ÃÁ Í Øµ ع ÔÂÁ ÇÔ· ÂÒ
Accumulate Rainfall (00 Z 25 –00 Z 26 Jul 2007)Max66.5 mm. At Bangkok area0 5 1 0 1 5 2 0 2 5 3 0 3 5 4 0 4 5 5 0 5 5 6 0
0
5
1 0
1 5
2 0
2 5
3 0
3 5
4 0
4 5
5 0
5 5
6 0
0
4
8
1 2
1 6
2 0
2 4
2 8
3 2
3 6
4 0
4 4
4 8
5 2
5 6
6 0
6 4
6 8
7 2
X-Z CROSS SECTIONS ON CO, O3 AND NOX (CONTINENTAL CASE)
20 40 60 80 100 120 140048
1216
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
X (KM)
Z (KM)
CO (ppbv)
20 40 60 80 100 120 140048
1216
40
80
120
160
200
240
280
320
360
400
440
480
520
X (KM)
Z (KM)
O3 (ppbv)
20 40 60 80 100 120 140048
1216
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
X (KM)
Z (KM
)
NOx (ppt)
X-Z CROSS SECTIONS ON CO, O3 AND NOX (TROPICAL CASE)
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 6002468
10121416
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
x (km )
z (km)
CO (ppbv)
x (km )
z (k
m)
O3 (ppbv)
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 6002468
10121416
40
90
140
190
240
290
340
390
440
490
540
x (km )
z (k
m)
NOx (ppbv)
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 6002468
10121416
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
X-Y cross sections on the gas-phase mixing ratios on CO, O3 and NOx
at z = 10.7 km (cont. case- upper panel, trop. case-bottom panel). CO (ppbv) CONTINENTAL CASE X-Y CROSS SECTION AT Z = 10.5 KM
X (KM )
Y (
KM
)
CO (ppbv)
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 1400
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
50556065707580859095100105110115120
0 5 1 0 1 5 2 0 2 5 3 0 3 5 4 0 4 5 5 0 5 5 6 00
5
1 0
1 5
2 0
2 5
3 0
3 5
4 0
4 5
5 0
5 5
6 0
5 5
6 5
7 5
8 5
9 5
1 0 5
X ( K M )
C O ( p p b v )
Y ( K M )
C O ( p p b v ) T R O P I C A L C A S E X - Y C R O S S S E C T I O N A T Z = 1 0 . 5 K M
O3 (ppbv) CONTINENTAL CASE X-Y CROSS SECTION AT Z = 10.5 KM
X (KM)
Y (
KM
)
O3 (ppbv)
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 1400
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
55
65
75
85
95
105
115
125
135
145
155
X (KM)
O3 (ppbv)
Y (
KM
)
O3 (ppbv) TROPICAL CASE X-Y CROSS SECTION AT Z = 10.5 KM
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 600
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
55
65
75
85
95
105
115
125
135
145
155
165
175
NOx (ppt) CONTINENTAL CASE X-Y CROSS SECTION AT Z = 10.5 KM
X (KM)
Y (
KM
)
NOx (ppt)
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 1400
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
20
60
100
140
180
220
260
X (KM)
NOx (ppt)
Y (
KM
)
NOx (ppt) TROPICAL CASE X - Y CROSS SECTION AT Z = 10.5 KM
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 600
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
50
70
90
110
130
150
170
CLOUD TOGETHER CHEMISTRY CONTINENTAL AND TROPICAL STORM
0
20
40
60
020
40
60
05
1015
05
1015
0
20
40
60
020
40
60
05
1015
05
1015
0
20
40
60
020
40
60
05
1015
05
1015
1 0 . 0 0 2 0 . 0 0 3 0 . 0 0 4 0 . 0 0 5 0 . 0 0 6 0 . 0 0 7 0 . 0 0 8 0 . 0 0 9 0 . 0 0 1 0 0 . 0 0
1 0 . 0 0
2 0 . 0 0
0 . 1
0 . 6
1 . 1
1 . 6
2 . 1
2 . 6
3 . 1
3 . 6
4 . 1
4 . 6
5 . 1
5 . 6
6 . 1
6 . 6
S O 4 ( p p b )
1 0 . 0 0 2 0 . 0 0 3 0 . 0 0 4 0 . 0 0 5 0 . 0 0 6 0 . 0 0 7 0 . 0 0 8 0 . 0 0 9 0 . 0 0 1 0 0 . 0 0
1 0 . 0 0
2 0 . 0 0
0 . 1
0 . 6
1 . 1
1 . 6
2 . 1
2 . 6
3 . 1
3 . 6
4 . 1
S O 2 ( p p b )
1 0 . 0 0 2 0 . 0 0 3 0 . 0 0 4 0 . 0 0 5 0 . 0 0 6 0 . 0 0 7 0 . 0 0 8 0 . 0 0 9 0 . 0 0 1 0 0 . 0 0
1 0 . 0 0
2 0 . 0 0
0 . 1
0 . 3
0 . 5
0 . 7
0 . 9
1 . 1
1 . 3
1 . 5
1 . 7
1 . 9
2 . 1
2 . 3
H 2 O 2 ( p p b ) O3 (ppb)
10.00 20.00 30.00 40.00 50.00 60.00 70.00 80.00 90.00 100.00
10.00
20.00
5060708090100110120130140150160170180190
THE GENERAL REMARKS AND CONCLUSIONS Tropical storm has shown a more intensive initial convection, associate
with strong updrafts, turbulent diffusion coefficient and low level moisture relative to continental storm
The differences in cloud dynamics belongs to difference in potential instability, wind shear and turbulence
Continental storm exhibits continuous and uniform evolution in the storm mature stage with relatively higher values for turbulence that maintains convection
Predicted maximum mixing ratios of hydrometeors show differences among cases, as result of different initial moisture content as well as difference in vertical transport of moisture and microphysics production terms
The intercomparison described here also shows higher rainfall efficiency in tropical case attributed to differences in the interaction of cloud dynamics and microphysics and precipitation flux processes
The intercomparison described here also shows differences in rainfall efficiency attributed to interaction of cloud dynamics and microphysics
and precipitation flux processes
Dominant microphysics production terms terms in tropical srtorms and higher value relative to continental case:
PSDEP-depositional growth of snow (1.4) PSFW-Bergeron process transfer of cloud
water to form snow (6 times) PGACR-accretion of rain by graupel (1.2) PSML-snow melting to from rain (5 times)
MICROPHYSICS PRODUCTION TERMS
MICROPHYSICS PRODUCTION TERMS
Dominant microphysics production terms terms in continental case and higher value relative to tropical case:
PGFR-probablistic freezing of rain to form graupel (2 times) PGAUT-autoconversion of snow to form graupel (1.3= PRACI-accretion of cloud ice by rain (6 times) PSSUB- sublimation of snow (6 times)
Dominant microphysics production terms terms in tropical srtorms and higher value relative to continental case:
PSDEP-depositional growth of snow (1.4) PSFW-Bergeron process transfer of cloud
water to form snow (6 times) PGACR-accretion of rain by graupel (1.2) PSML-snow melting to from rain (5 times)
MICROPHYSICS PRODUCTION TERMS
CLOUD WATER AND RAINWATER pH-FACTOR
similar values of cloud water pH in continental and tropical case using non-polluted background shows a
a more uniform distribution of cloud water pH with a lower values compared to tropical case during simulation time using polluted background
Rainwater pH in continental case using non-polluted background has a more uniform distribution and lower values relative to tropical one.
Similar values between rainwater pH betwen continental and tropical case until moderate stage of storm evolution and higher values in tropical case relative to cont, case in dissipative stage
DOMINANT SULFATE PRODUCTION TERMS
Liquid phase oxidation of SO2 by H2O2 and O3 in cloud droplets and rainwater
Highest production values are found in continental polluted clouds
Maximum production rate of in-cloud nucleation and impact scavenging is simulated in tropical polluted clouds
RELATIVE CONTRIBUTION TO SULFUR WET DEPOSITION
Hanry Law assumption leads to higher overestimation of sulfur wet deposition of 151 % in cont. polluted clouds
Cont. polluted clouds have shown a higher percentage values relative to tropical case for incloud and sub-cloud oxidation
Ice phase proceses and in-cloud scavenging have a similar percentage contribution values in both cases
Sub-cloud scavenging in tropical polluted clouds has a higher relative contribution to sulfur wet deposition in (kg) compared to continental one
THANK YOUTHANK YOU
VLADO SPIRIDONOVHYDROMETEOROLOGICAL
INSTITUTE SKUPI BB 1000 SKOPJE, R.MACEDONIA
E-mail: vspiridonov@meteo.gov.mk
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