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Cause and effect

The table below simply represents the variety of meanings, uses and nuances that can be derivedfrom the word most strongly associated with the notion of cause and effect mainly expressed by theword because . This is not intended as a reference list, though you may use it as such if you arelooking for alternative vocabulary. In a more general sense, you are invited to think about all thesewords, and the subtlety of their meanings in relation to each other. You will find, for instance, thatcause actually means contributor, and effect actually means outcome. Each tells the same storyfrom a different angle or perspective. Knowing your perspective will always help you to achieveprecision in writing. More than this is the ability to explain not just what something is, but, at alateral level, howsomething happens, which is a fundamental skill in all research.

Words in the table below were derived from the entries for because and related words in anumber of dictionaries and thesauruses. The sheer number of related words should encourage youto write with ever increasing variety and range.

Try building up a similar table using any other word, especially one that you use veryfrequently. The exercise of looking through a few dictionaries will certainly benefit your

repertoire of vocabulary and should give you more choices for more subtle nuances in yourwriting.

Because ...

nuance noun adjective verb adverb context phrase

causecontributor tothe resulte.g.

because of

gravity,apples fall tothe ground

causecausalityoriginsourceprincipleinfluence

keyderivationintentionproductioncontributionresponsibilityprecipitationinput

causativereliableoriginalinfluentialderivativederived

intentionalintendedcontributive

causebe the causeofshapegive rise toinitiate

generateaffectbring abouttriggeroriginatemakemake happeninfluencelead tointendproducecreatecontribute

inducededucepromoteengenderberesponsiblefordetermineprecipitate

causativelyoriginallyderivativelycontributivelyintentionallydeterminedly

subsequently

becausedue toas a result ofowing tosincetherefore

when ... .thenif ... thensince ... then

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nuance noun adjective verb adverb context phrase

effectresult ofprior act orconditione.g.

because thetrain waslate, I missedmyappointment

effectconsequencederivativeresultoutcome

developmentproductoutputrepercussionramificationimplication

dependent onreliant on

result fromarise fromgrow fromstem frombe shaped by

culminate inproceedemanate fromfollow fromdepend on

naturallyconsequentlynecessarilyeventuallyreliably

conditionally

becauseowing toresulting fromdue tocaused by

depending onof courseit follows thatthereforeassince

nuance noun adjective verb adverb context phrase

attributionascribingcausee.g.

because ofthe accident,she never drove again

attributionattributeascriptionreference toexplanation

interpretationreason why

attributed toattributable toexplained by

account forattributeascribeimputerefer

derive fromassign ascauseindicatesshowspointstowardsbe associatedwithcorrespond tocorrelate with

accountablyunaccountablyimputedlyderivatively

becauseaccording tohencethencetherefore

on account ofdue toin view ofowing toas a result ofas aconsequence ofwith referencetoin respect ofin light offrom this point

nuance noun adjective verb adverb context phrase

responsereaction tostimuluse.g.

because yousaid that, Illbegin to thinkdifferently

responseimpact, replydefenceexplanationcontradictionacknowledgementdiscoverysolution, clueinquiry, querysatisfactionsupport

evidenceresolutionreaction

conclusiveinconclusivedefendedcontradictorysatisfactoryinterpretiveapparentempirical

answerrespondreplyacknowledgeexplaininterpretsolvediscoverinquirequerysatisfyallow

conclusivelysatisfactorilyevidentlyinterpretivelyapparentlyempirically

becausein response toas a resultin conclusionin replyin defenceinacknowledgement ofin light ofconsideringwhile

acknowledgingthat

nuance noun adjective verb adverb contextphrase

reasoninginductive ordeductive

reasonexplanationargument

validrationalreasonable

inferreasonvalidate

rationallyvalidlyreasonably

becausesinceas

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calculatione.g.

because itwas a hotday, we took

our bathers

generalisationrationaleinductiondeductiondiscussioninquiry

debateanalysissynthesis

reasonedcogentlogicalforcefulrelevantappropriate

correctpersuasiveconclusivedialecticpolemicaldebatablecontrovertible

argueconsiderdiscussdebatedisputerefute

examinewranglefollow fromcontendinsist

arguablyforcefullyappropriatelycorrectlyconclusivelyconsequently

accordingly

forhencewhencethenceseeing thatthen

soso thatfor this reasonfor that reasonfor whichreasoninasmuch aswhereasconsideringinconsiderationofthereforewhereforethusin conclusionfinallyafter allin the endon the whole

nuance noun adjective verb adverb contextphrase

motivereason for

generating aneffecte.g.

because shewasinterested,she took upastronomy

reasonground(s)

stimulusintentionmotivationinducementinfluenceinspirationencouragementincentiveconcessionpurpose

reasonedintentional

motivatedpersuasiveenforceableinclinedbiased

stimulateinduce

promptinstigateprovokeencourageattractactivateactuateact onwork onoperate ondeterminebias

inclinedisposepredisposepersuadeenforceconcede

with reasonintentionally

determinedly

becausetherefore

asfor this reasonby reason ofon account ofdue toowing to

nuance noun adjective verb adverb contextphrase

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Many people encounterchronic deprivation.

Therefore,Consequently,Because of this,As a result (of this),

they develop afeeling of insecurity.

Sample paragraph: cause and effect pattern (with signal words bolded)

Until World War I, the United States had always been a debtor nation. The value of the goods andservices we imported often exceeded the value of the goods we sold to foreigners, and foreignerswere investing far more in the United States than Americans were investing in other countries.Thus we had to pay interest and dividends to investors abroad. During World War I, the situationwas reversed. The war-torn nations of Europe needed U.S. goods, so our exports more thandoubled, while the value of the goods we imported declined, By 1919 we had become a creditornation foreign nations owed more to the United States than the United States owed to them. Thisnet credit position continued until 1985, at which time the United States once again became a netdebtor nation. The value of our imports greatly exceeded the value of our exports, and foreignerswere investing heavily in U.S. securities, largely because of the relatively high interest rates here.(Gordon, S.D., and George G.Dawson.Introductory Economics. 7th ed. Lexington: D.C.Heath. 1991. 433

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