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WHITE PAPER
Understanding SIGTRAN YieldsMore Efficient Network Architectures
By Tom Jenkins, Senior Director Xpress Products
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Copyright 2011 Performance Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Introduction
In todays Signaling architecture, SIGTRAN capabilities are being used to overcome
bandwidth constraints, reduce signaling transport cost, and to position the network
for migration to the Next-Generation Network (NGN). A full understanding of
the utilization and implementation of SIGTRAN is required to efciently design a
network suitable for the transport of SS7 Signaling over IP. The major stumbling
block to fully understanding SIGTRAN is that all available explanations relate to
next-generation architecture, including Media Gateway Controllers (MGC), Media
Gateways (MG), and Signaling Gateways (SG), with very little information regarding
the traditional network elements or network topology.
This paper will focus on the SIGTRAN Adaptation Layers. A cursory overview of
SCTP is provided in this paper; however detailed SCTP information will be covered
in a subsequent white paper. Included in this paper will be detailed discussions on
network topology, impact on existing infrastructure, and the benets of each adap-
tation layer.
Market Drivers Impacting the Deployment of SIGTRAN
Increased signaling trafc, cost limitations, and next-generation network migrationare factors driving the deployment of SIGTRAN. The explosive growth in SS7 trans-
actions trafc is stretching the current network architecture to its breaking point.
According to The Insight Research Corporation, the volume of transaction services
involving SS7 message data will increase from 10 billion signaling bytes in 2009 to
over 20 billion bytes in 20141.
The premier mobile application, SMS, continues to outstrip all others in revenues
and messages generated. IRC states that SMS has generated revenues of USD 89
billion in 2008, and the world has seen trafc of almost 3.5 trillion SMS messages
in 2008. Our forecasts predict that SMS will become a USD 100 billion business by
2010, and worldwide total trafc will reach almost 5 trillion messages in FY 2011,
and growth will continue from there.2
1 The Insight Research Corporation (January 2009) Transaction Service Processing and Telecommunication s 2009 - 20142 Portio Research Corporation, www.portioresearch.com, Mobile Messaging Futures 2009 2013
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As trafc, messaging, and services are increasing, carriers are being tasked with
reducing cost. The Insight Research Corporation study nds that Traditional carriers
are seeing increased operating expenses cutting into margins and revenue growth.
With network and network development costs typically accounting for more than
35 percent of xed-line operating costs, telecom service providers are under pres-
sure to reduce their network-related expenses to sustain margins. 3
A recent study conducted by Venture Development Corporation, SS7 Market
Opportunities and Requirements: Global Market Demand Analysis, shows shipments
of SIGTRAN stacks to rise 22% between 2006 and 2012.4 This increase is from
USD15.9 Million in 2006 to USD 53.1 Million in 2012. This represents a shift away
from legacy SS7 protocol stack shipments leading to the conclusion that SS7 net-
works are rapidly migrating to SIGTRAN.
History
The SIGTRAN working group of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) was
formed in 1999 and tasked with dening the architecture for transporting real-time
signaling information over an Internet Protocol (IP) network. The working groups
effort yielded three key results:
1) A new network architecture.
2) New transport protocol.
3) Numerous adaptation layers.
This architecture framework centered on a restructuring of the circuit switch into
distinct parts: Media Gateway Controllers (MGCs), Media Gateways (MGs), and
Signaling Gateways (SGs).
New Network Architecture
The segmenting of the legacy switch functionality into MGC, MG, and SG
presented several benets. First, it is a more distributed switching architecture,
allowing a single MGC to control one or more geographically dispersed MGs.
3 The Insight Research Corporation (January 2009) Transaction Service Processing and Telecommunications 2009 - 20144 Venture Development Corp. (VDC) SIGTRAN Stacks Displacing SS7 in the Market May 8, 2008
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The second characteristic of the new switching architecture is a total separation of
signaling from the media and the media control plane. This three-layer split in net-
work switching functionality was originally dened in IETF RFC 2719 Framework
Architecture for Signaling Transport.
RFC 2719 provided the following denitions for the MGC, MG and SG.
Media Gateway (MG) A MG terminates switched circuit network (SCN)
media streams, packetizes the media data, if it is not already packetized, and
delivers packetized trafc to the packet network.5
Media Gateway Controller (MGC) A MGC handles the registration and
management of resources at the MG. The MGC may have the ability to autho-
rize resource usage based on local policy. For signaling transport purposes, the
MGC serves as a possible termination and origination point for SCN application
protocols.6
Signaling Gateway (SG) An SG is a signaling agent that receives/sends SCN
native signaling at the edge of the IP network. The SG function may relay,translate, or terminate SS7 signaling in an SS7-Internet Gateway. The SG function
may also be co-resident with the MG function to process SCN signaling associ-
ated with line or trunk terminations controlled by the MG.7
RFC 2719 also states that each of these functions can be deployed as separate
entities or the MG and MGC, or the SG and MG may be combined. The IETF
provided a high degree of network exibility with these denitions. However, there
is no mention in RFC2719 about: legacy networks, legacy network elements, or
hybrid networks where both new and old network elements coexist. This concept
will be claried as we increase our understanding of the SIGTRAN protocol includ-
ing transport and adaptation layers.
5 Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) RFC 2719 October 19996 Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) RFC 2719 October 19997 Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) RFC 2719 October 1999
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Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP)
The next task addressed by the IETF was the selection of a transmission protocol to
be used on top of Internet Protocol (IP). This transport protocol must meet the rigid
constraints of a real-time protocol such as SS7. The transmission protocol had
to parallel SS7s stringent requirements for guaranteed delivery, sequence delivery,
and had to include Multi-Homing for reliability. User Datagram Protocol was
immediately ruled out due to its inherent lack of reliability and its inability to provide
sequence delivery capabilities. The next existing transmission protocol examined
was Transmission Control Protocol (TCP). TCP had error checking, sequence
delivery, and acknowledgment capabilities it seemed like a perfect t. However,
TCPs stringent sequence delivery concept, which allows a single packet loss to
delay all other subsequent packets, would not meet the real-time requirements of
SS7. Also, without modication, TCPs lack of support for Multi-Homing would
seriously limit the reliability of the network.
The absence of acceptable, existing transmission protocols required the IETF to
dene a new transmission protocol to carry SS7 related protocol levels over an IP
backbone network. Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) was born.
SCTP provides the following functions as dened by RFC 4166 Telephony Signalling
over Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) Applicability Statement:
u Reliable Data Transfer.
u Multiple streams to help avoid head-of-line blocking.
u Ordered and unordered data delivery on a per-stream basis.
u Bundling and fragmentation of user data.
u Congestion and ow control.
u Support for continuous monitoring of reachability.
u Graceful termination of association.
u Support of multi-homing for added reliability.
u Protection against blind denial-of-service attacks.
u Protection against blind masquerade attacks.
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These requirements and more were addressed (or resolved) by the SIGTRAN work-
ing group in RFC 2960, Stream Control Transmission Protocol, and further
updated by RFC 3309, Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) Checksum
Change. SCTP can be used for the transmission of any real-time sensitive, se-
quenced delivery protocol, and as such is not limited to SS7 related data. The rela-
tionship of SS7 levels and IP/SIGTRAN layers is shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1. SS7 Levels and IP/SIGTRAN Layers
Adaptation Layers
The general function of adaptation layers is to encapsulate upper levels of the SS7
protocol and transport them over IP utilizing the services of SCTP.8 Because each
adaptation layer is based on the SS7 level being transported or replaced, there are
common capabilities across all adaptation layers.
Each adaptation layer must provide:
u A seamless operation of SS7 level peers over an IP network.
u A primitive interface boundary that the corresponding SS7 level had with its
underlying SS7 level.
u Management of SCTP transport associations and trafc between Signaling
Gateways (SGs) and IP Signaling Endpoints (ISEPs) or two ISEPs.
u Asynchronous reporting of status changes to management functions.
The goal of each of the adaptation layers is to replace an existing SS7 level with
an adaptation layer which utilizes the services of SCTP/IP. This replacement should
be accomplished without any modication to the SS7 level being transported by
8 Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) RFC 4166 February 2006
IPMTP 1
SCTPMTP 2
M2UA
M3UA
SUA
M2PA
MTP 3 MTP 3
ISUP SCCP
SIGTRANSS7 TCAP
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the adaptation layer. To accomplish this function, the adaptation layer must com-
municate with the carried SS7 level in exactly the same manner as SS7 would, i.e.
through using the same primitives.
MTP 2 Peer to Peer Adaptation (M2PA) Layer
As dened by RFC 4166 M2PA protocol is used between SS7 Signalling Points
employing the MTP Level 3 protocol. The SS7 Signalling Points may also use
standard SS7 links using the SS7 MTP Level 2 to provide transport of MTP Level3
signalling messages.9
M2PA is a SIGTRAN protocol for transporting SS7 MTP Level 2 user part signaling
messages (i.e. MTP Level 3) over IP using the Stream Control Transmission Protocol
(SCTP). Unlike M2UA, M2PA is used to support full MTP Level 3 message handling
and network management between any two SS7 nodes communicating over an IP
network. IP signaling points function as traditional SS7 nodes using the IP network
instead of the SS7 network. Each switched circuit or IP signaling point has an SS7
point code. The M2PA protocol layer provides the same set of services that MTP
Level 2 provides to MTP Level 3. M2PA operates in a point to point manner and
transports MTP3.
M2PA functionality includes:
u Data retrieval to support the MTP3 changeover procedure.
u Reporting of link status changes to MTP3.
u Processor outage procedure.
u Link alignment procedure.
As indicated by the functions of M2PA, the SCTP associations in an M2PA environ-
ment are treated as SS7 links over IP.
MTP 2 User Adaptation (M2UA) Layer
RFC 4166 states that the M2UA protocol is typically used between a Signalling
Gateway (SG) and Media Gateway Controller (MGC). The SG will terminate up to
9 Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) RFC 4166 February 2006
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MTP Level 2, and the MGC will terminate MTP Level 3 and above. In other words,
the SG will transport MTP Level 3 messages over an IP network to an MGC.10
M2UA employs a client server concept. The client side of M2UA has the resident
MTP3 with its SS7 Point Code. The server functionality provides the SS7 physical
termination and communicates with the client side using SCTP over IP. There are
two main functions of M2UA. First, it provides a mechanism for the transport of
SS7 MTP2 user signaling (e.g., MTP3 messages) over IP using SCTP. Second, it
allows remote termination of SS7 links for the backhaul of trafc to a centralized
node in the network.
Functions provided by M2UA are:
u Flow Control.
u SCTP Stream Management.
u Seamless SS7 Network Management Interworking.
u Active Association Control.
Comparison of M2PA and M2UAM2PA M2UA
Point Codes SG is an SS7 node and haspoint code.
SG is not an SS7 node and hasno point code.
Types of Links SG to IP signaling point isan SS7 link over IP.
SG to IP signaling point is notan SS7 link.
SS7 Upper Levels SG can have upper SS7levels.
SG does not have upper SS7levels does not have MTP3.
Primitives IP signaling point processesMTP3 to MTP2 primitives.
IP signaling point transportsMTP3 to MTP2 primitives toSG's MTP2 for processing.
Interface with MTP3 Presents an MTP2 upperinterface to MTP3.
Presents an MTP2 upperinterface to MTP3.
MTP3 Data Messages Transports MTP3 datamessages.
Transports MTP3 datamessages.
Management Relies on MTP3 formanagement procedures.
Uses M2UA management pro-cedures.
Table 1. Comparison of M2UA and M2PA
10 Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) RFC 4166 February 2006
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MTP 3 User Adaptation (M3UA) Layer
M3UA protocol supports the transport of any SS7 MTP3-User, such as TUP, ISUP, and
SCCP over IP using the services of SCTP. TCAP and any other SS7 levels above SCCP
are carried in the Data Payload portion of SCCP due to the fact that they are SCCP
users, and not MTP users. M3UA provides a mechanism whereby MTP3 services are
provided to an IP-based node, thus extending the reach of SS7 into the IP realm.
The typical uses of M3UA are to communicate between the Signaling Gateway (SG)
and Media Gateway Controller (MGC) or between the SG and an IP resident data-
base (IPSCP). See Figure 4 for deployment of M3UA in hybrid network architectures.
M3UA is extremely important in communication with high trafc databases where
the 16 link linkset limitation of traditional SS7 is causing bandwidth issues. M3UA
and its associated SCTP/IP solve these issues while reducing the network complexity
in terms of linksets, combined linksets, and routes.
In a Signaling Gateway (SG) conguration of M3UA, the SG has an SS7 point code
because it has a resident SS7 MTP3 presence. This also means that the SG can be
used to route to other SGs or nodes.
SCCP User Adaptation (SUA) Layer
SUA protocol supports the transport of any SS7 SCCP-User signalling such as TCAP.
The inherent capabilities of TCAP(MAP, INAP, SMS, BSSAP, or RANAP)are trans-
ported over IP using the services of SCTP.
SUA supports the following SCCP capabilities:
u Transfer of SCCP user part messages (TCAP, MAP, RANAP, etc.).
u SCCP Connectionless Services.
u SCCP Connection Oriented Services.
u SCCP management services
Remote Destinations
Subsystems
u Distributed IP-based Signaling Nodes.
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Comparison of M3UA and SUA
When comparing the protocol stacks of M3UA versus SUA; the SUA protocol stack
is much simpler, therefore it is more efcient and easier to implement. The differ-
ences between the implementation of M3UA and SUA can be seen in Table 2.
M3UA SUA
SCCP Variants Signaling Point is requiredto support different variantsof SCCP to interface withdifferent countries.
Only the one node has to haveSCCP therefore the point codeissue is eliminated.
ISUP Services Supported Not Supported
Addressing Each node required to have
both IP address and SS7point codes.
Using SUA does not consume
point codes since there is noMTP3.
Routing M3UA messages are routedfrom point code to pointcode.
SUA allows IP network to routemessages based on Global TitleInformation.
ImplementationComplexity
M3UA requires servicesfrom SCCP.
One less protocol layer. Theelimination of SCCP reduces thecomplexity of the network nodetherefore reducing cost.
Table 2. Comparison of M3UA and SUA
Network Deployment Using M2PA
The deployment of SIGTRAN M2PA in conjunction with SCTP and IP provides each
of the interconnected devices (Core STP, SCP, and Edge STP) with a resident SS7
MTP3. Each of the associations is treated as a conventional SS7 link transported
over IP.
The Edge STP in this scenario can have Local routing to switch signaling trafc
between the interconnected SSPs and MSC. The Edge STP would route trafc to
the Core STP when it is destined for the SCP or another interconnected network.
See Figure 2 for the Network Interconnection using M2PA.
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Figure 2. Network Interconnection
Network Deployment Using M2UA
As shown in Figure 3, M2UA is being used to communicate between the Edge
Device and the Core STP. In this type of deployment, the Edge Device does
not have an instance of MTP3 and is acting as a signaling gateway converting
from TDM SS7 to M2UA SIGTRAN. Since there is no MTP3 in the Edge Device, it
is transparent to the SS7 network, i.e. it has no Point Code. All MTP3 routing for
messages generated by the subtending nodes (SSPs and MSC) is handled by the
Core STP. SS7 views this interconnection methodology as a remote termination of
the SS7 links.
The advantage of this conguration is twofold. First, the network operator realizes
the cost reduction in transporting the SS7 connectivity from the Edge Device to the
Core STP over IP. Second, the implementation is simplied since the Edge Device is
transparent to SS7. No SS7 routing changes need to be made in either the subtend-
ing ofces or the Core STP.
SSP
SSP
MSC
M2PA
M2PA
M2PA
TDMSS7 Links
Edge STP Core STP
IP Network
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Figure 3. Network Deployment Using M2UA
Network Deployment using Multiple SIGTRAN Adaptation Layers
In a typical network, the implementation of SIGTRAN multiple adaptation layers
are used to connect to different network elements. The selection of the adaptation
layer type is dependent upon three things: the network element type, the type of
trafc generated by the network element, and the architectural requirements of
the service provider. See Figure 4 for examples of Network Interconnectivity using
SIGTRAN.
Core STP to Core STPM2PA was selected as the connection methodology between the Core STP
pairs. M2PA was selected because it treats the associations as SS7 links carried
over IP. This concept uses MTP concepts such:
u Link alignment (normal and Emergency).
u Changeover and Changeback.
u Processor outage.
u Congestion, etc.
Core STP to Soft Switch
M3UA was chosen for communication between the Core STP and the Soft
Switch based on the efciency of the protocol stack and the types of trafc
generated by the switch. ISUP and TCAP over SCCP are generated by switching
elements whether they are MSCs, Tandem switches, wireline ofces, or Soft
SSP
SSP
MSC
M2UA M2UA
TDMSS7 Links
Edge Device Core STP
IP Network
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Switches. These trafc patterns limit the choice of SIGTRAN connectivity to
M2PA, M2UA, or M3UA. M3UA was chosen because it transports both ISUP
and SCCP with the added benet of being more efcient than M2PA due to the
absence of a protocol stack level.
Core STP to SCP
SUA was the selected adaptation layer going from the Core STP to the SCP for
the following reasons:
u It will transport TCAP trafc.
u It has lower overhead than M3UA.
u It requires less conguration than M3UA.
Core STP to Edge Device
When aggregating network element connectivity based on topology or
geography, M2UA is the adaptation layer of choice based on the following
benets:
u No valuable Point Code resources required. u Easy to implement, i.e. few switch or STP translations to change.
u Transparent to the network.
u SS7 routing centralized in Core STP.
The driving factor in this network implementation is to achieve signaling trans-
port with signicant cost savings, through aggregation and transport over IP.
Core STP to Edge STP
M2PA is implemented between the Core STP and the Edge STP because local
routing is desired at the Edge STP. Local routing is desired because it adds an
extra level of network survivability. If the Core STP or the connectivity between
the Edge STP and the Core STP fails, intra Edge STP calls can then be completed
based on local routing within the Edge STP.
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Figure 4. Network Interconnectivity
What to look for in SIGTRAN-enabled devices (Signaling Transfer Point, Signaling
Gateway, and IP Edge)
When looking for a source to provide SIGTRAN-enabled equipment for network
deployment, consider the following requirements:
Designed and architected for IP deployment: The revolution in the Signaling Network
demands that more and more signaling trafc is placed on the IP network. It is
critical to select equipment that is designed from the ground up as IP-centric. These
capabilities should include, but not be limited to, the following: embedded IP
capabilities (Back plane, Ethernet switches, high bandwidth, etc.), ease of IP
connectivity, and ease of IP conguration.
SSP
SSP
MSC
M2UA
SUA
Multiple Association Types
M2UA, M2PA, M3UA & SUATDM
SS7 Links
SSP
SSP
MSC
TDMSS7 Links
Edge Device Core STP
IP Network
Edge STP
M2PA
SCPHLR ... LNP
Core STP
Softswitch
M3UA
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High processing capabilities: With the ever increasing trafc on the Signaling Network
due to Number Portability, SMS, Location Updates, etc., it is extremely important to
select equipment that will process todays trafc loads and be extensible for future
trafc requirements.
SIGTRANs ability to efciently relieve bandwidth bottle necks in the network
makes it the ideal choice.
Most cost-effective (initial purchase and life cycle): When selecting network equip-
ment, it is extremely important to consider not only the initial purchase price, but
also the ongoing support and maintenance of the equipment. The most economical
combination of these two should be selected, assuming that all of the other require-
ments are met.
Standards-based: Ensure that selected systems are designed to the latest proto-
col standards and have the widest breadth of protocols available. These protocols
should include, but not be limited to the following:
u SS7 both ITU and ANSI u SIGTRAN (M2PA, M2UA, M3UA & SUA)
u SIP
Most environmentally friendly: With todays focus on cost and environmental
concerns, another important consideration is whether or not new equipment is the
environmentally friendly. Two factors that should be taken into consideration are:
1. Least amount of power consumed.2. Least amount of heat generated.
Extensive Support Services: Explore companies that will partner with you for the
long term. The company should provide network planning, network engineering,
installation, training, and support services. These services should be on an a la carte
basis, so only the required services need be selected.
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The SEGway Solutions Advantage
PTs SEGway portfolio includes IP-centric network elements and applications de-
signed for high availability, scalability, and long life cycle deployments. These offer
carriers and service providers extensive IP networking options, unrivaled in the
industry with features such as high density signaling, advanced routing, IP migra-
tion, gateway capabilities, SIP bridge, and core-to-edge distributed intelligence. In
addition, these carrier grade solutions provide lower cost of ownership from initial
purchase through their entire product life-cycle deployment. The SEGway product
portfolio provides the following unique advantages:
Designed and architected for IP deployment: SEGway products are designed to be
a mere extension of the IP network. The internal architecture of SEGway platforms
include intelligent IP backplanes for both internal and external communications.
Also included in the design is an integrated, ve-nines reliable, gigabit Ethernet
switch. The inclusion of the carrier grade Ethernet switch reduces the requirement
for an expensive, external Ethernet switch or IP router ports.
High processing capabilities: PT announced in 2009 a threefold increase in the
number of links supported by its SEGway X401 platform to over 1500+ low speedlink equivalencies. Within the same year, a doubling of processing capabilities was
announced. In 2011 PT introduced the X401e a 7.5 foot telco rack including three
X401s supporting 4,536 links. These upgrades can occur without a massive hard-
ware change out. Simply add processors as required for increased trafc demands.
Most environmentally friendly: The SEGway product portfolio has the lowest
power consumption and heat generation of any signaling product available, thus
reducing its carbon footprint.
World Class Support: PT provides a vast array of support services including: network
planning, engineering, installation, and training. These services are offered on an a
la carte basis and can be tailored to meet individual customer requirements. Trans-
port and Protocol support: The SEGway signaling solutions have been deployed for
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international and domestic applications in wireless and wireline congurations all
over the world, including the United States, Canada, France, United Kingdom,
Netherlands, Brazil, Mexico, Japan, China, Africa and many others. A vast array of
standards-based protocols are supported including: SCTP, M2PA, M2UA, M3UA
and SUA. Also supported are traditional TDM, ATM and Annex A.
For more information on PT and the SEGway signaling solutions or to schedule a
demonstration, please contact sales@pt.com.
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About PT (www.pt.com)
PT (NASDAQ: PTIX) is a global supplier of advanced network communications
solutions to carrier, government, and OEM markets. PTs portfolio includes
IP-centric network elements and applications designed for high availability,scalability, and long life-cycle deployments. The companys entire line of offerings
is anchored by IPnexus, PTs own IP-native, highly integrated platforms and
element management systems. OEMs and application developers, including PT
itself, leverage the robust carrier grade Linux development environment and rich
suite of communications protocols (PTs NexusWare) of IPnexus Application-
Ready Systems as a cornerstone component of their end product value proposition.
PTs SEGway Signaling Solutions provide low cost, high density signaling, advanced
routing, IP migration, gateway capabilities, SIP bridge, and core-to-edge distributed
intelligence. The companys Xpress NGN applications enable evolving Mobile 2.0,
Multimedia, and IMS based revenue generating services. PT is headquartered in
Rochester, NY and maintains sales and engineering ofces around the world.
About the Author
Tom Jenkins has over 40 years experience in telecommunications. During his career,
he has held positions related to SS7 Signaling including: Technical Support Manager,
Manager of Product Management for STPs, International Sales Director for SS7
Test Equipment, and Vice President Sales and Marketing for SS7 Test Equipment.
In 1997 Tom started Center Point Consulting, Inc., providing SS7, SIGTRAN, and
SIP training to over 2500 students worldwide. Tom has been actively involved with
telecommunications signaling including SS7, SIGTRAN, and SIP for 26 years. Today,
Tom is the Senior Director of Xpress products for PTs Next-Generation Applica-
tions. You can contact Tom at twj@pt.com.
PT is a trademark of Performance Technologies, Inc.
The names of other companies, products, or services may be the trademarks, registeredtrademarks, or service marks of their respective owners in the United States and/or other countries.
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