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Writing Excellent Research Papers
Writing Excellent Research Papers
ASPA Student Summit
April 10, 2010
Patricia M. Shields, Ph.D.
Director, MPA Program
Texas State Universityps07@txstate.edu
http://uweb.txstate.edu/~ps07/
ASPA Student Summit
April 10, 2010
Patricia M. Shields, Ph.D.
Director, MPA Program
Texas State Universityps07@txstate.edu
http://uweb.txstate.edu/~ps07/
Tools of Scholarly Research Tools of Scholarly Research
1. Step by Step NotebookProject Management
Time, Materials, Ideas
2. Conceptual Frameworks Organize Ideas and Data
1. Step by Step NotebookProject Management
Time, Materials, Ideas
2. Conceptual Frameworks Organize Ideas and Data
Focus: 20+ page scholarly paper Focus: 20+ page scholarly paper
Literature Review
Empirical ResearchCollect and Analyze Data
Literature Review
Empirical ResearchCollect and Analyze Data
Dissertation Applied Research Project
Texas State ExperienceTexas State Experience
Problem Poor Literature Review Poor Organization No Conceptual Framework
EvidenceAwardsDownloads on ecommons
http://ecommons.txstate.edu/arp/ Opportunities
Problem Poor Literature Review Poor Organization No Conceptual Framework
EvidenceAwardsDownloads on ecommons
http://ecommons.txstate.edu/arp/ Opportunities
Taxonomy of Cognitive DomainTaxonomy of Cognitive Domain
Remembering Retrieving, recognizing, recalling
Understanding Constructing meaning from written communication through interpreting summarizing, inferring
Applying Using information/ideas in new context
Analyzing Breaking material into parts and determining how the parts relate (classifying)
Evaluating Making judgments based on criteria and standards
Creating Putting elements together to form a coherent whole
Thinking, Doing, Tools:Research Process
Thinking, Doing, Tools:Research Process
Remembering
Collecting materials Reading
Notebook
Understanding
Reading Taking notes
Notebook
Applying Topic/purposeOutlining
Notebook &Framework
Analyzing OutliningDrafting
Notebook & Framework
Evaluating OutliningDrafting
Notebook & Framework
Creating Drafting Notebook & Framework
You will be judged by how well you write because nobody really knows how well you think (Gray, 1998, 140)
You will be judged by how well you write because nobody really knows how well you think (Gray, 1998, 140)
Critical ThinkingApplicationAnalysisSynthesisEvaluation
Critical ThinkingApplicationAnalysisSynthesisEvaluation
Classical Pragmatism as intellectual source for
workshop
Classical Pragmatism as intellectual source for
workshop
Dewey, John. 1910. How We Think. New York: D.C. Heath Co.
Dewey, John. 1938. Logic: the Theory of Inquiry. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
James, William. 1907. Pragmatism: A New Name for an Old Way of Thinking. New Your: Longmans.
Kaplan, Abraham. 1964. The Conduct of Inquiry: Methodology for Behavioral Science. Scranton, PA: Chandler Publishing.
Emphasis on Tools of Inquiry
Dewey, John. 1910. How We Think. New York: D.C. Heath Co.
Dewey, John. 1938. Logic: the Theory of Inquiry. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
James, William. 1907. Pragmatism: A New Name for an Old Way of Thinking. New Your: Longmans.
Kaplan, Abraham. 1964. The Conduct of Inquiry: Methodology for Behavioral Science. Scranton, PA: Chandler Publishing.
Emphasis on Tools of Inquiry
John Dewey William James
Build a Research Paper : One Step at a Time
Notebook method for writing papers
Build a Research Paper : One Step at a Time
Notebook method for writing papers
Common Problems Common Problems
Can’t find time to work on it for more than an hour
After a while I lose my place and forget what I originally wanted to do
Can’t find time to work on it for more than an hour
After a while I lose my place and forget what I originally wanted to do
The Step Process Transforms Writing a Paper
Managing a Project
The Step Process Transforms Writing a Paper
Managing a Project
Organizing• Materials
• Time
• Ideas
Organizing• Materials
• Time
• Ideas
Organizes MaterialsOrganizes Materials
Three-ring binder
Tabs
Three-ring binder
Tabs
Organizes TimeOrganizes Time
Planning Things-to-do list Calendar
Planning Things-to-do list Calendar
Organizes IdeasOrganizes IdeasOrganizes IdeasOrganizes Ideas
Integrated Outline Before writing begins the
outline incorporates the reading, notes, interviews
Entire notebook builds to create the outline
Conceptual Frameworks
Integrated Outline Before writing begins the
outline incorporates the reading, notes, interviews
Entire notebook builds to create the outline
Conceptual Frameworks
Addresses Binge WritingAddresses Binge Writing
Common Form of Writer’s Block
Wait till the last minute to do the paper
Stress, sleeplessness
Poor quality work
Common Form of Writer’s Block
Wait till the last minute to do the paper
Stress, sleeplessness
Poor quality work
Binge WritingBinge Writing
Causes
Procrastination Feel overwhelmed Self doubt Need big block time
Perfectionism Destructive self talk Perfect conditions
Causes
Procrastination Feel overwhelmed Self doubt Need big block time
Perfectionism Destructive self talk Perfect conditions
Step Solution
Planning Separate small activities Use time wisely
Persistence Use every day
Practice habit of writing
Step Solution
Planning Separate small activities Use time wisely
Persistence Use every day
Practice habit of writing
Organization Step NotebookOrganization
Step Notebook
Things-To-Do List & Calendar To find & useful information Bibliography Notes Integrated Outline Drafts Sources
Things-To-Do List & Calendar To find & useful information Bibliography Notes Integrated Outline Drafts Sources
Things-To-Do List — TabThings-To-Do List — Tab
Project oriented - tasks for paper only Breaks the many tasks into small
manageable pieces (15 minutes - hour) Emphasizes scholarly reading Keeps track of book chapter, articles etc. Links to notes Addresses procrastination - easy to return to
work after a break
Project oriented - tasks for paper only Breaks the many tasks into small
manageable pieces (15 minutes - hour) Emphasizes scholarly reading Keeps track of book chapter, articles etc. Links to notes Addresses procrastination - easy to return to
work after a break
Calendar - TabCalendar - Tab
Takes into account paper deadlines
Timetable for reading, notes, drafts etc.can be
developed
Connects to other events in scholar’s life
Can be kept in personal Daytimer
Takes into account paper deadlines
Timetable for reading, notes, drafts etc.can be
developed
Connects to other events in scholar’s life
Can be kept in personal Daytimer
To Find - TabTo Find - Tab
Many of the best references are found in the bibliography of articles and books that are being read.
Scholars should note the reference in this portion of the notebook as they go along.
Many of the best references are found in the bibliography of articles and books that are being read.
Scholars should note the reference in this portion of the notebook as they go along.
Miscellaneous - TabMiscellaneous - Tab
Keep important difficult-to-classify information here.Email exchanges with professor
Hotel and conference information
If several people are working on a project, keep key email exchanges here
Notes on phone conversations
Web sites
Keep important difficult-to-classify information here.Email exchanges with professor
Hotel and conference information
If several people are working on a project, keep key email exchanges here
Notes on phone conversations
Web sites
Bibliography - TabBibliography - Tab
Work on as paper progresses
Finish bibliography before begin writing paper
Can accomplish something on things-to-do list
without having to think
Links to notes and things-to-do list
Work on as paper progresses
Finish bibliography before begin writing paper
Can accomplish something on things-to-do list
without having to think
Links to notes and things-to-do list
Notes - TabNotes - Tab
Keep detailed notes in this section.
Organize alphabetically by last name of author.
Develops habit of writing.
Builds reading comprehension.
Ties directly to the integrated outline.
Essential part of process - this is where the student really learns the new material.
Keep detailed notes in this section.
Organize alphabetically by last name of author.
Develops habit of writing.
Builds reading comprehension.
Ties directly to the integrated outline.
Essential part of process - this is where the student really learns the new material.
Outline - TabOutline - Tab
Integrated OutlineOutline that incorporates all of the notes.
Begin drafting paper after integrated outline is complete
Fewer frantic searches.
Integrated OutlineOutline that incorporates all of the notes.
Begin drafting paper after integrated outline is complete
Fewer frantic searches.
Drafts - TabDrafts - Tab
Early drafts are kept here.
Edit on hard copy and then make the corrections.
Use different color paper for different drafts.
Early drafts are kept here.
Edit on hard copy and then make the corrections.
Use different color paper for different drafts.
Sources - TabSources - Tab
Hard copies of journal articles, book chapters, monographs, government publications
File alphabetically by last name of the author.
Hard copies of journal articles, book chapters, monographs, government publications
File alphabetically by last name of the author.
Review - OrganizingReview - Organizing
Time Materials Ideas
•Things-to-do list•calendar
All of the tabs in the notebook
•Things-to-do list•Notes•Integrated Outline
Key tabs
WORKFLOWWORKFLOW
READIING &
NOTESINTEGRATED
OUTLINE DRAFT
Name of the author needs to be included in each item
THINGS-TO-DO LIST
Names & titles
IdeasTheories
Facts
AnalysisSynthesis
Clarifying craftingcreating
LAST THINGS FIRSTLAST THINGS FIRST
What is the end- state or goal that a scholar trying to achieve?
What is the end- state or goal that a scholar trying to achieve?
• Series of coherently organized paragraphs
• References imbedded in the paragraphs.
Notebook reinforces the importance of • Author’s last name
• Year of publication
• Page of quote
• Series of coherently organized paragraphs
• References imbedded in the paragraphs.
Notebook reinforces the importance of • Author’s last name
• Year of publication
• Page of quote
Concrete End-State of Paper
Applying the ActivitiesApplying the Activities
Armed Forces and International Security: Global Trends and Issues (encyclopedia - short)
Editors Franz Kernic and Jean Callaghan Transaction Press 2003
Armed Forces and International Security: Global Trends and Issues (encyclopedia - short)
Editors Franz Kernic and Jean Callaghan Transaction Press 2003
Chapter - The Bureaucracy in Military Sociology (8 -10 pages)
Purpose : “This chapter examines the intersection of military sociology and bureaucracy.”
Example Paragraph with embedded references
Example Paragraph with embedded references
Cotty et al. (2002) examine civil-military relations in the emerging
democracies of post-communist Eastern Europe. Like Feaver (1996)
they believe there is too much concern in the literature over the “threat
of praetorian military intervention in domestic policies” (Cottey et al.
2002:31). They call for a reconceptualization of civil-military relations
“in terms of the governance of the defense and security sector” and the
“wider problem of the democratic management and implementation of
defense and security policy” (Cottey et al. 2002:32).
Cotty et al. (2002) examine civil-military relations in the emerging
democracies of post-communist Eastern Europe. Like Feaver (1996)
they believe there is too much concern in the literature over the “threat
of praetorian military intervention in domestic policies” (Cottey et al.
2002:31). They call for a reconceptualization of civil-military relations
“in terms of the governance of the defense and security sector” and the
“wider problem of the democratic management and implementation of
defense and security policy” (Cottey et al. 2002:32).
Things-to-do listreinforces author’s name
Things-to-do listreinforces author’s name
Date completed
2/3/04 6. Read Feaver
2/10/04 7. Take notes Feaver
2/4/04 8. Read Cottey et al
2/9/04 9. Take notes Cottey et al
2/6/04 10. Read ch.1 Wilson
2/18/04 11. Take notes Ch.1 Wilson
2/6/04 12. Skim Ch2. Wilson
Starting the Things-To-Do ListStarting the Things-To-Do List
Collect set of materials Review & decide read or skim Use post-it-notes to record
read/skim Each book chapter gets a note Transfer post-it-note directives
to Things-to-do list Include note taking on list Remember 15-60 minute tasks
Collect set of materials Review & decide read or skim Use post-it-notes to record
read/skim Each book chapter gets a note Transfer post-it-note directives
to Things-to-do list Include note taking on list Remember 15-60 minute tasks
Things-To-Do List EmphasizesReading and Thinking
Important to read widely.Important to comprehend deeply.
Ideas for paper come from the literature and thoughts of scholar.
A persons writing ability is constrained by their reading comprehension.
It is impossible to write clearly about a subject you do not understand.
Importance of Notes Importance of Notes
A form of “practice” writing.
Use “persistence” in note taking. Deepens comprehension of books and articles.
A form of “practice” writing.
Use “persistence” in note taking. Deepens comprehension of books and articles.
Think while you take notes
Tips on Note-takingTips on Note-taking
Be self-reflective when taking notes.Do you really understand what the
material?Less you understand the more detailed
the notes should be.Notes can be take on computer or by
hand.
Be sure the author’s last name, year and page are on every page of the notes.
Be self-reflective when taking notes.Do you really understand what the
material?Less you understand the more detailed
the notes should be.Notes can be take on computer or by
hand.
Be sure the author’s last name, year and page are on every page of the notes.
Cottey et al 2002Cottey et al 2002
p. 31
p. 32
p. 31
p. 32
Says too concerned in lit about “threat of praetorian military intervention in domestic policies.”
Should “reconceptualize in terms of democratic governance of the defense & security sector.”
Shifts focus to “the wider problem of the democratic mgt and implementation of defense & security policy.”
PART OF BUREAUCRACY - job to implement policy
Says too concerned in lit about “threat of praetorian military intervention in domestic policies.”
Should “reconceptualize in terms of democratic governance of the defense & security sector.”
Shifts focus to “the wider problem of the democratic mgt and implementation of defense & security policy.”
PART OF BUREAUCRACY - job to implement policy
Example - Integrated Outline Step 1Example - Integrated Outline Step 1
The Bureaucracy in Military Sociology
I.IntroA.Set the stage/Weber ideal B.Purpose statement: This chapter
examines the intersection of military sociology and bureaucracy1. Define mil sociology
2. Interdisciplinary study bureaucracy
II.Military BureaucracyA. Unique Definition-War
B. AuthorityC. Leadership decisions
The Bureaucracy in Military Sociology
I.IntroA.Set the stage/Weber ideal B.Purpose statement: This chapter
examines the intersection of military sociology and bureaucracy1. Define mil sociology
2. Interdisciplinary study bureaucracy
II.Military BureaucracyA. Unique Definition-War
B. AuthorityC. Leadership decisions
III. Recent TrendsA.Bureaucracy and civil-
military relations1.Mature democracies
2.Emerging democracies
B.New Roles
IV. Conclusion
III. Recent TrendsA.Bureaucracy and civil-
military relations1.Mature democracies
2.Emerging democracies
B.New Roles
IV. Conclusion
Integrated Outline Step 2Integrated Outline Step 2The Bureaucracy in Military Sociology
I.IntroA.Set the stage/Weber ideal (Weber,
Merton)B.Purpose statement: This chapter
examines the intersection of military sociology and bureaucracy1. Define mil sociology(Siebold, H-J
& Moskos)2. Interdisciplinary study bureaucracySocio-(Mills)Political Sci (Allison)Policy science (Wilson)
II.Military BureaucracyA. Unique Definition - War (Janowitz &
Little p.27-28)
The Bureaucracy in Military SociologyI.Intro
A.Set the stage/Weber ideal (Weber, Merton)
B.Purpose statement: This chapter examines the intersection of military sociology and bureaucracy1. Define mil sociology(Siebold, H-J
& Moskos)2. Interdisciplinary study bureaucracySocio-(Mills)Political Sci (Allison)Policy science (Wilson)
II.Military BureaucracyA. Unique Definition - War (Janowitz &
Little p.27-28)
B. Authority (J&L p.27-28) C. Leadership decisions
(Allison)III. Recent Trends
A. Bur & Civil-military relations1.mature democracies
(Feaver)2.emerging democracies
(Cottey et al pp31-32)*
B.New Roles (Mora, Parchomenko)
IV. Conclusion
*Paragraph slide 23 “Example”
B. Authority (J&L p.27-28) C. Leadership decisions
(Allison)III. Recent Trends
A. Bur & Civil-military relations1.mature democracies
(Feaver)2.emerging democracies
(Cottey et al pp31-32)*
B.New Roles (Mora, Parchomenko)
IV. Conclusion
*Paragraph slide 23 “Example”
Where does the outline come from? Analysis & SynthesisWhere does the outline come from? Analysis & Synthesis
Developing the outline can be the most difficult part of the process.
Think about organization of paper as go along.
Keep ideas in “miscellaneous” tab
Sorting method
Conceptual Framework
Developing the outline can be the most difficult part of the process.
Think about organization of paper as go along.
Keep ideas in “miscellaneous” tab
Sorting method
Conceptual Framework
WORKFLOWWORKFLOW
READIING &
NOTESINTEGRATED
OUTLINE DRAFT
Name of the author needs to be included in each item
THINGS-TO-DO LIST
Names & titles
IdeasTheories
Facts
AnalysisSynthesis
Clarifying craftingcreating
Equilibrium with
greater complexity
Equilibrium
Path of learning or understanding while doing a paper
Path of learning or understanding while doing a paper
Unexpected
doubt and
reflective
thought
Equilibrium
with greater
complexity
Equilibrium
with greater
complexity
Equilibrium
As scholar confronts the unexpected while doing the reading- confusion-
doubt
As scholar confronts the unexpected while doing the reading- confusion-
doubt
Step notebook is a tool
that brings order to the
outer world while the
inner world changes
Equilibrium
with greater
complexity
Equilibrium
Notebook is a tool to manage the ‘doubt and confusion’ stage
Notebook is a tool to manage the ‘doubt and confusion’ stage
Transformations of Inquiry
Tools of Scholarly Research Tools of Scholarly Research
1. Step by Step Notebook
Project ManagementTime, Materials, Ideas
2. Conceptual Frameworks
1. Step by Step Notebook
Project ManagementTime, Materials, Ideas
2. Conceptual Frameworks
Pragmatism: Theory as ToolPragmatism:
Theory as Tool
John DeweyMaps (direction to data collection - in light of purpose)
John DeweyMaps (direction to data collection - in light of purpose)
William JamesHotel Corridor (resolve problem) Labor Saving Contrivance (less mental effort)
John Dewey
William James
Review: Thinking, Doing, Tools
Review: Thinking, Doing, Tools
Remembering Collecting materials Reading
Notebook
Understanding Reading Taking notes
Notebook
Applying Topic/purposeOutlining
Notebook & Framework
Analyzing OutliningDrafting
Notebook & Framework
Evaluating OutliningDrafting
Notebook & Framework
Creating Outlining Drafting
Notebook & Framework
What is a Conceptual Framework?
What is a Conceptual Framework?
•Formal way of thinking (conceptualizing) about a process/system under study.
•Set of concepts linked to a planned or existing system of methods, behaviors, relationships and objects.
•Type of intermediate theory that connects to all aspects of inquiry (purpose, lit review, methodology, data collection, statistics). Conceptual frameworks act like maps that give coherence to empirical inquiry.
•Formal way of thinking (conceptualizing) about a process/system under study.
•Set of concepts linked to a planned or existing system of methods, behaviors, relationships and objects.
•Type of intermediate theory that connects to all aspects of inquiry (purpose, lit review, methodology, data collection, statistics). Conceptual frameworks act like maps that give coherence to empirical inquiry.
Sources: Conceptual FrameworkSources: Conceptual Framework
Shields, Patricia, M. and Hassan Tajalli. (2006). “Intermediate Theory: The Missing Link in Successful Student Scholarship.” Journal of Public Affairs Education 12(3): 313-334. http://ecommons.txstate.edu/polsfacp/39/
Shields, Patricia M. (1998). “Pragmatism as a Philosophy of Science: A Tool for Public Administration,” Research in Public Administration. Volume 4: 195-225. http://ecommons.txstate.edu/polsfacp/33/
Shields, Patricia, M. and Hassan Tajalli. (2006). “Intermediate Theory: The Missing Link in Successful Student Scholarship.” Journal of Public Affairs Education 12(3): 313-334. http://ecommons.txstate.edu/polsfacp/39/
Shields, Patricia M. (1998). “Pragmatism as a Philosophy of Science: A Tool for Public Administration,” Research in Public Administration. Volume 4: 195-225. http://ecommons.txstate.edu/polsfacp/33/
Conceptual Frameworks and Research Papers
Conceptual Frameworks and Research Papers
• Literature ReviewHelp with the outline
• Empirical ResearchMost useful - give the activities (choosing the topic, purpose, method, data collection, statistics, data analysis) coherence
• Literature ReviewHelp with the outline
• Empirical ResearchMost useful - give the activities (choosing the topic, purpose, method, data collection, statistics, data analysis) coherence
Empirical Research Process
Conceptual Framework
MethodologyStatistic
s
Research purpose
Focusing on a Topic
Organizing ideas
to achieve the purpose
How to Collect Data
Analyzing andOrganizing
Data
Organization of Empirical Research (50 to 200 pages)
Organization of Empirical Research (50 to 200 pages)
Chapter I – Introduction (statement of purpose)
Chapter II – Literature Review (conceptual framework)
Chapter III – Methodology (techniques used to collect the data)
Chapter IV – Results (aggregation of the data - often statistical)
Chapter V – Conclusion
Chapter I – Introduction (statement of purpose)
Chapter II – Literature Review (conceptual framework)
Chapter III – Methodology (techniques used to collect the data)
Chapter IV – Results (aggregation of the data - often statistical)
Chapter V – Conclusion
Texas State StoryTexas State Story
Accreditation Team (1988)
Problem Applied Research Projects
1. Poor Literature Reviews (notebook)
2. No Conceptual Framework
Accreditation Team (1988)
Problem Applied Research Projects
1. Poor Literature Reviews (notebook)
2. No Conceptual Framework
Dr. Shields: What is a Conceptual Framework ?
Students Kept Asking
John Dewey
Admit -- I did not knowHow can I answer this question
Multiple frameworks!
Tools that:Changed with the goal of the Scholar!
John Dewey
Working Hypotheses
BEGANEarl Babbie’s Practice of Social Research
Three Research Purposes
ExplorationDescriptionExplanation
Description - CategoriesExplanation - HypothesesExploration ?????
Conceptual Framework Matrix
Conceptual Framework Matrix
All elements of the empirical research process aligned around the conceptual framework. [handout]
1. Look at each framework separately
2. Apply frameworks
All elements of the empirical research process aligned around the conceptual framework. [handout]
1. Look at each framework separately
2. Apply frameworks
Connecting purpose and frameworkConnecting purpose and framework
Research Purposes (Chapter I)
1. Exploration
2. Description
3. Gauging
4. Decision Making
5. Explanation/ Prediction
Research Purposes (Chapter I)
1. Exploration
2. Description
3. Gauging
4. Decision Making
5. Explanation/ Prediction
Conceptual Frameworks (Chapter II)
1. Working Hypotheses
2. Descriptive Categories
3. Practical Ideal Type
4. Models of Operations Research
5. Formal Hypotheses
Conceptual Frameworks (Chapter II)
1. Working Hypotheses
2. Descriptive Categories
3. Practical Ideal Type
4. Models of Operations Research
5. Formal Hypotheses
Descriptive CategoriesDescriptive Categories
Linked to “research purpose” Description
Classification, taxonomies sorting into categories
Type of critical thinking – Analyzing Breaking
material into parts and determining how the parts relate (classifying)
Most basic type of conceptualization
Helps scholar make sense out of a mess
Linked to “research purpose” Description
Classification, taxonomies sorting into categories
Type of critical thinking – Analyzing Breaking
material into parts and determining how the parts relate (classifying)
Most basic type of conceptualization
Helps scholar make sense out of a mess
Descriptive Categories: Examples
Descriptive Categories: Examples
Messy Rooms Kitchen Example Home Depot - less mental effort
PAR Article example - practical, pluralistic, participatory, provisional
Messy Rooms Kitchen Example Home Depot - less mental effort
PAR Article example - practical, pluralistic, participatory, provisional
Working Hypotheses
Working Hypotheses
Linked to “research purpose” Exploratory
Used for problems in their preliminary stages
Provisional means of advancing investigation
Most flexible framework
Linked to “research purpose” Exploratory
Used for problems in their preliminary stages
Provisional means of advancing investigation
Most flexible framework
Practical Ideal TypePractical Ideal Type
Linked to the “research purpose” gauging Enables one to gauge or assess the efficacy of
a policy or management process against an ideal standard
Akin to Best PracticeCriteria used to judge a process
(classify criteria)
Provisional - Normative or “Should” component
Linked to the “research purpose” gauging Enables one to gauge or assess the efficacy of
a policy or management process against an ideal standard
Akin to Best PracticeCriteria used to judge a process
(classify criteria)
Provisional - Normative or “Should” component
Models of Operations Research
Models of Operations Research
Linked to the “research purpose” decision making
Quantitative techniques already well developed in PA and public finance (Examples -Cost Benefit Analysis, Cost Effectiveness Analysis, linear programming, Economic Base Analysis etc.)
Often takes form of mathematical formula (PVB-PVC >0)
Answer questions - Which project should be built?
Linked to the “research purpose” decision making
Quantitative techniques already well developed in PA and public finance (Examples -Cost Benefit Analysis, Cost Effectiveness Analysis, linear programming, Economic Base Analysis etc.)
Often takes form of mathematical formula (PVB-PVC >0)
Answer questions - Which project should be built?
Formal Hypotheses Formal Hypotheses Linked to “explanatory” research purposeMost research methods texts implicitly
assume formal hypotheses are the framework used in a research project.
Associated with experiments and the scientific method.
Linked to “explanatory” research purposeMost research methods texts implicitly
assume formal hypotheses are the framework used in a research project.
Associated with experiments and the scientific method.
More HypothesesMore Hypotheses
Specifies an expected relationship between concepts AB (education influences income)
Linked to causal theories
Statistical Tests
Associated with impact evaluation (program A will lead to outcome B – snack tax obesity rate
Specifies an expected relationship between concepts AB (education influences income)
Linked to causal theories
Statistical Tests
Associated with impact evaluation (program A will lead to outcome B – snack tax obesity rate
Example: Descriptive CategoriesExample: Descriptive Categories
Josh Shepherd - Guest Worker Policy -What are the key issues? Key issues are found in a variety of literatures - his job to sort out, classify key issues
http://ecommons.txstate.edu/arp/261/
Josh Shepherd - Guest Worker Policy -What are the key issues? Key issues are found in a variety of literatures - his job to sort out, classify key issues
http://ecommons.txstate.edu/arp/261/
Purpose: The purpose of this research is to describe the attitudes and opinions of agricultural growers in Texas toward guest worker
policy.
Purpose: The purpose of this research is to describe the attitudes and opinions of agricultural growers in Texas toward guest worker
policy. Guest Worker Policy
1. Hiring Process
2. Labor Standards
3. Enforcement
4. Legal Status
5. Security
6. Possible outcomes
Guest Worker Policy1. Hiring Process
2. Labor Standards
3. Enforcement
4. Legal Status
5. Security
6. Possible outcomes
Six categories are the conceptual framework
Refine the Conceptual Framework:Find the elements within the categories.
Refine the Conceptual Framework:Find the elements within the categories.
Key categories are the bins. Clothes Toys Books
What goes in the bins? (identifying the elements)
Clothes -socks underwear, shirts Toys- dolls, boats, games Books - story, reading
Key categories are the bins. Clothes Toys Books
What goes in the bins? (identifying the elements)
Clothes -socks underwear, shirts Toys- dolls, boats, games Books - story, reading
Guest Worker PolicyGuest Worker Policy
Hiring Process labor market conditionsrecruitmentcontracting
Labor Standardstransportationhousinglegal rightsminimum working hourscompensation
Enforcementmonitoring and administrationnumerical limitsguest worker return
Hiring Process labor market conditionsrecruitmentcontracting
Labor Standardstransportationhousinglegal rightsminimum working hourscompensation
Enforcementmonitoring and administrationnumerical limitsguest worker return
Legal Statusstatus of workersstatus of family
Boarder Security Possible Outcomes
dependency of foreign laborillegal immigrationwage depressionworker exploitation & discrimination
Legal Statusstatus of workersstatus of family
Boarder Security Possible Outcomes
dependency of foreign laborillegal immigrationwage depressionworker exploitation & discrimination
The framework is the basis of the outline for the lit review, questionnaire design, and organization of the results chapter.
Constructing Questionnaires using the Conceptual Framework
Constructing Questionnaires using the Conceptual Framework
Descriptive Category
Questionnaire item
Hiring Process
labor market conditions
Guest worker policy should contain a labor market test that ensures that growers have attempted to hire domestic workers before guest workers can be hired.*
recruitment The recruitment of guest worker policy should be administered.
A) directly by employersB) by the federal governmentC) through a combination of direct recruitment by growers and the federal government
contracting Guest worker policy should give guest workers the freedom to negotiate their own contracts. *
Labor Standards
Transportation Guest worker policy should mandate thatA) employers pay for a guest worker’s travel
expenses into the United States and for their return trip home……..
These are elements of the framework
Putting Conceptual Frameworks into Practice
Putting Conceptual Frameworks into Practice
Build Conceptual Framework with Literature
Operationalize the Conceptual Framework
Build Conceptual Framework with Literature
Operationalize the Conceptual Framework
Develop and use the maps to Achieve Research Goal
Handout -- Review ExamplesHandout -- Review Examples
Tables1. Conceptual Framework linked to
literature
2. Conceptual Framework Operationalized
Tables1. Conceptual Framework linked to
literature
2. Conceptual Framework Operationalized
Mysteries of Writing Research
Papers
Mysteries of Writing Research
Papers
How to get and stay organized How to use theory
How to get and stay organized How to use theory
New Light
BibliographyBibliography
Bloom B. S. 1956. Taxonomy of Educational Objectives, Handbook I: The Cognitive Domain. New York: David McKay Co Inc.
Gray, T. 1998. “Your Students can too Write - And You Can Show Them How.” Journal of Criminal Justice Education. 9: 131-153
Shields, Patricia M. 2006. Step by Step: Building a Research Paper. Stillwater OK: New Forums Press.
Bloom B. S. 1956. Taxonomy of Educational Objectives, Handbook I: The Cognitive Domain. New York: David McKay Co Inc.
Gray, T. 1998. “Your Students can too Write - And You Can Show Them How.” Journal of Criminal Justice Education. 9: 131-153
Shields, Patricia M. 2006. Step by Step: Building a Research Paper. Stillwater OK: New Forums Press.
Useful Web SitesUseful Web Sites
Provides guidelines for writing a prospectus that use conceptual framework table and operationalization table.http://uweb.txstate.edu/%7Eps07/documents/prosdirect.pdf
Examples of prospectus organized by type of conceptual framework http://uweb.txstate.edu/%7Eps07/documents/proexam.pdf
Syllabus of class that gets students ready to write their Applied Research Project POSI 5335 Problems in Research Methodology http://uweb.txstate.edu/~ps07/documents/sy35fa99.pdf
Syllabus of class where students write their Applied Research Project POSI 5397 Applied Research Project http://uweb.txstate.edu/~ps07/documents/sy97fa99.pdf
250 + Texas State student papers http://ecommons.txstate.edu/arp/
Dr. Shields Home Page http://uweb.txstate.edu/~ps07/
Provides guidelines for writing a prospectus that use conceptual framework table and operationalization table.http://uweb.txstate.edu/%7Eps07/documents/prosdirect.pdf
Examples of prospectus organized by type of conceptual framework http://uweb.txstate.edu/%7Eps07/documents/proexam.pdf
Syllabus of class that gets students ready to write their Applied Research Project POSI 5335 Problems in Research Methodology http://uweb.txstate.edu/~ps07/documents/sy35fa99.pdf
Syllabus of class where students write their Applied Research Project POSI 5397 Applied Research Project http://uweb.txstate.edu/~ps07/documents/sy97fa99.pdf
250 + Texas State student papers http://ecommons.txstate.edu/arp/
Dr. Shields Home Page http://uweb.txstate.edu/~ps07/
Classical Pragmatism SourcesClassical Pragmatism SourcesShields, Patricia M. 2008. Rediscovering the Taproot: Is Classical Pragmatism the
Route to Renew Public Administration. Public Administration Review. (68)2: 205-221.
Shields, Patricia M. 1996. Pragmatism: Exploring Public Administration’s Policy Imprint. Administration & Society 28(4):390-411.
Shields, Patricia M. 1998. Pragmatism as Philosophy of Science: A Tool for Public Administration. Research in Public Administration: 195-226.
Shields, Patricia M. 2003. The Community of Inquiry: Classical Pragmatism and Public Administration. Administration & Society 35(5): 510-538.
Shields, Patricia M. 2004. Classical Pragmatism: Engaging Practitioner Experience. Administration & Society. 36(3): 351-361.
Shields, Patricia M. 2005. Classical Pragmatism Does Not Need an Upgrade: Lessons for Public Administration. Administration & Society 37(4): 504-518.
Shields, Patricia M. 2005. Classical Pragmatism: Roots and Promise for a PA Feminist Theory. Administrative Theory and Praxis 27(2):370-376.
Shields, Patricia M. 2008. Rediscovering the Taproot: Is Classical Pragmatism the Route to Renew Public Administration. Public Administration Review. (68)2: 205-221.
Shields, Patricia M. 1996. Pragmatism: Exploring Public Administration’s Policy Imprint. Administration & Society 28(4):390-411.
Shields, Patricia M. 1998. Pragmatism as Philosophy of Science: A Tool for Public Administration. Research in Public Administration: 195-226.
Shields, Patricia M. 2003. The Community of Inquiry: Classical Pragmatism and Public Administration. Administration & Society 35(5): 510-538.
Shields, Patricia M. 2004. Classical Pragmatism: Engaging Practitioner Experience. Administration & Society. 36(3): 351-361.
Shields, Patricia M. 2005. Classical Pragmatism Does Not Need an Upgrade: Lessons for Public Administration. Administration & Society 37(4): 504-518.
Shields, Patricia M. 2005. Classical Pragmatism: Roots and Promise for a PA Feminist Theory. Administrative Theory and Praxis 27(2):370-376.
More sourcesMore sources
Snider, Keith. Expertise or Experimenting? Pragmatism and American Public Administration 1920-1950. Administration & Society 32(3):329-354.
Snider, Keith. 2005. Rortyan Pragmatism: “Where’s the Beef” for Public Administration? Administration & Society. 37(2): 243-247
Evans, Karen. 2000. Reclaiming John Dewey: Democracy, Inquiry, Pragmatism and Public Management. Administration & Society 32(3): 308-328.
Evans, Karen. 2005. Upgrade or a Different Animal Altogether? Why Old Pragmatism Better Informs Public Management and New Pragmatism Misses the Point. Administration & Society. 37((2): 248-55.
Miller, Hugh T. 2004. Why Old Pragmatism Needs and Upgrade. Administration & Society. 36(2): 243-249.
Miller, Hugh T. 2005. Residues of Foundationalism in Classical Pragmatism. Administration & Society. 37(3): 360-374.
Snider, Keith. Expertise or Experimenting? Pragmatism and American Public Administration 1920-1950. Administration & Society 32(3):329-354.
Snider, Keith. 2005. Rortyan Pragmatism: “Where’s the Beef” for Public Administration? Administration & Society. 37(2): 243-247
Evans, Karen. 2000. Reclaiming John Dewey: Democracy, Inquiry, Pragmatism and Public Management. Administration & Society 32(3): 308-328.
Evans, Karen. 2005. Upgrade or a Different Animal Altogether? Why Old Pragmatism Better Informs Public Management and New Pragmatism Misses the Point. Administration & Society. 37((2): 248-55.
Miller, Hugh T. 2004. Why Old Pragmatism Needs and Upgrade. Administration & Society. 36(2): 243-249.
Miller, Hugh T. 2005. Residues of Foundationalism in Classical Pragmatism. Administration & Society. 37(3): 360-374.
More SourcesMore Sources
Hildebrand, David L. 2005. Pragmatism, Neo Pragmatism and Public Administration. Administration & Society. 37(3): 345-359.
Hildebrand, David L. 2008. Public Administration as Pragmatic, Democratic, and Objective. Public Administration Review. 68(2): 222-229.
Stolcis, Gregory B. 2004. A View from the Trenches: Comments on Miller’s “Why Old Pragmatism Needs an Upgrade.” Administration & Society. 36(3): 362-368.
Webb, James L. 2004. Comment on Hugh T. Miller’s “Why Old Pragmatism Needs and Upgrade.” Administration & Society. 36(4): 479-495.
Hildebrand, David L. 2005. Pragmatism, Neo Pragmatism and Public Administration. Administration & Society. 37(3): 345-359.
Hildebrand, David L. 2008. Public Administration as Pragmatic, Democratic, and Objective. Public Administration Review. 68(2): 222-229.
Stolcis, Gregory B. 2004. A View from the Trenches: Comments on Miller’s “Why Old Pragmatism Needs an Upgrade.” Administration & Society. 36(3): 362-368.
Webb, James L. 2004. Comment on Hugh T. Miller’s “Why Old Pragmatism Needs and Upgrade.” Administration & Society. 36(4): 479-495.
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