ww2 pp (goes with chart)
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World War 2
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People of WW2
Allies vs. Axis Allies
Britain (Churchill) France (Charles de
Gaulle) USSR (Stalin) China (Kai-shek,
nationalists) US (FDR)
Axis Germany
(Hitler) Italy (Mussolini) Japan
(Yamamoto)
Charles de Gaulle =French general
After France fell, he committed to re-conquer France
Organized the Free French military forces that battled the Nazis until France was liberated in 1944
Often arrogant, declared, “I am France”
Upset many Allied leader
Winston Churchill =prime minister
of Great Britain Declared “We shall never
surrender!” Strong opposed of Nazi
Germany His speeches & radio
broadcasts gave confidence to the British people
Battle of Britain
Isoroku Yamamoto =Japanese Admiral Greatest Japanese naval
strategist Called for the attack on Pearl
Harbor after FDR cut off oil supplies to Japan
Douglas MacArthur =US commander of
the Allied forces in the Pacific Devised the plan of “island hopping”
to regain Japanese strongholds Following the surrender of Japan after
the dropping of the atomic bombs, MacArthur helped occupy Japan to restore order
Erwin Rommel =German General
When Britain took a strong hold in Italy’s North African colonies, Rommel was sent it as help from Germany (Axis ally)
British were surprised and were kicked back to Libya- the battle winners went back & forth until Rommel finally won in 1942
His success gave him the nick name “Desert Fox”
Bernard Montgomery =British General
Sent to take control of British forces in North Africa
Battle of El Alamein= British frontal assault to the Germans in Africa; British won
Dwight D. Eisenhower = US General
Led Allied forces (mostly Americans) to regain North Africa- “Operation Torch”
Later will become President
Joseph Stalin & Soviet Union
Russia Soviet Union, 1922, communist state
Lenin dies in 1924 Stalin takes power
Stalin Stalin means “man of steel”
Goal: Create a model communist state
Goal: Move Russia from a rural industrial state
All economic activity was placed under the government’s control
By 1937, the Soviet Union became the world’s second-largest industrial power
Stalin Stalin eliminated anyone
that stood in his way
Stalin is estimated to be responsible for 8 to 13 million deaths (total is not known)
AND millions more died from a result of famine when reconstructing the Soviet Union
Stalin
Totalitarian Government= government that
exerts complete control over its citizens.
Individuals have no rights
Government suppresses all opposition
Fascism in Italy Benito Mussolini and
totalitarian government in Italy
Mussolini appealed to Italy’s wounded national pride and strikes by workers
“Italy wants peace, work, and calm. I will give these things with love I possible,
with force if necessary.” Benito Mussolini
Fascism
Fascism= stressed nationalism
and places the interests of the state above those of individuals
Power must rest with the strong single leader and a small group of his devoted followers
Mussolini
Mussolini marches on Rome with his followers (“Black Shirts”) and eventually the Italian King appointed Mussolini head of the government
IL Duce- “the leader”
The Nazis Take Over Germany
Born: April 20, 1889 in Austria-Hungary
Poor student who never completed high school
He applied to the Academy of Fine Arts in Vienna, but was rejected
He was convinced that it was a Jewish professor that had rejected his art work; he became convinced that a Jewish doctor had been responsible for his mother’s death; he cleared the snow-bound paths of beautiful town houses in Vienna where rich people lived and he became convinced that only Jews lived in these homes. By 1910, his mind had become warped and his hatred of the Jews - known as anti-Semitism - had become set.
Hitler served in WWI
In 1919 he joined the National Socialist German Workers’ Party (Nazi) Didn’t believe in Democracy or failed Capitalism of the West
Want to distribute wealth more equally
Adolf Hitler
After WW1, Hitler was a jobless soldier
1919, he joined the Nationalist Socialist German Worker’s Party aka Nazi Party (had no ties to Socialism)
He was a powerful speaker and organizer that he became the party’s leader
In 1923, Hitler led in uprising in Munich against the Weimar Republic
Imprisoned for 8 months (sentenced to 5 years)
Mein Kampf
Hitler’s book, “My Stuggle,” set forth his basic beliefs of Nazism that became his plan of action
1933, The legislature anointed Hitler dictator, der Fuhrer
Soon he declared all labor unions and political parties illegal except his own
Established the Gestapo= powerful police force
Nazism
Nazism= German brand of fascism Extreme nationalism United all German-speaking people in a great
German empire
Nazi Ideology
Anti-Semitism
Nationalism
Militarism
Anti-communism
“Purification”
Enforce racial “purification”
In his view, Germans (especially blue-eyed, blond-haired “Aryans”)- formed a “master race”
“Inferior Races”= Jews, Slavs, and all nonwhites, were only fit to serve Aryans
Hitler believed that for Germany to thrive
Germans needed more “living space” even if that meant getting that land by force
Because of Germany’s economic depression after WW1, Hitler had an easy time getting men to join the army (Why?- needed jobs)
Hitler’s private army= Storm Troopers or Brown Shirts
By 1932, Nazis had become the strongest political party in Germany
In 1933, Hitler was appointed chancellor (prime minister)
Hitler soon dismantled Germany’s democratic government and established the Third Reich (Third German Empire) and this Reich would last 1,000 years
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Battles & Attacks
The Battle of Britain
Germans attacked Britain by air (Germany knew they couldn’t compete with their navy)
For 2 months, Germans bombed Britain everyday
RAF (Britain’s Royal Air Force) fought back and with the help of the radar, Germany eventually called off their invasion
Churchill said in praise of the
RAF pilots, “Never in the field of human conflict was so much owed by so many to so few.”
Japan Hideki Tojo- chief of
Japan’s army, launched invasion of China
British were too busy with Hitler to block Japanese expansion
Only the US and its Pacific islands remained in the way
Japan took over bases in Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos
US protested by cutting off trade with Japan
Japan couldn’t survive without the oil from the US….this meant war
Peace Talks are Questioned
Tojo met with emperor Hirohito and promised that their government would attempt to preserve peace with Americans
But, Tojo ordered the navy to prepare for an attack on the US
Hints of an Attack
US military broke Japan’s secret communication codes and learned Japan was preparing for an attack.
US didn’t know where attack would be
FDR sent “war warnings” to Hawaii, Guam and Philippines
US didn’t want to attack and thus waited for an overt act
Japan denied any talks of peace treaties
Pearl Harbor
6 Japanese aircraft carriers, 180 air bombers
Radio operator flashed this message, “Air raid on Pearl Harbor. This is not a drill.”
For an hour and a half, the Japanese planes attacked without disturbance of US
Americans killed: 2,403
Wounded: 1,178
Ships Sunk/Damaged: 21, 8 Battleships
Pearl Harbor had more losses than in all of WW1
Pearl Harbor
Reaction to Pearl Harbor
“Yesterday, December 7, 1941, a date with will live in infamy, the Japanese launched an unprovoked and dastardly attack.”-FDR
US declared war on Japan
Germany and Italy declared war on US
Battle of Midway Midway= island that lies
northwest of Hawaii
Americans broke the Japanese code and knew they were attacking Midway
Allied forces attacked Japanese before they could even get planes off their carriers
Seen as revenge of Pearl Harbor
This battle was a turning point
Allies then began “island hopping” and gaining back island after island of lost territory back from the Japanese and moving toward Japan
Guadalcanal Japanese troops arrived
on Guadalcanal (located in the Solomon Islands) to construct an air base Taken the the US marines Became a turning point in the
war Strategically it was important
was a communication point between the US & Australia
Battle of Stalingrad
Germans were attacking Soviet Union
Stalingrad= major industrial center, and a city that Hitler wanted to wipe out
Citizens wanted to abandon the city, but Stalin ordered that they defend his namesake city no matter what
By the next winter, Germans controlled 9/10 of the city
During winter Soviets brought in fresh tanks and trapped the Germans
Starving Germans surrendered
Soviets lost 1,100,000 soldiers (more than the Americans in the entire war) defending Stalingrad
From then on, Soviets took control and moved west
D-Day 3 million British, American and Canadian
troops
Attack at Normandy in northern France
Code Name: Operation Overlord
June 6, 1944
Shortly after midnight, thousands landed
Largest land-sea-air operation in army history
D-day German retaliation brutal,
especially on Omaha Beach
“People were yelling, screaming, dying, running on the beach, equipment was flying everywhere, men were bleeding to death, crawling, lying everywhere, firing coming from all directions…We dropped down behind anything that was the size of a golf ball.” –soldier Felix Branham
D-Day (FDR Prayer)
D-Day Footage
The Battle of the Bulge
=Hitler’s last ditch effort on the offensive
SS Germans soldiers pushed forward
Captured 120 GI’s and shot them down in a huge field
Germans lost 120,000 troops, 600 tanks and 1,600 planes-soldiers and weapons they could not replace
From this point on, the Nazis could do little but retreat
Battle of the Bulge Footage
Band of Brothers: Battle of the Bulge, Hospitals
Japanese Defense
Kamikaze= suicide planes (word means “divine winds” and refers to a legendary typhoon that saved Japan in 1281 from a Mongol invasion)
The Manhattan Project =Led by scientist, J. Robert
Oppenheimner
=development of the atomic bomb
More than 600,000 people were working on it, but many did not know what it was for (“best kept secret of the war”)
Tested in New Mexico in July of 1945
IT WORKED!
The Manhattan Project Truman now faced the decision…to use the atomic bomb
or not
US warned Japanese that it faced “prompt and utter destruction” unless it surrendered…it did not.
President Truman choose the location of the bomb droppings
Hiroshima & Nagasaki Bomber, Enola Gay, released an
atomic bomb, coded Little Boy, over Hiroshima (Japanese military center) 45 seconds later, nearly every
building in Hiroshima ceased to exist
Japan did not surrender
3 days later, a second bomb, code-named, Fat Man, was dropped on Nagasaki By the end of the year, 200,000
Japanese had died as a result of injuries and radiation
Yamaoka Michiko:
“They say temperature of 7,000 degrees centigrade hit me…Nobody there looked like human beings…Humans had lost the ability to speak. People couldn’t scream, ‘it hurts!’ even when they were on fire…People with their legs wrenched off. Without heads. Or with faces burned or swollen out of shape. The scene I saw was a living hell.”
Japanese Surrender
September 2, 1945
Surrender ceremonies took place on the US battleship Missouri in Tokyo Bay
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Political Move & Techniques
Nonaggression Pact =signed 10 year
agreement between USSR (Stalin) and Nazi Germany (Hitler) Signed because Stalin was not
happy about not being invited to conferences with the west
In a secret agreement they decided to divide Poland between them.
Also agreed that the USSR could take over: Finland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia
Blitzkrieg in Poland Germany storms Poland
Germany’s newest military
strategy, blitzkrieg, or lightning war (fast tanks, powerful aircraft, take enemy by surprise and then quickly crush the opposition)
2 days after the attack on Poland, Britain and France declared war on Germany
Atlantic Charter
Atlantic Charter= promises between Churchill & FDR (collective security, disarmament, economic cooperation and freedom of seas)
FDR said he couldn’t ask Congress for a declaration of war against Germany, but that he would do everything to “force an incident”
The Holocaust Persecution Begins
Hitler’s first move: ordered all “non-Aryans” to be removed from government jobs
Holocaust= the systematic murder of 11 million people across Europe, more than ½ of whom were Jews
Jews Targeted
Anti-Semitism= hatred of Jews, had a long history in many European countries
For many decades, Germans blamed Jews for everything
Nuremberg Laws= stripped Jews of their German citizenship, jobs and property
Stars of David To make them easier to identify, Jews had to
wear a bright yellow Star of David attached to their clothing
Kristallnacht
=“Night of Broken Glass”
Nazi storm troopers attacked Jewish homes, businesses, and synagogues across Germany
Many were killed or arrested
Later, the Nazis blamed the Jews for the destruction
A Flood of Jewish Refugees
Many Jews fled and became refugees but they had no place to go
France would only accept 40,000, Britain, 80,000 refugees
Many countries feared what would happened if they let Jewish refugees in.
The US let in 100,000 refugees, but many Americans were fearful that the immigrants would hurt the economy more during the Great Depression (ie: Albert Einstein led it)
Plight of the St. Louis
Coast guard refused to let this German ocean liner (filled with Jewish refugees) stop in America and forced them to return to Europe.
Later, ½ of these passengers were killed in the Holocaust
Significance: Indifference (not caring) about the plight of the Jews
Hitler’s “Final Solution” “Final Solution”= a
policy of genocide, the deliberate and systematic killing of an entire population
The Condemned
“Master Race”= Aryans
“Inferior Race”= Communists Socialists Liberals Homosexuals Gypsies Jews Anyone who spoke out against the Nazi government Mentally deficient and ill, physically disabled, incurably ill Freemasons (supporters of the “Jewish conspiracy” to rule
the world) Jehovah’s Witnesses (who refused to join the army or
salute Hitler)
SS
Rounded up Jewish men, woman and children and shot them on the spot
Nazi death squads “secret squadrons”
Forced Relocation
Forced in crowded
ghettos (segregated Jewish areas in certain Polish cities)
Nazis sealed off ghettos with barbed wire and stone walls
Conditions were hard inside Bodies of victims pilled in
the streets Forced to work in factories
Concentration Camps
=labor camps
Originally used for political opponents and protesters, but later turned over to the SS
Crowded in barracks, meager meals, rats and flees, worked from dawn to dusk
If you were too weak, you were killed
“The brute Schmidt was our guard; he beat and kicked us if he thought we were not working fast enough. He ordered his victims to lie down and gave them 25 lashes with a whip, ordering them to count outloud. If the victim made a mistake he was given 50 lashes…30 or 40 of us were shot every day. A doctor usually prepared a daily list o the weakest men. During the lunch break they were taken to a nearby grave and shot. They were replaced the following morning by new arrivals from the transport of the day…It was a miracle if anyone survived for 5 or 6 months in Belzec.” –Rudolf Reder
The Final Stage Mass murder:
slaughter, starvation and now murder by poison gas
Gas Chambers: could kill 12,000 a day
Overwork, starvation, beating and bullets did not kill fast enough
Arriving at the Camps
When prisoners arrived, doctors determined whether they were strong enough to work or not
Personal belongings were collected, promised that they would be returned later
Showers Weak were told to
undress and go to the “showers” (gas chambers)
Prisoners were even given a bar of soap as part of the deception
Poisoned with cyanide gas that came from the vents in the walls
Orchestras of fellow camp inmates were usually played during exterminations
Evidence of Mass Murder Graves were being filled too fast
Smell of murder
Huge crematoriums, or ovens, to hide the evidence
Holocaust
The Survivors 6 Million died
Some able to live through the concentration camps
Survivors were forever changed by what they witnessed
“Survival is both an exalted privilege an a painful burden.” Gerda Klein
Liberation of Death Camps
Internment of Japanese Americans
After Pearl Harbor, prejudice increased against Japanese Americans
War Department called for a mass evacuation of Japanese from Hawaii
Internment= confinement
Any of Japanese ancestry from California, Washington, Oregon and Arizona were sent to relocation camps
Internment of Japanese Americans Many had to sell their homes for less than
they were worth
Jobs lost
Japanese American Citizens League (JACL) pushed the government to compensate those sent to the camps (only 1/1o of $ lost was given)
JACL kept pushing and in 1978, Reagan signed a bill giving $20,000 to every Japanese American sent to relocation camp
With the check came a letter from President Bush (1990) that said, “We can never fully right the wrongs of the past. But we can take a clear stand for justice and recognize that serious injustices were done to Japanese Americans during WW2.”
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Effects/End of War/Treaty
Displaced People/Survivors = included survivors of the
concentration camps, prisoners of war, and refugees All of them found themselves
in wrong countries when postwar treaties changed national borders
Many wandered in hopes of finding their families and/or a safe place to live
Conditions in Europe Postwar
Destroyed land
Agriculture destroyed
Transportation systems destroyed
Famine & disease
The Nuremberg War Trials With the discovery of the
death camps, many Nazi leaders were put on trial (called Nuremberg Trials)
Following Crimes Crimes against the peace- planning and
waging an aggressive war War Crimes- acts against the customs of
warfare, such as killing of hostages and prisoners, plundering private property and the destruction of towns and cities
Crimes Against Humanity- the murder, extermination, deportation, or enslavement of civilians
RESULT: the excuse “I was just following orders” did not matter, and that people are responsible for their actions, even during war
German General Speaks to his men after WW2 ends:
Occupation of Japan
US forces occupied Japan under General Douglas MacArthur (for 7 years)
Many Japanese military leaders were tried, some, including Tojo, were sentenced to death
MacArthur instituted a free-market economy and transformed the Japanese government, including the Japanese Constitution (which is still known as the MacArthur Constitution)
Demilitarize & Democratize
Demilitarize= disbanding the Japanese armed forces, leaving them only a small police force
Democratize= creating a government by the people, new constitution
*MacArthur was not instructed to revive the economy
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