wwwcgw - nape.portal.gov.bdnape.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/nape... · ii cÖ_g ms...
Post on 24-May-2020
3 Views
Preview:
TRANSCRIPT
-
cÖv_wgK wkÿK wkÿv
wWwcGW
G·‡cÖwmf AvU©
Z_¨cy¯ÍK
RvZxq cÖv_wgK wkÿv GKv‡Wgx (†bc)
gqgbwmsn
wW‡m¤^i 2019
-
ii
cÖ_g ms¯‹iY I cwigvwR©Z ms¯‹iY 2014 cwigvwR©Z ms¯‹iY 2019
†jLK
G. GBP.Gg ewki Djøvn
cÖ‡dmi mywgZv bvnv
gRyg`vi cwi‡Zvl Kzgvi
†gvnv¤§` dwi` †nv‡mb
gRyg`vi cwi‡Zvl Kzgvi (cwigvwR©Z ms¯‹iY 2015)
wb‡ik P› ª̀ gyLvwR© (cwigvwR©Z ms¯‹iY 2015)
Avn‡¤§` RvwK ivqnvb (cwigvwR©Z ms¯‹iY 2015)
†jLK
K…òv ivbx emy
‡gv: Avãyj Avj gvgyb Lvb
gvneye ‡gv Í̄dv
KvwiMwi civgk©K I MÖæc wjWvi
G. GBP.Gg ewki Djøvn
KvwiMwi civgk©K I MÖæc wjWvi
-
we‡klÁ cvVK
cÖ‡dmi mv‡jn gwZb
we‡klÁ cvVK
†gv: iweDj Bmjvg
iZb Kzgvi miKvi
civgk©K
ievU© †RdKU&
civgk©K
-
m¤úv`K
Avwgiæj Bmjvg (cwigvwR©Z ms¯‹iY 2015)
m¤úv`K
Zvcm Kzgvi wek¦vm
iZb Kzgvi miKvi
KvwiMwi civgk© I mvwe©K ZË¡veavb
cÖ‡dmi kvwgg Avn‡g`
wUg wjWvi
wWwcGW Kvh©µg
KvwiMwi civgk© I mvwe©K ZË¡veavb
Zvcm Kzgvi wek¦vm
-
iii
gyLeÜ
evsjv‡`‡ki cÖv_wgK wk¶vi wk¶K‡`i †ckvMZ `ÿZvi gv‡bvbœq‡b mvwU©wd‡KU Bb GWz‡Kkb (wm-Bb-
GW) ‡Kvm©wU my`xN©Kvj D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Ae`vb †i‡L Avm‡Q| †`‡ki miKvwi I †emiKvwi cÖv_wgK
we`¨vj‡qi AwaKvsk wk¶K wm-Bb-GW cÖwk¶YcÖvß| mg‡qi cwieZ©‡bi mv‡_ mv‡_ wk¶v_©x I
wk¶K‡`i wkLb Pvwn`vq cwieZ©b G‡m‡Q| cwiewZ©Z cwiw ’̄wZi cÖ‡qvR‡b wk¶K-Dbœqb Kvh©µ‡giI
cwieZ©b Acwinvh© n‡q c‡o| evsjv‡`‡ki cÖv_wgK we`¨vj‡qi wk¶K‡`i †ckvMZ `ÿZv Dbœq‡bi
Rb¨ cÖPwjZ wm-Bb-GW †Kvm©wU‡K cwieZ©b K‡i 2011 mv‡j wW‡cøvgv Bb cÖvBgvwi GWy‡Kkb
(wWwcGW) †Kvm© Pvjy Kivi wm×všÍ M„nxZ nq| wWwcGW Gi 7wU wel‡qi 10wU Z_¨cy¯ÍK I BÝUªv±i‡`i
Rb¨ 10wU wb‡ ©̀wkKv QvovI wk¶vµg, g~j¨vqb wb‡ ©̀wkKv, wcwUAvB wk¶v_x© Ges cÖwk¶Y we`¨vj‡qi
Rb¨ 3wU wb‡ ©̀wkKvmn †gvU 29wU wWwcGW mvgMÖx cÖYqb Kiv nq| cix¶vg~jKfv‡e 2012 mv‡ji
RyjvB gvm †_‡K 7wU wcwUAvB‡Z wWwcGW †Kvm©wU Pvjy Kiv nq| miKvi wWwcGW †Kv‡m©i Pvwn`v
†gvZv‡eK Rbej I †fŠZ myweav m„wó Kivi cÖ‡qvR‡b wcwUAvBmg~‡n ch©vqµ‡g GB †Kvm© Pvjy Kivi
wm×všÍ MÖnY K‡i| cix¶vg~jKfv‡e PvjyK…Z †Kvm©wU mdjfv‡e ev Í̄evq‡bi d‡j 2013 mv‡ji RyjvB
gvm †_‡K 29wU, 2015 mv‡ji Rvbyqvwi gvm †_‡K 36wU, 2016 mv‡ji Rvbyqvwi gvm †_‡K 50wU,
2017 mv‡ji Rvbyqvwi gvm †_‡K 60wU Ges 2018 mv‡ji Rvbyqvwi gvm n‡Z 66wU wcwUAvB‡Z Zv
m¤cÖmvwiZ nq| Gfv‡e ch©vqµ‡g m¤úªmvi‡Yi ci 2019 mv‡j 67wU wcwUAvB‡Z wWwcGW †Kvm© Pvjy
Kivi cwiKíbv MÖnY Kiv n‡q‡Q|
cÖPwjZ mvwU©wd‡KU Bb GWy‡Kkb (wm-Bb-GW) †_‡K wWwcGW †Kvm©wUi a¨vb aviYvmn ev Í̄evqb cÖwµqv
Avgv‡`i †`‡k m¤ú~Y© bZzb| †Kvm©wU‡K gvbm¤úbœ Kivi j‡¶¨ †Kvm© mvgMÖx I wb‡ ©̀wkKv mvgMÖx¸‡jv‡Z
wcwUAvB Gi cÖ‡qvR‡b cwigvR©b cÖ‡qvRb nq| †m Abymv‡i 2014 mv‡j cy¯ÍK¸‡jv‡Z gy ª̀YåvwšÍmn
Ab¨vb¨ †¶‡Î mycvwikK…Z wKQz cwieZ©b wb‡q Avmv nq|
RvZxq cÖv_wgK wkÿv GKv‡Wgx (†bc) wWwcGW †Kv‡m©i ¸YMZ gvb wbwðZKi‡Yi Rb¨ cÖwZeQi
wcwUAvBmg~n gwbUwis K‡i| †bc wW‡m¤̂i 2014 ch©šÍ 10wU gwbUwis cÖwZ‡e`b cÖYqb K‡i| D³
gwbUwis cÖwZ‡e`b, wcwUAvB BÝUªv±iM‡Yi welqwfwËK cÖwkÿY Ges mycvwib‡Ub‡W›UM‡Yi mycvwi‡ki
Av‡jv‡K 2015 mv‡j †Kvm© mvgMÖx Ges wb‡ ©̀wkKv eB¸‡jv‡Z wKQz bZzb welq ms‡hvRb Ges
Dc ’̄vc‡bi †¶‡Î wKQz cwieZ©bmn mswkøó welqe ‘̄ Ges wb‡ ©̀kbv ev Í̄e I gvbm¤úbœ K‡i cwigvR©b
-
iv
Kiv n‡q‡Q| GB †Kvm©wUi wUg wjWvi Ges MÖæc wjWviMY gwbUwis wi‡cv‡U©i Z_¨ I mycvwik we‡kølY
K‡i DwjøwLZ wWwcGW mvgMÖx¸‡jv‡Z cÖ‡qvRbxq cwigvR©b, ms‡hvRb I we‡qvRb K‡i‡Qb| mdjfv‡e
cwigvR©‡bi KvRwU m¤úbœ Kivi Rb¨ cÖv³b gnvcwiPvjK Rbve †gvt bvRgyj nvmvb Lvb, giûg †gvt
dRjyi ingvb, wUg wjWvi cÖ‡dmi kvwgg Avn‡g`mn MÖæc wjWvi, †jLK Ges m¤úv`Ke„›`‡K Avwg
RvbvB AmsL¨ ab¨ev`| GB cwigvR©b Kv‡R †bc Abyl` m`m¨e„›` wewfbœ `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡i‡Qb|
myôzfv‡e `vwqZ¡ cvj‡bi Rb¨ Avwg Zuv‡`i‡K AvšÍwiK ab¨ev` RvbvB|
wWwcGW †Kv‡m©i ¸YMZgvb Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ 31 wW‡m¤̂i 2014 Zvwi‡L cÖv_wgK I MYwkÿv gš¿Yvj‡qi
ZË¡veav‡b cÖv_wgK wkÿv Awa`ßi, AvB.B.Avi, XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq Ges RvZxq cÖv_wgK wkÿv (†bc)
Gi g‡a¨ GKwU mg‡SvZv ¯§viK (MoU) ¯v̂ÿwiZ nq| †m‡cÖwÿ‡Z AvB.B.Avi, XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq
2018 mv‡j 10wU wWwcGW ‡Kvm© mvgMÖx-Z_¨cy¯ÍK Ges wcwUAvB BÝUªv±iM‡Yi Rb¨ 10wU wb‡ ©̀wkKv
cwigvR©b K‡i| G‡ÿ‡Î GbwmwUwe Gi cÖv_wgK Í̄‡ii wkÿvµ‡gi mv‡_ wWwcGW Gi welqe¯‘i mgš̂q
mvab Kiv n‡q‡Q| ZvQvov GbwmwUwe KZ©„K cÖYxZ wkÿK ms®‹i‡Yi wkLb-‡kLv‡bv Kvh©µ‡gi mv‡_
wgj †i‡L wWwcGW Gi cvV-cwiKíbv cÖYqb Kiv n‡q‡Q| G‡ÿ‡Î AvB.B.Avi KZ©„K wbe©vwPZ
†jLKe„›`, wiwfDqviMY Ges wWwcGW wUg h‡_ó mn‡hvwMZv K‡i‡Qb| GRb¨ Avwg Zuv‡`i‡K ab¨ev`
Ávcb KiwQ| AvB.B.Avi Gi cwiPvjK Aa¨vcK •mq`v Zvnwgbv AvLZvi Ges wWwcGW †Kv-AwW©‡bUi
Aa¨vcK W. kvigxb nK wewfbœfv‡e mn‡hvwMZv K‡i‡Qb, †mRb¨ Avwg cwiPvjK g‡nv`q, †KvwW©‡bUi I
wWwcGW wUg Gi wbKU AvšÍwiKfv‡e K…ZÁ|
cÖv_wgK wk¶v Awa`߇ii cwiPvjK (cÖwkÿY) Avgv‡`i‡K A‡bK mn‡hvwMZv K‡i‡Qb| †mRb¨ Avwg
cwiPvjK g‡nv`q I Zuvi mnKgx©‡`i ab¨ev` RvbvB| Abyiƒcfv‡e cÖv_wgK wk¶v Awa`߇ii
gnvcwiPvjK Ges AwZwi³ gnvcwiPvjK g‡nv`q wewfbœfv‡e mnvqZv I civgk© w`‡q‡Qb, †mRb¨ Avwg
Zuv‡`i‡K AvšÍwiKfv‡e K…ZÁZv RvbvB| cÖv_wgK I MYwk¶v gš¿Yvj‡qi mwPe g‡nv`q, AwZwi³ mwPe
(Dbœqb), hyM¥mwPe (Dbœqb) g‡nv`qmn Ab¨vb¨ Kg©KZ©v‡`i mywPwšÍZ wb‡ ©̀kbvq GB cy¯ÍK¸‡jvi
Kvw•¶Z gvb AR©b m¤¢e n‡q‡Q| †mRb¨ Avwg Zuv‡`i‡K AvšÍwiK K…ZÁZv Ávcb KiwQ|
-
v
cwi‡k‡l Avwg g‡b Kwi GB cwigvwR©Z cy¯ÍK¸‡jv wcwUAvB BÝUªv±i I wk¶v_x©mn mswkøó Kg©KZ©v‡`i
mnvqZv w`‡q †Kvmw©Ui Kvw•¶Z Dbœq‡bi gva¨‡g cÖÖv_wgK wk¶vi mvgwMÖK gvb AR©‡bi †¶‡Î ¸iæZ¡c~Y©
fw~gKv cvjb Ki‡e|
†gvt kvn Avjg
gnvcwiPvjK
RvZxq cÖv_wgK wk¶v GKv‡Wwg (†bc)
gqgbwmsn|
-
vi
cwigvwR©Z ms¯‹iY 2019
wW‡cøvgv Bb cÖvBgvwi GWz‡Kkb (wWwcGW) Kvh©µg evsjv‡`‡ki cÖv_wgK we`¨vj‡qi wkÿK‡`i †ckvMZ
Dbœq‡b GKwU hyMvšÍKvix c`‡ÿc| G Kvh©µg m¤úbœ Kivi d‡j cÖv_wgK we`¨vj‡qi wkÿKe„›` Zvu‡`i
†ckvMZ `vwqZ¡ h_vh_fv‡e cvj‡b cÖ‡qvRbxq Ávb, `ÿZv I g~j¨‡eva AR©b Ki‡eb e‡j Avkv Kiv
hvq| 31 wW‡m¤̂i 2014 Zvwi‡L cÖv_wgK I MYwkÿv gš¿Yvj‡qi ZË¡veav‡b cÖv_wgK wkÿv Awa`ßi
(wWwcB), RvZxq cÖv_wgK wkÿv GKv‡Wgx (†bc) Ges wkÿv I M‡elYv Bbw÷wUDU (AvBBAvi), XvKv
wek¦we`¨vjq Gi g‡a¨ mg‡SvZv ¯§viK ¯v̂ÿ‡ii ga¨ w`‡q AvBBAvi G Kvh©µ‡gi mv‡_ AvbyôvwbKfv‡e
hy³ nq| mg‡SvZv ¯§viK Abyhvqx AvBBAvi wWwcGW Kvh©µg mdjfv‡e m¤úbœKvix wkÿv_x©e„‡›`i mb`
cÖ`vb Kivi cvkvcvwk G Kvh©µ‡gi gv‡bvbœq‡bi j‡ÿ¨ wewfbœ Kvh©µg m¤úv`b Ki‡Q| m¤úvw`Z wewfbœ
Kvh©µ‡gi g‡a¨ wWwcGW wkÿvµg, Z_¨cy¯ÍK I Bb÷ªv±i wb‡ ©̀wkKv cwigvR©b Ab¨Zg|
wkÿvµg, Z_¨cy¯ÍK I Bb÷ªv±i wb‡ ©̀wkKv cwigvR©‡bi KvR GKwU mywbw ©̀ó cÖwµqv AbymiY K‡i
m¤úv`b Kiv n‡q‡Q| G cwigvR©‡bi GKwU Ab¨Zg wfwË wQj wWwcGW gv‡bvbœq‡bi †ÿÎ kbv³Ki‡Yi
j‡ÿ¨ cwiPvwjZ Pvwn`v wbiƒcY (Need assessment)| cwigvR©‡bi cÖ_g avcwU wQj eZ©gv‡b cÖPwjZ
wWwcGW wkÿvµg, Z_¨cy¯ÍK I Bb÷ªv±i wb‡ ©̀wkKv ch©v‡jvPbv| Pvwn`v wbiƒcY †_‡K wWwcGW
Kvh©µ‡gi wewfbœ w`‡Ki Ici cÖvß djvdj Ges RvZxq I AvšÍR©vwZK wkÿvµg I cy¯ÍK g~j¨vqb
bxwZgvjv AbymiY K‡i ch©v‡jvPbvi welqwfwËK m~PK wba©viY Kiv nq| RvZxq ch©v‡qi AwfÁ
ch©v‡jvPKMY wba©vwiZ m~PKmg~‡ni Av‡jv‡K wkÿvµg, Z_¨cy¯ÍK I Bb÷ªv±i wb‡ ©̀wkKv cy•Lvbycy•Lfv‡e
ch©v‡jvPbv K‡i cÖwZ‡e`b •Zwi K‡ib|
wWwcGW-Gi cÖwZ wel‡qi wkÿvµg, Z_¨cy¯ÍK I Bb÷ªv±i wb‡ ©̀wkKv cwigvR©‡bi Rb¨ we‡klÁ `j
MVb Kiv nq| we‡klÁ `‡j AvBBAvi, XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq-Gi wkÿKe„‡›`i †bZ…‡Z¡ wewfbœ wek¦we`¨vjq
I wUPvm© †Uªwbs K‡j‡Ri wkÿK, ‡bc Gi Abyl` m`m¨e„›`, wcwUAvB Gi mycvwib‡Ub‡W›U, mnKvix
mycvwib‡Ub‡WÈ I Bb÷ªv±i Ges wWwcB Gi Kg©KZ©vMY KvR K‡i‡Qb| ¯ ̂ ¯ ̂ wel‡qi ch©v‡jvPbv
cÖwZ‡e`b, Pvwn`v wbiƒcY M‡elYvi djvdj Ges cwigvwR©Z wkÿvµg Abyhvqx GKwU wb‡ ©̀kbv
cÖ ‘̄Zc~e©K we‡klÁ `‡ji wbKU mieivn Kiv nq| cÖ`Ë wb‡ ©̀kbv Abyhvqx welqwfwËK we‡klÁMY
Zuv‡`i Ici Awc©Z cwigvR©‡bi cÖv_wgK Lmov cÖ ‘̄Z K‡ib hv ciewZ© Kv‡j wewfbœ ¯Í‡i cwigvR©b I
m¤úv`bvi gva¨‡g P~ovšÍ Kiv nq|
GB cwigvwR©Z ms¯‹i‡Y G·‡cÖwmf AvU© wel‡q †h cwieZ©b¸‡jv ’̄vb †c‡q‡Q Zb¥‡a¨ D‡jøL‡hvM¨
†ÿθ‡jv n‡jv-
Pviæ I KviæKjv wel‡q Z¡vwËK I e¨envwiK K¬v‡mi Dci wfwË K‡i cÖ‡Z¨KwU Aa¨vq wefvRb Kiv
n‡q‡Q| cÖwZwU Aa¨v‡qi Rb¨ bZzb bZzb Qwe ms‡hvRb Kiv Ges mg„× Z_¨ w`‡q mvRv‡bv n‡q‡Q|
g~j¨vq‡bi Rb¨ iæweªK †`Iqv n‡q‡Q| GQvov bgybv cvV cwiKíbv mn bZzb GKwU Aa¨vq ms‡hvRb Kiv
n‡q‡Q|
msMxZ wel‡q wkï‡`i Rb¨ msMxZ wkÿvi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Ges msMxZ wkÿvq wkÿ‡Ki KiYxq welqwU
ms‡hvRb Kiv n‡q‡Q| ¯̂‡ii †kÖwYweb¨vm cwi®‹vi K‡i Zz‡j aiv n‡q‡Q| GQvovI bgybv cvV cwiKíbv
ms‡hvwRZ n‡q‡Q| msMx‡Z e¨eüZ wewfbœ cÖKvi ev`¨ h‡š¿i Qwe Ges mnvqK cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki bvg †`Iqv
n‡q‡Q|
-
vii
Aa¨vcK W. kviwgb nK
†Kv-AwW©‡bUi (Ryb 2018 ch©šÍ)
wWwcGW gvb Dbœqb Kg©m~wP
wkÿv I M‡elYv Bbw÷wUDU
XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq|
Aa¨vcK ‰mq`v Zvnwgbv AvLZvi
cwiPvjK
wkÿv I M‡elYv Bbw÷wUDU
XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq|
Aa¨vcK W. †gv: Avãyj gv‡jK
†Kv-AwW©‡bUi
wWwcGW gvb Dbœqb Kg©m~wP
wkÿv I M‡elYv Bbw÷wUDU
XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq|
kvixwiK wkÿv wel‡q wek¦e‡iY¨ †L‡jvqvo‡`i cwiwPwZ Ges Kjwm› ỳ‡ii †g‡q‡`i KxwZ©Mv_v welqwU
AšÍf©y³ Kiv n‡q‡Q| AvÂwjK †Ljvi ¸iæZ¡ cÖvÄjfv‡e Dc ’̄vc‡bi wbwg‡Ë bZzb Qwe ms‡hvRb Kiv
n‡q‡Q| bgybv cvV cwiKíbv GKwUi cwie‡Z© ỳÕwU Kiv n‡q‡Q|
ÔcwigvwR©Z ms¯‹iY 2019Õ-G †h mKj ms‡hvRb-we‡qvRb m¤úvw`Z n‡q‡Q Zv wWwcGW Kvh©µ‡gi
jÿ¨ I D‡Ïk¨ AR©‡b AZ¨šÍ BwZevPK f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡e e‡j Avgvi wek¦vm| cwigvR©‡bi KvR
mdjfv‡e m¤úbœ Kivi Rb¨ wewfbœ welq mswkøó we‡klÁ, †jLK, m¤úv`K I mgš^qKe„›`‡K RvbvB
AmsL¨ ab¨ev`| GB cwigvR©b Kv‡R AvBBAvi wWwcGW wU‡gi m¤§vwbZ m`m¨MY wewfbœ `vwqZ¡ cvjb
K‡i‡Qb| KvRwU myôzfv‡e m¤úv`‡b Zuv‡`i f~wgKv K…ZÁwP‡Ë ¯§iY KiwQ|
wkÿvµg, Z_¨cy¯ÍK I Bb÷ªv±i wb‡ ©̀wkKvmn wWwcGW gv‡bvbœqb Kg©Kv‡Ð AvBBAvi wWwcGW wUg‡K
me©vZ¥K mnvqZv I mg_©b cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq KZ©„cÿ Ges AvBBAvi-Gi cwiPvjK I
wkÿKe„›`‡K K…ZÁZv Ávcb KiwQ|
K…ZÁZv cÖKvk KiwQ cÖv_wgK I MYwkÿv gš¿Yvjq Gi mwPe, AwZwi³ mwPee„›` Ges Ab¨vb¨
Kg©KZ©v‡`i cÖwZ hviv wWwcGW Kvh©µ‡gi gv‡bvbœq‡b AvBBAvi Gi M„nxZ Kg©Kv‡Ð mg_©b w`‡q
Avm‡Qb| cÖv_wgK wkÿv Awa`ßi Gi gnvcwiPvjK, AwZwi³ gnvcwiPvjK, cwiPvjK (cÖwkÿY) I
cwiPvjK (A_© I msMÖn) Ab¨vb¨ Kg©KZ©v‡`i cÖwZ Rvbvw”Q A‡kl K…ZÁZv hviv wewfbœ mg‡q AvBBAvi
KZ©„K M„nxZ Kvh©µ‡g w`K wb‡ ©̀kbv I mn‡hvwMZv cÖ`vb K‡i‡Qb|
RvZxq cÖv_wgK wkÿv GKv‡Wgx (†bc) Gi eZ©gvb I cÖv³b gnvcwiPvjKe„›`, cwiPvjK, DaŸ©Zb
we‡klÁe„›` I Ab¨vb¨ Kg©KZ©vMY hviv G cwigvR©b Kv‡R mwµqfv‡e mnvqZv K‡i‡Qb Zuv‡`i‡K
Rvbvw”Q AvšÍwiK ab¨ev`|
cwi‡k‡l,ÔcwigvwR©Z ms¯‹iY 2019Õ wWwcGW †Kv‡m©i gv‡bvbœqb Z_v cÖv_wgK wkÿKM‡Yi cÖZ¨vwkZ
wkÿKgvb AR©‡bi my‡hvM m„wói gva¨‡g evsjv‡`‡k gvbm¤§Z cÖv_wgK wkÿvi AMÖhvÎv‡K Z¡ivwš^Z Ki‡e
e‡j Avkv KiwQ|
-
viii
m~wPcÎ
Pviæ I KviæKjv
welq c„ôv
Aa¨vq - GK
G·‡cÖwmf AvU© Ges wkï weKv‡k Gi ¸iæZ¡
Pviæ I KviæKjvi cwiwa, cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Ges cv_©K¨
Pviæ I KviæKjvi e¨envwiK w`K
Qwe AuvKvi DcKiY
Pviæ I KviæKjvi m‡½ Ab¨vb¨ cvV¨ wel‡qi m¤úK©
Aa¨vq - ỳB
cÖvK-cÖv_wgK I cÖv_wgK ch©v‡q †Lqvj LywkgZ Qwe AuvKvi ¸iæZ¡ I wkLb
†kLv‡bvi †KŠkj
ch©‡e¶Y I AwfÁZvi wfwˇZ Qwe AuvKv
RvZxq dzj, dj, gvQ, cvwL, RvZxq cZvKv, ¯§„wZ‡mŠa I kwn` wgbvi A¼b
is I Gi fvev_©
WªBs, †iLvwPÎ, †¯‹P, cÖvK…wZK „̀k¨, Rjis ও †c‡÷j G Qwe AuvK
Aa¨vq - wZb
iw½b I mv`v KvMR †K‡U bKkv ও KvM‡Ri gÛ w`‡q g‡Wj / m„Rbkxj
wkíKg© •Zwi Kiv
gvwU I cvU w`‡q wewfbœ g‡Wj •Zwi
†LRyicvZv, bvwi‡Kj cvZv I wW‡gi †Lvmv w`‡q wkí ª̀e¨ •Zwi
Aa¨vq - Pvi
AvaywbK cÖhyw³i gva¨‡g Qwe AuvKv
PviæI KviæKjv wel‡q †kªwYwfwËK AR©b Dc‡hvMx †hvM¨Zv
cvV cwiKíbv
mnvqK MÖš’cwÄ
-
ix
msMxZ
µg bs welqe ‘̄ c„ôv bs
1 msMxZ
2 Qov Mvb: wcÖq dzj kvcjv dyj
3 Qov Mvb: cÖRvcwZ! cÖRvcwZ!
4 Qov Mvb: Avgiv mevB ivRv
5 wek¦msMxZ: Avgiv Kie Rq
6 GKz‡k †deªæqvwii Mvb
7 RvZxq msMxZ
8 †`kvZ¥‡evaK Mvb: ab avb¨ cy®ú fiv
9 DÏxcbvg~jK Mvb: Pj& Pj& Pj&
10 nvg`: GB my›`i dzj
11 †jvK msMxZ: Avjøv †gN †`
12 kÖ‡gi gh©v`v m¤úwK©Z Mvb: wb‡Ri nv‡Z KvR Ki
13 cÖv_©bv msMxZ: Avb›`‡jv‡K, g½jv‡jv‡K
14 gyw³hy‡×i Mvb: i³ w`‡q bvg wj‡LwQ
15 cvV cwiKíbv
16 wewfbœ cÖKvi ev`¨h‡š¿i Qwe
17 we Í̄…Z wkÿvµg
18 mnvqK MÖš’cÄx
-
x
kvixwiK wkÿv
welq c„ôv
cÖ_g Aa¨vq: me©v½xb weKv‡k kvixwiK wkÿv
kvixwiK wkÿvi cUf~wg, msÁv
kvixwiK wkÿvi †kÖwYwefvM
wkÿv cÖwZôv‡b kvixwiK wkÿvi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv
wØZxq Aa¨vq: †Ljvayjvi wbqg Kvbyb I †KŠkj
cÖavb †Ljv (†gRi †Mgm&) Ñ dzUej, wµ‡KU, fwjej, e¨vWwg›Ub I n¨vÛej
¯í̂ cwimi †Ljv (gvBbi †Mgm) Ñ KvevwW, `vwoqveuvav, †MvjøvQzU
G¨v_‡jwUKm Ñ †`Šo, jvd I wb‡ÿc
muvZvi Ñ gy³ muvZvi, wPr mvuZvi, eyK muvZvi, cÖRvcwZ muvZvi
gvBbi †Mgm (gRvi †Ljv)
Z„Zxq Aa¨vq: †Ljvayjvi msMVb
†Ljvayjv cwiPvjbv c×wZ
evwl©K µxov cÖwZ‡hvwMZv
cÖvZ¨wnK mgv‡ek
PZz_© Aa¨vq: e¨vqvg I cÖv_wgK cÖwZweavb
gy³n¯Í e¨vqvg
euvk ev †e‡Zi mvnv‡h¨ e¨vqvg
cÖv_wgK cÖwZweavb
cÂg Aa¨vq: ¯‹vDU
Kve-¯‹vDwUs:- ¯‹vDU Av‡›`vj‡bi RbK I ¯‹vDwUs‡qi cUf~wg
BDwbU wjWvi
µ‡gvbœwZkxj cÖwkÿY c×wZ (e¨vR c×wZ) I Kve †cÖvMÖvg (Progressive training)
-
xi
ló Aa¨vq: wek¦e‡iY¨ †L‡jvqvo‡`i cwiwPwZ
Kjwm› ỳ‡ii †g‡q‡`i KxwZ©Mv_v
mßg Aa¨vq: cvV cwiKíbv, wkLbµg
bgybv cvV cwiKíbv
mnvqK MÖš’cwÄ
-
Pviæ I KviæKjv
-
G·cÖwmf AvU© Ges wkï weKvk Gi ¸iæZ¡
Pviæ I KviæKjvi cwiwa, cÖqvRbxqZv Ges cv_©K¨
Pviæ I KviæKjvi e¨envwiK w`K
Qwe AuvKvi DcKiY
PviæI KviæKjvi m½ Ab¨vb¨ cvV¨ welqi m¤úK©
G·‡cÖwmf AvU© Ges wkï weKv‡k Gi ¸iyZ¡
G·‡cÖwmf AvU©
G·cÖwmf AvU© bv›`wbK eva I mRbkxjZv weKvk ¸iæZ¡c~Y© fwgKv cvjb Ki| wkíi wewfbœ gva¨g; hgbÑ
Pviæ I KviæKjv, msMxZ, bZ¨, Awfbq, Ljvayjv, mvwnZ¨, fv¯h© BZ¨vw` meB njv cÖKvkag©x Kjv| GB
gva¨g¸jv e¨envi wewfbœ aibi `ÿZvÑeyw×MZ, kvixwiK, mvgvwRK, gvbwmKÑew×i myhvM Zwi nq| cÖvK-
cÖv_wgK I cÖv_wgK wk¶v ¯Íi cÖKvkag©x Kjvwe`¨v e¨envi Ki GKK I `jxqfve KvRi gva¨g wkï`i
mRbkxj cÖwZfvi weKvk NU Ges Zv`i AveM I gbb kw³ m¤úK© aviYv jvf Kiv hvq| mev©cwi wbRK,
Ab¨K Ges cvwicvwk¦©KK evSvi ga¨ w`q wkïi g~j¨evai h weKvk NU, Zv ZvK AvZ¥cÖZ¨qx Ki Mo
Zvj|
Aa¨vq - GK
-
cÖvK-cÖv_wgK I cÖv_wgK Í̄ii wkÿvK ev¯Íevqb Kivi j¶¨ wWwcGW cÖvMÖvg G·cÖwmf AvU© Ab¨Zg GKwU
welq wnmve AšÍfy©³ Kiv nqQ| G welqwUZ Pviæ I KviæKjv, msMxZ Ges kvixwiK wkÿv welq¸jvK
AšÍf©y³ Kiv nqQ| Lye mnR wePiYi ga¨ w`q GB welq¸jvi m½ wkïi cwiPq I AvZ¥cÖKvki myhvM
NU| ZvB cÖvK-cÖv_wgK I cÖv_wgK wkÿv Í̄i cvV`vbi ÿÎ cÖKvkg~jK wkíKjvi ¸iæZ¡ AbK ewk|
wWcøvgv Kvm©wUZ wZbwU welq wbq G·cÖwmf AvU©i aviYvwU AvjvPbv Kiv nqQ| G¸jv njvÑ
Pviæ I KviæKjv
gvbyl Avcb gb wbRi AbyfzwZK cÖKvk Kivi Rb¨ `qvj, gSZ, gvwUZ, KvMR I evwjZ Av½yj, KvV-
Kqjv, PK, cwÝj BZ¨vw` w`q Qwe AuvKv ïiæ Ki| Gi gva¨g Zvi mRbxkw³, Kíbv kw³, bv›`wbKeva
BZ¨vw`i weKvk NU|
msMxZ ¯v̂fvweKfveBewki fvM gvbyl Mvb cQ›` Ki Ges kke _K AbKB Mvb MvBZ Póv Ki| ZvB Mvbi
gva¨g wkï kÖwYZ cvV`vb djcÖm~ nq| GZ, GKw`K wkï Mvb MvBZ kL Ab¨w`K Zvi myKzgvi ewËi
weKvk NU| Gfve cvV`vbKvj msMxZ e¨envi Ki wewfbœ welq cÖvYešÍfve Dc¯vcb Kiv hvq|
kvixwiK wkÿv
wkï ¯f̂veZB Ljvayjv cQ›` Ki| wbqggvwdK kixiPP©v I Ljvayjvi gva¨g wkïi h kLjveva Zwi nq, Zv
ZvK Rxebi me©ÿÎB `vwqZ¡kxj Ki Mo Zvj| mRbxkw³ weKvk GB `vwqZ¡eva MyiæZ¡c~Y© fwgKv cvjb
Ki|
wkï weKv‡k GK&ª‡cÖwmf AvU©
cÖvK-cÖv_wgK I cÖv_wgK wkÿvi mvwe©K cvV`vbi ÿÎ G welqwUi ¸iæZ¡ Acwimxg| cÖvK-cÖv_wgK wkÿv GKwU
¸iæZ¡c~Y© Kvh©µg hv wkïi e¨w³Z¡c~Y© weKvk I AvRxeb wkLbi wfwË Zwi Ges AvbyôvwbK wkÿvi cÖ_g mvcvb
I cÖ ̄wZ wnme KvR Ki| hw`I AvbyôvwbK wkÿv ïiæi c~e©eZ©x GK eQi cÖvK-cÖv_wgK wkÿvi Rb¨ wba©vwiZ,
Gi e¨vwß I cwiwa ïay GB mgqi ga¨ mxgve× bq| wkï Rb¥i ci cÖwZwbqZ h AwfÁZv, AbvbyôvwbK wkLb
I cwieZ©bi ga¨ w`q eo nZ _vK, Zv Zvi ew× I weKvki Rb¨ LyeB ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| cwieZ©bi cÖwZwU avci
AwR©Z Ávb I `ÿZvi Dci wfwË KiB wkï cieZ©x avc cuQvq| cÖviw¤¢K kke wkïi G cwieZ©bi nvi
Ab¨vb¨ mgqi Zzjbvq ª̀æZ I e¨vcK ej cÖv_wgK we`¨vjqi fwZ©i c~e© mgq ch©šÍ wkï AbK¸jv ¸iæZ¡c~Y©
avc AwZµg Ki| G mgq wkïi h_vh_ eo IVv I wkLbB nQ Zvi cÖv_wgK wkÿv ïiæi wfwË| wekl Ki
cÖvK-cÖv_wgK wkÿvi cvV¨ welq¸jvi cvV`vb G·cÖwmf AvU© GKwU gyL¨ fwgKv cvjb Ki _vK| G welqwUi
gva¨g kÖwYKÿi Kvh©vewj mwµq I cÖvYešÍ nq Ges wkÿv_©xiv ¯̂Ztù~Z©fve cvV Ask MÖnY Ki| Pviæ I
KviæKjv, msMxZ Ges kixi PP©vi gva¨g wba©vwiZ welq my›`i I mnRfve kLvbv hvq| cvV wkï`i AskMÖnY
nq AbK ewk cÖvYešÍ|
-
GK&ª‡cÖwmf AvU© Gi •ewkó¨
Pviæ I KviæKjv, msMxZ Ges kvixwiK wkÿvÑGB wZbi mgš^q wkï`i welq wfwËK cvV`vb Kij GKmv_
wewfbœ aibi `ÿZv ew×i myhvM mwó nq| ZvQvov wkLb cÖwµqv Avb›``vqK nq ej wkïiv D³ welq wkLb
gbvhvMx nq Ges mRbxkw³K KvR jvMvZ Póv Ki, hgb-
h Kvbv welq mnRfve Rvbvi ¶Î wkïK AvMÖnx Ki Zvjv
ev¯Íe Rxebi AwfÁZvK wkíKjvi gva¨g KvR jvMvZ mvnvh¨ Kiv
wewfbœ welq wfwËK Ávbi cwiwa we¯Ívi mnvqK fwgKv ivLv Ges wkLbK `xN© ̄vqx KiZ mvnvh¨ Kiv
mvgvwRK I A_©bwZK weKvki ÿÎ Pjvi c_ myMg Kiv
wPšÍvkw³, `wnK I gvbwmK `ÿZv ew×i gva¨g wkïK AvZ¥cÖZ¨qx Ki Mo Zvjv
wkïi mRbx kw³, Kíbvkw³ I AvZ¥cÖKvki `ÿZv ew× Kiv
bv›`wbK, gvbweK I mvgvwRK g~j¨eva Mo ZzjZ mvnvh¨ Kiv
wewfbœ eqmi I wewfbœ aibi wkÿv_©xi wkÿvi Rb¨ Avb›``vqK cwiek mwó Kiv
¸iæZ¡
wk¶vq G·cÖwmf AvU©i ¸iæZ¡ Acwimxg| G·cÖwmf AvU© g~jZ g~Z© _K weg~Z©ZvK aviY Kivi Rb¨ h
Kíbv Z_v wPšÍvkw³ cÖqvRb Zv weKvki ¶Î ¸iæZ¡c~Y© fwgKv ivL| G wPšÍvkw³ Zvi ÁvbvR©bi ¶Î
AZ¨šÍ g ~L¨ fwgKv cvjb Ki| G·cÖwmf AvU©i gva¨g h Kvb welq wfwËK cvV`vb Avb›``vqK Kiv hvq|
ZvQvov G·cÖwmf AvU© wkLb weivU fwgKv cvjb Ki| wkïiv ¯̂Ztù~Z©fve wkLb KvR AvMÖnx nq
gbvhvMi mv_ Qwe AuvK, Mvb Mvq Ges `ni A½fw½i mgš̂q Ljvayjv Ki| Gi gva¨g wkï`i mRbx
kw³i weKvk NU, D™¢vebx I Kíbv kw³i cÖmvi NU|
-
Pviæ I KviæKjvi cwiwa, cÖ‡qvRbxqZv I cv_©K¨
wkí KvK ej? wkíKjvK Kvb ̀wóf½x _K cixÿv Kie-G mg Í̄ cÖkœ `xN©w`bi Ges gvbyl bvbvfve Gi
DËi `eviI Póv KiQ| Avgiv wkíK msÿc GK_v ej wPwýZ KiZ cvwi h- wkí nQ mgq, ¯vb Ges
AbšÍevai cwicÖwÿZ gvbyli ̀wóMÖvn¨Zvi GKwU cÖZxK|
PviæKjv
PviæKjv wkíKjvi GKUv Ask hv mevi wbKU mgv ̀Z| PviæKjv welqwU mivmwifve gb I AbyfwZi mv_
m¤úK©hy³| PviæKjv gvbyli m›`h© ¶zav wbe©Ë Ki gb Avb›``vb Ki|
kÖxkP› ª̀ `vmi fvlvqÑ ÔÔh mwói ga¨ gvbyli cÖqvRb mvab Ac¶v AnZzK Avb›` ewk, hvnvZ gvbyli Re
Ac¶v AvwZ¥K I gvbwmK Avb›` ewk ZvnvK Avgiv PviæKjv ev jwjZKjv ewjqv AvL¨vwqZ KwiZ cvwi|Ó
Avevi L¨vZbvgv jLK I `vk©wbK Uj÷q ejQb h, AvU© ev PviæKjv Øviv GKRb e¨vw³ mPZbfve KwZcq
evwn¨K cÖwµqv Øviv wbRi gbi AbyfwZ ev Kvb fveK Ggbfve Acii wbKU cuQ `q h Acii gb
msµwgZ nq mB fve ev Abyf~wZK GKBfve Dcjwä KiZ cvi| Avevi Kvb Kvb gbxlxi gZ, hv GK
Rbi gbi m›`h©K (GwU wK eva? fve? fvebv) Acii wbKU DcfvM¨ Ki cÖKvk Ki ZvB PviæKjv|
hgb, wPÎKjv PviæKjvi GKwU aiY| GKRb wPÎwkíx Qwe GuK Zvi Abf~wZ `k©Ki KvQ cQ `b| wkíxi
AvuKv QwewU `L GKRb `k©K wkíxi gbi fve Abyf~e Ki Avb›` jvf Kib| G aiYi Avb›` Kvb elwqK
Avb›` bq| bv›`wbK g~j¨evai weKvk Pviæ I KviæKjvi fwgKv ¸iæZ¡c~Y©|
wkíx:Gm Gg myjZvb (Zj is)
iy
i
-
PviæKjvi wewfbœ kvLv
PviæKjvi ga¨ wewfbœ kvLv iqQ| Gi ga¨ DjøLhvM¨ njv:
1. wPÎKjv ২. msMxZ 3. bZ¨ 4. wcª›UgwKs ev QvcwPÎ 5. fv¯h © 6. ¯vcZ¨ 7. mvwnZ¨ 8. bvU¨Kjv 9.
dUvMÖvwd ev w ̄iwPÎ 10. PjwPÎ BZ¨vw`
KviæKjv
KviæKjv wkíKjviB GKUv Ask hvi •`bw›`b Rxe‡b e¨envwiK g~j¨ i‡q‡Q| KviæKjv _K cÖvß wkí ª̀e¨
Kviæcb¨ wnme cwiwPZ| Kviæcb¨ Avgv`i cÖvZ¨wnK cÖqvRb gUvq, G¸jv wewµ Ki A_© DcvR©b Kiv hvq,
GKBmv_ G¸jvi m›`h© DcfvM Kiv hvq| hgb-GKRb grwkíx hLb GKwU bZzb gvwUi cUvwi (h Kvb
wKQz) Zix Ki ZLb Gi wkí¸b mg× _vK cvkvcvwk wewµ Ki A_© DcvR©b Kiv hvq| ZvB ejv hvq, h wkí
cÖavbZ gvbweK I e¨envwiK Pvwn`v wgUvbi mv_ Avb›``vb KI ZvK KviæKjv ej|
grwkí `viæwkí (KvVi KvR)
-
KviæKjvi wewfbœ kvLv
1. grwkí 2. `viæwkí 3. Mxebwkí 4. avZewkí 5. KvMRwkí 6.Pg©wkí 7.euvk I eZwkí 8. KvZvBwkí 9. ikgwkí 10. eqbwkí BZ¨vw`
PviæKjv Rvbv I PP©vi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv
ch©e¶Y ¶gZvi weKvk jvf nq
m›`h© Ávb ew× cvq
P¶z, gw¯Í® I n¯Íi ckxmg~n wbqš¿Y I mgš^q mvab nq
gbvhvM ew× cvq
wbg©j Avb›` DcfvM nq
¯§wZ I Kíbvi kw³i weKvk mvab nq
iæwPevai weKvk g~j¨vqbi gvcKvwV m¤úK© aviYv nq
ah© kw³i weKvk NU
A_©vcvR©b mnvqZv Ki
wkLb kLvbv KvR mnvqZv`vb Ki
gbvhvM I GKvMÖZv ew× Ki
mf¨Zv, Kwó I ms¯wZi DbœwZ mvab nq
Kvb Kvb aibi Pviæwkí `jMZ gbvfve ew×Z mvnvh¨ Ki| hgbÑ`jxq bZ¨,
bvUK I `jxq msMxZ
gvbwmK Zwß gUvq|
KviæKjvi Rvbv I PP©vi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv
nvZ I PvLi e¨envii `¶Zv jvf nq
¯§wZ I Kíbv kw³i weKvk jvf nq
PÂjZv n«vm cvq
wbg©j Avb›` jvf Kiv hvq
AvZ¥cÖZ¨q Mo IV
ev¯Íe Ávb jvf nq
eKvi mgm¨v mgvavb mnvqK nq
mvgvwRKZv evai weKvk NU
wkLb kLvbvi GKNqwg ~̀ixKiY mnvqZv Ki
AbycvZ I m›`h© Ávb ew× cvq|
-
1. ch©eÿYg~jK A¼b (Observational Drawing): wkÿv_©x`i cvwicvwk©¦K GjvKv cwi`k©bi j¶ ¯í̂
mgqi Rb¨ cvq nuU ågYi e¨e ̄v Kiv hZ cvi| kªwYKÿ wdi Gm ¯§wZkw³ _K gb Ki
GjvKvwUi wewfbœ ¯vbi gvbwPÎ A¼b KiZ `qv hZ cvi|
2. A¼bi c~e© e ̄ ch©eÿYKiY: Kvb e ̄ A¼bi c~e© mUvK fvjfve ch©eÿY KiZ ne| G mgq
cÖwkÿK wKQz mnvqK cÖkœ KiZ cvib| hgbÑe ̄wUi AvKwZ Kx? GwU Abyfe Ki Gi bK&kv m¤úK© wK ejZ
cvi?ÑGi Kvb kã ev MÜ AvQ wK? GwU Kx w`q Zwi? GwU wKmi Rb¨ e¨envi Kiv nq?
3. wkíKg© ev Qwei fvlv cov Ges evSv-GKwU Qwe/wkíKg©K m~²fve ch©eÿY Kivi Rb¨ cÖwkÿK wKQz cÖkœ
KiZ cvib, hv wkÿv_©x`i QwewU m¤úK© fveZ I wPšÍv KiZ kLve hgbÑQweZ Kx Kx wRwbm `Lv
hvQ? GUv wK KvíwbK, ev¯ÍewfwËK bv wK GKwU Míi cÖwZQwe? GLvb Kx Kx iOi e¨envi Kiv nqQ?
Kvb is mePq ewk e¨envi Kiv nqQ Ges Kb? GwU `L gb Kx aibi AveM Zwi nQ? GLvb Kx Kx
AvKwZ ev bK&kv e¨envi Kiv nqQ? Dciv³ cÖkœ¸jv wkÿv_©v`i eqm DchvMx nZ ne|
Pviæ I KviæKjvi cv_©K¨
PviæKjv KviæKjv
AwaKZi mwóg~jK AwaKZi AbyKiYg~jK
g~jZ gvbe gbi mse`bkxj, AveM,AbyfwZ Ges
fveKíbvi Drm nZ mó|
AbK ¶ÎB gvbe Rxebi `bw›`b cÖqvRb wPšÍviDrm
nZ mó|
mRbkxj I gbbkxjZvi cÖvavb¨ ewk| mRbkxjZvi mv_ e¨envwiK myweavi cÖvavb¨ ewk|
ev¯ÍeZvK AwZµg Ki hZ cvi| ev¯ÍeZvK AwZµg Kiv welqwU Zzjbvg~jKfve Kg|
m~² gvsmcwk Øviv wbqwš¿Z| enr gvsmcwk e¨envi Af¨ Í̄|
w ̄wZ iqQ| m Ô¶Y-m›`h©ÕK wPiZ¡
`vb Ki|
mvgwqK cÖqvRb cwiZwßi ci webó nZ cvi|
-
Pviæ I KviæKjvi e¨envwiK w`K
Pviæ I KviæKjvi e¨envwiK Dcv`vb¸jv nQ A¼bi g~j welq| e¨envwiK welq¸jvi Kvb GKwUi
Abycw ̄wZ QweK Am¤ú~Y© Ki ivL| fvj GKwU Qwe AuvKZ Gi KvbwUK ev` `qvi myhvM bB| A¼b
kLvi c~e© GB e¨envwiK w`K m¤úK© aviYv _vKv GKRb wkíxi Rb¨ AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| cÖwkÿK Ges
wkÿKK Aek¨B gb ivLZ ne G wbqg Kej eo`i Rb¨, wkï`i Rb¨ bq|
AbycvZ (Proportion)
A¼bi Rb¨ AbycvZ GKwU AZ¨šÍ cÖqvRbxq welq| GKB ̀k¨cU Zzjbvg~jKfve `Lv GKwU wRwbm _K
Avi GKUv wRwbm KZ eo ev KZ QvU ne, ZvB AbycvZ| AbycvZi mwVK e¨envi Qvov Kvb QweB mdj
nZ cvi bv|hgb- (GKwU ̀k¨cU hw` GKwU RM Ges GKwU Mø&vm AuvKv nq, Zvnj RM MøvmiPq
Zzjbvg~jKfve KZ eo ne A_ev Møvm ZzjbvgyjKfve KZ QvU ne mUv AbycvZi gva¨g wVK Kiv nq|
AbycvZ mwVK bq AbycvZ mwVK
-
mgZv (Symmetry)
Kvb wRwbmi gvSvgvwS ¯vb w`q j¤̂i gZ GKwU iLv Uvbj j¤̂i ỳÕcvki Ask ỳÕwUi AvKvi I AvK
wZZ AweKj GKiKg _vKvK mgZv ej| D`vniY wnme gvbyli gyL, cÖRvcwZ BZ¨vw` w`q mgZv `Lvbv
njv| ev Í̄eag©x Qwe AuvKZ mgZv AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq|
cwi‡cÖwÿZ (Perspective)
GKwU QweZ Kvb e ̄i ỳiZ¡ `LvZ Mj KvQi e¯wUi AvKvi AcÿKZ eo Avi ~̀yii e¯wU AcÿKZ
QvU nq hve GUvB g~jZ cwicÖw¶Z| hgb- ~̀i MÖvgi w`K j¶ Kij `Lv hvq KvQi MÖvgi Pq ~̀ii
MÖvg¸jv QvU| Avevi ij jvBbi gvS ùvovj `Lv hvq ijjvBbi cvZ ỳwU ~̀i GK we› ỳZ wgk AvQ|
GUv hLb QvU GKUv KvMR A¼b Kiv nq ZLb wekvj GKUv wRwbm QvU GKUv KvMRi ga¨ Avbv hvq|
Zgwb eo GKUv `vjvb A¼bi ejvq mvgbiAsk eo Avi ~̀ii Ask QvU A¼b Kiv nq| Zgwb Kvjvi
cwicÖw¶Zi ejvqI KvQi is ¯úó Ges hZB ~̀i hvq ZZB is nvjKv nq A¯úó nZ `Lv hvq|
-
Av‡jvQvqv (Light and shade) AvjvQvqvi mwVK cÖqvMi Dci ev¯Íeag©x Qwei ic wbf©i Ki| mxgviLv A¼b Øviv Qwei icvqY m¤¢e
njI ZvK cÖKZ ev Í̄eag©x Qwe ejv hvq bv hZÿb ch©šÍ AvjvQvqvi mwVK cÖqvM bv nq| AvjvQvqvi Øviv
Kvb GKwU wRwbmi Ae Í̄vb KvQ- ~̀i, Dci-wbP, evg I Wvb mwVKfve `Lvbv hZ cviv hvq| hgb-
e¯i h Ask Avjv ewk co m Ask ewk AvjvwKZ I ¯úó `Lv hvq,Avi h Ask gvSvwi Avjv ev Kg
Avjv co m Ask Kg AvjvwKZ I A¤úó `Lv hvq| A_©vr Qwe A¼bi fvlvq hw` Kvb e¯Z wZb iKgi
Avjv ev Uvb e¨envi Kiv nq Ze ZvK ev Í̄eag©x wPÎ A¼b ej| hgb, jvBU Uvb, wgWj Uvb, WvK©
UvbÑwZb iKg Uvbi e¨envi GKUv ev Í̄eag©x wPÎi icjvf Ki|
fvimvg¨ (Balance)
Qwei wewfbœ Aski ga¨ iLv, is I welqe¯i Ae ̄vb gvUvgywU wgj _vKvK fvimvg¨ ej| Gi cÖavb K_v
nj iLv I is Gi gvÎv hb mgch©vq _vK| Kv_vI hb Kvb e¯ cwigvY ewkI bv nq Avevi KgI bv
nq co| GLvb wkíxi ¯v̂axbZv AbK ewk| QweK my›`i I AvKl©Yxq Kivi Rb¨ is, iLv, welqe¯ hb
mgfve e¨envi Kiv nq ev A¼b Kiv nq| ZeB Qwe fvj jvMe| Zv bv nj K¨vbfvm Kv_vI duvKv `Lv
hve Avevi Kv_vI fiv `Lv hve| KvRB GKUv mv_©K Qwei ic`vb Balance AZ¨šÍ cÖqvRbxq GKwU
welq|
-
†K› ª̀xq AvKl©Y (Central lnterse)
K› ª̀xq welqe ̄ GKwU fvj Qwei g~j AvKl©Y| g~j welqe ̄K c~Y©v½ ic `qvi Rb¨ Qwei ga¨ AviI wKQz
QvULvUv welqK e¨envi Kiv nq| cÖavb GKwU welqe ̄ bv _vKj Kvb QweB c~Y©v½ nZ cvi bv, Qwei
Ab¨vb¨ welqi MVb Ggb ne hvZ `k©Ki ̀wó g~j welqe¯i Dci co|
MVb ev iPbv •kjx (Composition)
h Kvb wkíK©g Zix Kivi c~e© wkíx GKwU Lmov Zwi Ki bb| Lmov Kivi mgq AbKUv RoughwRwbm
_vK ev KvUvKvwU Kiv nq| wkíxI Zgwb h welqe¯ wbq Qwe AuvKeb Zvi LÐ wPÎ Lmov GuK bb hvK
MVb kjx ejv nq| LÐ wPθjv mvwRq ¸wQq Zuvi QweZ mshvRb Ki cwicvwUfve wPÎi ic w`q
_vKb| MVbixwZ hZ fvj I cwicvwU ne Qwe ZZ bv›`wbK ne|
-
Qwe AuvKvi DcKiY
†cwÝj
mvaviY jLv Ges WªBs Kivi Rb¨ Avgiv mPivPi GK aibi cwÝj e¨envi Ki _vwK| G cwÝji Mvq
jLv _vK HB, Gme cwÝji kxl Zzjbvg~jK GKUz k³ Ges `vM Uvbj Mvp nq bv| WªBs Kivi Rb¨ big
Ges kxl gvUv cwÝj hgb-2B, 3B, 4B Ges 6B cÖqvRb nq| 2B, 3B, 4B I 6B, G Pvi gvÎvi h Kvb cwÝj w`q cwÝj ¯P Kiv hvq|
KvMR
KvMRnjv Qwe AuvKvi Ab¨Zg GKwU gva¨g ev DcKiY|Qwe AuvKvi Rb¨ Avgiv h Kvb KvMR e¨envi KiZ
cvwi| Ze gvUv mvgvb¨ LmLm KvMR Qwe AuvKvi Rb¨ DchvMx| Qwe AuvKvi gva¨g Kvwj, Kjg, cwÝj, Rj
is A_ev c¨v÷j is Gi Dci wbf©i Ki KvMR evQvB Ki wbZ nq| Kvwj Kjg AuvKvi Rb¨ Zzjbvg~jKfve
gmY I GKUy gvUv KvMR fvj| cwÝj w`q Qwe AuvKZ GKUz gvUv mvgvb¨ LmLm KvMR e¨envi Kiv nq
Ges GKB aibi KvMR Rj is I c¨v÷j e¨envi Kiv hvq| Ze Rj is w`q Qwe AuvKvi Rb¨ n¨vÛgW
ccvi LyeB DchvMx| Qwe AuvKvi Rb¨ mvaviY gvbi GKwU KvMR cvIqv hvq Zv njv KvwU©R †ccvi| G
aibi ccvi cÖvq me gva¨g KvR Kiv hvq| GQvov Avgv`i `k wewfbœ aibi KvMR cvIqv hvq
hgbÑAvU© ccvi, AvU© KvW©, AdmU ccvi, e·evW©, wcmevW©, bvbv cÖKvi cvZjv AvU© KvW©, wewfbœ is Gi
cv÷vi ccvi, wbDR wcÖ›U BZ¨vw`| e· evW©i GK wcV gmY Ges GK wcV LmLm QvB ev ev`vgx is Gi
nq| wcmevW© k³ Ges gvUv| wcmevW© c¨v÷j is w`q Qwe AuvKv hvq| e·evW© Qwe AuvKv QvovI Qwe
gvD›U Kivi ev euvavBÑGi KvR e¨envi Kiv nq|
Kvwj Kjg
Avgiv mvaviYZ jLvi KvR Kjg e¨envi Kwi| Kjg w`q QweI AuvKv hvq| SiYv Kjg w`qI Qwe AuvKv
hvq| Kvb Kvb mgq iwOb Kvwj e¨envi Ki ek gRvi Qwe AuvKv hvq| mvaviYZ PvBwbR B¼ e¨envi Ki
Qwe AuvKj fvj nq| eZ©gvb gvK©vi cb ev wmMbPvi cb w`qI mv`v Kvjv I iwOb Qwe AuvKv nq _vK|
euvki Kw Ges LvMi Kw w`q Kjg Zwi Ki (gvUv ev wPKb) Qwe AuvKv hvq|
is I Zzwj
is njv Qwe AuvKvi Ab¨Zg GKwU DcKiY| is wewfbœ aibi nq _vK| hgbÑRj is, cv÷vi is,
GK&iwjK is, dweªK is, cwÝj is, Zj is ,c¨v÷j is BZ¨vw`| is Gi gva¨g wfbœ wfbœ nIqvq ZzwjI wfbœ
wfbœ gva¨gi nq _vK| Kvwj I Rj is G Qwe AuvKvi Rb¨ big ckg w`q Zwi Kiv Zzwj e¨envi Kiv nq|
Zj is G Qwe AuvKvi Rb¨ k³ ckg Gi Zwi Zzwj e¨envi Ki _vK| GwU mvaviYZ wkíx Kx aibi Qwe
AuvKe Zvi Dci wbf©i Ki| miæ _K axi axi gvUvi w`K AuvKvi Rb¨ wewfbœ b¤̂ii Zzwj e¨envi Kiv
nq| 0 _K ïiæ Ki 20ev Z ỳaŸ© b¤̂ii Zzwj _vK| cÖv_wgK ch©vqi wkïiv 1 _K 12 bs ch©šÍ Zzwj
e¨envi Ki _vK|
-
†evW© I K¬xc
evW© I K¬xc Qwe AuvKvi Rb¨ LyeB cÖqvRbxq| evW© KvMR iL wK¬c w`q AvUwKq Qwe AuvKj myweav nq|
evW© gSZ iL, Kvji Dci iL ev BRj iL Qwe AuvKv hvq| evW©i e¨envi wbf©i Ki AuvwKqi/
wkíxi emvi Ae ̄vbi Dci|
Qwe AuvKvi DcKiY
IqvUvi Kvjvi (Rj is )
c¨v‡÷j is
i
†cv÷vi Kvjvi
is †cwÝj
eªvk (Zzwj) PvBwbR Bb&K
wmM‡bPvi †cb †evW© I K¬xc, B‡Rj, KvMR, eªvk, is পেন্সিল
-
Pviæ I KviæKjvi m‡½ Ab¨vb¨ cvV¨ wel‡qi m¤úK©
wkÿvi g~j DÏk¨ njv gvbe Rxebi me©v½xb weKvk mvab| GB wkÿvK mv_©K, my›`i, mwókxj I e¨envi
DchvMx Ki Zvjv Ges wkÿvi wewfbœ welqi ga¨ mgš̂q mvab Kivq Pviæ I KviæKjvi fwgKv Ab¯x̂Kvh©|
cÖvK-cÖv_wgK I cÖv_wgK ch ©vqi welq wfwËK Ávb AR©b Pviæ I KviæKjvi e¨envi ỳwU wekl DÏk¨ mvab
Ki| cÖ_gZ, Gi e¨envi wkLb c×wZK cÖvYešÍ Ki Zvj; wØZxqZ, mwµq AwfÁZvi gva¨g wk¶v_©xi
welq wfwËK `¶ZvÁvb Mfxi Ges `xN© ̄vqx nq|
evsjv
evsjv fvlv weKvk, evPb f½xZ, jLvq, KweZvq, Kve¨, Mí, bvUK I Dcb¨vm PviæKjv cÖQbœfve mnvqZv
`vb Ki| evsjv cvV cwiKíbv cÖYqbi ÿÎ PviæKjv Abb¨ fwgKv cvjb Ki| welqe ̄ Dc¯vcb wewfbœ
Qwei e¨envi cvVK AvKl©Yxq I cÖvYešÍ Ki| evsjv jLv kLvZ Pviæwkíi `¶Zv wewfbœ KvR jvM|
Avevi wkÿv c×wZZ wkÿv DcKiYi e¨envii GKwU ¸iæZ¡ iqQ hv cÖvqkB, Pviæ ev Kviæ wkíi gva¨g
Zwi Kiv nq| GKmv_ GKvwaK Bw› ª̀q Gi e¨envi Ki cvV`vb KiZ cvij wkÿv ̄vqx I AvKl©Yxq nq|
G¶Î evsjv cvV`vb PviæI KviæKjv GKwU wekl gva¨g wnme KvR Ki| hgb ZZxq kÖwYi evsjv
cvV¨cy¯ÍKi GKwU M`¨ ÔÔKvbv gvwQ fuv fuvÕÕ Qwei gva¨gI Dc ̄vcb Kiv hvq| GZ fvlv wk¶vq AvewË
fwgKvi cvkvcvwk, Qwei eY©bvi ga¨ w`q wk¶v_©x fvlv e¨envii myhvM cvq Ges Zv ZvK KweZvi fvee¯
eySZ mvnvh¨ Ki| GKBfve Mvbi gva¨gI KweZvwUi fvee ̄ Zzj aiv hvq|
-
Bs‡iwR
wkïK eY©gvjv kLvZ evsjvi gZ BsiwRZI Qwei e¨envi LyeB cÖqvRb| Qwei mv_ wkï cª_g cwiwPwZ
jvf Ki Zvici eY© m¤úK© Rvb| hgbÑA Z Apple, B Z Ball BZ¨vw`| Avevi Qwei mvnvh¨ wkïwU wk¶v_©x`i BsiwR kã ev evK¨ wkLb AbK mnR nq|
BsiwR GKwU we`kx fvlv Ges GwU AvqË Kiv AbK mgq KwVb KvR ej gb nq| eY©bvg~jK cvV`vb Kij
wkïiv KLbB AbycÖvwYZ nq bv Ges cvV wkLbdjI `xN© ̄vqx nq bv| ZvB Ab¨ mKj welqi gZ PvU©, gWj I
Qwei mvnvh¨ BsiwR cvV`vb Kij welqe ̄ mnR I evaMg¨ nq| GZ Avb›`i ga¨ w`q BsiwR kLv
hvq| GKwU bZzb fvlv kLvi Rb¨ wk¶v c×wZK A_©c~Y© KiZ PviæI KviæKjvi fwgKv Acwimxg|
MwYZ
cÖv_wgK wkÿvq MwYZ wkÿv`vbi mv_ Pviæ I KviæKjvi Nwbó m¤úK© iqQ| Pviæ I KviæKjvq Ggb me
welq iqQ hv MwYZ wkÿv`vb ek ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| wPÎi mvnvh¨ MwYZ bZzb a¨vb-aviYvi mÂvi Kij wkïiv
mnRB welqe¯ AvqË KiZ cvi| hgb Qwei mvnvh¨ hvM weqvM kLvbv hZ cvi Avevi A¼biI
Ggb AbK ¯Íi AvQ hLvb MwYZi Ávbi mnvqZv Acwinvh©| MwYZ cvV`vbi m½ mswkøó wkíKg©i
gva¨g wkïi ga¨ wkí cÖwZfvi Avwe®vi Ges weKvki Dcvq LuyR ei KiZ cvi| MwYZi cwigvc msµvšÍ
wbLuyZ Ávbi Rb¨ Pviæ I KviæKjvi is Zzwj e¨envii cÖqvRb nq| ZLb Pviæ I KviæKjvi mwVK `ÿZv
AR©bi Rb¨ MwYZi mswkøó aviYv jvf Ki|
ZvZ Pviæ I KviæKjvi `ÿZvB ïay ew× cvq bv eis MwYZi aviYvI Zvi KvQ ¯úó nq IV| wkïi wbR
cwiek h me e ̄ iqQ Zvi mewKQz kÖwYKÿ Avbv m¤¢e nq bv ZvB Qwei mvnvh¨ MwYZi wkÿv`vb mnR
-
nq| wkï msL¨vi mv_ cÖ_g cwiwPZ nq bv| ZvB msL¨vi mv_ Qwe _vKj msL¨vi aviYvmnR evaMg¨
nq|ZvQvov R¨vwgwZK kv ¿̄ cyivUvB Pviæ I KviæKjvi Dci wbf©ikxj| myZivs MwYZ welq Pviæ I KviæKjvi
e¨envi GKvšÍB Acwinvh©|
evsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPq
wkï wk¶vq evsjv`k I wek¦cwiPq GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq| G welq cvV`vb KiZ wk¶v_©xK mivmwi Zvi
wbKU cwieki mv_ cwiPq NUvZ nq| cwiek ỳaibi: cÖvKwZK cwiek I mvgvwRK cwiek| MvQcvjv,
cïcvwL, cvnvo-ce©Z, b`x-bvjv, mgy ª̀, AvKvk-evZvm, fwg, P› ª̀-m~h© cÖvKwZK cwiek hv gvbyl Zwi KiZ
cvi bv| hv gvbyli Zwi hgbÑNi-evwo, iv¯Ív-NvU, hvbevnb, gvbyli AvPvi-Abyôvb, wkí-mvwnZ¨ BZ¨vw`
mvgvwRK cwiek|
mvgvwRK `vwqZ¡ I KZ©e¨i cÖwZ mPZb I MYZvwš¿K c×wZi cÖwZ kª×vkxj nIqv| eY©bvg~jK cvV`vbi
gva¨g m DÏk¨ mvab Kiv m¤¢e bq| wkïK cÖZ¨¶fve Dcv`vb¸jvi msM cwiwPwZ NUvZ ne|
cÖZ¨¶fvK ¯̂v`, MÜ, ¯úk©i mvnvh¨ ev Í̄e Dc¯vcb Kiv m¤¢e nq bv ZLb mvnvh¨ wbZ nq Pviæ I
KviæKjvi Dci| Qwe ev gWji Dci wfwË Ki cvV`vb GKB mv_ GKvwaK Bw› ª̀qi e¨envi Kiv m¤¢e nq|
GZ cvV `xN© ̄vqx I ev Í̄ewfwËK Kiv hvq| evsjv`k I wek¦cwiPq cvV wk¶K ev Í̄e Dcv`vb cÖ`k©bi
gva¨g cvV`vb Kieb| wKš Avgv`i wk¶v e¨e¯vq hLvb myhvM Kg mLvb G welqi Dci cvV`vb KiZ
wMq wk¶KK Aek¨B wPÎi gva¨g mswkøó cvwicvwk¦©KZv wk¶v_©x`i KvQ Zzj aiZ ne|
GKBfve Kvb HwZnvwmK e¨w³Z¡, RvwZ, eY©, m¤cÖ`vq m¤úK© aviYv w`Z Qwe ev gWj e¨envi LyeB
cÖqvRb| Abyicfve cÖv_wgK we`¨vjqi MÖvg I kni, nvU-evRvi, AvPvi-Abyôvb, Rjv, DcRjv, wefvM I
`ki m¤úK© aviYv wPÎi gva¨g w`j wk¶v_©xiv AbycÖiYv cvq|
-
cwi‡ek cwiwPwZ (weÁvb)
cvVK mv_©K, mRxe, wPËvKl©K, hyw³hy³, myôz I mnReva¨ Kivi Rb¨ wewfbœ aibi wPÎ, WvqvMÖvg, iLvwPÎ,
bK&kv cÖqvRb nq hv KejgvÎ wkï wk¶vq bq mKj wk¶v e¨e ̄vq e¨envi Kiv cÖqvRb| hgbÑFZy
cwieZ©b, miRMr, P› ª̀ I m ~h© MÖnY,
wPÎ: miRMr
Rvqvi-fvUv BZ¨vw` welq aviYv w`Z gWj, PvU© ev Qwei cÖqvRb nq| GQvov Rxewe`¨vq, c`v_© we`¨vmn
wewfbœ cï-cvwL cwiwPwZ m¤úK© PvU© e¨envi Ki cvV`vb Kij wk¶v_©xi KvQ cvV cÖvYešÍ nq| GKBfve
Kwl weÁvb, ¯̂v¯¨ weÁvb welq cvV`vb KiZ Ges eÁvwbK wekølY KiZ Pviæ I KviæKjvi cÖqvRb nq|
wkïi Kg©¯únv Ges cÖvYPvÂj¨K myôz my›`i I mwVKfve cwiPvjbv KiZ nj cvVi cÖwZ Zvi AvMÖn mwó
KiZ nq| GZ wk¶v`vb c×wZ Avb›``vqK nq IV Ges wkï mB Avb›`i gva¨g wk¶vi Afxó jÿ¨
cuQvZ cvi|
-
cÖvK-cÖv_wgK I cÖv_wgK ch©vq Lqvj LywkgZ Qwe AuvKvi ¸iæZ¡ I wkLb kLvbvi Kkj
ch©e¶Y I AwfÁZvi wfwËZ Qwe AuvKv
RvZxq dzj, dj, gvQ, cvwL, RvZxq cZvKv, ¯§wZma I kwn` wgbvi A¼b
is I Gi fvev_©
WªBs, iLvwPÎ, ¯P, cÖvKwZK ̀k¨ , Rjis ও c÷j G Qwe AuvKv
cÖvK-cÖv_wgK I cÖv_wgK ch©v‡q †Lqvj Lywk gZ Qwe AuvKvi ¸iyZ¡ I wkLb-†kLv‡bv
†K․kj
wkï gvÎB Kg ewk D™¢vebx ÿgZvi AwaKvix| m KviYB wkï Zvi AbyfwZ I AveM cÖKvk Kivi Rb¨ Zvi
wPšÍv, Kíbv I wePvi eyw× LvwUq wewfbœ aibi iLvi gva¨g wPÎic `q| Zvi mRbg~jK KvRi ga¨ w`q
gbi AveM cÖKvk cvq| cÖvK-cÖv_wgK I cÖv_wgK ch©vq wkïiv ewki fvM AvZ¥cÖKvki gva¨g wnme Qwe
ewk e¨envi Ki| Zv`i wPšÍv fvebv, myL- ỳtL, Avkv, e`bv BZ¨vw` me wKQzi cÖwZdjb NU Zv`i A¼bi
gva¨g| eo`i gZ Ki m K_v iß KiZ ev ¸wQq ejZ cvi bv| ZvB Qwei gva¨g m wbRi gbi K_v
ev AbyfwZ cÖKvk Ki| mvgvwRK GKUv aiveuvav MwÛi ga¨ _KI m gy³ I ¯^vaxb| A¼bi ga¨ AvQ Zvi
¯v̂axbZv| wkLb-kLvbvi KvR Zvi gb iqQ wfwZ I AbvMÖn| ZvB G ch©vqi wkï`i coZ `qvi mv_
mv_ A¼bi cÖqvRbxq DcKiY cvk ivLj cov jLv iL A¼bi cÖwZ m ewk AvMÖnx nq|
Aa¨vq-`yB
-
4/5 eQi eqmi AuvKv Qwe _K 9/10 eQi eqm ch©šÍ wkï`i AuvKv Qwe¸jv `Lj evSv hvq ch©vqµg
Zv`i AuvKv Qwe ev Í̄eZvq wdi AvmQ| Qwe AuvKvi ïiæ _K aiveuvav wbqgi ga¨ dj AuvKZ `qv wVK
bq| aiveuvav wbqgi ga¨ AuvKZ w`j wkïi mRbx kw³ e¨vnZ nq| wbRi D™¢vebx wPšÍv A¼b cÖKvk KiZ
bv cvij gy³ weKvk e¨vnZ nIqvi m¤¢vebv ewk| hnZz wkïi fvlv Ávb mxwgZ, kã fvÐviI mxwgZ, hvi
Rb¨ gyLi fvlv Øviv mewKQz cÖKvk Kivi ÿgZv Kg, dj Qwe AuvKv Zv`i AvZ¥cÖKvki GKwU gyL¨ welq|
eqmi ZviZg¨ Abymvi wkï A¼bK wewfbœ fvM fvM Kiv hvq| hgb-
• wnwRwewR ¯Íi (Scribbling stage)
• mvsKwZK Í̄i (Symbolic stage)
• Aa©ev Í̄e ¯Íi (Pseudo-realistic stage)
• ev¯ÍeZvi ¯Íi (Realistic stage)
wnwRwewR ¯Íi (Scribbling stage) wkï A¼bi ÿÎ GwU gRvi ¯Íi| wkïiv AuvKZ wMq Gjvgjv AuvwKSywKi gva¨g Zvi Kíbvi welqK
cÖKvk KiZ Pvq| kLjvwenxbfve bvbvb aibi iLvi mvnvh¨ Qwe AvuK ej G ¯ÍiK wnwRwewR ¯Íi ej|
cÖvK-cÖv_wgK Ae ̄vq wkïiv G Qwe¸jv GuK _vK|
-
mvs‡KwZK ¯Íi (Symbolic Stage) wkïiv Zv`i gbi fve cÖKvki Rb¨ fvlv Qvov mvsKwZK AsKbi Gi gva¨gI cÖKvk Ki _vK| wekl
Ki 6 _K 8 eQi eqmx wkïiv mvaviYZ mvsKwZK AsKbi gva¨g Qwe AsKb Ki _vK| ZvB wkï
A¼bi GB ¯ÍiK mvsKwZK ¯Íi ejv nq| hw` Kvb wkïK gviM Gi Qwe AuvKZ ejv nq, Ze GKwU k~b¨
w`q GKwU cU GuK Zvi Dci AviKwU QvU k~b¨ w`q gv_v GuK eo k~b¨wUi wbP ỳwU mij iLv w`q cv
GuK dje|
Aa©ev¯Íe ¯Íi (Pseudo-realistic stage) 9 _K 11 eQi eqm ch©šÍ wkïiv Aa©ev¯ÍeZvi Dci wfwË Ki Qwe GuK _vK| GB eqmi wkï`i Aw¼Z
QweZ ev¯ÍeZv eySvq bv Zey gb nq Qwei ga¨ wKQz ev¯ÍeZv AvQ| ZvB GB Í̄iK Aa©ev Í̄eZvi ¯Íi ejv nq|
-
ev¯Íe ¯Íi (Realistic stage) ev¯ÍeZvi ¯Íi mvaviYZ 5g kÖwYi kl _K ïiæ nq| G ¯Íi _K wkï`i A¼b ev Í̄eZvi GKUv cÖfve
cwijw¶Z nq| ev¯Íei mv_ Lvc LvBq G eqmi wkïiv Zv`i Qwe¸jv GuK _vK|
AsK‡bi cªKvi‡f`
A¼bi g~jm~Î Ges A¼bi c×wZi Dci wbf©i Ki A¼bi cÖKvif` wPwýZ Kiv nqQ| A¼bi m~Î ai
ejZ cviv hvq KvbwU Kvb aibi A¼bÑKvb m~Î ai AuvKv nqQ Ges Kxfve AuvKv nqQ|
AsK‡bi cÖKvi‡f` Abyhvqx AsKb‡K wewfbœ fv‡M fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q-
Nwl©Z wPÎv¼b (Mass Drawing)
mxgviLv wPÎv¼b (Outline Drawing)
gy³n Í̄ wPÎv¼b (Freehand Drawing)
hš¿i mvnvh¨ wPÎv¼b (Instrument Drawing)
Av`k© `L wPÎv¼b (Model Drawing)
¯§wZi mvnvh¨ wPÎv¼b (Memory Drawing)
KvíwbK wPÎv¼b (Imaginery Drawing)
eY©bvg~jK wPÎv¼b (Descriptive Drawing)
mRbvZ¥K wPÎv¼b (Creative Draw)
-
Nwl©Z WªBs (Mass Drawing) mvaviYZ PK, Kqjv, c¨v÷j, cvovgvwU ev Abyic Kvb wRwbm w`q Nl
Nl A¼b Kiv nq _vK m Rb¨ G RvZxq A¼bK Nwl©Z wPÎv¼b ev Mass Drawing ejv nq| G RvZxq
A¼bi mgq cÖ_g Kvb mxgviLv Uvbv nq bv| Kvb GKUv we› ỳ _K gva¨gwU w`q Nl Nl cwiKwíZ ic
`qv nq| iLvi mvnvh¨ wPÎic `qv KwVb ZvB cÖv_wgK Ae ̄vq wkï`i Gfve Qwe A¼bi myhvM `qv
DwPZ|
mxgv‡iLv WªBs (Outline Drawing) Nl©Yi wVK wecixZ njv mxgviLv wPÎv¼b| Nl©Yv¼bi ÿÎ Kvb
we› ỳ _K Avi¤¢ KiZ nq| cÿvšÍi mxgviLv wPÎv¼bi ÿÎ ïay evwnii iLv ØvivB A¼b KiZ nq|
GZ wPÎi fZi duvKv _vK| evsjv I BsiwR eY© wkLZ GB c×wZwU wekl fve mvnvh¨ Ki|
gy³ n‡¯Í wPÎv¼b (Free hand Drawing) wPÎi Ae ̄vb Ges AbycvZ wVK ivLvi Rb¨ Kvb wKQzi
mvnvh¨ QvovB Lvwj nvZ A¼b KivK gy³n¯Í wPÎv¼b ev Freehand Drawing ejv nq| A¼bi cÖv_wgK
Ae ̄vq wkï`i Lvwj nvZ A¼b KiZ DrmvwnZ Kiv DwPZ|
h‡š¿i mvnv‡h¨ wPÎv¼b (Instrument Drawing) AbycvZ, fvimvg¨ wKsev iLv, eË, wÎfyR, PZzf©R
BZ¨vw` A¼bi Rb¨ hLb Kvb hš¿i mvnvh¨ bqv nq ZLb ZvK hš¿i mvnvh¨ wPÎv¼b ev Instrument
Drawing ejv nq| MwYZ wKQz aviYvi ¶Î GB `¶ZvwU e¨envi Kiv nq|
Av`k© †`‡L wPÎv¼b (Model Drawing) †Kvb e¯i cÖwZKwZ `L A¼b KivK Av`k© wPÎv¼b ev
Model Drawing ej| gb _K A¼b Kivi Pq cÖ_g e ̄i g~j KvVvgv `L A¼b AbK fvj|
wkï`i cÖ_g gWj `L AuvKv kLvj wkïiv e¯ m¤úK© ev Í̄e aviYv jvf KiZ cvi| weÁvb welqwU
cvV`vb GB `¶ZvwU KvR jvM|
¯§„wZi mvnv‡h¨ wPÎv¼b (Memory Drawing) Kvb wKQzi Av`k© ev gWj bv `L gb _K A¼b
KivK ¯§wZi mvnvh¨ wPÎv¼b ev Memory Drawing ejv nq| e ̄ m¤úK© h gvbwmK wPÎwU gvbmcU
Aw¼Z nq is Zzwj ev cwÝji mvnvh¨ ZvÕB wPwÎZ Kiv nq| ¯§wZi mvnvh¨B wkïiv cÖ_g A¼b Ki _vK
Ges ZvZB Zviv Lye Avb›` cvq| ̄vbxq GjvKvi gvbwPÎ AsKb GB `¶ZvwU KvR jvM (cwiek cwiwPwZ
Gi mv_ hy³)|
KvíwbK wPÎv¼b (Imaginery Drawing) Kvb e¯, Av`k© ev wPÎi AbyKiY bv Ki wkíx wbRi Kíbv
_K hLb bZzb wKQz A¼b Ki ZLb ZvK KvíwbK wPÎv¼b ev Imaginery Drawing ej|
eY©bvg~jK wPÎv¼b (Descriptive Drawing) wkíx hLb Kvb NUbv ev Kvb ̀k¨i eY©bv ïb ev cvV
Ki Zvi Dci wfwË Ki wPÎ A¼b Ki ZLb ZvK eY©bvg~jK wPÎv¼b ev Descriptive Drawing ej|
-
m„RbvZ¥K wPÎv¼b (Descriptive Drawing) A¼bi mgq wkíx Zvi mRbx cÖwZfvi cwiPq w`q bZzb
bZzb fveavivi gva¨g h ̀k¨i AeZviYv Kib ZLb ZvK mRbvZ¥K wPÎv¼b ev Creative Drawing
ej| mRbvZ¥K wPÎv¼b ejZ g~jZ wkï wPÎKjvKB eySvq| KvíwbK eY©bvg~jK Ges mRbvZ¥K wPÎvsKb
wewfbœfve evsjv I BsiwR fvlv AvqË KiZ Mí I KweZv eySZ mvnvh¨ KiZ cvi
ch©‡e¶Y I AwfÁZvi gva¨‡g Qwe AuvKv
wkï A¼b ev Í̄eZv Avbvi Rb¨ wbR cwiek mPivPi hme wRwbm `LZ cvq m¸jv cÖ_g `L ci ¯§wZ
_K AuvKZ Póv Ki| ¯§wZkw³ I gavK Kvh©Ki Kivi Rb¨ G cšv LyeB cÖqvRb| cÖv_wgK ch©vq
A¼bi ev¯ÍeZv Avbvi Rb¨ ch©e¶Yi h_ó ¸iæZ¡ iqQ| ch©e¶Y Ki Qwe A¼b Kivi m½ gWji
GKUv wbweo m¤úK© AvQ G Rb¨ gWj KvK ej Zv wkï`i Rvbv `iKvi| hv `L Qwe AuvK ZvK gWj
ej| Kvb Kvb mgq ev Í̄e wRwbmi Abyic gvwU ev Ab¨ h Kvb c`v_© Øviv Zwi wRwbmKI gWj ejv
nq| wkïi cÖKwZ ¯v̂fvweK KíbvcÖeY| m hv Rvb ZvB AuvK hv `L Zv AuvK bv| GwU wkïi ejvq ev Í̄e
mZ¨| Qwe A¼bi gva¨g wkï G ¯̂fve _K axi axi ev Í̄eZvq wdi Avm| ZvB mewKQz fvjfve
ch©e¶Y KiZ ne| cÖwZwU wRwbmi MVb I AvKwZMZ cÖKwZ evSvi Rb¨ ch©e¶Y Ki AuvKZ ejZ
ne Ges mfve PP©v Kij KíbvcÖeYZv _K ev Í̄eZvq wdi Avme| wkï`i ch©e¶Y Ki Qwe AuvKvi
aviYv cÖ`vb I mnvqZv Kivi Rb¨ wkÿKi welqwfwËK aviYv _vKv `iKvi|
wbR cwiek cÖvß wRwbmcÎ, MvQ-cvjv, Ni-evwo, gvQ, cï-cvwL BZ¨vw`i mv_ fvjfve cwiwPwZ jvfi Rb¨
Ges `kxq wRwbmi cÖwZ AbyivM I fvjevmv ew×i Rb¨ ch©e¶Yi gva¨g Qwe A¼bi ¸iæZ¡ Acwimxg| h
Kvb ev Í̄e wRwbm wZb gvÎvq (`N©, cÖ ̄, DPZv) `Lv hvq, wKš A¼bi mgq ïay ỳB gvÎvq (`N©, cÖ ̄) A¼b
KiZ nq| ZvB cÖv_wgK ch©vq A¼b ïay e¯wUi mxgviLv AuvKZ nq| mxgviLv ev eW©vi jvBb AuvKZ
cvijB ai bqv nq e ̄wUi A¼b h_vh_ nqQ| G fve wb¤œi ¯ÍiwfwËK wewfbœ wRwbmi Qwe A¼b Ki
`Lvbv njv hv cÖwk¶K wk¶v_©x`i GuK `Lveb Ges wkÿv_©xiv AuvKeb|
-
Abykxjb wPÎ
-
A¼b `ÿ Kivi Rb¨ dig †f‡` wewfbœ Qwe A¼b c×wZ
Abykxjb wPÎ
cÖ_g ¯Íi wØZxq ¯Íi Z…Zxq ¯Íi
-
cÖ_g ¯Íi wØZxq ¯Íi Z…Zxq ¯Íi
-
cÖ_g ¯Íi wØZxq ¯Íi Z…Zxq ¯Íi
-
cÖ_g ¯Íi wØZxq ¯Íi Z…Zxq ¯Íi
-
cÖ_g ¯Íi wØZxq ¯Íi Z…Zxq ¯Íi
-
cÖ_g ¯Íi wØZxq ¯Íi Z…Zxq ¯Íi
-
cÖ_g ¯Íi wØZxq ¯Íi Z…Zxq ¯Íi
-
cÖ_g ¯Íi wØZxq ¯Íi Z…Zxq ¯Íi
-
RvZxq dzj, dj, gvQ, cvwL, cZvKv, ¯§„wZ‡m․a, knx` wgbvi I evN Gi Qwe A¼b
RvZxq cÖZxK¸jv m¤úK© Avgv`i cÖZ¨Ki aviYv _vKv cÖqvRb| G DÏk¨K mvgb iL cª_g _K
cÂg kÖwYi wk¶v_©x`i GB welq¸jv m¤úK© ev¯Íe Ávb AR©bi jÿ¨ wWwcGW cÖwkÿYv_©x`i Rb¨
cÖZxK¸jv A¼bi e¨e¯v ivLv nqQ|
1. kvcjv dzj Gi Qwe A¼b c×wZ
kvcjv Avgv`i RvZxq dzj| MÖvg evsjvi AvbvP-KvbvP, Wvevq, wej-wSj G dyji wewPÎ mgvivn `Lv
hvq| cjøx evsjvi Lvj-wej, w`wN Avi mivei kvcjv dyj Zvi cweÎ ic wbq dzU IV| kvcjv hw`I
MÜnxb ZeyI Gi m›`h©i Zzjbv bB|
wZbwU ¯Íii Dci wfwË Ki kvcjv dzj A¼b
cÖ_g ¯Íi: GKwU eË A¼b Kiæb|
wØZxq Í̄i: eËi gvSvgvwS ¯vb _K ïiæ Ki KqwU cÖavb cvcwo A¼b Kiæb|
ZZxq Í̄i: wØZxq Í̄i Aw¼Z dzji cÖavb cvcwoi Dfq cvk mgvb gvci Aviv cvcwo A¼b Kiæb| cÖavb
cvcwoi wbP ỳwU iLv Ub kvcjv A¼b Ki eËi `vM ivevi w`q gyQ djyb|
2. KuvVvj Gi Qwe A¼b c×wZ: KuvVvjK evsj`ki RvZxq dj wnme wPwýZ Kiv nqQ| KuvVvj
evsjv`ki me©ÎB Kgewk cvIqv hvq| GB dj imvjv I my¯v̂ ỳ| GB dj evsjv`ki Ab¨vb¨ dji
Pq cÖvwUb ewk| wZbwU ¯Íii Dci wfwË Ki KuvVvj A¼b Kiv nqQ|
-
cÖ_g ¯Íi: GKwU wWgi gZ MvjvKwZ A¼b Kiæb|
wØZxq Í̄i: wW¤̂vKwZi Dcii Ask QvU ỳwU iLv euvKv Ki Ub GKwU evUv A¼b Kiæb|
ZZxq ¯Íi: wW¤̂vKwZi Pvwicvk QvU QvU (
-
5. RvZxq cZvKv Gi Qwe A¼b c×wZ
jvj meyR AuvKv cZvKv Avgv`i Miei cÖZxK| jvLv knx`i i³i wewbgq Avgiv cqwQ GB cZvKv|
meyRi ga¨ jvj eË D`xqgvb m~h©i cÖZxK| eËi Pvicvk Mvp meyR wPi ZviæY¨i cÖZxK|
evsjv`ki RvZxq cZvKvi wbw`©ó GKwU gvc AvQ| Zv njv `N© I cÖ¯i AbycvZ 10: 6| A_©vr `N© hw`
305 mwg. (10 dzU) nq Ze cÖ ̄ 180 mwg. (6 dzU) ne| jvj eËwU cZvKvi `N©i 5 fvMi GK fvM|
cZvKvi `N©i 20 fvMi 9 fvM GKwU j¤̂ Ub ci cÖ¯i wVK gvSLvb `N©i mv_ mgvšÍivj Ki GKwU
iLv Uvbyb| G iLvwUi Q` we› ỳK K› ª̀ Ki GKwU eË AuvKzb| eËwU AuvKvi ci AcÖqvRbxq `vM¸jv gyQ
djyb| cUzqv Kvgiæj nvmvb RvZxq cZvKvi bKkv AsKb Kib|
6. ¯§„wZ‡m․‡ai Qwe AsKb c×wZ
jvLv knx`i i³i wewbgq Avgiv cqwQ ¯̂vaxb mve©fg G `k| knx` nqQ QvÎ, wkÿK, eyw×Rxex, KlK,
kÖwgK, e¨emvqx, ZiæY-ZiæYxmn bvg bv Rvbv AbK jvK| Zv`i AvZ¥Z¨vMi cÖwZ kÖ×v Rvwbq wbwg©Z nqQ
¯§wZma| hvi bK&kv A¼b KiQb cÖKkj wek¦we`¨vjqi Aa¨vcK ¯cwZ ‣mq` gBbyj ‡nv‡mb| wZbwU Í̄ii
Dci wfwË Ki RvZxq ¯§wZmai Qwe A¼b Kiv nqQ|
AsKb c×wZ: cÖ_g 14 Bw j¤¦v GKwU fwg iLv A¼b Kiyb| fwg iLvi gvSLvb সাড়ে 10 Bw gvci GKwU
j¤¦ Uvbyb| f wg iLvK 1 Bw Ki fvM Ki 14 fvM Ges j¤¦ iLvK mgvb 7 fvM fvM Kরুb| AZtci j¤¦
iLvi Dfq cvk¦©B cÖ_g `vMi mv_ j¤¦ iLvi Dcwi fvM _K wgj Kiæb Ges AwZwi³ `vM¸jv gyQ
djyb|¯§wZmai cÖKZ gvc fwg iLv 184 wdU Ges DPZv 154 wdU|
-
7. knx` wgbvi Gi Qwe AsKb c×wZ
fvlv Av›`vjbi `vweZ 1952 mvji 21 deªæqvwi huviv knx` nqwQjb Zuv`i cÖwZ kÖ×v cÖ`k©b I ¯§wZ
iÿv_© knx` wgbvi Zwi Kiv nq| cÖL¨vZ wkíx nvwg ỳi ingvb knx` wgbvii bK&kv A¼b Kib| mnR
AbymiYxq Kvb euvav aiv c×wZ ev wbqg bvB hv AbymiY Ki knx` wgbvi A¼b Kiv hvq| whwb AuvKeb Zuvi
AvMÖn ev BQv Abyhvqx h Kvb QK ev c×wZ Aej¤̂b Ki wZwb AuvKZ cvib| Ze knx` wgbvii gvSLvb
wZbwU ¯Í¤¢ GKUz eo Ges mvgbi w`K GKUz euvKv/SuvKvbv _vKe| ỳÕcvk ỳÕwU Í̄¤¢ GKUz QvU ne| gvSi
¯Í¤¢K gvqi Ges QvU Í̄¤¢ ỳÕwU mšÍvbi cÖZxK wnme Avgiv e¨envi Kwi| knx` wgbvii Ab¨Zg icKvi
bfiv Avng`|
-
is I Gi fvev_©
wek¦ cÖKwZ is-Gi gjv| ̀k¨gvb RMZ Avgiv hv wKQyB `LZ cvB Zv Kvb bv Kvb is Øviv AveZ| Avgiv
h w`K ̀wó `B me©ÎB wewPÎ is-Gi wecyj mgvivn| D¾¡j is I eY©gq cÖvKwZK cwiek wkï gb Acvi
Avb›` `q| mnZy is Gi cÖv_wgK aviYv, kªwY wefvM I mwVK e¨envi GKRb wk¶Ki Rb¨ AZ¨šÍ
cÖqvRb| m~h©i Avjv Kvb wÎKvYvKvi KuvPi (wcÖRg) ga¨ w`q cÖwZmwiZ nj Avgiv mvZwU is `LZ
cvB| is mvZwU njvÑ e¸wb, bxj, Avmgvwb, meyR, njy`, Kgjv I jvj| ms¶c G is¸jvK
ebxAvmnKjv ejv nq| Zi½i ZviZg¨i Dci wfwË Ki isK wZb fvM fvM Kiv hvq| h_vÑ
cÖ_g Í̄‡ii is ev †g․wjK is (primary colours): †h is Ab¨ Kvb ỳB ev AwaK is Gi wgkÖY Zix nq bv
ZvK gwjK is (primary colours) ejv nq|
gwjK is (primary colours) wZb cÖKvi, h_v - jvj, njy`, bxj
wØZxq ¯Í‡ii is ev gva¨wgK is (secondary colour): †gwjK h Kvb ỳBwU isqi wgkÖY h is Zix nq
ZvK wØZxq Í̄ii is ev gva¨wgK is (secondary colour) ejv nq|
gva¨wgK is (secondary colour) wZb cÖKvi, h_v- e¸bx , meyR , Kgjv
gva¨wgK is (secondary colour)
cÖ_g ¯Í‡ii is ev ‡g․wjK is
jvj bxj njy`
jvj Ges bxj wgkÖY e¸bx
njy` Ges bxj wgkªY meyR
jvj Ges njy` wgkÖY Kgjv
-
Z„Zxq Í̄‡ii is ev wgkÖ is (Tertiary colours)
GKwU cª_g ¯Íii is ev gwjK is (primary colours) Ges GKwU wØZxq ¯Íii isev gva¨wgK is
(secondary colour) Gi mswgkªY h is Zwi nq ZvK ZZxq Í̄ii is ev wgkÖ is (tertiary coloures)
ejv nq| hgb- njy`+Kgjv= LuvwU mvbvi is ev KbK, jvj+ Kgjv= BU is, jvj+e¸bx=AvjZv is,
bxj+e¸bx=aymi is, bxj+ meyR giKZ is, njy`+ me yR= Ri` is|
cª_g ¯Íii is ev gwjK is (primary colours) Ges wØZxq ¯Íii is ev gva¨wgK is (secondary
colour) Qvov evKx me is ZZxq Í̄ii is ev wgkÖ is (tertiary colours) ejv hvq|
Z„Zxq Í̄‡ii is evwgkÖ is (tertiary colours)
mv`v is:
hLb me¸jv AvjvK Zi½ mgvb D¾¡jZv Ges DPZvq PvLi mvgb cÖwZfvZ nq ZLb mv`v is ̀wóMvPi
nq| mv`v is njv me¸jv is Gi mgwó| A_©vr mv`v is Gi ga¨ mKj is Gi Ae¯vb we`¨gvb|
Kv‡jv is:
hLb AvjvK Zi½i ¶Î hLb Kvb is Gi Dcw ̄wZ _vK bv| A_©vr is Gi ¶Î hLb m¤ú~Y© k~b¨Zvi mwó
nq ZLb m Ae ̄vK Avgiv ewj Kvjv is| Kvjv is njv is Gi Abycw ̄wZ|
wbi‡cÿ is:
G is Gi A_© njv wekl Kvb is Gi c¶ bq| A_©vr mKj c¶i DciB Zvi GKUv cÖfve _vKe| mv`v
Kvjv Ges mKj cÖKvi a~mi is wbic¶ is Gi kªwYfy³| mv`v Ges Kvjv m¤ú~Y© Ges a~mi is¸jv
AvswkKfve wbic¶|
is Gi •ewkó¨ ev ¸Y:
cÖZ¨KwU is Gi ga¨ wZbwU ewkó¨ ev ¸Y we`¨gvb| h_vÑeY © (Hue), MvpZv I jNyZv (Value),
eY©i D¾¡jZv I Aby¾¡jZv (Intensity)|
eY©: eY©i A_© nQ wekl Kvb is Gi mgvek, hgbÑjvj, bxj I njy`| is Gi GB ¸Yi dj
GK wRwbm _K Ab¨ wRwbmK ev GKwU isK Ab¨vb¨ is _K c_K Ki `Lv m¤¢e|
-
is Gi MvpZv I jNyZv: Qwe AuvKvi mgq Kvb Kvb mgq is Gi MvpZv A_ev jNyZv `Lvbvi cÖqvRb
nq Ges m Abyhvqx Mvp wKsev nvjKv is Gi e¨envi Kiv nq _vK|
is Gi D¾¡jZv Ges Aby¾¡jZv: cÖqvRb Abyhvqx Kvb Kvb mgq is Gi D¾¡jZv ew× Ges Kgvbv
m¤¢e|
is Gi gb¯ÍvwË¡K cªwZwµqv:
isGi mv_ gvbyli GKUv wbweo m¤úK© AvQ| wewfbœ is gvbyli gb fveveMi mwó Ki| wkíx Zuvi gbi
h fvewU mwVKfve e¨³ Kivi Rb¨ mwVK iswU wbe©vPb Ki bb `k©Ki gbI wewfbœ is `L wewfbœ fve
mÂvixZ nq _vK| h is Gi mv_ h gb¯ÍvwË¡K wµqv c&ªwZwµqvi e¨vcviwU mswkøó Zv njvÑ
• jvj: jvj is gvbe gb DËRbvi mwó Ki| jvj iswU njv i³i is Zv i³cvZ, wec`RbK Ges
DËRbvi ev AZ¨šÍ AvKl©Yxq Kvb cwiw ̄wZi Bw½Z enb Ki|
• bxj: bxj is Gi mv_ gvbe gbi GKUv cÖkvšÍ Ae¯vi m¤úK© Rwoq AvQ| Mvp bxj MfxiZvi
Avfvm `q| m¤¢eZ AvKvki is Gi mv_ GB gbi fvei Kvb m¤úK© AvQ|
• njy`: njy` is gvbe gbi Avb›` Djvmi cÖZxK| wewfbœ AvPvi Abyôvb G is e¨envi nq _vK| GUv
gvbyli gb¯ÍvwË¡K Awfe¨w³I eU|
• mv`v: mv`v is njv c~Y©Zv, cweÎZv Ges kvwšÍi cÖZxK|
• Kvjv: Kvjv is kvK-Zvc, ỳtL-welv` Gi Bw½Z enb Ki|
• meyR: cÖKwZi mv_ wgj iL KLbI ew× ev hebi cÖZxK ej gb Kiv nq|
is Gis AšÍwb©wnZ A_© Av‡Q hv wb‡gœ D‡jøL¨ Kiv n‡jv
is‡qi bvg A_©c~Y© mvgÄm¨
jvj (D¾¡j)
mv`v
Kvjv
Kgjv
bxj
e¸bx
D¾¡j njy`
mvbvjx njy`
meyR
aymi-wc½j
meyR bxj
njy`
aymi (gwjb)
DÂZv, `xwß, AwMœwkLv, A¯ÍMvgx m~h©
cweÎZv, c~Y¨Zv, Avb›` , ùzwZ©
kvK, nZvkv, Awbó, cvc
ü`qveM, Kvgbv, bKU¨, DòZv, Kgjv jey
cÖkvwšÍ, gvnbxqZv, kxZjZv,
gnZ¡eva, gh©v`v, ah©¨
ag©xq AveM, Z¨vM, avb, ml©dzj
Hk¦h©, ¯v̂¯̈ , mgwØ, mvbv, m~h©gyLx dzj
cÖvPzh©, mRxeZv, Nvm, KwPcvZv
kvwšÍ , D`vmxbZv , gwËKv
KvgjZv, Avb›`, mgy`ªi dbv
we¯§q
AKZKvh©Zv
-
cÖK„wZ †_‡K cvIqv is
k¨vgj kvfvq mykvwfZ G evsjv`ki me RvqMvZB wewfbœ MvQcvjv, jZvcvZv, dj-dzj BZ¨vw`Z cwic~Y©|
Gme MvQ-cvjv, jZv-cvZv, dzj-djmn wewfbœ wRwbm _K Avgiv mnRB bvbv cÖKvi is cZ cvwi hv Zwi
Ges e¨envi KvgjgwZ wkïiv Drmvnx nq| hgb -
†e¸wb isÑcvKv cuyB kvKi dj I wQUKxi dj
meyR is Ñ mxg cvZvi im I Muv`v dzji cvZvi im
njy` isÑKuvPv njy` A_ev ïKbv njy`i im
Kgjv isÑgnw` cvZvi im A_ev wkDjx dzj
Kv‡jv is ÑKvV Kqjv ev ivbœvi cvwZji Zjv _K, Zji evwZ _K
L‡qwi is ÑWDqv MvQi Qvj, KuvPv Mve I KPy MvQi im _K Ges Lqi _K|
†iLvwPÎ, cÖvK…wZK `„k¨ I Rj is G Qwe AuvKv
Kvb we› ỳ hLb Pjgvb nq ZLb iLv Zwi nq| GB iLv w`q Avgiv bvbv aibi jLv mvsKwZK wPý
e¨envi Kwi hv Avgv`i Rxebi mv_ IZcÖvZfve RwoZ| Qwe AuvKv, bK&kv, BwÄwbqvwis WªBs, mvsKwZK
wPý GgbwK Avw`g hyMi AuvKv wPÎI g~jZ iLv wbf©i| Avw`g hyM GB iLvB wQj gvbyli Ab¨Zg fvlv hv
mf¨ RMZ GmI Avgiv KvR Kg© mvÿ¨ ivwL| wkïiv hLb fvlv kL bv, K_v ejZ cvi bv ZLb Zviv
Qwei gva¨g wbR`i cÖKvk KiZ Pvq| eZ©gvb iLv wPÎi eûj cÖPjb iqQ| bvbv aibi mij iLv,
eµ iLv, wÎfzR, PZyf©yR, eË BZ¨vw` e¨envi Ki Qwe I bK&kv Zwi Kiv nq hv e¨envwiK Rxeb LyeB
cªqvRb| bK&kv njv ev Í̄eag©x wPÎKjvi mvivsk| bK&kvi e¨envwiK Dcv`vb 8wU|
h_vÑ1. wfwË (Base) 2. †iLv (Line) 3. w`K (Direction) 4. AvKvi (Size) 5. AvK…wZ (Shape) 6.
eybU (Texture) 7. gvb (Value) 8. is (Colour)
wb‡¤œ wewfbœ ai‡bi †iLvi gva¨‡g wKQz mnR A¼b †`Lv‡bv n‡jv|
-
WªBs (cÖvK…wZK „̀k¨)
-
cÖvK…wZK „̀k¨ AvuKvi cØwZ
wek¦ cÖKwZi Acic mgvivni ga¨ Avgv`i emevm| cÖKwZi cÖwZwU Dcv`vbi mv_ Avgv`i AvwZ¥K GKUv
m¤úK© AvQ| hvi GKUv cÖfve Qwe AuvKZ cwijw¶Z nq| cÖKwZ wbf©i welqe¯K KqKwU fvM fvM Kiv
hvq| hgbÑ ̄vb, Kvj I cwiek| GB ̄vb, Kvj I cwieki cÖfve hZ ¯̂vfvweK I ev¯Íeag©x ne QwewU ZZ
̀wób›`b I cÖvYešÍ ne| welqe¯ Abyhvqx wPÎi Pvwi cvk¦© mxgviLv wPwýZ Ki is, AbycvZ, cwicÖw¶Z I
fvimvg¨ mwVK e¨envi Ki Qwe AuvKZ ne| AbK mgq mxgviLv bv UbI cyivUv KvMR Qwe AuvKv hvq|
Qwe AuvKvi mgq cÖ_gB GKUv welqe ̄K K› ª̀ Ki Ab¨vb¨ welqe ̄i mwbœek NUvZ ne| hvZ Qwei
fvimvg¨ wVK _vK Ges `k©K `L hb ej QwewU Lye my›`i nqQ|
Rj is G Qwe AvuKvi c×wZ
Rj is mvaviYZ ỳaibi nq| 1. ¯̂Q Rj is 2. A¯̂Q Rj is|
¯”̂Q Rj is:
GUv cvwb wgwkªZ is| Qwe AuvKvi Rb¨ Rj is Ab¨Zg GKwU gva¨g| G is-G Qwe AuvKvi Rb¨ wKQzUv Af¨vm
_vKv cÖqvRb| Rj is Qwe AuvKvi mgq Qwei ga¨ D¾¡jZv Ges is Gi cwicÖw¶Z Gi cÖfve _vKZ ne|
Qwei ga¨ G cÖfve¸jv ivLvi Rb¨ AwfÁZv _vKvi cÖqvRb| Rj is G Qwe AuvKvi ÿÎ 3wU ch©vq kl
KiZ nq| dv÷ Iqvk, mKÛ Iqvk I _vW© Iqvk| A_©vr cÖ_g welqe ̄wU cwÝj w`q WªBs Ki Gi ci
is e¨envi KiZ ne| is e¨envii mgq Qwei welqe¯ Abyhvqx cÖ_g nvjKv Ki is w`Z ne| wØZxq evi
is e¨envi cª_g evi cvwbZ is Gi cwigvY hZUzKz _vKe Zv _K ewk Mvp Ki w`Z ne| ZZxq evi ev
kl evi wØZxq evi cvwbZ h cwigvY is _vKe Zv _K ewk Mvp Ki jvBU GÛ kW Abyhvqx is e¨envi
KiZ ne| _vW© Iqvk is Gi cwigvY ewk wbq welqe ̄i ZviZg¨ Abymvi
h_v ̄vb Mvp is e¨envi KiZ ne| jvj I bxj is Gi mv_ welqe ̄i DchvMx is w`q AvjvQvqv evSvZ
ne Ges GUvB ne jv÷ Iqvk| Rj is e¨envi c×wZZ gvg is Ges wMømvwib e¨envi Kiv hvq|
-
A¯̂”Q Rj is:
G is mvaviYZ A¯̂Q| hgb- cvóvi Kvjvi, GµwjK Kvjvi, cvw÷K Kvjvi| wkïiv G is-G Qwe AuvKZ
LyeB cQ›` Ki| KviY w_K Kvjvi Qwe AuvKj is D¾¡j nq| Avevi is e¨envii c×wZ njv Mvp is _K
nvjKv| GKB c×wZZ Zj is G Qwe AuvKv nq | wkï hLb Av¯Í Av¯Í Zvi ev¯Íeag©x QweZ wdi hvq ZLb
m ¯̂Q is G Qwe AuvKZ cQ›` Ki|
-
c¨v‡÷j is AuvKv Qwe
-
iw½b I mv`v KvMR KU bKkv Ges KvMRi gÐ w`q gWj/mRbkxj wkíKg© Zwi Kiv
gvwU I cvU w`q wewfbœ gWj Zwi
LRyicvZv, bvwiKj cvZv I wWgi Lvmv w`q wkíKg© Zwi
iwOb I mv`v KvMR †K‡U bKkv Ges KvM‡Ri gÐ w`‡q g‡Wj/m„Rbkxj
wkíKg© •Zwi
AvengvbKvj ai MÖvg I kni iwOb KvMRi e¨envi nq AvmQ| iwOb KvMR w`q wewfbœ aibi bK&kv
ZwiZ wkw¶Z Awkw¶Z cÖvq mevB Af¨ Í̄ Ges mKji KvQ wcÖq| iwOb KvMR w`q Avgiv AbK my›`i
bKkv, c¨vUvb©, cï, cvwL BZ¨vw` Zwi Ki _vwK| iwOb KvMR e¨envi Ki Kvb wRwbm Zwi wkïi mRbkxj
cÖwZfv weKvki Rb¨ LyeB mnvqK| ZvQvov wewfbœ AvPvi Abyôvb bvbvfve G aibi KvRi e¨envi _vKj
Abyôvb AZ¨šÍ AvKl©Yxq nq IV Ges Abyôvbi ¸iæZ¡ ew× cvq| wekl Ki wewfbœ iOi KvMR w`q
Ni`vi mvRvj AbK ~̀i _K LyeB my›`i `Lv hvq|
wbkvb •Zwi
is-eis Gi KvMRi wbkvb mvR m¾vi Rb¨ Lye mnR GKwU wRwbm| Kvb Abyôvb hvIqvi ØvicÖvšÍ ev
gmwR`, gw›`ii mvgb euvk ev KjvMvQ cyuZ PviKvYv ev wZb KvYvi wbkvb Mu_ `Iqv nq| kvfvhvÎv ev
Drme Abyôvb ev wgwQj mevi nvZ is-eis Gi wbkvb _vKj wgwQj Lye AvKl©Yxq nq| wbkvb ỳÕaibi
PviKvYv I wZbKvYv| wbkvb Zwii Rb¨ cyiv KvMRwU hvZ KvR jvMvZ cvib mfve KvMRwU fuvR w`b|
KvMRi mvBR 75 mwg. j¤̂v I 50 mwg. PIov nj fvj nq| Gevi KvMR ỳB LÛ GK mv_ wbq
PvifuvRKi KvUzb| Gevi wKQz KvMR PviKvYvi iL evwK KvMR wZbKvYvKwZ KU wbkvb Zwi Kiæb|
Aa¨vq - wZb
-
KvMR LÛ AvVv w`q cvU KvwV/euvki `woZ jvwMq e¨envi DchvMx Kiæb| KvwVZ KvMR jvMvbvi mgq
gb ivLZ ne h KvMR hb Dëvcvëv bv nq|
KvMR †K‡U wkíK©g
cÖ_g GKwU mv`v ev iwOb KvMR (jvj KvMR) welqwUK WªBs Ki (hgb cÖRvcwZ, cvwL, nwiY, dzj BZ¨vw`)
Gw›UKvUvi A_evKvuwP w`q welqwU Qvov evwK AskUzKz Lye mveavb KU dj w`Z ne| Gi ci jvj KvMR
KvUv cÖRvcwZwUi DjUv wcU AvVv jvwMq mv`v A_ev nvjKv is Gi KvMR jvwMq wbZ ne| GB cªwµqvq
h Kvb KvMR KU wkíK©g Kiv hvq|
-
KvM‡Ri gÐ w`‡q g‡Wj/m„Rbkxj wkíKg© •Zwi Kiv
gÐ •Zwii c×wZ
cª_g avc-
dj `qv h Kvb wbDRwcÖ›U / wbDR ccvi QvU QvU UzKiv Ki Kvb evjwZ/Mvgjvq 2/3 w`b cwi¯vi
cvwbZ wfwRq ivLZ ne| cvwbZ fRvi ci big nj cvwb evi Ki So Zzj djZ ne,cÖqvRb
nvZ w`q Qvwoq wbZ ne| KvMR AbKw`b wfRj ev KvMR gqjv _vKj AbK mgq ỳM©Ü nq hZ
cvi| ZvB GKUz weøwPs cvDWvi ev KqK duvUv WUj w`j ỳM©Ü nIqvi m¤fvebv Kg _vK| Gfve KvMRi
gÐ Zwi Ki wbZ ne| gÐ Kvb cÖKvi gqjv cvIqv Mj cwi¯vi Ki wbZ ne| eøÛvi eøÛ Ki wbj
fvjv nq|
wØZxq avc
KvMRi gÛi mv_ AvbycvwZKnvi PK cvDWvi wgkªb Kij gÛ mv`v `Lvq| gÛK k³ Kivi Rb¨ gÛi
mv_ Aí AvVv ev Mvg wgkvZ ne | h Kvb AvVv ev MvgB e¨envi Kiæb bv Kb ZvZ GKUz ZyuZ wgwkq
wbZ ne| cieZ©x mgq KvMRi gÛi Zwi wkíKg©wU hb Kvb cvKv gvKo _K i¶v cvq|
Z…Zxq avc
gÛ Avi Mvg GK mv_ AvbycvwZK nvi wgwkq KvRi DchvMx Ki my›`i GKwU có Zwi Ki wbZ ne|
Zwi KZ có w`q Pvwn`v gZv wkíKg© Kiv hve| gb ivLZ ne, hZUzKz gÛi KvR Kieb, ZZUzKz gÛZ
Mvg gkvZ ne| KviY Mvg gkvbv gÛewk¶Y big _vK bv | evZvm ïwKq k³ nevi m¤¢vebv _vK| Mvg
-
wgkvbv gÛ msi¶Yi cÖqvRb nj cwj e¨vM WK ivLv hZ cvi, Ze ỳB GK w`bi ga¨ e¨envi Kij
fvj nq|
KvMR ev gÛ w`‡q wkíKg© •Zwi Kiv
QvP e¨envi K‡iÑcÖ_g wbDRwcÖ›U KvMR j¤̂v Ki KU wbZ ne| Zvici cvwbZ wfwRq QvPi
Dci cuPvZ ne| cÖ_gevi cuPvbvi ci cieZ©x KvMR Mvg jvwMq cuPvZ ne| Gfve ci ci
ek KqK evi cuwPq GKUv ¯̂vfvweK cyiæZ¡ Gm Mj Gi Dci gÛ Aí Aí Ki jvwMq
wkíKg©wUi KvR kl KiZ ne| Gi ci kywKq Mj Q uvPwU ei Ki wbZ ne| ỳB wZb w`b ci
cÖ_g GK ỳB evi mv`v is jvwMq Gi ci cQ›` gZ is w`q KvRwU kl KiZ ne|
hgb- cyZzj, dzj`vwb, gyLvk|
-
gÐ w`q ZwiKZ mvwcP I gyLvk
gvwU I cvU w`‡q wewfbœ g‡Wj •Zwi
gvwU njv wkïi mnR cÖvc¨ wRwbmi ga¨ GKwU| wkïiv mnRjf¨ wRwbmcÎ wbq me mgq bvovPvov Ki|
nvZi KvQ cÖvß mvgMÖx w`q hLb hv Lywk evbvZ Pvq Ges m me wbqB cÖvqk e¨¯Í _vK| mnR cÖvc¨ mvgMÖxi
ga¨ gvwU GKwU wekl Dcv`vb hv wkï`i AZ¨šÍ wcÖq e¯| mvaviYZ GuUj gvwU njv Kvb wRwbm Zwi Kivi
Rb¨ DchvMx|
gvwU ‣Zixi wbqg
gvwU w`q Kvb wKQy Zwii c~e© gvwUi aib Ges e¨envi DchvMx Kiv m¤úK© AewnZ nIqv cÖqvRb|
mvaviYZ GuUj gvwU njv Kvb wRwbm Zwi Kivi Rb¨ DchvMx| ïKbv GuUj gvwU ¸ov Ki QvuKwb w`q
QuK cwigvY gZ cvwb wgwkq KvRi DchvMx Ki wbZ nq| mePq fvj nq cÖKwZ cÖvß GuUj gvwU cvIqv
Mj| GuUj gvwU hw` ewk fRv nq Ze ïKbv PU w`q XK hLb k³ Kv`vZ cwiYZ nq ZLb gvwU
KvRi DchvMx Kivi Rb¨ evi evi wcl wbZ nq| gvwU wcl bqvi ci gvwU Ggb GKUv ic aviY Ki hLb
gvwUZ nvZ w`j gvwU nvZ jvM bv ZLbB eySZ ne gvwU KvRi Rb¨ DchvMx nqQ| ZvQvov gvwUi mv_
hw` BUi UzKiv ev k³ Kvb aibi e ̄ ev wRwbm _vK m¸jv Avjv`v Ki wbZ ne| Zv bv nj ZwiKZ
gWj ev wRwbm dU hZ cvi|
g‡Wj •Zwi
gvwU w`q KvR Kivi mgq wk¶K gb ivLeb wkï kªwY _K cÂg kªwY DchvMx welqe ̄B hb Zv`i
cÖwZcv`¨ welq nq| A_©vr wbKU cwiek cvIqv hvq ev AwZcwiwPZ welqe ̄ hgbÑAvg, cuc, Zvj, e¸b,
Kjv, Mvm, Kvc-wcwiP, dyj`vwb, evwU BZ¨vw`| wkïi DchvMx welqe ̄ wbq KvR Kivi mgq H welq m¤úK©
-
KZUzKz aviYv AvQ Zv Rvbvi Rb¨ evW© WªBs Ki wk¶K wkÿv_©xi welqi MVb m¤úK© aviYv w`Z cvib|
Zvici cÖqvRb cÖwk¶K ¯ÍiwfwËK GuK `Lveb (cÖqvRb gWj `LvZ cvib)| Gici wk¶v_©xiv Zwi
Kieb| gvwU w`q Kvb wKQz Zwi Kivi mgq gb ivLZ ne h, gvwU
c÷ Kivi mgq A_©vr gvwUi Dci gvwU jvMvbvi mgq hb gvwUi wfZi evZvm bv _vK| gvwUi wfZi evZvm
_vKj gvwUi Zwi wRwbm dU hZ cvi| gvwUi Zwi gWj cÖv_wgK Ae¯vq QvqvZ ïwKq wbq ci iv`
ïKvj dU hvIqvi m¤¢vebv Kg _vK| ZwiKZ gWj mvaviYZ cvovbv nq bv ZvB msiÿYi Rb¨ ï®
RvqMvq ivLvB kÖq|
gvwU w`‡q •ZwiK…Z wewfbœ g‡W‡ji Qwe
-
gvwUi g‡W‡j is Kivi wbqg
gvwUi Zwi gWj is Kivi c~e© ZwiKZ gWj¸jv fvjfve ïwKq wbZ nq| ïKvbvi ci is Kivi c~e©
mv`v PK cvDWvi cvwbZ ¸j is Kivi ci gWji aib Abyhvqx is KiZ ne| Gme KvR Kg `vwg is
e¨envi Kiv hvq| u̧ov is cvwbZ Nb Ki ¸j Zzwj ev Kvco w`q is Gi cÖjc w`Z ne| Kvb Kvb mgq
evwb©k e¨envi Kiv hvq| Ze evwb©k is e¨envii mgq nvZ jvMvi m¤¢vebv _vK| ZvB Kivwmb Zj ev
Zviwcb w`q nvZ jM _vKv evwY©k ZzjZ nq| cÖKwZ _K cÖvß is gvwUi Zwi wRwbm jvMvbv hvq| hgb-
Pzb, njy`, gwiPi u̧ov, Lqi, cuyB Gi dj, wmg cvZvi im, KuvUv gv›`vi dzj, wkDjx dzj, cvKv wQUKxi MvUv
BZ¨vw`| GQvov KwÎg isI e¨envi Kiv hZ cvi|
gvwUi Kv‡Ri Uzj&m
cvU w`‡q cyZzj •Zwi
cvU mvbvwj Auvk wnme cw_exZ cwiwPZ| cvU `bw›`b KvR hgb e¨envi Kiv nq Zgb mwLb wRwbm,
Ljbv, Ni evwo mvRvbvi DchvMx AbK wKQzZI e¨envi Kiv nq| MªvgxY Rxeb ïay bq kni RxebI
cvUi e¨envi h_ó cwigvY| evsjv`ki cÖvq me RjvZ Kg ewk cvU Drcv`b nq| ZvB wkï`iK cvUi
h_vh_ e¨envi Kkj AvqË Kiv cÖqvRb| cvUi Zwi cyZzj mKji KvQ LyeB wcÖq| wkïiv cvU w`q cyZzj
Zwi Ki AbK Avb›` cvq|
cvU w`‡q cyZzj •Zwi
-
cyZzj ‣Zixi cÖwµqv
cÖ_g dvjv dvjv Ae ̄vq gvUvgywU 4 mwg. e¨vmi GK MvQv cvU wbb| wPiæwb w`q cvUi MvQvwU AuvPwoq
mgvb I gmY Kiæb| MvQi mePq gmY AskUzKy eQ wbq Ggbfve KvUzb hvZ 38 mwg. j¤̂v _vK|
cvUi Auvk hvZ Gjvgjv bv nq mfve ivLyb| Gevi mvgvb¨ cvU nvZ wbq nvZi Zvjyi mvnvh¨ eji gZ
Kiæb Ges cvUi Auvk w`q cuwPq ejwU k³ Ki euvayb| ejwUi e¨vm hb AvovB mwgt Gi gZ nq|
AuvPovbv cvUi MvQv nvZ wbb Ges wVK gvSLvb m~Zv w`q KqKwU cu¨vP w`q k³ Ki euvayb| cvUi
MvQvwU euvavi mgq wbPi Ask nvZi gyVvq ai Dcii Aski Auvk¸jvi Pvwiw`K mgvbfve Qwoq w`b|
Qovbv Avuki wVK gvSLvb cvUi ejwU iL Auvk¸jv Avevi GKÎ Ki eji Mv Num eua w`b| Gevi GB
Ask ev nvZi gyVvq wbq Aci Aski Auvk¸jv Pvwiw`K Qwoq w`q eji Dci wbPi w`K Nywiq Avbyb|
Lqvj ivLeb eji Pvwiw`wK cvUi Auvk hb mgvbfve Uvb I gmY nq em| Gevi eji wVK wbP iwOb
m~Zv cuwPq w`b| 1 mwg. gZ RvqMv cuPvbv nj k³ Ki eua w`b|
m~Zv euvavi ci wbPi Lvjv cvUi MvQvi ỳw`K _K wKQz wKQz Auvk wbq miæ ỳwU eYx cvwKq w`b| GK
GKwU eYx 6 mwg. Ki j¤̂v nj eYxi wbP iwOb m~Zv cuwPq euvayb| GB euvabi wbP 1 mwg. cwigvY cvU
iL evowZ Ask KU djyb| GB ỳwU eYx ne cyZzji nvZ| GLb evwK cvUi h gvUv MvQv _vKjv Zv
wbPi w`K mgvb Ki KU w`b| `Leb cyZzji Av`j Gm MQ| gv_vi Dcii KvRi Rb¨ Avjv`v wKQz
cvU wbq eYx Ki gv_vi Dci wVK gvSLvbUvq myB-m~Zv w`q mjvB Ki AvUwKq w`b| eYx hb gv_vi
ỳcvk mgvbfve Szj _vK| cyZzj PvL I gyL iwOb myZv w`q mjvB Ki w`b| `Leb GKwU my›`i cyZzj
nq MQ|
cv‡Ui iwk w`‡q †Uwej g¨vU •Zix
AvU-`k nvZ j¤̂v GKMvwQ miæ cvUi iwk wbb| iwki e¨vm gvUvgywUfve 4 wgwjwgUvi nj fvj nq| cvUi
iwk GK gv_v ai Nywiq cuwPq QvU GKwU PvKwZ Ki myB-m~Zv w`q mjvB Ki w`b| Ggbfve mjvB
Kieb hvZ m~Zv PvKwZi Dci ev wbPi w`K _K `Lv bv hvq| Gfve µgvMZ cwuPq I mjvB Ki 15
-
mwg. cvUi iwk w`q Uwej g¨vU Zwi e¨vmi GKwU PvKwZ Zwi Kiæb| PvKwZi Pvicvk bK&kv Kivi Rb¨
µgvMZ `woZ fuvR/XD Zzj mjvB Kiæb| Gfve Pvwicvk XD Zvjv kl nj `woi kli gv_vwU
Ggbfve mjvB Ki w`b hvZ cvUi Auvk ei nZ bv cvi|
†LRyi cvZv, bvwi‡Kj cvZv I wW‡gi †Lvmv w`‡q wkíKg© •Zwi
†LRyi cvZv, bvwiKj cvZvI wWgi Lvmv Kviæwkí GKwU wekl ̄vb `Lj Ki AvQ| G welq¸jv
KviæwkíB ïay bq mbvZb wkíi HwZn¨ enbKvix GKwU gva¨g| Gme mvgMÖx w`q ZwiKZ wkíi mv_
Avgiv mKjB cwiwPZ| mbvZb wkíi HwZn¨ wUwKq ivLZ G mei ¸iæZ¡ Acwimxg|
bvwi‡Kj cvZv w`‡q †Ljbv Nwo I Pkgv •Zwii c×wZ
Avgv`i `ki cÖvq me©ÎB bvwiKj MvQi WMvi wbPi w`Ki cvZv mvaviYZ GKUz gvUv I cyiæ _vK| H
cvZv WMv _K Qvwoq wbq gvSLvbi kjvwU Avjv`v Ki cvZvwUK ỳwU fvM fvM Ki wbZ ne| ci H
cvZvi Mvovi w`Ki I AvMvi w`Ki wKQz Ask KU KvRi mvBR Abyhvqx Ki wbb| wPÎi gZ cvZvi wKQz
Ask KU fuvR Ki eo j¤̂v Aski mv_ mshvM Ki w`b| mshvM ¯j cvZvi eo Ask fuvR Ki wØZxq
Aski wfZi XzwKq Pvc w`q fuvR Ki w`b| `Leb Nwoi gZ nq MQ| cÖqvRb gZ cvZv iL evwK
Ask KU djyb| mvaviYZ ZZxq kÖwY _K wkÿv_©xiv G aibi KvR Af¨¯Í nq| bvwiKj cvZv w`q
Pkgv ZwiI GKwU gRvi welq| Nwo ZwiZ hviv Af¨¯Í Zviv AwZ mnRB Pkgv Zwi KiZ cvie| Nwo
Zwi Ki nvZi KwâZ jvMvbvi Rb¨ cvZvi j¤̂v AskUzKz Dëv w`K Nywiq w`j Pkgvi gZ ỳwU MvjvKvi
ic be| ci MvjvKwZi ỳÕcvk ỳwU bvwiKj cvZvi kjv KvMR wcb jvMvbvi gZ wQ ª̀ Ki XzwKq w`jB
Pkgv Zwi nq hve|
-
†LRyi cvZv w`‡q cvwU •Zwii c×wZ
LRyi MvQ evsjv`ki cÖvq me RvqMvq cvIqv hvq| hkvi Ges dwi`cyi Rjvq LRyi MvQ ewk Rb¥|
hkvi I dwi`cyi Rjvi jvKiv LRyi cvZv w`q cvwU I gv ỳi Zwi Ki _vK| G gva¨g KvR Kij
cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq wk¶v_©x cÖv_wgK wk¶v kl Ki KD KD A_© DcvR©b KiZ mÿg ne| cÖ_g Aí KqwU
cvZv w`q wb¤œi c×wZ Abyhvqx eybb ïiæ Kiæb| hnZz cvZvi `N ©̈ Kg mnZy GK aviv c×wZZ eybb
fvj| eybb ïiæ Kivi ci gvSLvbi wPKb WuvUvUv Qvwoq cvZv¸jv ỳfvM fvM Ki wbb| Gevi GKwU cvZv
Dci Ges GKwU cvZv bxP w`q ch©vqµg cvZv Rvov w`q eybZ _vKzb| Gfve GKwU evbv nj GKwUi
mv_ Avi GKwU Rvov w`q cvwU Zwi Ki djyb|
wW‡gi †Lvmv w`‡q cyZzj •Zwii c×wZ
GKwU wWg cwi®vi Ki ayq wbb| cyZzj evbvbvi Rb¨ nuvmi wWg nj fvj nq KviY nuvmi wWgi Lvjm
Zzjbvg~jK k³| wWgi miæ gv_vi w`K Lye mveavb GKwU wQ`ª Ki wfZii Kzmyg I jvjv ei Ki Avbyb|
ci cvwb XywKq wfZiUv fvj Ki ayq ïwKq wbb| Gevi GK LÛ k³ KvMR w`q 25/30 mwg. e¨vmi eË
AuvKzb| eËi iLv eivei KuvwP w`q KU GKwU PvKwZ Zwi Kiæb| PvKwZwU mgvb wZb fvM fvM Ki GK
LÛ KU wbq PvLv gv_vUv mvgvb¨ KU dj mvRv ỳB wKbviv GKwUi Dci GKwU Zzj AvVv w`q Rvov
w`b| KvMRwU GKwU PvOvi gZ ne| PvLv gv_vwU wWgi Lvjki wfZi XywKq cvZjv KvMR w`q PvOi
mv_ wWgwU AvVv w`q jvwMq w`b| wWgwU hb PvOi gv_vq mvRv em _vK| Gevi wWgi Lvjki Dci
cyZzji PvL, gyL, bvK, Kvb, Pzj GuK w`b|
-
evW© KvMRi PvOi Dci cyZzji Mjvq gvjv I cvkvK GuK A_ev Avjv`v Kvco w`q cvkvK Zwi Ki
cwiq w`b| Avevi wWgi LvmvZ cvkvK jvwMq n¯ÍPvwjZ cvcU Zwi Kiv hvq| gv, evev, fvBevb Gi
cvkvK jvwMq cwievi Zwi Kiv hvq|
wW‡gi †Lvmvq AswKZ wkíKg©
-
AvaywbK cÖhyw³i gva¨‡g Qwe AuvKv
PviæI KviæKjv wel‡q †kªwYwfwËK AR©b Dc‡hvMx †hvM¨Zv
cvV cwiKíbv
mnvqK MÖš’cwÄ
AvaywbK cÖhyw³i gva¨‡g Qwe AuvKv
ICT ev Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i aviYv
ICT nQ Information and communication technology-Gi msw¶ß ic (Acronym) evsjvq hv Z_¨ I
hvMvhvM cÖhyw³ bvg cwiwPZ| GKKfve ICT Gi me©Rb¯x̂KZ Kvb msÁv `qv KwVb| Kbbv wewfbœ ¶Î
wewfbœ fve ICT Gi cÖqvM NUQ|
Z_¨i (Information) Zwi, cÖevn, msi¶Y, wewbgq, hvMvhvM, cybi×vi BZ¨vw`i Rb¨ h wWwRUvj cÖhyw³
e¨eüZ nq AvmQ ZvB ICT hvMvhvM Avgv`i Lye cwiwPZ GKwU kã, Avi cÖhyw³i AbK D`vniY Avgv`i
Pvi cvk Qwoq AvQ| Avgiv hLb ÒZ_¨ I hvMvhvM cÖhyw³Ó K_vUv ewj ZLb Avgiv wKš wekl GKUv wKQy
evSvB| gvUK_v weÁvbi Z_¨i Dci wbf©i Ki Zwi Kiv bvbv iKg hš¿cvwZ Avi KjvKkj e¨envi Ki
hLb gvbyli RxebUvK mnR Ki `qv nq mUvB nQ cÖhyw³|
ICT Gi gva¨g
ICT-Gi mydj cuQ `qvi Rb¨ wewfbœ aibi gva¨g (ICT Media) e¨envi Kiv nq _vK| Lye cwiwPZ
gva¨g¸jv nQ -
• Radio • Television • Video • Cassette / Tape
Aa¨vq-Pvi
-
• CD / DVD • Telephone • Computer • Hardware and Software • Multimedia Projector • Internet • Setellite System etc.
Ze G¸jvi ga¨ eZ©gvb Kw¤úDUvi Ges Gi nvW©Iq¨vi I mdUIq¨vi-B wk¶v¶Î ewk e¨eüZ nQ|
wk¶v‡¶‡Î ICT (Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³)
gvbyl wkLZ ïiy Ki Zvi cwievi _K, cwiek _K| wkïiv AbyKiY, AbymiY Ki cÖ_g wkLZ ïiy Ki|
Avevi evev gvi mv_ fve wewbgq Ki bvbvb AvKvi BswMZi gva¨g| hvMvhvMi ïiæ I ejv hvq GLvb
_KB, cieZ©xZ wkïiv K_v ejZ kL, fvei Av`vb cÖ`vb Ki, Z_¨ wewbgq Ki| Gici ¯zj fwZ© nq;
kªwYK¶ wk¶K, mncvwV`i mv_ wgj bvbvb welq Ávb I AwfÁZv AR©b KiZ _vK| Zvnj `Lv hvQ,
gvbyli wk¶v AR©bi g~j iqQ AwfÁZv AR©b Ges Z_¨i Av`vb cÖ`vb| ZvB GB Z_¨ Av`vb cÖ`vbi
cÖwµqvK hZ AvKl©Yxq I Kvh©Kifve Dc ̄vcb Kiv hve| wk¶v AR©bI ZZ mnR nq DVe| GB Z_¨
Av`vb cÖ`vb ev hvMvhvMK AvKl©Yxq Kvh©Ki KiZ e¨eüZ nQ wewfbœ aibi wWwRUvj cÖhyw³| ZvB
wk¶v¶Î Z_¨ I hvMvhvM cÖhyw³ e¨envi LyeB Kvh©Kifve Kiv সম্ভব। Qwe AuvKvi K_vB aiv hvK, wkïiv gbi fve cÖKvki gva¨g wnme Qwe AuvKv ïiæ Ki mnRvZ cÖewËZ 2/3
eQi eqm _KB| iO Zzwj ev cwÝj RvZxq DcKiYi gva¨g wkïiv g~jZt cÖKvk NUvq Zvi wPšÍv
PZbvK| w`b w`bB Gme mvgMÖxi e¨q ew× cvIqvq AbK AwffveK m¸jvi ms ̄vb w`Z cvib bv| wKš
cÖhyw³ wkï`i G KvR AbK mnvqK fwgKv ivLe| KviY AvMvgxZ we`¨vjq¸jvZ wWwRUvj cÖhyw³
wkï`i `viMvovq AvmQ| AbK aibi GwcøKkb mdUIq¨vi Gi gva¨g wk¶v_©xiv Qwe AuvKv, b·v,
Bjv÷ªkb BZ¨vw` KvR ewPÎc~Y© I Avb›``vqK AwfÁZv Zwi Kie| Zv Qvov cwigvwR©Z cÖv_wgK wk¶v
KvwiKzjvg, Pviæ I KviæKjv welq GKwU AR©b DchvMx hvM¨Zv (PZz_© I cÂg kªwY) mshvM nqQ
ÔAvaywbK cÖhyw³Z Qwe AuvKvÕ| ZvB wWwcGW cÖwk¶Y wk¶K`i G welq mg¨K aviYv Ges ev Í̄e AwfÁZv
AR©bi j¶¨ cÖwk¶Yi Ask wnme hy³ nqQ|
Kw¤úDUvi mnvqK wkLb
GB c×wZZ wk¶v_©xiv mivmwi ICT e¨envii gva¨g GKv GKv wK¤̂v `jxqfve wkLZ _vKe| Kw¤úDUvi,
gvwëwgwWqv KbU›U e¨envi Ki Zv`i MZvbyMwZK wkLb c×wZi evBi bZzb aviYv AR©bi gva¨g bZzb
welq wkLZ _vKe| G c×wZZ kªwYK¶, kªwYK¶i evBi, Kw¤úDUvi j¨ve evwoZ wK¤̂v h Kvb ¯vb
kLvi myhvM _vKQ| ckvMZ wk¶vq ICT welqK cÖv_wgK aviYv Ges cÖqvM m¤úK© AwfÁZv AR©bi
myhvM _vKvq GLvb msw¶ß AvKvi WªBs Uzjevi I wewfbœ WªBs Ges AvU© Gi wewfbœ mdUIq¨vi wbqB
AvjvPbv nqQ|
-
WªBs Uzjevi
cvIqvi cq›Ui DBÛvZ me mgq WªBs UzjeviwU mU Kiv _vK| DBÛvi wbPi w`K G UzjeviwU Ae ̄vb
Ki| GwUi wewfbœ Uzj e¨envi Ki ø̄vBW WªBs Kiv hvq| Awdm-7 G mshy³ WªBs AeR±wU e¨envi Ki
cvIqvi cq›Ui ¯øvBW my›`i my›`i WªBs I b·v Kiv hvq| GwU e¨envi Ki Ggb wKQy WªBs Kiv hvq hv
KejgvÎ Ab¨vb¨ cÖwm× mdUIq¨vi ØvivB Kiv m¤¢e wQj| mvaviY h Kvb WªBs K_ªxWvBgbkbvj (3-D)
Gd±, wewfbœ aibi iOi e¨envi, jvBwUs, kW, evnvwi aibi U·Pvii e¨envi Ki AwZ my›`iZg
WªBs-G ic`vb Kiv hvq| ¯øvBW WªBs Kivi Rb¨ c ©̀vq WªBs Uzjevi mPj Ki wewfbœ Uzj e¨envi KiZ nq|
Drawing UzjeviwU hw` c ©̀vq bv _vK Zv nj mUv Avbvi Rb¨Ñ
avc-K: bZzb dvìvi I bZzb cvIqvi cq›U dvBj Lvjvi wbqg:
• Kw¤úDUvi mwVK wbqg Open Kiæb
• Kw¤úDUvii Desktop-G Lvwj RvqMvq ivBU gvDm wK¬K Kiæb
• New _K Folder G wK¬K Kiæb| Desktop G New Folder bvg GKwU bZzb dvìvi Avme
• Kx-evW© wbRi bvg A_ev h bvg w`Z BQzK Zv UvBc Ki dvìviwU Rename
Kiæb Double Click wK¬K Ki dvìvii wfZi XyKzb
†dvìv‡ii wfZ‡i Lvwj RvqMvq ivBU gvDm wK¬K K‡i New
Point Presentation-G wK¬K Kiæb| GKwU bZzb cvIqvi c‡q›U dvBj Avm‡e
-
• সসটিড়ে Rename K‡i GKwU wbw`ó bvg †hgb: Project-1 bvg w`b| dvBjwU Double Click K‡i
wfZ‡i XyKzb
• wbw`©ó †dvìv‡i bZzb GKwU cvIqvi c‡q›U dvBj Lyjyb| bvg w`b-cÖ‡R± 1 Office Button Quick Access Toolbar Ribbon Command Group Titlebar
-
Outline and Slide View Working Window Status bar View Button
• Slides KgvÛ MÖæc †_‡K Lay out Blank wbe©vPb Kiæb|
• Home menu †Z wK¬K K‡i Toolbars G wK¬K Kiæb|
• Drawing G wK¬K Kiæb; c`©vq Drawing ToolbarwU cÖ`wk©Z n‡e|
• Drawing KgvÛMÖæc †_‡K B‡”QgZ Line, Arrow, Rectangle, Oval cÖf„wZ Shape wbe©vPb
K‡i ¯øvB‡W AuvKzb| Kx-‡ev‡W©i Shift †P‡c a‡i AuvK‡j Shape wUi AvbycvwZK nvi wVK _vK‡e|
• wbw`©ó †dvìv‡i bZzb GKwU cvIqvi c‡q›U dvBj Lyjyb| bvg w`b Project-3
• Slides KgvÛMÖæc †_‡K Layout Blank wbe©vPb Kiæb|
-
• Drawing KgvÛ MÖæc _K BQvgZ Line, Arrow, Rectangle, Oval cÖfwZ wbe©vPb Ki ¯øvBW
AuvKzb| Kx evW©i ShiftPc ai AuvKj Shape wUZ AvbycvwZK nvi wVK _vKe|
• cÖvKwZK Qwe AuvKvi Rb¨ Shapefill hq Curve Line wmj± KI LeftKey Pc BQgZ MvQ, Ni,
b`xi AuvKv euvKv jvBb Kiv hve|
Paint Software e¨envi K‡i Qwe AuvKv
me Kw¤úDUvi/jcUc PaintSoftware Bb÷j Kiv _vK bv| Start All
Programme-G wK¬K Ki `L wbZ ne| bv _vKj Paint Software wU Bb÷j Ki wbZ ne|
Start evUb wK¬K Ki Paint Double Click Ki DBÛvwU Icb Kiæb|
Title bar-G Home wiebwU wmj± Kiæb|
Toolbar-G Pencil, Fill with Color, Text, Color picker-h KvbwUZ wK¬K Ki mv`v
Surface G BQgZ WªBs Kiv hvq| form- G Color KiZ hq Fill Color G wK¬K Ki BQ
Abymvi Color evi hq iO Kiv hvq|
h Kvb AcÖqvRbxq jvBb/Color Gm Mj BiRvi G wK¬K Ki wbq gyQ djv hvq ev Undo Z hq c~e©i KvwÿZ Ae¯vq Avmv hvq|
Qwe AuvKv kl nj Save Kiæb|
QwewU ¯øvBW wbZ Mj Kwc Ki Save evUb wK¬K Kij DBÛvwU Avmj W¯Uc h dvìvi
(Power Point Presentation) Gi ¯øvBW wbZ Pvb, ZvZ wK¬K Ki Save evUb wK¬K Ki Save Kiæb|
Shape রংKiæb
-
Kvbv Shape is KiZ PvBj Zvi Dci Wvej wK¬K Kiæb| GZ Format wiebwU
wbe©vwPZ ne Ges Format wiebi wewfbœ KgvÛMÖæc mg~n w¯b Avme (Qwe `Lyb)
Shape Fill †_‡K cQ›`gZ is wbe©vPb Kiæb| GQvov wewfbœ Gradient wbe©vPb Ki‡Z cv‡ib
Shape Outline G wM‡q cQ›`gZ AvDUjvBb is wbe©vPb Kiæb| GQvov lineGi Weight evov‡Z ev
Kgv‡Z cv‡ib|
Shape Effect _K wewfbœ Bd± Shadow, 3-D, Glow cÖfwZ hy³ KiZ cvib|
Shape-resize Kiæb: h shape wU resize KiZ Pvb mwU gvDm w`q wK¬K Kiæb| Shape wU wmj±
Ae ̄vq `Lve| h Kvb Kvbv ai gvDm w`q Ub `Lyb, shape wUi AvKvi cwieZ©b ne|
[ Shift †P‡c shape wU †KvbvKzwb a‡i Uvbyb| G‡Z shape wU AvbycvwZK nv‡i eo ev †QvU n‡
-
¯øvB‡W wewfbœ ai‡bi Shapes hy³ Kiv
GgGm cvIqvic‡q‡›U Default AvKv‡i bvbv ai‡bi shape I style •Zwi Kiv Av‡Q| †mLvb †_‡K
cQ›`g‡Zv shape wb‡q KvR Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
-
Shape Gwb‡gkb
Text, Qwe, Shapes cÖf„wZ GKB Dcv‡q Gwb‡gkb Kiv hvq| Project-2 Gi Gwb‡gkb ce©wU j¶ Kiæb| Line ev ArrowwPý e¨envi K‡i †Kvb welq‡K wPwýZ Kivi †¶‡Î wb‡Pi DcvqwU j¶ Kiæb
• Drawing KgvÛ MÖæc †_‡K Arrow shape wU wbe©vPb K‡i ¯øvB‡W GKwU Zxi wPý AuvKzb
• Zxi wPýwU wm‡j± Ae¯’vq _vK‡e| bv _vK‡j Zvi Dci wK¬K Kiæb| GwU‡Z effect hy³ Kiv n‡e
• Drawing KgvÛ MÖæc †_‡K Custom Animation wbe©vPb Kiæb| Wvbcv‡k GKwU e· Avm‡e
-
Pviæ I KviæKjv wel‡q †kªwYwfwËK AR©b Dc‡hvMx †hvM¨Zv I cvV cwiKíbv
f‚wgKv
cÖwZwU wkïB wbRi cwiek cÖKwZi Avjv, evZvm, ic, im I MÜ BZ¨vw`i ga¨ eo IV| axi axi m
Zvi Pvicvki RMr I e¯i m½ cwiwPZ nq Ges wewfbœ welqi cÖwZ Zvi AbyivM Rb¥vq| GB AbyivM _KB
m mnR I ¯v̂fvweKfve Zvi cwieki gvbyl, cï-cvwL, MvQ-cvjv, b`x-bvjv BZ¨vw`mn cÖKwZi m›`h©i
mgvivn DcfvM Ki| Gfve wkï Kíbv KiZ fvjevm, ¯̂cœ `LZ fvjevm| Zvi ga¨ axi axi
mRbkxjZv Ggbfve Zwi nZ _vK h Zvi nvZi KvQ hv cvq ZvB w`q m AuvPo KvU, wewfbœ wRwbm
bo Po `L, KLbv KLbv fvOPzi Ki; GBfve e¯i h wewfbœ ic Zvi mvgb Db¥vwPZ nq Zv `L m
mwói Avb›` bP IV|
G wkï`iK Avgiv mybvMwiK wnme Ges cwikxwjZ gvbyl wnme Mo ZzjZ PvB| G j¶¨ wbq wkïK
mRbkxj I mywkw¶Z Ki Mo Zvjvi Rb¨ ek wKQy welqi Dci Avgiv ¸iyZ¡ w`wQ|
Ab¨vb¨ welqi m½ Pviæ I KviæKjv welqwU mviv wek¦B wkï wk¶vi Rb¨ GKwU cwiKwíZ I Avewk¨K welq
wnme ¯̂xKZ jvf KiQ| cÖv_wgK wk¶v ¯Íi _KB Pviæ I KviæKjv welqwU evsjv, BsiwR, cwiek
cwiwPwZ mgvR I weÁvb BZ¨vw` welq wk¶v jvf mnvqK fwgKv ivLZ cvi| Qwe AuvKv I Ab¨vb¨ wkíKg©
Zwi wkïiv Avb›`i m½ Ges ¯̂Ztù~Z©fveB Ki| QvU GKwU wbw ©̀ó gvci KvMR, Nievwo, MvQcvjv,
gvbyl, cï-cvwL AuvK Ges wbRi BQgZ is w`q my›`i Ki Zvj| wbRi AuvKv Qwe `L m wbR hgb
Avb›` cvq m m½ AePZb Zvi gbi KZ¸jv welqi PP©vI nq hvq| hgb m›`h©eva, kLjveva,
cwikxwjZ nIqv eva BZ¨vw`| h me e ̄K wbq m Qwe AuvK m¸jvi cÖwZ Zvi AbyivM Rb¥vq| Gfve
wkï cÖKwZcÖgx Ges cÖKwZi e ̄ mvgMÖx Rxe RšZy BZ¨vw`i cÖwZ ggZ¡eva mg× nZ _vK| `kK
fvjevmvi ¯únv I wPšÍv wkïKvj _KB m cq hvq| mRbkxj gvbylB `kK DbœwZi c_ wbq hZ cvi|
DPZi ch©vq Avgv`i `ki miKvwi I emiKvwi wek¦we`¨vjq PviæKjv Abyl` I wefvM iqQ| cÖv_wgK
wk¶vi ek KqKwU cÖvwšÍKhvM¨Zvi Dci ¸iæZ¡ w`q Pviæ I KviæKjvi eZ©gvb wkLbµg Zwi Kiv nqQ|
m¸jv njvÑ
1| wkïK Zvi Kíbv, KZ~nj, mRbkxjZv weKvk AvMÖnx Ki Zvjv|
2| gvbevwaKvi, AvšÍR©vwZKZveva, wek¦åvZZ¡ I mvgvwRK cÖwZôvbi cÖwZ AvMÖnkxj Ki
Zvjv|
3| ¯v̂axb I gyw³wPšÍvq DrmvwnZ Kiv, MYZvwš¿K ixwZbxwZ Abykxjb Kiv|
4| fvjg›`i cv_©K¨ Abyaveb Kiv|
5| cÖKwZ, cwiek I wek¦ RMr m¤úK© Rvbv, cwieki Dbœqb I msi¶Y DØy× Kiv|
6| gyw³hy×i PZbvq `kcÖg I RvZxqZveva DÏxß Kiv, `k Movi KvR mwµq nZ DrmvwnZ Kiv|
7| RvZxq BwZnvm HwZn¨ I ms¯wZ m¤úK© Rvbv Ges kª×vkxj nIqv|
8| me©vcwi, evsjv`kK fvjfve Rvbv I ggZ¡eva DØy× Kiv|
-
Avek¨Kxq wkLbKªg
welq: Pviæ I KviæKjv
welqwfwËK cÖvwšÍK
†hvM¨Zv
†kÖwYwfwËK AR©b Dc‡hvMx †hvM¨Zv
cÖ_g †kÖwY
wØZxq †kÖwY
Z…Zxq †kÖwY
PZz_© †kÖwY
cÂg †kÖwY
1| Qwe AuvKvi
cÖv_wgK DcKiYi
mv_ cwiwPwZ nIqv|
1.1 Qwe AuvKvi
KvMR, cwÝj, iO,
Kvjvi c¨vjU I
Zzwji mv_ cwiwPwZ|
1.1 Qwe AuvKvi KvMR,
cwÝj, c¨v÷j iO,
Rj iO, Kvjvi c¨vjU
I Zzwji mv_ cwiPq|
1.1 Qwe AuvKvi KvMR,
cwÝj, c¨v÷j iO,
Rj iO, cv÷vi iO
Ges wewfbœ cÖKvi Zzwj
m¤úK© RvbZ cviv|
1.1 wewfbœ iKg Kvwj,
Zzwj, cwÝj I iwOb
Kjg, mvBbcb m¤úK©
Rvbv|
1.1 wkï`i Qwe AuvKvi wewfbœ
iKgi iO Zzwj, cwÝj
Ges wewfbœ cÖKvi cwÝji
ewkó¨MZ cv_©K¨ ©Rvbv |
(2B, 3B, 4B, 6B BZ¨vw`|)
2| Lqvj Lywk gZ
Qwe AuvKv|
2.1 wkï Zvi
BQgZ Qwe AuvKe|
wkïi Kíbvq, wPšÍvq
m hv fve, Zv
Ljvi Avb›` wbq
AuvKe|
2.1 wkï Zvi BQgZ
Qwe AuvKe| m wbRB
wVK Ki wbe m Kvb
welq Qwe AuvKe|
2.1 wkï hv wkLQ Ges
Zvi Pvi cvkUvK
hfve `LQ A_©vr
Zvi Rvbv RMr _K
welq wbq BQgZ Qwe
AuvKv|
2.1 cwiwPZ h Kvb
wRwbm I cÖvKwZK `k¨
BQgZ Kíbv _K iO
ev cwÝj AuvKv|
2.1 cwiwPwZ h Kvb e¯,
cÖvKwZK `k¨, fvlv Av›`vjb,
gyw³hy× welqK ¯§wZ ¯Í¤¢ BZ¨vw`
Aek¨B wbRi BQgZ AuvKv|
3| AwfÁZv wfwËK
I ch©e¶Yi gva¨g
Qwe AuvKv|
3.1 wkï wbRi
cwiek hv `L
wK¤^v Dcjwä Ki
Ges hv Zvi KvQ
fvjv jvM Zv
BQgZ AuvKe|
3.1 wkï wbRi cwiek
hv `L wK¤^v Dcjwä
Ki Ges hv Zvi KvQ
fvjv jvM Zv BQgZ
AuvKe|
3.1 wkï Zvi cvlv cvwL
A_ev Zvi wcÖq Rxe-
Rši Qwe AuvKv|
3.2 wkï eovZ wMq
Kvb RvqMv fvj jvMj
gb _K m RvqMvi
Qwe AvuKv|
3.1 MvQ, dzj-dj, cvZv,
cvwL I gvQ ch©e¶Yi
gva¨g ¯§wZ _K
AuvKZ cviv|
3.2 wkïi `Lv MÖvg,
knii wekl wekl
`k©bxq ̄vbi Qwe
(wPwoqvLvbv, hv`yNi,
¯§wZma, gjv BZ¨vw`)
AuvKv
3.1 wkïi wcÖq Ljv, Drme,
Rb¥w`b, C`, c~Rv, eow`b, e×
c~wY©gv, beel©, gjv, evRvi
BZ¨vw`i Qwe eyw× LvwUq
BQgZ iO w`q AuvKZ cviv|
-
4| eY©gvjv jLv/ my›`i
nvZi jLvi Af¨vm
Kiv|
4.1 evW©/ LvZvq
evsjv ¯̂ieY©i
A¶i¸jv eo Ki
jLZ kLv|
4.1 wkïi ¯̂vfvweK
evsjv BsiwR jLv
mwVK Ges my›`ifve
wjLZ kLv|
4.1 `vM Qvov mv`v
KvMR jvBb mvRv Ki
nvZi jLv jLZ
cviv|
4.1 miy, GKUz gvUv,
gvSvwi gvUv Ges ek
gvUv wewfbœ gvci Kjg
w`q jLv kLv|
4.1 evsjv-BsiwR msL¨v BZ¨vw`
eY© I wPýK wewfbœ bK&kvi
Av`j wjLZ wkLe;
4.2 GB bK&kvwU wewfbœ iO ne
Ges mv`v KvjvZ Zwi KiZ
cviv|
5| iLvwPÎ A¼b|
5.1 wkï`i iLv
A¼b n Í̄ Pvjvbvi
Af¨m Kivbv|
5.1 Qwe AvuKvi KvMR
ïay iLv w`q QvU eo
wewfbœ AvKvii bK&kv
Zwi Kiv|
5.1 wZbwU wÎf~R Ges
wZbwU eË mvwRq Qwe
Zwi KiZ cviv|
5.1 gy³ n¯Í iLv w`q
QvU eo AbK ¸jv eË
GuK wbRi gZ bKkv ev
Qwe Zwi KiZ cviv
5.1 gy³ n¯Í iLv w`q QvU eo
wÎfzR ev eË w`q bK&kv ev Qwe
Zwi KiZ cviv|
6| gwjK iOi
mv_ cwiwPZ nIqv
Ges Qwe GuK iO
Kiv|
6.1 gwjK iO ¸jv
fvj Ki wPbe Ges
e¨envi Kiv wkLe|
6.2 g․wjK ỳBwU iO wgwkq Ab¨ h
iO¸jv nq mUv
wkLe|
6.1 gwjK Ges wgwkªZ
iO¸jvi mv_ dzj,
cvwL, MvQcvjvi iO
gjvZ kLv|
6.1 gwjK Ges wgwkªZ
iOi mgš̂q AbK
ewk Qwe AvuKvi Af¨vm
KiZ cviv|
6.1 wÎfzR, PZzfy©R I
eËi mvnvh¨ bK&kv
A¼b Ki bK&kvwU
g․wjK I wgwkÖZ iO w`q fivU KiZ cviv|
6.1 wkï-Zvi BQgZ hme Qwe
AvuKe ZvZ g․wjK I wgwkÖZ iO¸jvi ewkó¨ wPbZ wkLv|
7| Ab¨vb¨
DcKiYi mv_
cwiwPZ nIqv|
7.1 Qwe AuvKvi
cwiwPZ DcKiY Qvov
Ab¨vb¨ DcKiYi
mv_ cwiPq
7.1 Kv`vgvwU, iwOb
KvMR, AvVv, cvULwo,
LRyi cvZv, bvwiKj
cvZv, wSbyK, bywo cv_i,
wWgi Lvmv, QvU eo
KvVi UzKiv BZ¨vw`
w`q Qwe I Ab¨vb¨
wkíKg© evbvbv|
7.1 Kv`vgvwU, iwOb
KvMR, AvVv, cvULwo,
LRyi cvZv, bvwiKj
cvZv, wSbyK, bywo cv_i,
wWgi Lvmv, QvU eo
KvVi UzKiv BZ¨vw`
w`q Qwe I Ab¨vb¨
wkíKg© evbvbv|
7.1 Kv`vgvwU, iwOb
KvMR, AvVv, cvULwo,
LRyi cvZv, bvwiKj
cvZv, wSbyK, bywo cv_i,
top related