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Imperialism in Southeast Asia
European Powers Invaded the “Pacific Rim”
Imperial Nation
Territories Controlled
Great Britain Malaysia, Burma, and Singapore
The Netherlands
Indonesia (“Dutch East Indies”)
France Indochina (Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia)
United States Philippines and Hawaii
Britain and France allowed Siam (present day Thailand) to stay independent as a buffer between their possessions in S.E. Asia
Imperialism in Southeast Asia
Why Southeast Asia? Land (mainly islands) perfect for
establishing trading and military posts Excellent for plantation agriculture
Rubber TeaTimber PineapplesSpices SugarCoffee Tin
Imperialism in Southeast Asia
Colonial Economies Colonial powers did not want their
colonists to develop their own industries so they focused on the exports of raw materials
Natives worked at poverty level wages on plantations owned by foreign investors. Conditions were horrible and unhealthy
Imperialism in Southeast Asia
Resistance to Colonial Rule at 1st – came from ruling classes
(leaders) Peasant revolts that were quickly put
down Early 1900s, resistance came from a
new urban middle class that had been educated in Western schools, spoke western languages
In the 1930s, these resistance movements began to demand national independence.
22.1 China Resists Outside Influence
In 1793, the Qing Emperor (Qianlong, above left) received an ambassador (Lord George McCartney, right) from Great Britain, but rejects the importation of goods from the British saying they were not interested in the
“strange objects” offered from the West.
China rejected offers of trade from the West because it was largely self-sufficient in the ways:◦ Agriculture
Quick-growing strain of rice since the 11th century Maize, sweet potatoes, and peanuts since 17th/18th
centuries◦ Natural Resources
Salt, tin, silver, and iron◦ Manufacturing
Silks, high-quality cottons, fine porcelain
China and the West
Foreigners were only allowed to trade at 1 port, Guangzhou.
Trade balance was in China’s favor (China exported more than it imported)
European merchants decide to sell the habit-forming drug opium (a narcotic derived from the opium poppy plant) in China to obtain a favorable trade balance.
By 1835, as many as 12million Chinese were addicted
The Tea-Opium Connection
The Qing emperor was angry about the drug trade coming from the British.
In 1839 the Emperor’s advisor writes a letter to Queen Victoria demanding the drug trade stop. It doesn’t.
The Opium War breaks out between Britain and China in 1839, but is fought mainly at sea.
The Chinese are no match for Britain’s steam-powered gun boats.
The Treaty of Nanjing is signed in 1842 Opened up 5 ports in China to Westerners Britain got control of Hong Kong Marked the beginning of Western influence in
China
War Breaks Out
Extraterritorial Rights The British enjoyed extraterritorial
rights, which meant that British citizens were not subject to Chinese laws, but, if accused of a crime in Chinese trading ports, but would only be tried by British courts.
Basically allowed the drug trade to continue.
Population grew to 430 million by 1850, a 30% increase in 60 years.
Food production did not keep up with this increase -> lots of people starved.
Discouragement increased opium addiction Chinese began to rebel against the Qing
Dynasty
Growing Internal Problems
Hong Xiuquan began recruiting followers to help him build a “Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace.”
Hong referred to himself as the “younger brother of Jesus Christ”
His movement was called the Taiping Rebellion. 2 goals:
◦ Get the poor people land◦ Get women equal rights
Taiping Rebellion
By 1850s, Hong organized a massive peasant army and took control over large areas of southeastern China.
1853 Hong captured Nanjing and made it his capital.
Qing imperial troops and British and French forces all launched attacks against the Taiping government.
By 1864 the rebellion was put down, but at least 20 million people died in the rebellion.
Taiping Rebellion
Chinese government has both internal and external pressures.◦ Internal
Taiping Rebellion and other rebellions among the peasants
Growing food shortages◦ External
Pressure from foreign imperial powers was increasing
Foreign Influence Grows
Debates emerged in the Qing court◦ Some leaders wanted to reform and modernize
according to Western ways.◦ Some clung to traditional Chinese ways
Begin policy of “self-strengthening”◦ China should adopt western technology but still
keep it’s Confucian values
Efforts @ Reform
Foreign nations attack China and through treaties gain more control over China’s economy.
Many of Europe’s major powers and Japan gain spheres of influence—areas in which the foreign nation controlled trade and investment.
Other Nations Step In
The U.S., having no sphere of influence, declared its Open Door Policy demanding free trade for all nations in China.
Written by John Hay, from America
Britain and other European nations agree to this demand.
Open Door Policy
1898, Emperor Guangxu introduced measures to modernize China’s educational system, economy, military, and government.
Qing officials saw these innovations as a threat and called on his aunt Empress Dowager CiXi to act.
She has Guangxu arrested and reverses his reforms.
An Upsurge in Chinese Nationalism
Emperor Guangxu (center)
Resentful of the privileges of foreigners, a secret organization called the Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists is formed.
They are called the “Boxers” for short and carry out a campaign against foreigners known as the Boxer Rebellion.
1900—the Boxers descend on Beijing and surround the European section of the city.
The Boxers murder Europeans, missionary, and diplomats, as well as many Chinese Christians, both Protestant and Catholic.
The Boxer Rebellion
August 1900—a multinational force of 19,000 troops marches on Beijing and defeats the Boxers.
Though the Boxer Rebellion failed to expel foreign influence, the Chinese have a renewed sense of nationalism and realization they must resist foreign influence.
Results of the Boxer Rebellion
A Boxer during the revolt.
1905 Dowager Empress sends out a delegation to study the operation of different governments.
1906 officials recommend China’s government be restructured.
A constitutional monarchy was suggested. A national assembly was convened within a year,
but change was slow. In 1908 the court promised a constitutional
government by 1917. China would continue to have unrest for the next
four decades.
Beginnings of Reform
Led by Sun Yat-sen◦ He proposes a 3 step reform process for China
By 1905, he had united all radical groups in China into what became known as the Chinese Nationalist Party
Revive China Society
Step 1: Military Takeover
Step 2: Transitional Phase
Step 3: Constitutional Democracy
In 1908, Empress Ci Xi died the day before Guang Xu died.
“Last Emperor of China” : Henry Pu Yi
In 1911, followers of Sun Yat-sen launched an uprising that collapsed the Qing dynasty◦ Produced no new political or social order so the military took
over the government, led by General Yuan Shigai, the president of the new “Republic of China”
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