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a Daiwa House Industry Co., Ltd., Kita, Osaka, Japan b Nihon University, Chiyoda, Tokyo, Japan

c Building Research Institute, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan d University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan

General Instructions

919

THEORETICAL TORNADO MODEL

Statistical Information of Tornado-induced Damage in Japan and Assumptions for Modeling

Time History and Occurrence Probability of Simulated Tornado Model

0

30

60

90

120

150

180

-90

-60

-30

0

30

60

90

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

t(s)

V(m/s) )

b) center0

30

60

90

120

150

180

-60

-30

0

30

60

90

120

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

wind speed (m/s)-axis(m/s)-axis(m/s)

directiont(s)

V(m/s) )

a) right side

920

Tornado Generator Facilities

1

10

100

1000

10

15

20

25

30

35

40 60 80 100 120 140 160

USA;Moving speed

JPN;Moving speed

USA;Core radius

JPN;Core radius

V(m/s)

V(m/s) (m)

921

Characteristics of Wind Speed and Direction Changes of Tornado Winds

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

-150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150

V(m/s)

X(mm)Z-Z

diameter=200mm

radius=100mm

center

922

z

xy

fan(1, ; )fan(2, ; )fan(3, ; )fan(4, ; )fan(5, ; )fan(6, ; )

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

-1.0 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

wind velocity(SA)wind velocity(R)wind velocitydirection(SA)directiondirection(R)

V(m/s)

)

(m)

-20

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

-1.0 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

V(m/s) )

(m)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

-1.0 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

V(m/s))

(m)

-20020406080100120140160180200

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

-1.0 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

V(m/s) )

(m)

923

-8.0 -6.0 -4.0 -2.0 0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0

5 10 15 20

fan(1, ; ) fan(2, ; ) fan(3, ; )fan(4, ; ) fan(5, ; ) fan(6, ; )

t(s)

v'

-8.0 -6.0 -4.0 -2.0 0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0

5 10 15 20

t(s)

v'

Simulation of Non-stationary Wind Flow based on Tornado Characteristics

x=600

y=300

z=300

UR(t),PS(t)measure point

fan(1, ; )

fan(2, ; )

fan(3, ; )

fan(4, ; )

fan(5, ; )

fan(6, ; )

wind line

model

-20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

wind velocitydirection

V(m/s) D( )

t(s)-20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

V(m/s) D( )

t(s)

924

Distributions of Wind Speed and Direction

Wind Pressure Measurements on Square Prism Model

tp tps tU R

tU

tptptC

R

sp

925

200

250

300

350

400

500 550 600 650 700 750

z(mm)

x(mm)

1 2 3 4 5

11 12 13 14 15

21 22 23 24 25

6 7 8 9 10

16 17 18 19 20

wind measure point

model place

wind

-1.5

-1

-0.5

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

-10s)

-20s)

Cp

( )

-2.0

-1.5

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

5 10 15 20 25

point7 point8

point9 point10

point11 point12

Cp

t(s)

926

Calculation of Wind Force Coefficients

20within1sec

-2.0

-1.5

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

ch.1 ch.4 ch.5

ch.6 ch.7 ch.9 t(s)

0 45 90 11020 70

t(s)

Cp

-0.20

-0.10

0.00

0.10

0.20

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

5 10 15 20 25

CFx

CFy

CM

t(s)

-0.20

-0.10

0.00

0.10

0.20

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

5 10 15 20 25

CFx

CFy

CM

t(s)

927

-0.20

-0.10

0.00

0.10

0.20

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

5 10 15 20 25

CFx

CFy

CM

t(s)

-0.20

-0.10

0.00

0.10

0.20

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

5 10 15 20 25

CFx

CFy

CM

t(s)

928