Seafood Safety and Nutritional Facts

Amund Maage, Head of Research, Contaminants &

BiohazardsProfessor, food chemistry

Role in society

• Supply credible and neutral research based knowledge for use by government, consumers and industry

• Have an open and active communication of our research and expertise

• Contribute to higher education within nutrition

• Scientifically independent

Main aim

To be the most important research institute within fish nutrition, seafood safety, and health effects of eating seafood, both nationally and internationally

Risk asessment

Organization of the food area

Minister of health

and care servicesMinister of

agriculture and foodMinister of fisheries

Surveillance: farmed fish and wild catches

Regulated by EU (Directive 96/23)

Funded and sampled by theNorwegian Food Safety Authority

Analysed by NIFES

Motivated by EU’s upper limit.Norge is responsible not to export

seafood exceeding the limits

Funded by the governmentand by the industry

Analysed by NIFES

Seafood database 1994-www.nifes.no/seafooddata

• Sampling by theInstitute ofMarine Research (IMR)

• 30+ species, 4500 individualsamples collected

• Spot checks

• Frequency ofmonitoringdepending onspecies

75°N

72°N

74°N

73°N

76°N

70°N

69°N

68°N

67°N

71°N

66°N

62°N

64°N

61°N

63°N

65°N

58°N

60°N

57°N

59°N

6°W

4°W

5°W

3°W

0°E

2°W

1°W

1°E

2°E

3°E

5°E

4°E

6°E

7°E

10°E

9°E

11°E

8°E

12°E

18°E

13°E

15°E

14°E

16°E

17°E

23°E

19°E

20°E

21°E

22°E

27°E

25°E

24°E

28°E

26°E

29°E

30°E

34°E

31°E

33°E

32°E

35°E

41°E

37°E

36°E

38°E

39°E

43°E

40°E

42°E

Following species:

Herring:

Greenland halibut:

Mackerel:

Saithe:

Baseline - status

Cod:

New species where surveillance has started:

Haddock

Ling

Halibut

Tusk

Red-fish

Baseline study of Norwegian spring spawning herring (NSS herring)

• Largest fish stock

– 13 mill. tons in 2009

– 1 mill. ton captured

• Fillet samples

– 800 individual herring

– from 29 positions in theNorwegian Sea

• Analysed for

– Heavy metals and otherelements

– Dioxins and dl-PCBs

– PCB7

– PBDEs

Norwegian Sea

Low levels of contaminantsin NSS herring

Average Min Max EU limit

Lead 0.013 <0.01 0.10 0.3

Cadmium 0.010 <0.003 0.052 0.05

Mercury 0.039 <0.01 0.40 0.5

POPs in fillet(ng TE/kg ww or µ g/kg ww)

Heavy metals in fillet(mg/kg ww)

X 800

Average Min Max EU limit

Dioxins+

dl-PCB0.63 0.21 2.9 6.5

PCB6 4.3 1.2 21 75

PBDE7 0.47 0.091 3.1 -

Norwegian Sea

North Sea

Mackerel

Average Min Max

Age (year) 4.3 0 15

Length (cm) 33.4 18 44

Weight (g) 352 35 774

Fat content (g/100 g) 21.5 1.2 41

Median/Average

Min Max EU limit

Lead <0.02 <0.02 - 0.3

Cadmium 0.016 <0.004 0.16 0.05

Mercury 0.04 <0.01 0.36 0.5

X 850Age and weight

Heavy metals in fillet(mg/kg ww)

Prø vetakingsmåned

mars

april

juni

august

september

oktober

november

Low levels of POPs in Mackerel

POPs in fillet(ng TE/kg ww or µ g/kg ww)

X 800-850

Average Min Max EU limit

Dioxins+

dl-PCB0.87 0.12 9.7 6.5

PCB6 6.1 0.53 77 75

PBDE7 1.4 0.10 4.6 -

Prø vetakingsmåned

mars

april

juni

august

september

oktober

november

NorwegianSea

North Sea

Generally low levels ofdioxins, furans and

dioxin-like PCBs

Undesirables in som pelagic species:

Dioxinand dioxin-like PCBng TEQ/kg

Mercury,mg/kg

Brominatedflame-retardantsµ g/kg

DDT,µ g/kg

KolmuleBlue whiting

0,6 0,04 0,5 2,9

LoddeCapelin

0,5 0,01 0,1 5

Ø yepålNorway pout

n.a. 0,02 1,1 2,0

TobisSand eel

n.a 0,01 1,2 2,5

PolartorskPolar cod

0,3 0,01 0,04 n.a

HestmakrellHorse mackerel

1,1 0,18 4 7

n.a. = not analysed

• Base line studies:

• Follow up on baseline studies

• Spot samples

Monitoring

Surveillance program - fish feed

• Microbiology

• Heavy metals

• PCBs

• Pesticides (DDT, endosulphane toxaphene etc)

• Dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs

• Polybrominated flame retardants (BFR)

• Synthetical antioxidants

• Mycotoxins

• Selected vitamins and trace elements

• + + +

•Increased sampling the last years•Check levels against EUs maximum limits•Few samples exceed the maximum limits

Food of animal origin

EU’s directive 96/23 (prohibited substances and undesirable substances)

Fruit and vegetables:

Regulations EC 396/2005 (pesticides)

and EC 333/2007 (heavy metals)

Food legislation

Persistent organic pollutants, heavy metals, medical residues, pesticides, etc

Norway as all EEA countries

Undesirable substances in farmed fish

Report: www.nifes.no

Surveillance of farmed fish

The Norwegian Food

safety authority

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

ng

TEQ

/kg

Dioxin and dioxin-like PCB in farmedsalmon

Nifes.no and

Perelló et al, 2012

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

Mackerel NSS herring North sea

herring

Farmed

Atlantic

salmon

Wild

Atlantic

salmon

Farmed

trout

Cod Eggs Dairy

products

Meat

TEQ

ng/k

g

Dioksin and dioksinliknende PCBdata fra 2006-2011

Dioxin and dioxinlike PCBs in oily fishand other food

EU’s upper limit 6,5

Pesticides

EU’s upper limit (apples) 0,05

0

0.02

0.04

0.06

Apples Carrots Eggs Oranges Tomatoes Rice Salmon

Endosulfan, mg/kg

EU’s upper limit:Meat: 0,1

Tomato: 0,5Salmon: no limit

EFSA Journal 2013; 11(3):3130, pp 153 and 567www.nifes.no/sjomatdata

Endosulfan

Coctail effect: sum of the seafood

+ + = 7 ?

=++ 2 ?

+ + = ?

Seafood safety = Prerequisite

NutrientsHealth effects

IncreasedIntake ?

Nutrients in seafood

Vitamin D

Vitamin A

Vitamin B12

Selenium

Iodine

Protein

More

Omega-3

Foto: NIFES

?Less established knowledge:

• Mental illness, brain development, behaviour,

depression, diabetes

What is known about seafood and human health?

Established knowledge:

• Protect against development of heart disease

Uncertain:

• Cancer, obesity, osteoporosis etc ?

Marine omega-3 in seafood

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

g p

er

10

0 g

EPA and DHA in 100 g

EFSA 2010

European and Asian herring and mackerel

New data herring & mackerellTotal fat and EPA+DHA

Vitamin D

Vitamin D

Bone and teeth

Dietaryrecommendation

10 µg/day

Prevention of :• Cancer• Multiple sclerosis• Obesity• Diabetes type II

Improve:• Learning• Mental health

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

µg p

er

100 g

fille

t (w

et

weig

ht)

Vitamin D in 100 g

Reccommended daily intakeRecommended daily intake 10 µg

nifes.no

Fish as a dietary source of vitamin D

Herring is a particularly good vitamin D source

Norwegian herring Pacific herring North-Atlantic mackerel Japanese mackerel

(n=196) (n=109) (n=345) (n=103)

Depre

sjo

n 3

måneder

etter

fødsele

n

Marine omega-3 index during pregnancy (Markhus et al PlosOne 2013)

Highest depression score among the mothers with lowest omega-3 index

Survey among pregnant women outside Bergen

Po

st

part

um

ep

ressio

n

Fatty fish improved vitamin D status better

sleep!

32Hansen et al, J Clin Sleep Med 2014 May;10(5):567-75

Decreased actual wake time

Improved sleep efficiency

Improved daily functioning

Obesity/metabolic syndrom Learning, cognitive function

Two main topics:

FINS (Fish intervention studies)

Mainly funded by:

Cross-section studies

Obesity og type 2 diabetes

Vegetables

Beans and peas

Fruit

Full grain cereals

Fish and other seafood

«High energy» food

Pommes frites

Red meat

Processed meat

Sugar

Soft drinks

Most studied single component: Omega-3 fatty acids

Many well-

designed rodent

studies

Few human

studies

Omega-3 fatty acids may

protect against obesity

Nutrients and undesirables

DioxinsPCBDDT

HBCDCdHgPb

Marine omega-3Vitamin DProteinsSelenium

Iodine

+?

÷

Report from WHO/FAO (2011)

emphasize the net neurodevelopmental

benefits to offspring of fish consumption

by women of childbearing age,

particularly pregnant women

and nursing mothers, and the

neurodevelopmental risks of

not consuming fish

to offspring of such women;

Agree

In contrast to the cited conclusion of 2006, VKM concludes in this report that there is no reason for specific dietary limitations on fatty fish consumption

for pregnant women.

Conclusion:

UK 2004

EFSA 2005

Norway 2006/2014

USA 2006

Denmark 2003

Sweeden 2007

DioxinsLeadPCBDDT

Marine omega 3Vitamin DSelenium

Iodine

+

÷

FAO/WHO 2011

Eat more seafood, including farmed species and wild catches

THANKS FOR YOUR ATTENTION