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AN ANNOTATED TRANSLATIONOF THE MUTINY OF THE BOUNTY

D.S. SurantoJalan Tebet Barat Dalam X-E No. 2, Jakarta 12810

Email: ds_suranto@yahoo.com

ABSTRACTThis journal is a condensed form of a thesis on annotated translation. The source

of the study is a novel The Mutiny of HMS Bounty written by Sir John Barrow. Theproblems of this study are (1) “What difficulties are encountered by the researcher whentranslating The Mutiny of HMS Bounty into Indonesian”, and (2) “How those difficultiesare solved in the translation” The purposes of this study are: (1) to attain factualinformation concerning the problems faced by the researcher in translating the sourcetext; and (2) to give plausible solutions to the difficulties. In conducting this annotatedtranslation, the researcher answers the questions that emerge in the introspective andretrospective study. The outcome of the study consists of two main points. First, thefinding revealed that from the twenty-five most difficult problems, six were in the formof words, seventeen were in phrases, one was idiomatic expression, one was clause, andno one sentence was suitable the annotation. These annotations indicated that during thecourse of his translating, he had difficulties with them. Second, those difficulties weresolved by referring to the relevant theories of translation and the theories of English andIndonesian languages.Keywords: annotated translation, Mutiny of the Bounty, and Sir John Barrow.

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

Background of the StudyThe background of this study contains the justification of the study, pertinent

studies referred to, position of the study, and the significance of the study.In this study, the researcher found out the difficulties when translating texts from

English into Indonesian. These difficulties were in grammatical, syntactical, semantic,stylistic, and cultural aspects, as the structure of English and Indonesian is quitedifferent.

The researcher carried out this study in order to increase his knowledge intranslation that is in line with what he has learned during the two-year course. In thecourse of translating the texts, problems emerged, which then analyzed and givenplausible reasons for their solutions. The translation from English into Indonesian istaken due to the familiarity of the language, Indonesian, that is mostly known by theresearcher as his native language. The researcher has chosen a novel The Mutiny of theBounty because this novel is unique in two respects. First, its author, Sir John Barrow,was the only Civil Servant whose name was in his lifetime always linked with theBritish Royal Navy that he served. Second, this book, which was first published in1931, was still in print more than a century later.

It is important to carry out this study as annotated translation applies in practicalsense the theories the researcher has studied in class, namely theories of translation andtheories of the English as well as Indonesian language. Furthermore, this study deepensone’s ability in analyzing source language and target language texts, especially for thosewho are interested in translation.

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The researcher, who was at the same time the translator, annotated thosedifficulties, analyzed, and solved the problems by referring to the relevant theories andtranslation strategies. The term ‘problems’ here is the difficulties mentioned above.Relevant Studies. Relevant studies in relation to this study are:

A research conducted in 2008 by Suratni. She conducted a study with the topicMy Lover My Friend written by Suprina Frazier as a partial requirement to graduatefrom the Magister Program in Translation, Universitas Gunadarma, Jakarta.

Kanayama Hiroshi and Watanabe Hideo of the IBM Research Laboratory,Tokyo, Japan conducted a study in 2008. Their study has a topic ‘MultilingualTranslation via Annotated Hub Language’. The annotation is represented by using theLinguistic Annotation Language. (Retrieved on 2009/11/17 fromhttp://www.amtaweb.org/summit/FinalPaper/54-Kanayama-final.pdf.)

Marek Labucek and Maciej Piasecki from the Computer Science Department,Wroclaw University of Technology, Poland, presented the work that originates from thedevelopment of the commercial, wide-scale machine translation (MT) system. Duringthe construction of the system, several linguistically well-prepared data sets have to becreated. A number of software tools built in this purpose facilitated the creation of thedata set. The data sets are:

text segmentation: context free grammar being a base for performing thesegmentation,

Part of Speech Tagging: Corpuses + monolingual morpho-syntactic dictionaries, parsing: monolingual morpho-syntactic dictionaries and sub categorization

dictionaries, transfer: bilingual dictionaries, sub categorization dictionaries, bilingual sub

categorization dictionaries and monolingual dictionaries, word form generation:monolingual dictionary.(http://www.IIS.pwr.wroc.pl/~piasecki/publication/labuzek_piaseckiFDSL4.pdf: retrieved on 19/12/2009.

Purposes of the StudyThe purposes of this study are:

1) to attain factual information concerning the problems faced by the researcher intranslating the source text;

2) to give plausible solutions to the difficulties.

CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATUREIn this sub chapter, the researcher describes the theories used in this study.

Among others, she uses the theories of translation and theories of English andIndonesian languages.Theories of TranslationPrinciples of translation. These six principles of translation are taken fromTranslation written by Duff (1981, p.10-11).(1) Meaning. “The translation should reflect accurately the meaning of the original

text. Nothing should be arbitrarily added or removed, though occasionally part ofthe meaning can be transposed.”

(2) Form. “The ordering of words and ideas in the translation should match theoriginal as closely as possible. But differences of language structure often requirechanges in the form and order of words.”

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(3) Register. “Languages often differ greatly in their levels of formality in givencontext (say the business letter). To resolve these differences, the translator mustdistinguish between formal or fixed expressions and personal expressions.”For example: the phrase “Please find enclosure” in English formal letter. There is nosuch phrase in Indonesian. Thus the phrase is translated into “Terlampir.”

(4) Source language influence. “One of the most frequently criticisms of translation isthat ‘it doesn’t sound natural’. This is because the translator’s thoughts and choiceof words are too strongly moulded by the original text.”

(5) Style and clarity. “The translator should not change the style of the original. But ifthe text is sloppily written, or full of tedious repetitions, the translator may, for thereader’s sake, correct the defects.”

(6) Idiom. “Idiomatic expressions are notoriously untranslatable. These include similes,metaphors, proverbs and sayings (as good as gold), jargon, slang, andcolloquialisms (user-friendly, yuppie, the Big Apple), and (in English) phrasal verb.”If the idiom cannot be directly translated, try any of the following:• Retain the original word, in inverted commas.• Retain the original expression, with literal explanation in brackets.• Use a close equivalent

For example:• Use a non-idiomatic or plain prose translation

Applied Translation TheoriesA. Theory of Shift

Catford divided his theory of shift into two categories (1) shift of level and (2)shift of category.~ Level shift. It means that a SL item at one linguistic level has a TL translation

equivalent at a different level. For example:~ Category shift are departures from formal correspondence in translation.

Munday (2001) citing Catford (1974) develops a tool for translation analysispreviously devised by Catford. This tool is widely used by translators and remained tobe a reference in translation work. Munday systematized the tool for the category shiftin translation as follows:1). Structural shifts: the shifts in grammatical structure.2). Class shifts: these comprise shifts from one part of speech to another.3). Unit shifts or rank shifts. These are shifts where the translation equivalent in the

TL is at a different rank to the SL. ‘Ranks’ here refers to the hierarchicallinguistic units of sentence, clause, phrase, word and morpheme.

4). Intra system shifts. These are shifts that occur when both SL and TL possessapproximately corresponding system, except if ‘the translation involvesselection of a non-corresponding term in the TL system’.

B. Implicit and Explicit Meaning.Summer Institute of Linguistic (1984), mentioned, “It may be necessary to make someinformation explicit in the translation, even though it was not explicit in the originalmessage” (p. 125).Further, Larson (1984) mentioned

Translation is communicating the same meaning in a second language as wascommunicated in the first. But to do so adequately, one must be aware of thefact that there are various kinds of meaning. Not all of the meaning, which isbeing communicated, is stated overtly in the forms of the source language text.

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Discovering the meaning of the text to be translated includes considerations ofboth explicit and implicit information (p. 36).

C. NaturalizingNewmark (1981, p. 128) mentioned that “Normally, the translator should write

within his own idiolect or his conception of the source language text author’s, alwaysprovided the text appears to be written naturally”.

On the same topic, Larson (1984, p. 16) stated that “Literal translation of words,idioms, figures of speech etc. results in unclear, unnatural, and sometime nonsensicaltranslation.D. Translation by Addition and Translation by Omission

The above term is mentioned by Mona Baker (1977, p. 40).Nida and Taber (1982) uses the term ‘expansion and reduction’; Newmark (1986) callsit ‘over translation and under translation’; Duff (1991) uses the term ‘too many wordsand too few words’ (padding and gutting). Williams and Chesterman (2002) citing Gabr(2000) calls it ‘adding information’ and ‘omitting information’.

Nida and Taber (1982) mentioned on expansion as follows:. . . there is a tendency for all good translations to be somewhat longer thanthe originals. This does not mean, of course, that all long translations arenecessarily good. It only means that in the process of transfer from onelinguistic and cultural structure to another, it is almost inevitable that theresulting translation will turn out to be longer. (p. 163)

On reduction, Nida and Taber (1982) mentioned that “There are quite naturally someexpressions which are reduced in the process of transfer from one language to another”(p. 168).On over translation, Newmark (1986) said:

A semantic translation tends to be more complex, more awkward, moredetailed, more concentrated, and pursues the thought-processes rather thanthe intention of the transmitter. It tends to over-translate, to be morespecific than the original, to include more meaning in its search for onenuance of meaning. (p. 39)

On under translation, Newmark (1986) mentioned that ”Generally, a communicativetranslation is likely to be smoother, simpler, clearer, more direct, more conventional,conforming to a particular register of language, tending to under-translate, i.e. to usemore generic, hold-all terms in difficult passages”(p. 39).On padding, Alan Duff (1984) mentioned that “... a translation may be longer than theoriginal ... ” (p. 22).On gutting, Alan Duff (1984, p. 22) in his study said, “... a translation may be shorterthan the original ...”.Strategies of translation

There are many strategies suggested by numerous experts in translation to beused in translating. The strategies which are listed below are mostly proposed byWilliams and Chesterman (2002) in their book The Map: a Beginner’s Guide to DoingResearch in Translation Studies, supported by Newmark (1986, 1988), Catford (1974),Mona Baker (1997) and Larson (1984).1. Syntactic strategies such as shifting the word-class, changing the clause or

sentence structure, adding, or changing cohesion;

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2.. Semantic strategies such as using hyponyms or super-ordinates, altering thelevel of abstraction, redistributing the information over more or fewer elements;

3. Pragmatic strategies such as naturalizing or exoticizing, altering the level ofexplicitness, adding or omitting information.Note: point A, B , and C are taken from Williams and Chesterman (2002) citingGabr (2000)

4. Emphasis on stylistic appropriateness. Emphasis are features such as: thechoice of oral or written mode; the role of sociolinguistic and situation factors;the selection of appropriate genre and type of discourse; appropriate languagevarieties or styles; and the choice of formal features and lexical items.

E. Steps in a Translation Project.Larson (1984, pp. 46-51) mentioned “There are seven steps in a translation project”,namely, (a) establishing the project, (b) exegesis, (c) transfer and initial draft, (d)evaluation, (e) revise draft, (f)consultation, and (g) final draft.Theories of English and Indonesian LanguageOmission of that and subordinator bahwa.The researcher chose one of English language theories from Marcella Frank (1972, pp.291-292), namely the omission of that in object clauses.Frank said that in informal speech, the word that is frequently omitted from objectclauses if the meaning is clear without it.Similarly, in the Indonesian language, Alwi et al. (2003 p. 410) mentioned that “Dalamhubungan komplementasi, klausa subordinatif melengkapi apa yang dinyatakan olehmakna verba klausa utama atau oleh nomina subjek, baik dinyatakan maupun tidak.Subordinator yang sering dipakai adalah kata ‘bahwa‘.Jika susunan kalimat cukup terang, kata penghubung ’bahwa’ dalam bahasa yang tidakformal sering dihilangkan, seperti dalam kalimat berikut ini:Emphasizers and Partikel Penegas

Frank (1972) stated, “Distinguishing adverbs (emphasizers) emphasize particularwords or grammatical constructions – especially, even, exactly, just, merely, not, only,purely, simply, solely. Such adverbs usually appear immediately before the words orconstructions they modify.” (p.143-144)

Hasan Alwi, Sunyono Darjowijoyo, Hans Lapoliwa, Anton M. Muliono, (2003),mentioned that there are some “adverbia tunggal (justru, paling, tentu, sungguh, pasti)and adverbia kata ulang (benar-benar, sungguh-sungguh, diam-diam, lagi-lagi, lekas-lekas) (p. 211) whose modifying function is to emphasize”

Similarly, Abdul Chaer (2006) mentioned that there are several penegas dalamkalimat, one of them is in the form of partikel, which accompany the word they modify(yang, -kah, -lah, -tah and pun). (p. 365).English and Indonesian Idiom, Indonesian Verba majemuk, nomina majemuk andadjektiva majemuk.

Larson (1984), defined that idiom is “a string of words whose meaning isdifferent than the meaning conveyed by the individual words”. (p. 20)

Hasan Alwi (2003) mentioned that an idiom is “perpaduan dua kata atau lebih,tetapi makna dari perpaduan ini tidak dapat secara langsung ditelusuri dari maknamasing-masing kata yang tergabung”. (p. 151)Verba majemuk. Hasan Alwi, (2003. p. 151) define that verba majemuk is “verba yangterbentuk melalui proses penggabungan satu kata dengan kata yang lain”.

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Nomina majemuk. Hasan Alwi et al, (2003, p. 241) stated that the criteria of differencebetween nomina majemuk and nomina idiom is the same as criteria that is used todistinguish verba majemuk and verba idiom.Adjektiva majemuk. Hasan Alwi, (2003) mentioned that “Adjektiva majemuk adalahadjektiva yang merupakan bentuk majemuk, ada yang merupakan gabungan morfemterikat dengan morfem bebas dan ada yang merupakan gabungan dua morfem bebas(atau lebih). Termasuk di dalamnya bentuk-bentuk yang tergolong idiom. Artinya,makna bentuk gabingan itu tidak dapat dijabarkan dari penjumlahan makna unsureunsurnya” (pp. 191-193).Proverbs

Oxford Encyclopedic Dictionary (1992 p. 723) defines proverb as ‘short well-known saying that states a general truth or gives advice’.

Jakob Sumardjo and Junus Melalatoa, in the Ensiklopedi Nasional Indonesia(1990 p. 65) defined that‘Peribahasa adalah suatu bentuk sastra lisan masyarakat Melayu berupa ucapan atauungkapan pendek yang mengesankan, luas artinya, dan bijak isinya. Peribahasaberfungsi sebagai perbandingan, teladan, dan pendidikan dalam hal hidup susila’.Personal Pronoun in English and Indonesian

Frank (1972. p. 21) mentioned that “personal pronouns refer to three things:1. The speaker, called the first person, if singular – I, if plural – we (includes the speaker

and one or more others).2. The person spoken to, called the second person – you (singular and plural)3. The person or thing being spoken of, called the third person;

If singular – he (males), she (females), it (things); also for live being whose sex isunknown or unimportant to the speaker).If plural – they: (all live beings and all things)”.

Form of Personal Pronouns and Reflexive Pronouns

As Subject As Object PossessiveAdjective

PossessivePronouns Reflexive

I me my mine myselfYou you your yours yourself

He him his his himselfShe her her hers herselfIt it its – itself

We us our ours ourselves

You you your yours yourselvesThey them their theirs themselves

The personal pronouns change their form for person (first, second, third), for case(subject, object, possessive), number (singular, plural)), and gender (masculine,feminine, neuter). Except for case, the reflexive pronouns make the same kinds ofchanges.

Hasan Alwi (2003). mentioned,Pronomina persona adalah pronomina yang dipakai untuk mengacu pada orang.Pronomina persona dapat mengacu pada diri sendiri (pronomina persona pertama),

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mengacu pada orang yang diajak bicara (pronomina persona kedua), atau mengacupada orang yang ddibicarakan (persona nomina ketiga). Di antara pronomina itu, adayang mengaacu pada jumlah satu atau lebih dari satu. Ada bentuk yang bersifateksklusif, ada yang bersifat inklusif, dan ada yang bersifat netral” (p. 249).

Makna

PersonaTunggal

Netral

Jamak

Eksklusif Inklusif

Pertama saya, aku, ku-,-ku kami kita

Keduaengkau, kamu,Anda, dikau,kau-, -mu

kalian, kamu,kamu sekalianAnda sekalian

Ketigaia, dia, beliau,-nya

mereka

Cohesion in English and IndonesianLarson (1984) mentioned, “There are many devices which give cohesion to a text”(p.394). They are pronoun, substitute words, verb affixes (derivatives or inflectionalforms), conjunctions, etc.Kohesi Dalam Bahasa Indonesia :Hasan Alwi, (2003) mengatakan bahwa “kohesi merujuk pada keterkaitan antarproposisi yang secara eksplisit diungkapkan oleh kalimat-kalimat yang digunakan.Keterkaitan itu dinyatakan dalam kalimat-kalimat yang secara gramatikal berkaitan”.(p. 41)

CHAPTER III DESIGN AND PROCEDURES OF THE STUDYDesign of the Study

This study belongs to the area of analysis of the original and source text whichcovers a study on annotated translation. Introspective and retrospective research areincluded in this annotated translation study. Introspective study is a study of lookinginto the translator’s own feelings and thought of why and how the texts are translated. Itmeans that when she faced a problem in translating certain words/phrases/idioms/clauses/sentences then she wrote the problems and the solutions she had in herannotations. A retrospective study is a study investigating the mental processes throughthe researcher’s original memory immediately after she has translated.Source of the DataThe data is taken from a novel The Mutiny of the Bounty written by Sir John Barrow,published for the first time in 1831.Definition of TermsIn this study, some terms need to be defined and clarified:1. Problem and difficulty: In this study, problem and difficulty is interchangeable. Ifthe researcher/translator encounters a difficulty how to translate a certain aspect oflanguage, then it means that it is a problem for him.

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2. Annotated. Inflected form of transitive/intransitive verb: annotate, to make or furnishespecially critical or explanatory notes usually on a literary work or subject (Merriam-Webster CD-ROM Version 2.5) (2000).3. Annotation and Analysis is interchangeable. According to Webster Third NewInternational Dictionary (1993), annotation means a note added by way of comment orexplanation. In this study annotation is the note given after the researcher/translator hasfound a difficulty or a problem. The note is in the form of analysis of the aspects oflanguage in line with the translation strategies and translation theories. The analysishere is also called annotation.4. Data. Data in this study are the collected grammatical, semantical, syntactical,cultural, and stylistic aspects of the language that are difficult or become a problem forthe translator/researcher.5. Relevant studies. In this study, belonging to the relevant studies are the studies onannotation that have been conducted or works of annotation that have been done andpublished6. Annotated Translation. This study applies the term of annotated translation.Williams and Chesterman (2002) explained:

Annotated translation is a translation with a commentary. Annotatedtranslation is a form of introspective and retrospective research where youyourself translate a text and, at the same time, write a commentary on yourown translation process. This commentary will include some discussion ofthe translation assignment, an analysis of aspects of the source text, and areasoned justification of the kinds of solutions you arrived at for particularkinds of translation problems. One value of such research lies in thecontribution that increased self-awareness can make to translation quality. Youmight also want to show whether you have found any helpful guidelines for yourtranslation decisions in what you have read in Translation Studies” (p.7).

7. Introspective Study. The researcher also uses the terms of introspective study. Thisdefinition of terms is taken from Webster’s Third New International Dictionary (1993).Introspection is “the examination of one’s own thought and feeling; a looking intooneself : self-examination; also such examination including one’s sensory andperceptual experience especially undertaken under controlled conditions of experimentopposed to retrospection”. And introspective is “of or belonging to introspection;employing, marked by, or tending to introspection” (p. 1187).

So the term of introspective study is a study that investigates one’s own thoughtand feelings: a looking into oneself; in line with translation: asking one-self in whichpart the researcher had difficulty and what the solutions are.8. Retrospective Study. Retrospection is “an observation of mental processes throughprimal memory immediately after their occurrence.” And retrospective is“contemplative of or relative to past events; characterized by, given to, or indulging inretrospection” (p. 1941).

So, the term of retrospective study is a study where the researcher iscontemplating of what theories and strategies he has used in the process of translating.Procedures of the Study

In conducting this study, the researcher uses the following procedures:1) The source text is read thoroughly to give a full understanding of the content.2) Independently the researcher translates the source text into Indonesian

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3) During the course of translating the text, the researcher regularly consults heradvisors to discuss problems she encounters referring to the task undertaken.

4) At the same time, she marks down the words/phrases/idioms/clauses/sentences thathave become a problem in translating the texts.

5) These problematic items are analyzed and the researcher then gives plausiblereasons as to the solving of these problems.

6) The problems found during the process of translation, the researcher takes only themost crucial ones due to the limited time allotted.

Collection of the DataThe researcher has collected the data from the translated text, which poses

problems for him. The collected data are 114 items in number.Analysis of the Data

The data to be annotated are categorized based on the grammatical items. Thereare five main categories namely words, phrases, idioms, clauses, and sentences. Fromthe 114 data, the researcher has annotated 25 items that posed the most difficultproblems for the researcher. This sub chapter will be elaborated in detail in Chapter IV.Synthesis of the Data

It will be shown in the following Chapter IV.

CHAPTER IVTRANSLATION OF THE SOURCE TEXT AND THE ANNOTATIONS

Source Text and Target Text

Page Source Text Target Text

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Chapter 1 Otaheite

|1| The reign of George III willbe distinguished in history by the greatextension and improvement whichgeographical knowledge receivedunder the immediate auspices of thissovereign.

At a very early period, after hisaccession to the throne of theserealms, expeditions of discovery wereundertaken, ‘not (as Dr. Hawkesworthobserves) with a view to theacquisition of treasure, or the extent ofdominion, but for the improvement ofcommerce, and the increase anddiffusion of knowledge’.

This excellent monarch washimself no mean proficient in thescience of geography; and it may bedoubted if any one of his subjects, atthe period alluded to was in possession

|1| Pemerintahan George III akandikenal dalam sejarah oleh perluasandan penyempurnaan pengetahuan ilmubumi dengan dukungan penuh rajasendiri.

Dalam masa yang sangat awal,setelah kenaikannya ke tahta, beberapaperjalanan penyelidikan ilmiahpenemuan dilakukan, (menurutpengamatan Dr. Hawkesworth) tidakuntuk memperoleh harta karun, atauuntuk memperluas daerah jajahan,tetapi untuk meningkatkanperdagangan, dan untuk memajukanserta menyebarkan ilmu pengetahuan’.

Raja ini sangat luar biasa danbeliau sendiri sangat cakap dalampengetahuan ilmu bumi, dan sangatdiragukan kalau ada seorang sajawarga- negaranya pada waktu yang

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of so extensive or so well-arranged acabinet of maps and charts as his was,or who understood their merits or theirdefects so well as he did.

dimaksud itu, yang memiliki begitubanyak peta dan bagan dan demikianrapi tersusun dalam almari seperti yangbeliau miliki, atau yang memahamikelebihan dan kekurangan peta danbagan tersebut seperti beliau.

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|2| The first expeditions thatwere sent forth, after the conclusion ofthe war, were those of Byron, Wallis,and Carteret.

In the instructions to the first ofthese commanders it is said, “there isreason to believe that lands and islandsof great extend, hitherto unvisited byany European power, may be found inthe Atlantic Ocean, between the capeof Good Hope and the MagellanicStrait, within the latitudes convenientfor navigation, and in climates adaptedto the produce of commodities usefulin commerce”.

It could not require muchknowledge or consideration to beassured that, between the Cape and theStrait, climate producing commoditiesuseful in commerce, with theexception of whales and seals werelikely to be found.

The fact was that, among the realobjects of this and other subsequentvoyages, there was one which hadengaged the attention of certainphilosophers, from the time of theSpanish navigator, Quiros: this ablenavigator had maintained that a TerraAustralis incognita must necessarilyexist, somewhere in the high latitudesof the southern hemisphere, tocounterbalance the great masses ofland in those of the northern one, andthus maintain a just equipoise of theglobe.

|2| Perjalanan penyelidikan ilmiahpertama yang dilakukan, setelahperang usai, adalah yang dilakukanoleh Byron, Wallis, dan Carteret.

Dalam perintahnya kepada parakomandan pertama ini, dikatakanbahwa “ada alasan yang dapatdipercaya bahwa daratan dan pulauyang sangat banyak jumlahnya, yangsampai saat itu belum dikunjungi olehkekuatan Eropah, mungkin dapatditemukan di Samudera Atlantik diantara Semenanjung Good Hope danSelat Magellan, pada garis lintang yangnyaman bagi navigasi, dan dalam iklimyang cocok untuk menghasilkanbarang yang dapat diperdagangkan”.

Tidak akan membutuhkanbanyak pengetahuan ataupertimbangan untuk meyakinkanbahwa di antara Semenanjung danSelat itu wilayah yang menghasilkanbarang yang dapat diperdagangkan,kecuali ikan paus serta anjing laut,kecil kemungkinannya dapatditemukan.

Kenyataannya adalah, bahwa diantara tujuan yang sebenarnyapelayaran ini dan pelayaran lainsesudah itu, terdapat sesuatu yangmenarik perhatian para ahli filsafattertentu, dari masa ahli navigasiSpanyol, Quiros: ahli mengemudikapal yang cakap ini berkali-kalimengatakan bahwa “pasti ada sebuahdaratan tersamar Australia”, di suatutempat di garis lintang, jauh di belahanbumi selatan, untuk mengimbangidaratan amat besar yang berada dibelahan bumi utara, sehingga tercapaikeseimbangan yang benar atas bola

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bumi

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|1/1| While these expedition werein progress, The Royal Society, in1768, addressed an application to theking, praying him to appoint a ship ofwar to convey to the South Seas Mr.Alexander Dalrymple (who hadadopted the opinion of Quiros), andcertain others, for the main purpose,however, of observing the transit ofVenus over the sun’s disc, which wasto happen in the year 1769.

By the king’s command, a barkof three hundred and seventy tons wastaken up by the Admiralty to performthis service, but, as Mr. Dalrymple wasa civilian , he could not entrusted withthe command of the ship, and on thataccount declined going in her.

|1/1| Ketika berbagai ekspedisi initengah berlangsung, Royal Society,pada 1768 mengajukan permintaantertulis kepada raja, yang memohonagar beliau menunjuk tuan AlexanderDalrymple (yang menganut pendapatQuiros), dan beberapa orang laintertentu membawa sebuah kapal perangke Laut Selatan, tetapi terutama untuktujuan, mengamati perpindahan Venusmelewati garis lingkar matahari, yangakan terjadi pada tahun 1769.

Atas perintah raja, sebuah kapallayar bertiang tiga berukuran tigaratustujuhpuluh ton digunakan olehDepartemen Angkatan Laut untukmelaksanakan tugas ini, namun,disebabkan tuan Dalrymple adalahwarga sipil, ia tidak boleh diberikepercayaan memimpin kapal itu, dankarena alasan tersebut, ia menolakberlayar dengan kapal itu.

|2| The command was thereforeconferred on Lieutenant James Cook,an officer of undoubted ability, andwell versed in astronomy and thetheory and practice of navigation, withwhom the Royal Society associatedMr. Charles Green, who had long beenassistant to Dr. Bradley, theastronomer royal to aid him in theobservation of the transit.

Mr. Banks, a private gentlemanof good fortune, who afterwardsbecame the valuable and distinguishedPresident of the Royal Society, andDr. Solander, a Swedish gentleman ofgreat acquirements, particularly innatural history, accompaniedLieutenant Cook on this interestingvoyage.

The islands of Marquesas deMendoza, or those of Rotterdam orAmsterdam, were proposed by theRoyal Society as proper places formaking the observation.

|2| Oleh karena itu, kepemimpinandiserahkan kepada Letnan James Cook,seorang perwira yang kemampuannyatidak diragukan, dan yang benar-benartahu tentang astronomi dan teori sertapraktek navigasi, yang dikenalkan olehThe Royal Society kepada tuan CharlesGreen, yang telah lama menjadi asistenDr. Bradly, ahli perbintangan kerajaan,untuk membantu James Cook dalampengamatan perpindahan Venus itu.

Tuan Banks, seorang wargabiasa yang kaya raya, yang kemudianmenjadi Presiden Royal Society yangterkemuka dan terhormat, serta Dr.Solander, orang Swedia yangberkemampuan tinggi, khususnyadalam ilmu tumbuh-tumbuhan danbinatang, menyertai Letnan Cookdalam pelayaran menarik ini.

Pulau Marquesas de Mendoza,atau pulau Rotterdam atau Amsterdam,diusulkan oleh Royal Society menjaditempat yang layak untuk pemasanganperalatan pengamatan itu.

12

5

While fitting out however,Captain Wallis returned from hisexpedition, and strongly recommendedas most suitable for the purpose, PortRoyal Harbour, on an island he haddiscovered, to which he had given thename of “King George’s Island”, andwhich has since been known by itsnative name, Otaheite or Tahite.

The translated words amounts to 15,000

Namun ketika sedang memasangperalatan untuk pengamatan di tempatyang diusulkan oleh Royal Society itu,Kapten Wallis kembali dariekspedisinya, dan menyarankandengan penuh semangat, bahwa tempatpaling cocok untuk maksud itu adalahPelabuhan Port Royal, di pulau yangditemukannya, yang diberinya nama“Pulau Raja George”, dan yang sejaksaat itu dikenal dengan nama asalnya,Otaheite atau Tahite.

Analysis and AnnotationsDuring translating the source text, the researcher has found many difficult

problems. However, in this sub chapter, the researcher has taken only 25 items from the115 data, which are the most difficult problems for him to be annotated. Those 25 itemsincluded in the category of words, phrases, idiomatic expression, clauses, and sentences.In this journal, the researcher annotates each one in the category.Words

In this category, there are six to be annotated.

No. The Annotated Words Data Number Page1. ... her. 05 2762. ... imagining ... 14 2813. ... it ... 39 2914. ... universal ... 84 3055. ... where ... 111 3146. ... cookery. 77 304

Annotation 1SOURCE TEXT DATA TARGET TEXT

By the king’s command, a barkof three hundred and seventytons was taken up by theAdmiralty to perform thisservice, but, as Mr. Dalrymplewas a civilian, he could notentrusted with the command ofthe ship, and on that accountdeclined going in her.

05 Atas perintah raja, sebuah kapal layarbertiang tiga berukuran tigaratus tujuhpuluh ton digunakan oleh DepartemenAngkatan Laut untuk melaksanakantugas ini, namun, karena tuan Dalrympleadalah warga sipil, ia tidak boleh diberikepercayaan memimpin kapal itu, dankarena alasan tersebut, ia menolakberlayar dalam kapal itu.

In the sentence above, the word ... her is an object of a clause. It is a personalpronoun, third person, female. This pronoun refers to a ship. The forms for femininepronouns are sometimes used figuratively for things to suggest gentleness, beauty, andfertility. Feminine pronouns may also be used for nations, ships, machines, cars andother vehicles to reflect a feeling of affection or familiarity with the object. InIndonesian, there is a need to use pronouns that refer to non human things, especially inthe scientific writing.

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Considering that the source text was not a scientific writing, the translation of thepronoun must refer to the noun previously mentioned, namely ... kapal itu.Translation Strategy:

Emphasis on stylistic appropriateness, the role of sociolinguistic and situationalfactors, namely ... her. Her referred to the ship which was associated with the feelingof affection the captain had for his ship. It is translated into ... kapal itu.Translation Theory:

(1) Frank (1972) mentioned thatThe forms for feminine pronouns are sometimes used figuratively forthings to suggest gentleness, beauty, fertility. Feminine pronoun may alsobe used for nations, ships, machines, cars and other vehicle to reflect afeeling of affection, or familiarity with the object. (p. 30)

(2) Hasan Alwi et al. (2003) in the Tata Bahasa Baku Bahasa Indonesia mentioned, that“Karena ada kebutuhan untuk memakai pronomina yang tidak merujuk pada insan,terutama dalam tulisan ilmiah, maka orang mulai memakai ’ia’ (bukan ‘dia’ dan ‘nya’)untuk merujuk pada sesuatu yang tunggal yang telah dinyatakan sebelumnya” (p. 256).The translation of the personal pronoun, third person singular and feminine ... her inIndonesian will be dia for subject, or dia dan nya for object. However, considering thatthis source text is not a scientific writing, the correct translation of that pronoun shouldrefer to the object previously mentioned. Thus, the word ... her was translated into ...kapal itu.Annotation 2

SOURCE TEXT DATA TARGET TEXT

Here they collected to theamount of several thousands,imagining themselves at thatdistance to be perfectly safe.

14 Di sini mereka berkumpul sampaibeberapa ribu jumlahnya, sambilmembayangkan mereka sangat amanpada jarak sejauh itu.

The above sentence comprises a main clause, namely ‘... they collected to theamount of several thousands’ ... and a participial phrase ‘... imagining themselves atthat distance to be perfectly safe’. The participial phrase contains a participle form of averb ’imagine’ + ‘ing’, which in full it should be ... while they imagine ... . So, there areadding information in the translation, namely the one word ... imagining ... which istranslated into two words ... sambil membayangkan ... .Translation Strategy:

Pragmatic strategy: adding information, namely the one word ... imagining ... istranslated into two words... sambil membayangkan ... .Translation Theory:

Nida and Taber (1982) mention that: “. . . , there is a tendency for all goodtranslations to be somewhat longer than the originals”. (p. 163).For example:‘The Otaheitans cannot resist pilfering’. The translation is ‘Orang Otaheite tak dapatmenahan diri dari perbuatan mencuri’. The one word ’resist’ in the source text istranslated into three words ‘menahan diri dari’ [ft31;B32.2].Therefore, the translation is longer than the original.Newmark (1986) mentioned that:

14

A semantic translation tends to be more complex, more awkward, moredetailed, more concentrated, and pursues the thought-processes rather thanthe intention of the transmitter. It tends to over-translate, to be morespecific than the original, to include more meanings in its search for onenuance of meaning.(p. 39)

Example:‘One of the chiefs of the district was the principal mourner, wearing a fantastical dress’[ft37; B35.2]. The translation of this sentence is ‘Seorang dari para kepala suku diwilayah itu menjadi ketua orang yang berkabung, dia mengenakan pakaian yangsangat luar biasa aneh’. The one word ‘fantastical’ is rendered into a group of fivewords. Thus, there is an over translation.Phrases

In this category, there are seventeen to be annotated

No. The Annotated Phrases Data Number Page7 fitting out 6 2768 with their clubs and paddle in their hands 8 2789 on which 13 281

10 my princess or rather queen 27 28511 live wholly on 81 30512 conscious superiority and habitual

command24 284

13 the spontaneous product 83 30514 each bigger than two fists 87 30715 to his own house 101 31116 full of expression 65 29917 on boarding her 91 30818 unbroken rest 93 30919 had asked 85 30620 but took little notice of any thing 35 28921 being soon alarmed 42 29222 is their own 104 31223 of which 92 308

Annotation 7

SOURCE TEXT DATA TARGET TEXT

While fitting out however,Captain Wallis returned from hisexpedition, and stronglyrecommended as most suitable forthe purpose, Port Royal Harbour,on an island he had discovered, towhich he had given the name of“King George’s Island”, andwhich has since been known byits native name, Otaheite orTahite.

06 Namun ketika sedang memperlengkapidengan sebuah telescope dan peralatanlain yang perlu di salah satu tempat yangdiusulkan oleh The Royal Society itu,Kapten Wallis kembali dari ekspedisinya,dan menyarankan dengan penuh semangat,bahwa tempat paling cocok untuk maksuditu adalah Pelabuhan Port Royal, di pulauyang ditemukannya, yang diberinya nama“Pulau Raja George”, dan yang sejak saatitu dikenal dengan nama asalnya, Otaheiteatau Tahite.

15

Oxford (2003, p. 525) defined the above idiomatic phrase ... fitting out ... as ‘toequip’. It is often followed by with. The bilingual dictionary (Peter Salim, 1991, p.708)defined the phrase as ‘memperlengkapi’. The idiomatic phrase ... fitting out ... in thephrase While fitting out, however ... , should actually sound ‘While they are fitting outa telescope and other necessary equipment on a place proposed by the Royal Society inorder to observe the transit of Venus over the sun’s disc in 1769’ (previous context).That is why it should be translated into ... namun ketika mereka sedangmemperlengkapi dengan telescope dan peralatan lain yang perlu di salah satu tempatyang diusulkan oleh The Royal Society itu ..., to make it clearer for the readers.Translation Strategies:

Pragmatic strategies, (1) altering the level of explicitness, namely from theimplicit ... fitting out ... into an explicit translation ... memperlengkapi dengan sebuahteleskop dan peralatan lain yang perlu di salah satu tempat yang diusulkan oleh TheRoyal Society itu ..., (2) adding information, namely “a telescope and other necessaryequipment on a place proposed by the Royal Society”, which was translated into ...dengan sebuah telescope dan peralatan lain yang perlu di salah satu tempat yangdiusulkan oleh The Royal Society itu ... .Translation Theories:

(1) Summer Institute of Linguistic (1984) mentioned that “Information which isimplicit may be understood because of any of three different factors:. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .among others, information which is already known to both the speaker and the hearerbecause of shared previous experience or shared cultural background”(pp. 123-4).Larson (1984) stated that

In every text that one may want to translate, there will be informationwhich is implicit; that is, it is not stated in an explicit form in the text itself.Some information, or meaning, is left implicit because. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .it has already been included elsewhere in the text,. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .However, the implicit information is part of the meaning which is to becommunicated by the translation, because it is part of the meaning intended tobe understood by the original writer. (p. 38)

(2) Nida and Taber (1982) mention that:. . . there is a tendency for all good translations to be somewhat longer thanthe originals. This does not mean, of course, that all long translations arenecessarily good. It only means that in the process of transfer from onelinguistic and cultural structure to another, it is almost inevitable that theresulting translation will turn out to be longer. (p. 163)

- Duff (1984) mentioned that “... a translation may be longer than the original ... ”(p. 22).- Likewise, Newmark (1986) said:

A semantic translation tends to be more complex, more awkward, moredetailed, more concentrated, and pursues the thought-processes rather thanthe intention of the transmitter. It tends to over-translate, to be morespecific than the original, to include more meaning in its search for onenuance of meaning. (p. 39)

16

Annotation 8

SOURCE TEXT PAGE TARGET TEXT

Finding no good anchorage at this place,the ship proceeded to another part of theisland, where, on one of the boats beingassailed by the Indians in two or threecanoes, with their clubs and paddle intheir hands, “Our people”, says thecommander, “being much pressed, wereobliged to fire, by which one of theassailants was killed, and another muchwounded”.

08 Karena tidak menemukan tempatberlabuh yang baik di tempat ini, kapalberpindah ke bagian lain pulau, ditempat itu salah satu perahu diserangoleh orang Indian dalam dua atau tigasampan, dengan pentungan dandayung, “Orang kami”, katakomandan, “karena sangat terdesak,terpaksa menembak, yang berakibatsalah satu penyerang terbunuh, danseorang lainnya terluka parah”.

The translation of the phrase ...with their clubs and paddle in their hands ... isactually ... dengan pentungan dan dayung di tangan mereka ... , but the translator hastranslated it into ... dengan pentungan dan dayung ...; There is an omission of thewords ... di tangan mereka ... because ... pentungan dan dayung ... is certainly in theirhands when they assailed a boat. Thus, the translation is shorter than the source text.Translation Strategy:

Pragmatic strategy, omitting information, namely the words ... di tangan mereka... was not translated.Translation Theories:

Nida and Taber (1982) mention that “There are quite naturally some expressionswhich are reduced in the process of transfer from one language to another”(p. 168).

Newmark (1986) also mentioned that ”Generally, a communicative translation islikely to be smoother, simpler, clearer, more direct, more conventional, conforming to aparticular register of language, tending to under-translate, i.e. to use more generic,hold-all terms in difficult passages” (p. 39).Idiomatic ExpressionIn this category, there is only one to be annotated.

No. The Annotated Idioms Data Number Page

1. to purchase the good graces 50 32

Annotation 24

SOURCE TEXT PAGE TARGET TEXT

But their thirst after iron wasirresistible; Wallis’s ship was strippedof all the nails in her by the seamen topurchase the good graces of thewomen, who assembled in crowds onthe shore.

50 Akan tetapi kehausan mereka padabesi tak dapat ditahan; semua pakudicopoti dari badan kapal Wallis olehpara pelaut untuk memikat paraperempuan, yang berkumpulbergerombol di pantai.

17

The idiomatic expression ‘good graces’ in the phrase ... to purchase the goodgraces of the women ... means ‘favour or approval’. Literally translated, the phrasemeans ‘untuk memperoleh persetujuan atau pengesahan para perempuan itu’. But thistranslation does not fit the context. Therefore, the researcher has translated it non-idiomatically into ... untuk memikat para perempuan itu ... .Translation Strategy

Emphasis on stylistic appropriateness: the selection of appropriate genre andtype of discourse, namely the idiomatic expression ‘good graces’ in the phrase ... topurchase the good graces of the women ... has been translated non-idiomatically into... untuk memikat para perempuan itu ... .Translation Theory

Duff (1990) in his ”Principles of Translation” said, “Idiomatic expressions arenotoriously untranslatable”.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . If theexpression cannot be directly translated, try the following:. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .– use a non-idiomatic or plain prose translation” (p. 11).Clause

In this category, there is only one to be annotated.

No. The Annotated Clause Data Number Page

1. ... which made it necessary to keep constantfire night and day ...

99 78

Annotation 25

SOURCE TEXT PAGE TARGET TEXT

They soon after this had to encountertremendous weather off Cape Horn,storms and wind, with hail and sleet,which made it necessary to keepconstant fire night and day; and one ofthe watch always attended to dry thepeople’s wet clothes.

99 Segera setelah ini, mereka mautidak mau menghadapi cuaca ganasdi lepas pantai Cape Horn, badaidan angin, dengan hujan es danhujan salju, yang membuatnyaperlu untuk tetap menyalakan apisiang dan malam; dan menyuruhsalah satu penjaga mengurusipengeringan pakaian basah paraawak kapal.

The clause ...which made it necessary ... is translated literally into ... yangmana membuatnya perlu ... . According to the use of Bahasa Indonesia ... yang mana... cannot be used (Dendy Sugono et al. (Eds.), (2003). That is why the translationbecomes ... yang membuatnya perlu ... .Translation Strategy:

Syntactic strategy: changing sentence structure, namely, the structure ... yangmana membuatnya perlu ... becomes only ... yang membuatnya perlu ... as thetranslation of ... which made it necessary ... .Translation Theory:Dendy Sugono et al. (Eds.) (2003) explained on the use of yang mana as follows:

18

Bentuk yang mana sering digunakan alih-alih bentuk yang”. Contohnyaseperti berikut ini:(1) ‘Peminjam akan dikenai denda untuk buku yang mana tidak dikembalikansetelah dua minggu masa pinjam’. Penggunaan bentuk yang mana semacam itusalah.Kalimat yang benar untuk mengungkapkan hal itu adalah seperti berikut:(2) ‘Peminjam akan dikenai denda untuk buku yang tidak dikembalikansetelah dua minggu masa pinjam’.Jadi, di sini kita hanya menghilangkan kata mana dan cukupmenggunakan kata yang (pp. 54-5).

Synthesis (composition or combination of parts or elements so as to form a whole)Based on the analysis of the selected data, it appears that a categorization of the

twenty-five annotated items can be made: six (6) of them are in the form of words;seventeen (17) in the form of phrases, one (1) in the form of idiomatic expression, one(1) in the form of clause; but there is no form of sentence available.The following table shows the categories of the data and the quantity of each category,both in numbers and percentage of the annotated items.

No. Categories Numbers ofAnnotated Items Percentage (%)

1. Words 6 24

2. Phrases 17 68

3. Idiomatic Expression 1 4

4. Clause 1 4

5. Sentence N/A N/A

Total Annotations 25 100 %

This pie chart is made in order to give a clear view for the readers.

Words

Phrases

Idiomatic Expression

Clause

Sentences

Pie Chart: Result of the Annotations

V. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONDiscussion

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There are three relevant researches used as the standard of comparison in thisstudy namely those of Suratni (2008), of Kanayama Hiroshi and Watanabe Hideo(2009), and of Marek Labucek and Maciej Piasecki (2009).

The first relevant study is Suratni’s Annotated Translation of a novel by SuprinaFrazier titled My Lover My Friend. In doing her study, she discovered problems, amongothers: (1) Difficulties encountered during the process of translating My Lover MyFriend into Indonesian”, and (2) “The intricacies she had to face in doing the translationand annotation. The purposes of her study were: [1] to attain factual informationconcerning the problems faced by the researcher in translating the source text; and [2] togive plausible solutions to the difficulties. In conducting this annotated translation, theresearcher answered the questions that emerged in the introspective and retrospectiveanalysis. In this study, she applied relevant theories and principles of translation,theories of English and Indonesian languages. The strategies used in her study aremostly proposed by Williams and Chesterman (2002) as advocated in their book TheMap: a Beginner’s Guide to Doing Research in Translation Studies. These strategieswere supported by Newmark (1986, 1988), Catford (1974), Mona Baker (1997) andLarson (1984). Considering that the nature of her study was analysis, the researcheremployed an introspective and retrospective method suggested by Williams andChesterman in the annotating both source text and target text during the translation. Anintrospective method she applied is an activity of looking into the translator’s ownfeelings and thought of why and how the texts are translated. It means that when shefaced problems in translating certain words/phrases/idioms /clauses/sentences then shewrote the difficulties and the solutions she had in her annotations. A retrospectivemethod she used is an activity in investigating the mental processes through theresearcher’s original memory immediately after she conducted a translation. Sheaccounted for the outcome of her study in two respects. First, she revealed that from thetwenty-five most difficult problems she faced, six were in the form of words, sevenwere phrases, two were idioms, four were clauses, and six were sentences. Herannotations indicated that during the course of translation, she had difficulties withthem. Second, she solved those difficulties by employing the relevant theories oftranslation and the theories of English and Indonesian languages.

The second relevant study is the work of Kanayama Hiroshi and WatanabeHideo of the IBM Research Laboratory, Tokyo, Japan conducted in 2009. Their studyhas a topic Multilingual Translation via Annotated Hub Language. This study wascarried out due to the worldwide expansion of the internet and multilingual machinetranslation systems that are more in demand than ever before. However, what has beendeveloped is only the translation engine that translates English into another language oranother language into English, as the developing of all translation engines includingones such as Spanish-to-Chinese, or Japanese-to-Italian is extremely difficult. Thisnaïve hub model has two fundamental problems, ‘information loss’ and ‘erroraccumulation’. However, the hub language approach allows translation between non-English languages by making use of the existing English-related translation engines.The result of this approach requires a much less labour than designing andimplementing all of the translation engines independently. Another advantageous pointis that any enhancement of a translation engine, it can be shared by all of the translationsystems which use the same engine.To overcome this problem, the two researchers applied the annotated hub languagemethod, which has the same coverage as the naïve hub method because the annotation

20

solves the two problems. The English language remains the focal point. The ‘any-to-any’ translation system is conducted by using annotated English as the ‘hub language’.The key feature of this method is to annotate the English sentences in order to solve theproblems in the hub language approach. The annotation is represented by using theLinguistic Annotation Language.The result of their research is the hub language approach that allows translationbetween non-English languages by making use of the existing English-relatedtranslation engines.

The third relevant study is that of Marek Labucek and Maciej Piasecki from theComputer Science Department, Wroclaw University of Technology, Poland. Theypresented the work that originates from the development of the commercial, wide-scalemachine translation (MT) system.Its market name is “English Translator” (shorten further to ET.). The system wasplanned from its very beginning to be fully automated and was designated for wide-market. Naturally, the work presented has more technical than scientific character and isprimarily performance oriented. However, some experimental techniques were appliedand some data sets were created in the construction of the system so that it makes thesubject different from the mere technical features. During the construction of thesystem, several linguistically well-prepared data sets have to be created. A number ofsoftware tools built in this purpose facilitated the creation of the data set. The data setscover a significant amount of the ‘real language’. ET has the typical architecture of anMT system based on transfer. It needs the linguistic data sets. It has to be createdespecially for the needs of the ET, although there is a chance for the utilization of someexisting morpho-syntactic dictionary of Polish. All other data set had been simply non-available in the time of the work on system had started. The resource consumingprocess of fully annotated corpus creation is still in the experimental phase. Theresearchers foresaw that the expectation would not fully been met, anyway, they are stillconvinced that the methods of Machine Learning can be very useful in the constructionof the MT systems in the future. Further development was planned as the following:The monolingual dictionary will be enlarged by new words, especially specialized onesand the inflection will be corrected if any errors will be encountered. New derivationlinks is also added. Bilingual dictionaries will be enlarged, especially by specializedwords and various phrases. Sub categorization dictionary is planned to cover all verbsfrom monolingual dictionary. The English corpus will be further adapted to thedictionary, parsing methods and the Polish one - enlarged and attempted to be utilizedespecially in a tagging phase of the translation process.

There are similarities among these four studies – the researcher’s and thepertinent ones referred to – first, the parallel experimental technical works beingdeveloped in Japan and Poland, the similarity of the studies conducted scientifically inIndonesia, and annotation is involved in these all studies.Conclusion

This study has solved the problems encountered when the researcher translatedthe English into Indonesian. The finding revealed that the hardest problems to solve aretwenty-five items in the aspect of grammar. Those twenty-five items are in the form ofseven words, seventeen phrases, and one idiomatic expression; there is no clause and nosentence available. The theories used in solving the problems comprise theories oftranslation, English and Indonesian. The difficulty encountered in the course of

21

translating has been dealt with the relevant theories obtained during the researcher wasstudying in the class.Recommendation

Due to the weakness of this study, the researcher strongly suggests thatprospective researchers who intend to conduct a similar study are advisably encouragedto render the entire book so that it might be more annotations are produced. Theresearcher uses English as the source text and has translated it into Indonesian. For thenext researchers, it is recommended that they also make a study of annotated translationfrom Indonesian into English.

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Abdul Chaer (2006) Tata Bahasa Praktis Bahasa Indonesia. Jakarta: PT. Rineka CiptaBaker, Mona (1997) In Other Words: A Coursebook on Translation. London: RoutledgeCatford, J. C. (1974) A Linguistic Theory of Translation. London: Oxford University

PressDendy Sugono dan Zainal Arifin (eds)(2003) Buku Praktis Bahasa Indonesia 1, Jakarta:

Pusat Bahasa DepdiknasDuff, Alan (1990) Translation. Oxford: Pergamon Press______________ (1984) The Third Language: Recurrent Problems of Translation into

English, Oxford: Pergamon PressFrank, Marcella (1972) Modern English. New Jersey: Prentice HallHasan Alwi et al. (2003) Tata Bahasa Baku Bahasa Indonesia. Jakarta: Balai PustakaKamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (2005) Jakarta: Balai Pustaka.Kanayama Hiroshi and Watanabe Hideo (2009) Multilingual Translation via Annotated

Hub Language. IBM Research Laboratory, Tokyo, Japan.http://www.amtaweb.org/summit/FinalPaper/54-Kanayama-final.pdf

Larson, Mildred L. (1984) Meaning-Based Translation. A Guide to Cross-LanguageEquivalence. Lanham, Maryland: University Press of America

Marek Labucek and Maciej Piasecki (2009) English Translator. Computer ScienceDepartment, Wroclaw University of Technology, Polandhttp://www.IIS.pwr.wroc.pl/~piasecki/publication/labuzek_piaseckiFDSL4.pdf.

Merriam-Webster Version 2.5 (2000). (CD-Rom Ver).Munday, Jeremy (2001) Introducing Translation Studies, USA and Canada:

Routledge.Newmark, Peter (1986) Approaches to Translation. Oxford: Pergamon Press_____________ (1988) A Textbook of Translation. New York: Prentice HallNida, Eugene A. and Charles R. Taber (1969) The Theory and Practice of Translation.

Leiden: United Bible SocietiesOxford English Reference Dictionary (2003), New York: Oxford University Press.Peter Salim (1991) The Contemporary English – Indonesian Dictionary Jakarta:

Modern English Press.

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Summer Institute of Linguistics (1980) Introduction to Semantic and Translation.England: Horsley’s Green

Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary (1984), Springfield, Massachusetts, USA.Williams, Jenny & Andrew Chesterman (2002) The Map: A Beginner’s Guide to Doing

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