1. An approachfor mapping the vulnerability ofEuropean Union soilsto antibiotic contamination De la Torre, A; Iglesias, I; Carballo, M; Muoz, Mtorre@inia.esCISA-INIA

2. Worldwide, antibiotics are widelyprescribed to treat bacterial infections in human andanimals. 3. Their use show manyadvantages among whichthe most important are: They are compounds commonly used. Many of them show a high stability in the environment. They are biologically very potent and able to triggerresponses at very low doses.They are active against highly conserved biologicalpathways. They can therefore act on different livingorganisms. 4. Veterinary antimicrobialsare widely used astherapeutics in intensivefarming, at both theprestarter (weaning) andfattening (first month)stages. 5. Antibiotics pose specific risks for the environment, since theyare particularly designed to kill or inhibit microorganisms:Adverse effects on living organismsAntibiotic residual in the food chain Antibiotic residual in wildlifeMicrobial resistence 6. TWO MAIN ACTIONS ARE BEING PROMOTED BY I.O. European Medicines Agency requires the ecotoxicological assessment of antimicrobials before marketing authorizationMany international organismssuch as OIE and WHO havealerted about the appearance ofantimicrobial resistance. Theyhave arguedthat environmental surveillance ofantimicrobial presence andresistance should also bemandated. 7. Environmental Surveillance of antimicrobial presence and resistance?The objective of the present work is to develop a soilvulnerability map to antibiotic contamination. It would allow to identify areas at high risk for antibioticcontamination. It may help to allocate surveillan efforts in future researches. 8. METHODOLOGY: Spatial RISK ANALYSIS conducted in a GIS environment.1. RELEASELIVESTOCK DENSITY Values from 0 to 1 as function of densityMCD = Release x Exposure x ConsequenceMCD = Release x Exposure x Consequence2. EXPOSUREANTIBIOTIC CONTAMINATION IN SOIL = (B+P)/2 BINDING POTENTIAL (B)*PERSISTENCE POTENTIAL (P)* BINDINGAdsorption value (Koc)** PERSISTENCE Degradation value (DT50)** VALUE VALUE12 3 4 5 12 3 4 5 Soil organic carbon content Mean annual temperature 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 53. CONSEQUENCE SOIL USE Agricultural and Pasture land use assumes value of 1 (Other soil types=0) 9. The study area comprised the European Union countrieswhere the required geo-referenced data at 10 km resolutionwere available on a continuous scale for statistical analyses. 10. 1. RELEASE 2. EXPOSURE3. CONSEQUENCE 11. PERSISTENCE: Persistence is the opposite to degradation or the break down as aresult of microbiological reactions in soils.ADSORPTION: Adsorption describes the attraction between a chemical and soil. 12. Boxall el at., 2010 NON PERSISTENT SLIGHTLY PERSISTENT MODERATELY PERSISTENTPERSISTENTDT5060 d INCREASING PERSISTENCEVERY LOW Sulfamethazine Koc < 15 LOW Sulfadimethoxine MetronidazoleChlordufon Koc 15-74 Florfenicol DECREASING ADSORPTION DECREASING ADSORPTIONMODERATEOlaquindox CeftiofurKoc 75-499 HIGHTylosin EprinomectinKoc 500-4000Emamectin Diclazuril OxfendazoleVERY HIGHDeltamethrinAlbendazoleKoc >4000Cypermethrin DanofloxacinDoramectin ErythromycinIvermectinMoxidectinOxytetracyclineSelamectin Sarafloxacin 13. FLUORO & QUINOLONES TETRACYCLINES SULPHONAMIDES050 100 150200250300350 400 Soil concentration (g/kg)TETRACICLINAS (1.183 Tn)SULFONAMIDAS+TRIMETOPRIMAS (428 Tn) LACTMICOS+CEFALOSPORINAS (273 Tn)MACRLIDOS+LINCOSAMIDAS (197 Tn)AMINOGLICSIDOS (121 Tn)FLUORO + QUINOLONAS (29 Tn)ANFENICOLES (6 Tn)OTROS (109 Tn) 14. CONCLUSIONSThe inclusion of fluoroquinolones and tetracyclinesin the surveillance plans should be deeperconsidered.To know the geographical variability of potentialantibiotic accumulation on soil is very useful fordeciding how to allocate limited resourcesamong national environmental surveillanceprograms of antibiotics. 15. THANKS FOR YOUR ATTENTION!!!