AN ATLASOP

CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY.CONSTRUCTED BY

WILLIAM HUGHES,

AND EDITED BY

GEORGE LONG.FORMERLY PROFESSOR OF ANCIENT LANGUAGES IN THE UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA

WITH

A SKETCH OF CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY,

AND OTHER ADDITIONS,

BY THE AMERICAN EDITOR.

CONTAINING

FIFTY-TWO MAPS AND PLANS ON TWENTY-SIX PLATES,

WITH AN INDEX OF PLACES.

PHILADELPHIA

:

BLANCHAED & LEA,185 7.

I OOi

ZSl

Entered, according to the Act of Congress, in the year 1856, by

BLANCHARD & LEA,

in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania,

Printel \.j T. K. & P. G. Collins.

AMERICAN PUBLISHERS' NOTICE.

In reproducing the present work, various additions have been thought desirable. For

reasons adduced in his Preface, Mr. Long inserted no boundaries in the maps. Impos-

sible as it may be, at this distance of time, to determine with absolute accuracy the

limits of contiguous territories, it yet was felt that without some indication of their

position, as generally received by classical scholars, the student would frequently feel

the want of an assistance to which he had become accustomed; and they have accord-

ingly been introduced from standard authorities.

The interest attaching to the gradual development of geographical knowledge

among the ancients, has seemed to render desirable the introduction of the charts col-

lected on Plate 1, showing at a glance the progress of information from the earliest

times, and enabling the student to comprehend and appreciate the ideas of the writers

of successive periods. Plate 26 has likewise been added, presenting topographical

plans, on an enlarged scale, of various places of interest, which may serve to elucidate

passages in numerous classical authors. These additions have been selected from Icadin^^

authorities, such as Kiefert, Forbiger, and Johnston.

With the view of rendering the work a convenient text-book for the student, a

condensed sketch of Classical Geography has been prefixed, compiled and adapted

principally from the recent manual of Professor Pillans, of Edinburgh. In this the

object has been, not to present a complete enumeration of places, but mei-ely to furnish

(iii)

iv AMERICAN PUBLISHERS' NOTICE.

such supplementary information as cannot be embodied in the ir:aps. No allusion has

been made to Sacred Geography, a subject too extensive and too important to be dis-

missed within the limits necessarily assigned to the sketch. In revising the Index, the

opportunity has occasionally been found of marking the quantity of a syllable left un-

accented by Mr. Long; and this has been done whenever practicable. In many in-

stances, however, places of little note, whose nvames do not occur among the poets, are

necessarily uncertain.

Every care has been taken throughout to obtain entire accuracy, in the most careful

revision of both maps and text by the gentleman who has made the additions and

superintended the press. The publishers trust that their efforts have not been misdi-

rected, and that they will be found to have succeeded in producing an Atlas in every

way suited to the increasing requirements of the improved classical scholars]) ip of the

age.

Philadelphia, August, 185G.

PREFACE.

The Maps in this Atlas have been constructed by William Hughes from the best

authorities; and they have been engraved under his superintendence. The original

drawings and the engraved maps have been revised by George Long. No pains have

been spared to make the maps correct ; and though it is impossible to avoid some errors

in a work of this kind, it is hoped that there are not many. Such as may be discovered

will be corrected.

The distriliution of the suljject-matter of this ancient Atlas differs from that of other

Atlases in several respects. The map of the Roman Provinces is one example of this

;

and there are several other maps which will not be found in the common Atlases. This

Atlas is intended for the use of students both at schools and at college ; and though it

does not contain every name, it contains everything that a classical student can want.

No attempt has been made''' to show the exact boundaries of the political divisions

and subdivisions of countries, wdiich cannot be done, in small maps at least, with

sufficient accuracy ; and in many cases it cannot be done at all. A student must learn

what these boundaries are, so far as they can be ascertained, either from works on

Ancient Geography, or from the instruction of a teacher. The best method of teaching

Geography in schools is by oral instruction on the Map, followed by examination.

GEORGE LONG.

wi * See American Publishei's' Notice.

(V)

LIST OF PLATES.

1. GEOGRAPHY ACCORDING TO THE ANCIENTS.

The world according to Homer (b. c. 900).

The world according to Hecataeus (ab^ut b. c. 500).

The atorld according to Herodotus (about b. c. 440).

The world according to Eratosthenes and Strabo (from about b. c. 200 to a. d 20).

Western Europe according to Strabo.

The world according to Ptolemy (about a. d. 160).

India according to Ptolemy,

Great Britain according to Ptolemy.

2. THE WORLD AS KNOWN TO THE ANCIENTS (with the boundary of the Perslvn

Empire under Cyrus).

3. THE EMPIRE OF ALEXANDER THE GREAT, wn:H the adjoining Regions.

4. THE PROVINCES OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE, a. d. 119.

5. BRITANNIA.

6. GALLIA.

1. HISPANIA.

8. ITALIA (Northern Part).

9. ITALIA (Southern Part),

Corsica and Sardinia

10. PLAN OF ROME.

11. PART OF ITALY, embracing the Roman Territory, and the adjoining Country, on an

enlarged scale.

12. SICILIA.

13. SYRACUSAE, on an enlarged scale.

The Bay op Naples, and adjacent Part of Campania.

The two Ports op Brundusium.

(vii)

viii 1. 1 S T O F F L A T E S

.

14. MACEDONIA, THRACIA, ILLYRICUM, and the Provinces on the Middle and

Lower Danube.

15. GRAECIA, INCLUDING Epirus and Thessalia, with Part op Macedonia.

16. PART OF ATTICA, with BOEOTIA, PHOCIS, LOCRIS, MEGARIS, etc., on an

enlarged scale,

n. PLAN OF ATHENS

Athens and its Harbors.

18. PELOPONNESUS, with Attica and Part of Boeotia.

19. THE COASTS AND ISLANDS OF THE AEGEAN SEA.

20. ASIA MINOR, AND THE NORTHERN PART OF SYRIA.

21. PALAESTINA, avith Part of Syria.

Plan op Jerusalem.

22. ASSYRIA, and the adjacent Countries.

23. MAURITANIA, NUMIDIA, AND AFRICA.

Continuation op the African Coast, from the Syrtis Minor to Egypt

Enlarged Plan op the Carthaginian Territory.

24. ARABIA PETRAEA AND PART OF EGYPT, including the Delta.

25. GERMANIA MAGNA, with the Provinces on the Upper Danube.

26. TOPOGRAPHICAL PLANS.

Troja.

Thermopylae.

Marathon.

Plataea.

Mantinea.

Leuctra.

Route of Xenophon and the Ten Thousand Greeks.

Granicus.

Issus.

Arbela.

Thracian Bosporus.

Alexandria.

I

SKETCH

OP

CLASSICAL GEOGEAPHY.

Ancient Geography is almost exclusively confined

to the countries around the Mediterranean sea, in

the period of the power of Greece and of Rome,

the shores of that ocean being the scene of the life

and actions of classical antiquity. In the course of

time, the centre of action moves from the eastern

parts of the Mediterranean, or rather the seas ad-

joining it in the east, to regions farther west ; and

at the same time geographical knowledge follows

the arms of victorious legions, radiating in all di-

rections from the Mediterranean, as the centre.

(Map 2.)

In Map 1 will be found a series of charts illus-

trating the geographical views entertained at diife-

rent periods, as expressed by prominent authorities.

These rude sketches, besides their interest as mani-

festing the gradual extension of human knowledge,

possess a value to the student when their progressive

development is considered in connection with the

march of historical events. Thus, with Homer,B. c. 900, the world is a circular plain, around which

the river Oceanus flows. He is familiar with Euro-

pean and Asiatic Greece, as well as with Aegypt

:

in the west he places Elysium : on the edge of the

plain dwell the Aethiopes and Pygmaei : beyond the

Oceanus in the north are the Cimmerii. In Heca-

taeus^ view of the world, about b. c. 500, the western

countries of the Mediterranean have assumed form

and proportion, while the eastern boundary of know-

ledge has made some progress.

Herodotus, the "Father of History," B.C. 440,

also added largely to the stock of geographical

knowledge, having travelled over a great part of the

eastern world. Democritus, B.C. 300, shows an

increase of geographical information, chiefly in the

easternmost parts, produced by the conquests of

Alexander, (See Empire of Alexander, Map 3.)

Thus far, the history of geography shows an em-

pirical aggregation of facts. After this, the scienti-

fic or systematic treatment of geography begins, the

characteristic feature of which we may find in the

use of astronomy for geographical purposes. Hip-

parchus, of Nice, about b. c. 230, stands first among

those who combined geography with astronomy. Hedetermined latitudes and longitudes of places from

celestial observation, and was engaged in the mea-

surement of the earth and in determining its figure.

The first who produced a whole geographical

system was Eratosthenes, about B. c. 200. Heattempted the measure of the earth's circumference,

and introduced into his maps a regular parallel of

latitude, the running of which was of course imper-

fect, and at variance with the actual positions of

places.

Strabo, a Greek geographer, A. D. 20, endeavored,

with but partial success, to collect and to systema-

tize the geographical knowledge which floAved in

upon the Romans from their military expeditions in

so many parts of the then known world. (See RomanEmpire, Map 4.)

Ptolemy, A. D. 160, corrected old errors, gathered

new information, (see his charts of India and Britain,

Map 1,) and gave ancient geography that final shape

which it retained during the long period of the Em-pire of the Occident and of the Orient, and through

the Middle Ages, until Columbus and Yasco de Gamastruck out new and wider courses of geographical

knowledge; and mathematics, coml;incd with jihysical

science, taught us the true positions and relations of

geographical objects.

(9)

10 SKETCH OF CLASSICAL GEOGIIAPIIY

BRITANNIA.-(MAP 5.)

Great Britain was known to the ancients under

the names of Britannia and Albion. The coast of

Cornwall and the Cassiterides (Scilly Isles) were

visited by the Carthaginians. Among all the clas-

sical Greek writers, down to Alexander the Great,

Aristotle alone makes any allusion to the British Isles.

The Romans were indebted for their knowledge of

the country to the wars of Caesar and his successors.

Julius Caesar made two hostile incursions into

Britain, B. c. 58 and 55 ; but they were short in

duration, and confined to the country between the

strait of Dover and the Thames. The only locali-

ties he particularizes are Tamesis (Thames) and

Cantium (Kent). Once, also, he simply enumerates

six British tribes, without any data for fixing their

boundaries. Strabo, who lived under Augustus and

Tiberius, does little more than repeat the vague

generalities of Caesar : his brief chapter on Britain

concludes, after some inaccurate general descrip-

tion, without the mention of a single mountain,

river, town, district, or people. He declares that

the island is not worth the trouble of conquering.

Pytheas, a merchant of the Greek colony of Massi-

lia, (Marseilles), visited Britain about the time of

Alexander, and gave an account of it, which, though

very correct, was little credited by antiquity.

The Mountains of Britain are slightly noticed by

the ancients. The chief Promontories on the east

coast were Ocellum, or Spurn Head, some distance

north of the Ilumber, and Cantium Fromontorium, or

North Foreland. On the south was Ocrinum, Lizard

Point, and Bolerium, or Antivestaeum, Land's End.

Upon the west coast were Herculis Promontorium,

or Hartland Point, Octapitarum, or St. David's

Head, Ganganoruni Promontorium, at the extre-

mity of Carnarvonshire, and Novantum, or the Mull

of Galloway.

The Aestuaries, following the same order, were

Tava Aestu., the Tay, Bodotria, or the Firth of Forth,

Abiis, or the Humber, Metaris Aestuariiim, or the

Wash, and Tamissa Aestuarium, the mouth of the

Thames. On the south, Tamariis was Plymouth

Sound ; and on the west, Sahriana or Sabrina Aes-

tuarium, the Bristol Channel, Segeia or Seteia, the

mouth of the Dee or the Mersey, Belisama, perhaps

the nibble, Moricambe Aestuarium, Morecambe

Bay, Ituna xiestuarium, the Solway Firth, and Glota

Aestuarium., the Clyde.

Most of the Rivers have been named in the abovej

enumeration of the aestuaries. We may, however, I

add Alaunus, the Tweed, Tisa, the Tees, Antona,

the Nen.

Of Tribes and Provinces, we find the Cantii in

Kent : southwest of them the Begni. West of these

were the Belgae, and further west the Damnonii.

Further north we find the Trinobantes, in Essex and

Middlesex, the Brigantes, in Yorkshire, Durham,

Lancaster, Westmoreland, and Cumberland, the Ictni,

in Norfolk and Suffolk, the Silnres and Ordovices,

in Wales. North of Hadrian's wall, in what is to-

day Scotland, were the Otadeni, Oadeni, Selgovae,

Novantae, Damnii, and Epidii. Ilona is the island

of Anglesey : of Towns, we find the name Camalodu-,

num, Colchester, Verulamium, near St. Albans, Lo7i-'

dinium, which is described by Tacitus as a place of

gTcat wealth and traffic, though not a Roman colony,

and by Ammianus Marcellinus, who wrote 300 years

later, as an ancient town, which in later times had

received the name of Augusta. Juvenal alludes to

Butupiae, (Richborough or Sandwich,) on the

Kentish coast.

Of Ireland, we learn nothing from the classics

but the name, Hibernia, Juverna, or lerne. Its

relative position is incorrectly given.

Ptolemy is the first who gives any detailed account

of the geography of Britain. He enumerates a va-

riety of subdivisions, tribes, and towns, and attempts

even a map of the island. (See Map 1.)

Britain was divided^ under the Byzantine empire,

into four provinces, the relative position of which it

is difficult to determine. Perhaps we may place them

thus : I. Britannia Prima, below the aestuaries of

the Severn and the Thames : II. Britannia Secunda,

comprising Wales : III. Flavia Caesariensis, ex-

tending from the Thames to the Humber on the east,

and from the Lower Avon to the Mersey on the west

:

IV. Maxima Caesariensis, from the Ilumber and

Mersey to the wall of Severus.

We will now briefly mention the Roman tvalls,

roads, and camps, in Britain.

From Bowness on the Solway Firth, two lines of

defence ran eastward, nearly parallel, and close to

each other. We can trace them still as they cross

the Irthing, and pass by Carlisle, (Luguvallium),

Glenwhelt, Rowchester, and Newcastle, terminating

on the north side of the Tyne, three and a half miles

SKETCH OF CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY, 11

below the town last nauod. The distance from one

extremity to the other is seventy-three Roman miles,

equivalent to sixty-eight and a half English. Be-

tween the two lines of defence was a military way,

and the whole three were crossed at right angles by

at least one great road, Watling Street, near the

modern village of Corbridge. Along the wall there

were military forts (castella) and military stations

(caslra stativa), which are now generally named

Chesters, e. g. Hunnum, Halton Chesters.

Between the Firths of Clyde and Forth, a rampart

and ditch extended eastward from Douglass, on the

Clyde, two miles west of old Kilpatrick, to Carri-

den, between Abercorn and Borrowstowness, on the

Forth, a distance of thirty-four and three-fourths

English miles. Along this line, the first defences

were made (a. d. 81) by Agricola, who seems to have

erected a pr^aetentura, or chain of forts, between the

two seas, at this narrowest part of the island, with

a view to secure his conquests against the Caledo-

nians, leaving them to the enjoyment of their savage

liberty in all the country beyond. Adrian contracted

the limits of the empire, and erected about a. d. 120,

the new line of defence between the Tyne and Solway

;

whilst Lollius Urbicus, the lieutenant of Antoninus

Pius, carried a rampart and ditch from sea to sea,

to connect the forts of Agricola, and to complete the

defensive works, a. d. 144.

Roman Britain, under the later empire, was pene-

trated in all directions by military roads. Loudonwas a point of intersection for many of them. The

most remarkable were Watling Street, which, start-

ing from Rutupiae, Richborough, in Kent, ran through

Canterbury and, passing by Rochester and London,

through St. Albau's, Dunstable, and Wroxeter, to

the north, as far as the wall of Agricola.

Iknield Way ran across the island from a point

near Great Yarmouth (country of Iceni) over the

Thames at Streetly to the i^os.se Way.

The Fosse Way extended from Moridunum, or

Seaton, through Coriuium, or Cirencester, and Ratae,

to Lindum, or Lincoln, and thence to York,

From this, above Coriuium, branched off Ryhnield

Way, passed Derbentia and Little Chester, and

joined Fosse Way again below Danum, Dancaster.

The encampments, of which slender remains maystill be traced, are numerous ; but the remains are

fast disappearing, with the exception of monuments,

altars, coins, weapons, which are preserved in various

collections.

GALLIA.-(MAP 6.)

Gallia (Gaul) and the Galli (Gauls) extended

farther than France and the French of the present day.

The Romans made the distinction of Gallia Cisal-

pina and of Gallia Transalpina. The first became,

in later times. Upper Italy, (Italia Superior), and

we speak of it as a part of Italy. Gallia Trans-

alpina comprised, besides the present French terri-

tory, Rhaetia, (Switze-rland,) large tracts of South-

western Germany and Belgium.

The mountain ranges of Gaul which are lofty enough

to deserve the name, are the following : 1. Cevenna,

the Cevennes, stretching N.N.E. from the Pyrenees;

2. An extinct volcanic group in Auvergne, (Arverni,)

the highest points of which are the Cantal, Mont Dor,

and Puy-de Dome ; 3 Vosegus, the Voges, running

parallel with the Rhine from Bale to Coblentz ; 4. Jura,

which formed the boundary between the Helvetii and

Sequani; and, 5. All that portion of the Alpine range

which lies to the W. and S. of the Upper Rhine, and

sends the waters produced in its summits and slopes

either into the Rhine or into the Rhone.

Gallia may be regarded as composed of the

basins of the Rhone, the Garonne, the Loire, the

Seine, the Meuse, and the Rhine. The basins of these

rivers account for the whole superficial contents of Gal-

lia Transalpiina, except the country watered by the

Samara (Somme) and Scaldis (Scheld). We have then,

1. The basin of Rhodanus, the Rhone. This

river, springing from the side of St. Gothard, makes

its way between two lofty ranges of the Alps through

the Yalais, where it passes the city of the Sedroii,

now Sitten or Sion, and Octodurvs, Martigny. Then,

forcing its way through the gorge of St. Maurice, it

expands into Lacus Lemanus,' and, having deposited

there the soil of the melted glaciers, it re-appears at

the city of Geneva in the form of a majestic river

of a deep transparent blue. In pursuing its course

westward, it disappears and flows under ground for

a quarter of a mile. Meeting at last with the ob-

struction of the Cevennes, it turns abruptly to the

south. At the angle, it is joined from the north by

Arar, the Saone. On this tributary stood Cahillo-

num, now Chalons-sur- Saone, and Ilatisco, now

Macon, both towns of the Aedui ; and on its feeder,

Duhis, (Doubs,) was Vesontio, now Besan^on. At' Also Lemaunus.

12 SKETCH OF CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY

the point of junction of the Ai'ar and liJiocllnus,

stood Lugdunum, which gave name to the Augustan

division of Gaul, Lugdunensis. From Lyons, the

Rhone continues its rapid course directly south, pass-

ing various towns, among Avliich may be mentioned

Ave7iio, Avignon, at the junction of the Druentia,

the Durance, and Arelfde (Aries).

2. The Basin of Garumna, the Garonne, a river

which rises in the Pyrenees, and flows IST. W. into

the Sinus Cantabricus, the Bay of Biscay. This

basin is bounded by the Pyrenees, the Cevennes, the

mountains of Auvergne, and by the dos or high ground

that extends thence to the sea. Within these limits,

it includes the minor basin of Aturis (the Adour).

In descending the Garumna, we find TolOsa, Tou-

louse ; and farther down, on the left bank of the

river, stood Bin^digala, the modern Bordeaux. It

was the birthplace of the poet Ausonius. Lower

down, the Garonne receives the Dordogne, and widens

into an aestuary which is called La Gironde.

3. The Basin of Liger, the Loire. The Loire

rises in the Cevennes, flows first noi'thward, then

westward, and falls into the Atlantic after a course

of 500 miles. Among the towns on its banks most

worthy of mention was Gendhum, which owes its

modern name of Orleans to the people Aureliani,

Avhose capital it was. Farther down the Loire were

the Turones and Andes v. Andegdvi, tribes which

give the modern names Tours, Angers, and Anjou.

Near the embouchure of the Loire dwelt the tribe

Namnttes, whence the name of the modern city of

Nantes. On the Arroux, a tributary of the Loire,

Bihrade v. Auguslodunum, Autun, capital of the

Aediii.

4. The Basin of Sequana, the Seine. This

river rises in the table-land of the Gallic tribe Lin-

gunes, now called the Plateau de Langres, and, soon

after its junction with ilfa/rcJ/ia, (the Marne), encloses

an islet called Lutetia Parisiorum, now in the very

centre of the capital of France. Between Paris and

the sea is Rouen (Botomugus). Near the source

was Alesia, taken by Caesar after a long siege, which

he describes minutely in the Ith book of his Com-pentaries.

The comparatively small and very flat Basin of

Samara, the Somme, was the seat of the tribe Am-hidni, whose chief place was Samarobrlva, of which

mention occurs in Caesar and Cicero, as well as in

Ptolemy ; but the name of the people survives only

in that of the modern city Amiens.

5. We next arrive at the Basin of Mosa, (in Dutch,

Maas or Maes—in French, Meuse,) on which, as we

descend the river, we come to no place of note in

ancient times.

6. The Basin of Rhenus, the Rhine. This river

rises in the central Alps, and is enclosed in its early

course between Alpine ranges, until it expands into

Lacus Brigantlnus v. Venetus, the lake of Constance.

Thence it flows westward (forming at Schaffhausen

the most noted waterfall in Europe, and passing

Augusta Rauracorum) till it reaches Basilia (Basel

or Bale). Meeting there with an obstruction in the

high ground between Jura and the Yoges, it turns

abruptly to the north. In the subsequent part of

its course, it passes successively the walls, 1. of

Mogontiacum, the capital of Germania Superior,

now Mainz in German, Mayence in French : 2. of

Conjiuentes, corrupted into the modern Coblentz, at

the confluence of the Rhine and 3Iosa .or Mosella

(Mosel or Moselle) : and, 3. of Colonia Agrippina,

capital of Germania Inferior, now Coin or Co-

logne. .

In the English Channel, on the N. W. coast of

Gaul, over against Britain, are Portus Pius, whence

Caesar first set sail for Britain, and the three islands,

now belonging to Great Britain, Riduna, Alderney,

Sarnia, Guernsey, and Caesarea, Jersey : facing the

Atlantic is Portus Brivdtes, the harbor of Brest : at

the mouth of the Adour, Lapurdum, Bayonne.

On the Southern or Mediterranean coast was Narho

Martius, Narbonne, which gave name to one of the

divisions of Gaul, Narbonensis. Ten leagues east

of the Rhone mouth was Massilia, (Marseilles,) said

to have been founded at a very remote period by a

colony from Phocaea, a city on the coast of Asia

Minor. Telo Martius, Toulon, is the great naval

station of the French on the Mediterranean, as Brest

is on the Atlantic. Off Toulon are the Stoechddes

Insulae, the Isles d'Hieres, Forum Julii, birthplace

of Agricola, now Frejus, Nicaea, the last Gallic city

towards Italy, now Nice.

ancient divisions and tribes of GAUL.

At the time of Caesar's invasion, there was already

in Gaul a Frovincia Bomana, lying between the

Cevennes and the Alps. The rest of Gaul is de-

scribed by him as divided into three parts, according

as it was inhabited by the Aquitdni in the south,

Belgae in the north, and Celtae in the middle. But

the truth is, that Gallia Comata (as all beyond the

Roman province was then called) was occupied by

numerous independent tribes or peoples, generally

SKETCH OF CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY, 13

hostile to each other. Some of these have becu

already named— the Lingdnes and Farisii in the

Basin of the Seine, the Aureliani and Nmnnetes in

that of the Loire, and the Seduni in the Yalais. Afew shall now be added as occurring most frequently

in Caesar's narrative of his campaigns in Gaul ; and

the locality of each tribe named will be indicated by

the river-basin in which they dwelt.

The Aedui occupied the territory between the

Loire and the Saone : on a tributary of the former

was Bibracte, their capital, subsequently called Au-

gustodumim (Autun). The Sequani dwelt in the

upper part of the Basin of the Saone, and the whole

of that of its feeder Dubis, the Doubs, a river which

winds round their chief city Vesontio (Besanqon).

In the Basin of the Seine, south side, lived the tribe

CarnUtes: near their chief city Aidricum, (Char-

tres), was the residence of the Arch-druid of Gaul.

The Allobruges dwelt between the Rhone and its

left-hand tributary Isara, the Isere. The Treveri

or Treviri occupied the space between the Meuse

and the Rhine, and the lower Basin of the Moselle,

Their chief city was that now called from the name

of the tribe, in German, Trier, in French, Treves.

Through their country ran the extensive Silva Ar-

duenna, the forest of Ardenne. To the west of the

Treviri, in the Basin of Sabis, the Sambre, and the

upper course of the Scheld, dwelt the Nervii, a gal-

lant people of German extraction, who fought a great

battle against Caesar.

IIISPANIA.-(MAP 7.)

Spain was called Iberia by the Greeks, and by the

poets He!>peria, as the farthest land toward the west,

with the addition of ultima, to distinguish it from

Italy.

An elevated ridge of mountain and table-land ex-

tends from X. to S., forming the water-shed of the

country, and giving origin to all the great rivers,

some of which find their way to the Mediterranean,

and others to the Atlantic. To this crest or back-

bone, as it were, of the peninsula, are attached, on

the side facing the west, ranges of mountains and

high ground, running in a S.W. direction and nearly

parallel to each other ; and these enclose, on two

sides, the basins or tracts of country through whicli

the rivers and their tributaries flow.

The main rivers that rise on the western slope of

the central ridge and fall into the Atlantic, are four

in number : 1. Durius, the Duero, (in Spanish,)

Douro, (in Portuguese,) the vast basin of which,

bounded by the Cantabrian and Asturian mountains

on the nortli side, and by those of Castille on the

south, includes the less considerable valley of Minius,

the Minho ; 2. Tagus, famed for the gold found in

its sand ; 3. Anas, the Guadiana ; and, 4. Baetis,

the Guadalquivir (t. e. in Arabic, "the great river.")

The main rivers that rise on the eastern slope of

the water-shed and fall into the Mediterranean, are

also four, but, excepting the last, of much shorter

course : 1. Tader, the Segura ; 2. Sucro, the Xucar

:

3. TuRiA, the Guadalaviar ; and, 4. Iberus, the

Ebro ; and the basins of these rivers are enclosed in

like manner by lateral ranges of hills which start off.

like spinal processes, from the side of the central

range fronting the east.

In tracing the rivers just enumerated, from foun-

tain-head to the mouth, we fall in successively with

the following towns and localities :

1. On the Durius, near the source, and not far

from the modern town of Soria, stood Numantia,

which Florus calls Hispaniae decus. It sustained a

fourteen years' siege against the Romans, and was

taken at last by Scipio Africanus Minor. At the

mouth stood Cale, or Portus Calensis, (Oporto,)

whence the kingdom of Portugal derives its name.

In the Basin of the Durius were also, on the north

side, Astui-ica Augusta, Astorga, and Legio vii ge-

mina, Leon. On the south side of the basin, Sal-

mantica, Salamanca, and Segovia, famed for an

aqueduct said to have been the work of Trajan, and

still, with its double tier of arches, in good preser-

vation.

2. On the Tagus, ToUtum, Toledo, Norba Cae-

sarea, where was a famous bridge over the river, nowAlcantara, Scalabis, Santarem, Olisipo, now Lis-

bon, the capital of Portugal.

In the Basin of the Tagus, north side, were Gom-

plrdum, Alcala, on the Henares, where Cardinal

Ximenes founded a university, and where he pub-

lished, in 1515, the famous Polyglot Bible commonly

called Biblia Complutensia.

3. On the Anas, half-way down, MetelUnum,

founded by Caecilius Metellus, now Medellin, birth-

place of Fernando Cortez, Emerita Augusta, a set-

tlement provided by Augustus for his disbanded

ii SKETCH OF CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY.

veterans, {emeriti,) once the capital of Lusitania,

now Merida.

4. On the Baetis, near the source, Castulo, of

which Hannibal's wife Imilce was a native, now Caz-

lona ; the forest-land around— the saltus Gastulo-

nensis of Livy— is part of Mans Marianus, the

great table-land now called the Sierra Morena, the

scene of the fabulous adventures of Don Quixote.

Farther down the river Corduha, (Cordova), birth-

place of Lucan and the two Senecas ; Italica, birth-

place of the Emperor Trajan, and, some think, of

Hadrian also and the poet Silius Italicus ; Hispalis,

Seville.

The Basin of the Baetis was occupied in the Mid-

dle Ages by the Yandals, and was then called Van-

dalitia— a name which appears now in the altered

form of Andalusia.

5. Tader, the Segura, (the farthest south of those

main rivers which fall into the Mediterranean,) after

passing the modern city of Murcia, flows through

the Campus Spartarius, a plain so called from its

abounding in spartum, (esparto), a reed much used

by the ancients for the cordage of ships, and various

economical purposes.

G. SucRO, the Xucar, had at its mouth a city of

the same name,

1. At the embouchure of Turia, (Guadalaviar,)

was Valentia, a Roman colony, now the capital of

Valencia.

8. On the Iberus, half-way down, stood SaldUha,

afterwards Caesaraugusta, now Z^mAGOZA. The

broad Basin of the Ebro, lying between the Pyrenees

and the Central Ridge, is watered, from the heights

of both, by numerous tributary streams, the most

remarkable of which are, on the north side, the Sico-

ris, on which stood Ilerda, (Lerida,) where Caesar

defeated Pompey's generals, Afranius and Petreius,

A. u. c. *70G, and on the south side, Salo, (Xalon,) on

which stood Bilbilis, the native town of the poet

Martial.

After thus following the course of rivers, if we

next take the line of coast for our guide, we shall

come upon towns which have been indebted for their

importance and notoriety, in ancient or modern times,

to the convenience of harborage, and their facility of

access and resort to commercial and colonizing fo-

reigners.

In this tour of the coast, starting from Cape Finis-

terra, the N. W. angle of the Peninsula, and going

Bouth, we find the harbor of Corunna {Portus

Alagnus). 'Corunna' is thought to be a corruption

of CoLUMNA, from an ancient tower ninety-two feet

high, still standing, said to have been built by Her-

cules. At the S.W. angle of the Peninsula, between

the mouth of the Baetis and the Fretum Herculeum

(Strait of Gibraltar,) stood the very ancient town of

Gadir, founded and so named by the Phoenicians.

The Romans called it Gades, and considered it as the

extreme point of the earth westward, in like manner

as the Ganges was reckoned the farthest point east-

ward. Gadir is the modern town and harbor of

Cadiz.

Within the strait is Galpje, (the Rock of Gibral-

tar,) which the poets feigned to be one of the pillars

erected by Hercules as his meta laborum, and as the

western terminus of the habitable globe.

Proceeding along the shore of the Mediterranean,

we find, a little inland, Munda, where Caesar de-

feated the two sons of Pompey (a. u. c. 108). Then

comes Nova Carthago, (Cartagena,) the capital of

the Carthaginian possessions in Spain, till it was

taken by Scipio Africanus Major, a. u. c. 542, b. c.

210. A little north of Valencia was Saguntum,

the storming of which was Hannibal's first act of

aggression in the second Punic war. Out of its

ruins was built a modern town, thence called Mur-

viedro, i. e. Muri Veteres. Between the mouth of

the Ebro and Pyrenees were Tarraco, (Tarragona,)

chief city of the Roman province Tarraconensis,

and Barcmo, (Barcelona,) with its citadel, MonsJovis, (Monjuich,) said to have been built by Ha-milcar Barcas, father of Hannibal.

Oif the coast of Valencia is the group o? Baleares

Tnsulae, Major and Minor, famed for furnishing

corps of slingers to the Roman armies ; and the

Pityusae, EhUsus, Ivi^'a, and Opliiusa, Formentera.

The capes of the Peninsula are

—

Promontorium

Trileucum, (Ortegal,) the most northern point ; on

the "W. coast, Nerium., (Finisterra,) Magnum, (Rock

of Lisbon,) Bay^bariuni, (Espichel,) Sacrum, (St.

Vincent,) Junonis, (Trafalgar.)

The Peninsula, in the time of the Roman Repub-

lic, was divided into Duae Hispaniae, Giterior and

Ulterior, by the river Ibvrus: under Augustus, into

three provinces : 1. Tarraconexsis, comprising all

the north and north-en st parts, from the Darius and

Tader to the Pyrenees, in which were the native

tribes Gallaeci, Asttlres, Cantubri, Cosetuni, Garpe-

tCini, Ilergetes, Celtiheri, etc. ; 2. Baetica, the

southern extremity, as far north as the Anas, in

which were the Turdetuni, Bastiili, Turduli, etc.

;

and, 3. Lusitania, the western and central j)art,

SKETCH OF CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY, 15

between the Anas, the Durius, and the Atlantic, in

which division were the Vettones and the country

called Guncus. Most of the tribes named above are

mentioned by Livy.

The Phoenicians were the first civilized people

who visited Spain, more than 1000 years before

Christ : they founded Gadir, Malaca, etc. After-

wards the inhabitants of Massilia, in Gaul, built

Rhoda, now Rosas, and Emporiae, now Arapurias,

in the N. E. corner of the Peninsula. The Cartha-

ginians, coming next, built Tarraco, Bai'cino, and

Nova Garthago, and held possession of a great part

of the country till they were expelled by the Romans;

who, after contending for the possession of Spain for

a period of 200 years before Christ, remained masters

of it during the first four centuries of the Christian era.

ITALIA.-(MAPS 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13.)

Italy was called Hesperia by the Greeks, as being

west of Greece. In poetry, it was sometimes called

Oenotria, from an Arcadian prince named Oenotrus,

son of Lycaon, who settled in Lucania ; and Auso-

nia, from the Ausones, a people of Latium. The

epithet Saturnia was applied to it, as the fabled

residence of Saturn, after his expulsion from heaven

by Jupiter. Its common appellation of Italia was

supposed, by the natives, to be derived from a prince

named Italus ; but this name was confined by the

Greeks originally to a small district at the southern

extremity of the country, and was gradually extended

to the whole territory, which is fenced off from the

rest of Europe by the mountain-barrier of the Alps,

and surrounded on all other sides by the sea.

Italy, when contemplated under its physical aspects,

presents itself as composed of two portions, nearly

equal in extent, but widely different in natural cha-

racter. The one is the peninsula of Italia Propria,

surrounded by the w'aters of the Mediterranean and

Adriatic on all sides, except where a straight line

drawn over land, and connecting the little streams

Macra and Rubicon in lat. 44°, forms the isthmus.

The other main portion of Italian soil is the great

Basin of Padus, called also by the poets Eriddnus,

the Po. Between these two territories, the contrast

is striking. In the northern division, throughout its

whole length, we find a river flowing in the lowest

level between the Alpine and Apennine heights, which

are its boundaries. In the southern or peninsular

portion, the reverse is the case. The central line of

the peninsula is not, as in N^orthern Italy, the lowest,

but the most elevated part ; being, in fact, the crest

of the lofty and continuous chain of the Apennines,

while the boundary line on both sides is the lowest

of all levels, the sea. The one region is penetrated

by a single river, swollen by the contributions of

innumerable streams from the opposite sides of the

basin. The peninsula, on the other hand, has abun-

dance of streams, but they are all, even the Tiber,

of comparatively short course, having each its ownlittle basin and lateral feeders, and falling directly

and independently into the sea.

To begin with the iiorthern section. The huge

Basin of the Po was, during the republican times, no

part of Italy, but known to the Romans as GalliaCiSALPiNA and Liguria. If we trace the Padusfrom its source in 3Io7is Vesulus (Monte Yiso) to

its mouth, we shall find, on the river itself, Augusta

Tawrinorum, taken by Hannibal on his descent from

the Alps, now Turin, (Torino,) capital of the king-

dom of Sardinia, Placentia, a Roman colony, nowPiacenza, and Gremona.

On the north side of the Basin of the Po, which,

from its position in regard to Rome, was called Gal-

lia Transpaduna, we find the river joined by nume-

rous streams from the Alps, among which the most

notable are, 1. the Duria Minor, on which w^as

Segusio, Susa, and 2. Duria Major, on which were

Augusta Praetoria, Aosta, and Eporedia, Ivrea ; 3.

the SessUes, near which was Vercellae, where Marius

defeated the Gimhri; 4. Tic'miis, (Tessino,) issuing

from Lake Verbilnus, Maggiore, on the banks of

which Hannibal first defeated the Romans in a skir-

mish of cavalry ; 5. Addua, (the Adda,) issuing from

Lake Larius, (Lago di Como), W. of which was

Medioldnum, Milan ; and, 6. Mlncius, issuing from

Lake Benucus, (Lago di Garda,) and investing 3Ian-

tua, a city which Silius Italicus calls musarum do-

miis, as being the birthplace of Yirgil, though it is

believed that the poet was born at Andes, a neigh-

boring village. At the southern extremity of Lake

Bendcus was the peninsula Sirmio, the residence of

the poet Catullus. Athesis, a river which the Ger-

mans call Etsch, and the French Adige, may be said

to belong to the Basin of the Po, .though it falls

direct into the Adriatic. On this river are the towns

of Tridentum, Trent, and Verona, birthplace of

SKETCH OF CLASSICAL (iE G U A Til Y^

Catullus, which retains its ancient name, with a

Roman amphitheatre in tolerable preservation. To

the north of Verona were the Golles Euganei, famed

for wool. Farther along is Meduucus, Bacchiglione,

on which is Patamum, birthplace of Livy, now

Padua.

The south side of the Po basin, as being that

nearest to Rome, was called Gallia Cispaddna. It

is permeated by numerous streams from the Apen-

nines, the most memorable of which are the Trehia,

on whose banks the Romans sustained a second and

more severe defeat from Hannibal, and Rhenus,

Reno, on which was Bononia, Bologna. In an

island on this 'little Rhine,' the second triumvirate,

Antony, Lepidus, and Augustus, met to portion out

among them the Roman world.

In the peninsula of Italia Propria, the only

rivers of considerable length are the Arnus, Tiberis,

Liris, VuUu7-nus, all falling into the il/are InferumV. Tyrrhenum, and the Aufidus and Aturnus, which

flow into the Mare Superum v. Adriaticum, v. Ea-

dria, the Gulf of Venice.

1. In the Basin of Arnus (Valdarno and Vallom-

brosa) were, on the river itself, Florentia, now Flo-

rence, capital of Tuscany, and near the mouth, Pisae

(Pisa). Three miles N. E. from Florence, Faesulae,

where Galileo made his observations, and farther

north, Pistoria, where Catiline was defeated and slain.

2. In the Basin of Tiberis, the Tiber, (in Italian,

Tevere,) were, 1st, on the river itself, Perusia, near

Lacus Trasijmenus, (now the Lake of Perugia,)

where, for the third time, Hannibal routed the Ro-

man army under Flaminius ; Fidenae, beyond MonsSacer, between the Tiber and Anio, Roma, Prin-

ceps Urbium, and at the mouth, Osfia, the poi't of

Pv,ome ; 2d, on the right side of the Basin of the

Tiber, Glusium, the city of Porsenna, upon the tri-

butary Clanis, and on the left side, Tibur (Tivoli)

on the Anio (Teverone). At Tibur, Maecenas had

a villa, in which Horace (whose Sabine farm lay at

no great distance on the Digentia, a feeder of the

A nio) was a frequent guest.

In the Basin of Li7ns (Liri at first, and then Ga-rigliano) were, on the left side, Arplnum, birthplace

of Marius and Cicero, the famous Duo Arpinates,

Aquinum, birthplace of Juvenal : at the mouth, near

the marshes where Marius took refuge, Minturnae.On the right side, the Liris was joined by the Fihre-

nus. On the banks of the latter, and on the little

island at the junction which belonged to Cicero, washeld the dialogue De Leo-ibus.

4. In the Basin of the Vulturnus, on the left side

of the river, stood the following towns ; All'ifae,

famed for its pottery, Capua, chief city of the Cam-

puni, and the rival of Rome itself (hence called

' altera Roma') till towards the close of the 2d Punic

war, when, having sided with Hannibal, it fell with

his falling fortunes, Vendfrum, famed for its olives,

Gales {-ium), for its vines, (Venafranum, sc. oleum,

and Galenum, sc. vinum, signified oil and wine of

the first quality). Peneventum, a town of Samniumon the Via Appia, stood at the point of junction of

Sabdtus and Galor, whose united stream falls into

the Vulturnus. On that river itself stood Gasill-

num, (on the site of the modern Capua,) which

gained credit with the Romans by its long and ob-

stinate resistance to Hannibal. Between Peneven-

tum and Gapua lay Furcae Gaudlnae, a defile where

a Roman army was hemmed in by the Samnites, and

forced to pass under the yoke.

5. In the Basin of the Aufidus, not far from the

right bank of the river, were Ganusium and Gannae:

near the latter was gained the last and greatest of

Hannibal's victories, and to Ganusium the remains

of the Roman army retreated after the disastrous

battle. Higher up the valley, at the foot of Mt.

VuUur, was Venusia, birthplace of Horace, on the

debatable land between Apulia and Lucania.

Here also, not at Horace's farm, was the Fo7is Pan-

dusiae.

6. In the Basin of the Aternus, on the river itself,

was Amiternum, birthplace of Sallust the historian,

and Gorfinium, the rallying point of the League

against Rome in the Social War. At some distance

south from the bend of the river stood Sulmo, Sul-

mona, a town of the Peligni, birthplace of Ovid.

To the geographical position of other towns and

localities not connected with the six main rivers, a

clue will be found if we follow the line of coast, with

special reference at the same time to the principal

subdivisions or provinces of Italia Antiqua. These

provinces were either maritime or inland. Of the

former class, six bordered on the Mediterranean, viz. :

LiGURiA, Etruria, Latium, Campania, Lucania,

and the Brutii, and five on the Adriatic, viz. : Apu-

lia, including Japygia, Daunia, and Ilessdpia,

PiGENUM, Frentani, TJmbrta, Gallia Gispadana

and Transpaddna, the latter including Venetia,

Ga7mia, and Istria. The inland provinces were

Samnium and the highland districts of the Marsi,

Peligni, and Sabini.

1. On the coast of Ltguria, proceeding eastward

SKETCH OF CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY. 17

I

iioin the small river ]'arus, which flows from AlpesJIaritimae, we find, at the head of the bay called

Sinus Ligusticus, Genua, a city more famous in

history under its modernized name of Genoa.

2. Crossing the Macra, we cuter Etruria, and

arrive first at the town of Luna and its harbor Por-tus Luncni<is (Gulf of Spezzia). Not far off are

the quarries of Carrara, which still supply statuary

marble to Europe. As we approach the mouth of

the Tiber, we come upon the ancient Agylla, subse-

ciuently called Caei^, a town rewarded with the

honorary freedom of the city, for its fidelity to Romeat the time of the Gallic invasion.

3. On the coast of Latium, the towns we meet

with on crossing the Tiber are, Laurentum, the city

of King Latinus, Laviniiun, and Antium, the capi-

tal of the Yolsci. Over the Antidtes the Romansgained their first victory at sea, in memory of which

they fixed the beaks (rostra) of the ships they had

captured in front of the tribune from which the ora-

tors harangued the people. Antium was famed in

Horace's time for a Temple of Fortune. Eight miles

inland was Ardea, the city of the Rutuli and of

Turnus, and Gorioli, the taking of which gained for

Cains Marcius the title of Coriolanus. Farther along

the coast were Palades Fomj^tlnae, the Pontine

Marshes : beyond is Anxur v. Terrac'ma. Next

come the town and promontory of Girceii, the town

Amyclae, the town, promontory, and harbor of

Cajtta, which took that name, according to Virgil,

from the nurse of Aeneas : near it was Cicero's For-

mianum, where he was murdered by order of MarkAntony. Here commences, and is continued into

Campania, the district in which the choicest wines

of ancient Italy were produced, the Formiani

Colles, lions Ilassicus, the ager Falernus, Caecii-

bus, Caleniis, Setlnus.

4. On the coast of Campania were Cumae, which

Yirgil makes the first landing-place of Aeneas in

Italy, and the abode of the Sibyl who conducted him

to the shade of his father Anchises, in the abodes of

the dead, Baiae, a favorite watering-place, Pufeuli,

(Puzzuoli,) and Fai-then^pe, subsequently NeapoUs,

(Xapuli, Naples,) one of the numerous Greek colo-

nies planted along the southern shore of the penin-

sula, which procured for it the name of MagnaGraecia. At a little distance across the bay on

which Naples stands, is Vesuvius, a volcano, of which

the first eruption upon record took place a. d. 79.

At the base of Vesuvius, and overwhelmed by its

eruptions, were the now buried cities of Hercula-

neuni and Pompeii, discovered and partially disin-

terred within the last and present centuries. Notfar off, inland, was Nola, at the siege of which Han-nibal first received a check. It was at Nola that

Augustus died.

5. On the coast of Lucania was Posidonia v,

Paestum, famed for its roses and its ruined temples.

On that part of the Lucanian coast which is in the

Sinus Tarentinus, were Metapontiim, the residence

for a time of Pythagoras and of Hannibal, Hera-ch'a, the place of assembly for the deputies from the

states of Magna Graecia, Stjbdris, proverbial for

the luxury and effeminacy of its inhabitants. In the

bay, but beyond the limits of Lucania, was Taren-tum, on the brook Galtsus, famed for the fine quality

of the wool raised on its banks.

6. In Ager Bruttius, on the Fretum Siculum,(Strait of Messina,) was a rock with a cave under it,

supposed to be the residence of the fabled monsterScylla : farther along, in the narrow part of the

strait, was the town of Bhegium (Reggio). Nearthe Lacinian promontory, Croto, where Pythagoras

long resided, and taught his doctrines : the birthplace

also of the famous wrestler Milo, hence called Cro-

toniates.

7. On the Adriatic coast of Apulia, after doub-

ling prom. Japygium, (C. Leuca), we find HydrasV. Hydruntum, (Otranto), the nearest transit to

Greece, but less frequented for that purpose than

Brundusium, (see plan on Map 13), which had an

excellent harbor, and was the terminus of the Via

Appia, the great high road from Rome to Greece.

Brundusium and DyrrhacMum, on the opposite

coast, were the Dover and Calais of the ancient

world. This part of the Apulian coast was inha-

bited by a people called Caldbri, whose town Bhudiaewas the birthplace of the poet Ennius. Next comesthe projection of the land occupied by Mt. Gargdnusand its oak forests ('quercCta Gargani').

S. On the coast of Picentjm occurs a smaller pro-

jection of the land, which, from the form it takes,

was likened to the human elbow, ayxwi', and hence

the tov\Ti built on it received the name of Ancon v.

Ancuna.

9. On the coast of Umbria were two towns of

note, 1. Sena, to which the epithet Gallica was add-

ed, as well to denote the fact of its being originally

a Gallic settlement, as to distinguish it from SenaJulia, an inland town in Etruria—the former is nowSinigaglia, the latter Sienna; and, 2. Ariminum,(Rimini,) the storming of v.'hich was Caesar's first

IS SKETCH OF CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY.

overt act of civil war after crossing the Euhicon.

Betwcea those Umhrian towns flows the small river

Metaurus, where Asdrubal, the brother of Hannibal,

was defeated and slain by the consuls Livius and

Nero, A. u. 546.

10, 11. On the coast of Gallia Cisalpina, south

of the Po, stood Ravenna, near which Augustus con-

structed a station for his fleet on the Mare Superum,

as he did at Mismum, near Naples, to guard the

Mare Inferum. Ravenna is now four miles from

the sea ; and it may be observed, generally, that in

the lower course of the Po, the Goimata (i. e. cumu-

lata, successive deposits of soil in the channels of

rivers, in consequence of floods and artificial em-

bankments) has already raised the bed of the I'iver

thirty feet above the level of the adjoining plain.

North of the Po lay the districts called Venetia,

(on the shore of which is the modern city of Venice,)

Garnia, and Isfria, extending to the little stream

Arsia, the eastern boundary of Italy. Along this

coast, the chief ancient towns were Aquileia, Ter-

geste, now Trieste, and Fola.

ITALIAN ISLANDS.

Off the coast of Etruria lies Ilva v. Aetlialia,

(Elba,) famed of old for the richness of its iron ores,

and not far W. is Gorsica. Off the coast of Cam-pania are the islands of Prochyta, (Procida), Ina-

rlme, (Ischia) ; and on the opposite side of the bay,

Gapreae, the retreat of Tiberius ; and on the other-

side of the prom. Minervae, the three rocky islets,

S'irenusae. Directly S. of Corsica is Sardinia,

called Ichnusa by the Greeks, from its supposed

resemblance to the impress of the human foot {-x^'o^.,

vestigium).

To the S. E. of Sardinia, near the extremity of

Italy, lies the group of volcanic islets called Ins.

Aeoliae v. Vulcaniae, (Lipari Islands), of which

one only. Strongyle, (Stromboli,) is still active.

South of this group lies Sicilia, (Map 12,) called

also Sicania, Trinacria v. Triquetra Tellus. Thethree promontories (rpia azpa, trina cornua, Ov.) at

the three corners of the triangular island were, N. E.

Pelorus, S. E. Pachynus, and W. Lilyhaeum.

In the strait, Fretum SicUlum, which separates

Italy from Sicily, the poets describe a whirlpool

called Gharybdis, opposite to Scylla, on the Italian

side. These were the two dangers of ancient navi-

gators, between which it was thought so difficult to

steer, that in avoiding the one it was hardly possible

not to fall a prey to the other. Hence came the

proverbial use of the modern line :' Incidit in Scyl-

1am, qui vult vitare Charybdin.' A little to the E.

was the town of Zancle, afterwards Messdna, now

Messina. We next pass Gatina v. Gatana, Catania,

which has suffered much and repeatedly from the lava

of Aetna— the burning mountain, equally famed in

fable and in history; and crossing Simaethus, the

river of longest course in the island, we arrive at

Syracusae, (see plan on Map 13,) the renowned

metropolis of ancient Sicily. In front of the harbor

is the island of Ortygia v. Nasos, and in it the foun-

tain Arethusa, of poetical celebrity.

On the coast between Pachynus and Lilyhaeum

was Agrigentum, or in the Greek form, Acragas, the

second city in ancient Sicily— an early rival of Car-

thage, and noted for a Temple of Jupiter, of which

some gigantic fragments still remain. The ancient

name survives in the modern Girgenti.

Between Lilyhaeum and Pelorus, on the northern

shore of the island, the notable localities are, Dre-

ptiyium, (Trapani,) Eryx, a town and mountain—the latter surmounted by a Temple of Yenus Erycma

;

and off the shore Aegfdes Insulae, where the Romansgained a naval victory which put an end to the first

Punic war. Panormus, now Palermo, the modern

capital of Sicily, and S. W. from it Segesta, with its

temple almost entire.

Before quitting Italy and the Italian islands, it

may be well to add a few notes on the Alps, and on

some other peculiarities of the country which have

not come under our notice in the geographical de-

tail, but with which it is proper the classical student

should be acquainted.

The great range of mountains called the Alps

(Alj^es) extends nearly 600 miles in the form of a

crescent, between 5° and 18° E. Long., and 44° and

4^2° N. Lat., with various indentations and sinuosi-

ties, from the Yar to the Adriatic, presenting gene-

rally an abrupt face towards Italy, and sloping more

gradually on the other side. Its different parts were

anciently distinguished by different epithets, most of

which are still retained. These were : 1. Alpes 3Ia-

ritimae, the Maritime Alps, extending from the

Mediterranean to Mons Vesulus, Monte Yiso— the

mountain, as we have seen, which gives origin to the

Po. 2. Thence to the modern Mt. Cenis were AJ2:)es

Gottiae, including Mt. Gcncvre. This portion of thu

chain took its name from a Gallic chief who had

early made his peace with Augustus, and assisted

SKETCH OF CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY. 19

liim in siil)duing the Alpine tribes whose names are

enumerated on the triumphal arch erected at Susa.

3. Tlie Alpes Graiae extended from Mt. Cenis to

Mt. Blanc. There is strong ground for,- believing

that the pass of the little St. Bernard, which is in

this portion of the Alps, was that by which Hanni-

bal effected his march over the Alps. 4. From Mt.

Blanc to St. Gothard (Adillas) were the Alpes Pen-

nlnae v. Sumniae, the central and highest of the

whole range. Then follow eastward Alpes Bhaeti-

cae, Carnicae, Jidiae, whose respective limits it is

not easy to define, till they reach the Sinus Flanati-

cus, the gulf of Quarnero.

Of this huge mountain chain, Adrda (St. Gothard)

may be regarded as the centre or nucleus; for though

not the loftiest summit, Mt. Blanc being higher, it

occupies, with its surrounding group of mountains,

the most elevated ground of the whole range, as

plainly appears from the circumstance that the rivers

which rise there flow towards every point of the

compass.

The chief lines of Roman road in Italy were :

YiA Appia, {regina viarum,) leading at first from

Rome to Capua, and continued onwards to Brundii-

sium, the great high road to Greece : Yia Flaminia,

by Ocricidum to Ariminum: Via Aurelia, along

the coast of Etruria to Pisae ; continued afterwards

to Savona, and at last to Arelute, Aries : Via Aemi-

LiA, first from Ariminum, to Bononia, then through

Placentia to Mediolamim, Verona, Patavium, and

Aquileia: ViA^ Cassia, through Etruria, between

the Aurelia and Flaminia : Via Valeria, through

the country of the Sabini, Aequi, and 3Iarsi, into

that of Pcligni: Via Latina, through Tusculum,

Anagnia, Vena/rum, and Tednum Sidicini to Ca-

silinum, where it joined the Via Appia.

Italy so abounds in antiquities, that a few only

of the most remarkable can be added here to those

already mentioned. At Capua, Caslnum, Puteuli,

and Verona, are ruins of amphitheatres : that of the

last-named was built to accommodate 30,000 specta-

tors, and has suffered so little from time as to have

been used on several public occasions in modern

times. It is 1416 feet in circumference: the Coli-

seum at Rome is 1Y19. Numberless ancient remains

have been uncovered and dug up at Herculaneum and

Pompeii, two towns on the Bay of Naples, which

were overwhelmed in an eruption of Mount Vesuvius,

a. b. 7 9, the former by a stream of lava, the latter by

a shower of hot ashes. At Paestum, twenty leagues

from Naples, are the ruins of three beautiful temples, of

the simplest Doric order, and of great antiquity. AtNarnia, are the remains of a bridge built by Augustus.

On the road from Naples to Puzzuoli is the Crypta

Neapolitana, Grotto of Pausilippo, a gallery or tunnel

through a hill, 2323 feet in length, described by Se-

neca, and of unknown antiquity.

The most remarkable ancient remains and localities

are in Rome itself. (Map 10.) To begin with the

seven hills, viz. : the Capitoline, Palatine, Aventine,

Caelian, Esquiline, Viminal, and Quirinal. 1. Onthe Capitol were the temples of Jupiter Feretrius

and Jupiter Capitolinus, and the Tahularium, or

register-office. 2. The Palatine, on which Rome was

originally built, (thence called Boma Quadrata, from

the form of that hill,) was afterwards almost entirely

covered with the pjalace of Augustus and the Temple

of Apollo, with the library attached to it : of all

which nothing remains but a few substructions. 8.

The Aventine, the seat of the robber Cacus, and long

held unlucky from the fate of Remus, contained after-

w^ards the Temple of Diana, built by Servius TuUius,

the Temple of Juno, vowed by Camillus at Veii,

whence the statue of the goddess was brought, and

the Temple of Bona Dea, consecrated by the vestal

Claudia : on the east slope of this hill were the Baths

of Caracalla, the ruins of which still remain. 4.

On the Caelian, called also Querquetulanus, stood

the palace of the Laterani family, presented to the

Church by Constantine, and now called the church

of St. John Lateran: near which stood the statue

of Marcus Aurelius, since removed to the Capitol.

Here also is the remnant of a noble portico, supposed

to be part of the Curia Hostilia. Between the Pa-

latine, Esquiline, and Caelian, lies the amphitheatre

of Vespasian, called the Coliseum. 5. On the Es-

quiline, the baths and palace of Titus, among the

ruins of which was found the famous statue of Lao-

cJon, and the mansion and gardens of Maecenas, on

what was once a burying-ground. 6. To the east of

the Viminal Hill, which, from the levelling and filling

up, it is more diflScult to trace than any of the rest,

stood the baths of Diocletian : still farther eastward,

beyond the Agger of Tarquinius, was the Praetorian

Camp. *l. On the Quirinal Hill, now Monte Cavallo,

stood the temple of the deified Romulus, Sallust's

house and gardens, which extended over the Pincian

hill or Collis Hortulorum, the Campus Sceleratus,

and baths of Constantine.

These seven hills were all on the left bank of the

20 SKETCH OF CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY,

Tiber : on the right or Etruriau side were the Jani-

culum and Mons Vaticanus.

Between the Quirinal and Capitoline was Trajan's

Forum, in the centre of which stands the Columna

Trajana, representing his Dacian conquests.

The Campus May^tiiis was a plain inclosed by a

bend of the Tiber, and bounded by the Capitoline

and Quirinal hills. It was originally used as a place

of exercise and for the meetings of the people, but

towards the end of the republic it began to be oc-

cupied with buildings, and was enclosed by the Em-

peror Aurelian within the walls. Amongst those

buildings were, 1. The mausoleum of Augustus, the

first distinguished tenant of which was young Mar-

cellus, son of Augustus' sister Octavia, and heir of

the empire, whose premature death is so pathetically

lamented by Yirgil : 2. The Antonine pillar : 3.

Sei^ta Julia, or Ovilia, inclosures for the people to

vote in— rude at first, and wattled with twigs, like

s/jeep-hurdles ; aftei'wards, when the people had no

free voice, made of marble : 4. The Temple of Mi-

nerva, built by Pompey out of the spoils of thirty

years' successful war : 5. The Pantheon, Eotonda,

the best preserved of all the ancient temples : 6.

Circus Agonalis: 1. Pompey's theatre, whence were

visible the Janiculum and 3Io7is Vatica.nus, on the

Tuscan side of the Tiber. The latter hill was added

to modern Rome by the popes, and contains the church

and dome of St. Peter, and the Vatican library.

Other remarkable places in Rome were,

1. Forum Romanum, the great centre of business,

commercial and political, lying between the Capito-

line and Palatine hills. Here stood, 1. the temple

of Jupiter Stator, of which three pillars still remain-

ing are supposed to be part : 2. the Temple of Con-

cord, where the Senate usually met : 3. the Temple

of Jupiter Tonans, or rather of Saturn, at the foot

of the Clivus Capitolinus: 4. the triumphal arch of

Septimius Severus, still pretty entire : near which was

the llilliariiim Aureum (umbilicus Romae) : and, 5.

the Comitium. The Via Sacra led from the Forumtowards the Coliseum

:

2. Cij'cus Maximus, between the Capitoline and

Aventine, for the exhibition of chariot races, and

other contests of strength and agility

:

3. Velnbrum, the low ground between the Pala-

tine and the river

:

4. The bridges over the Tiber in Rome, seven in

number : Pons Sublicius, called afterwards, when

built of stone, Aemilius; Fabricius and Ceslius

leading to and from Insula Tiberina, the island ofAes-

culapius ; Palatinus or Senatorius, now Ponte Rotto;

Vaticanus or Triumjihalis ; these five are more or

less destroyed ; Janicidensis, now Ponte di Sisto;

and Aelius, built by Adrian to give access to his

magnificent mausoleum, now the bridge and castle of

St. Angelo.

MACEDONIA, TIIRACIA, ILLYRICUM, AND THE PRO-VINCES ON THE MIDDLE AND LOWER DANUBE.-(MAP 7.)

Between Italy and the Danube lay the countries

of Rhaetia, Noricum, Pannonia, Illijricum.

Rhaetia occupied the Central Alps, together with

their northern and southern valleys, from the sources

of the Rhone to those of the Dravus (Drave) and

Plams (Piave). Rhaetia comprehended, therefore,

the Grisons and great part of the Tyrol, besides some

Italian valleys. The people seem to have been of

Celtic origin.

Noricum extended from the Inn to the line of

hills which abut upon the Danube above Vienna,

called by the Romans 3Ions Cetius, a prolongation

of the Alpes Noricae, or Styrian Alps ; and from

the Danube to the Carniau Alps and the river Savus

(Save). It was watered by the luvavus, (Salza,) an

affluent of the Inn, and the Murus, which flows into

the Dravo in Pannonia. Its principal cities were

Lauriacum, (Lorch,) a Roman naval station on the

Danube, luvavum, (Salzburg,) Noreia, (I^eumarch,)

near the Mur, and Celeia, (Cilli,) near the Save.

This country was famous for its iron, and for the skill

of the inhabitants in working it.

East of Noricum, lying along the Danube to the

mouth of the Save, was Pannonia, first reduced to a

Roman province by Tiberius, and subsequently di-

vided into Superior or "Western, and Inferior or

Eastern Pannonia. It occupied a part of Hungary

and Croatia. 3Ions Pannonius (Bakonyer Wald)

was the principal mountain range. The Danube,

with its tributaries, the Dravus (Drave) and Savus

SKETCH OF CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY 21

(Save), \vcre the most important rivers. We should

not omit to mention two great lakes in this country,

Peiso Lacus (the ISTeusiecllcr See) and Volcea Falus

(Lake Balaton)

In Pannonia Superior was Vindohona (Vienna);

but its chief city was Garnuntum, (Altenburg,) near

the modern Presburg, but on the right bank of the

river. Roman fortresses on the Danube were Arra-

bona (Raah) and Acincum (Ofen or Buda). Onthe opposite side of the river here, lay Contra Acin-

cum (Pesth). Siscia stood upon the Save, near the

confines of Illyricum ; and lower down, on the same

stream, Sirmium, a place of great celebrity and im-

portance in the latter ages of the Roman empire.

South of Pannonia, bounded on the west by the

Adriatic and on the east bj Moesia, lay Illyricum,

occupied by various tribes. The Dinaric Alps,

under the names of ML Albanus and Bebii Monies,

formed the principal range. The Colopis (Kulpa)

and Drinus (Drino), tributaries of the Save and

the Naro (Narenta), are the chief rivers. In Dal-

niatia was Salona, near the modern Spalatro, the

birthplace and retreat of Diocletian ; and below it

Epidaurus, or old Ragusa. Below Epidaurus are

Scodra and Lissus; the former was called Scutari,

the latter Alcssio.

Moesia is bounded on the west by Pannonia and

Illyricum ; on the south, it was divided from Mace-

donia and Thrace by Mt. Scordus and Haemus, the

ranges of Gliubotin and the Balkan ; on the east, it

reaches to the Euxine ; and on the north, to the

Danube— thus occupying the present Servia and

Bulgaria. In Moesia Superior the principal river

was the Margus (Morava). At the confluence of

the Danube and Save was Singidunum, now Bel-

grade. Somewhat lower down the river was a ridge

of rocks, forming a cataract in the Danube—the spot

at which the river was reputed to change its name

from Danubias, above, to Ister, below. A little

above this spot was the famous stone bridge of

Trajan. Below it is Ratiaria, the ancient metropo-

lis of Dacia, and the station of a fleet upon the Danube.

In the interior is Naissus, (Nissa,) the birthplace of

Constantino the Great ; and south-east is Sardica,

the metropolis of Dacia, and celebrated for a Chris-

tian council. East of the river Ciabrus was Moe-

sia Inferior.

North of the Danube was the vast province of

DxVciA, Ijounded l^y this river on one side and by the

Carpathian mountains on the other. Its chief city

was Sarmizegetusa, now Gradisca, the ancient resi-

dence of the Dacian kings.

South-east of Illyricum was Macedonia, situated

between the countries just enumerated and Greece

proper, and participating in the nature of both.

Macedonia was bounded on the south by Thessalia,

on the east by Thracia, from which it was separated

by the river Nestus, on the north by Moesia and

Dardania, on the west by the Adriatic ; the Aegeanbounded it on the south-east, running up into two

great gulfs, the Sinus Strijnionicus and Thermaicus,

between which were the peninsulas of Acte, Sitlionia,

and PalUne. Near the Thessalian frontier and the

sea is Mons Pierius, and in the peninsula of Acte,

Mons Athos.

The chief rivers were the Haliacmon and Axius,

(Yardar,) flowing into the Thermaic gulf; the Stry-

mon, into the gulf which bears its name ; and the

Nestus, which falls into the Aegean.

Of cities, we have to mention Pydna, where Per-

seus was baffled in his last effort against the Romans,

B.C. 168. Farther north, on a lake fifteen miles

from the sea, was Pella, the capital of Macedon,

where Philip, the father of Alexander, resided.

Pursuing again the line of coast, we come to Thes-

salonica, at the head of the Sinus Thermaicus. It

was to the Christians of that city that St. Paul ad-

dressed his two epistles to the Thessalonians. Near

the mouth of the Strymon we find Stageirus or Sta-

geira, the birthplace of Aristotle. In the country

between the rivers Strymon and Nestus, at some

distance from the sea, was the battle-field of Philippi.

On crossing the Nestus, we find ourselves in

Thracia, a country the coast of which extended

from the Nestus along the shores of the Aegean, the

Hellespont, the Propontis, the Thracian Bosporus,

and the Euxine sea, as far north as Mt. Haemus,

which was its northern boundary.

Along the seaboard, from the Nestus eastward, we

come upon Abdera, the inhabitants of which formed,

on account of their alleged stupidity, the laughing-

stock of antiquity ; it was the birthplace of Demo-

critus.

Farther east, we reach the mouth of Hebrus, con-

nected with the myth of Orpheus.

Next comes the Thracian peninsula called Gherso-

nesus, on the eastern side of which is the strait named

Eellesp>ontus. The Hellespont widens into the sea-

lake called Propontis, and at the side of Byzan-

tium, it contracts again into that which was called

22 SKETCH OF CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY.

the Thracian Bosp^rrus, (Strait of Constantinople,

Map 26,) which, after keeping the two continents

narrowly asunder, opens out again into Pontus

Euxlnus (the Euxine or Black sea). At the northern

extremity of the strait are some rocky islets, known

under the name of the Symplegades. (Thracian

Bosporus, Map 26.)

Among the Greek colonies on the shore of the

Euxine, belonging to Thrace, we mention Balmy

-

clessus and Apollonia.

GRAECIA.-(MAPS 15, IG, 17, 18, 19.)

The name Graecia was not used by the Greeks

themselves. They called themselves, generally, Hel-

lenes, and their country Hellas. From this generic

name, the Macedonians and Epirotes were jealously

excluded ; it was with some hesitation that the Acar-

nanians, Aetolians, and Thessalians, were included

under it, though among these last lay the original

seat of the little tribe of Hellenes, from whom it was

actually derived. Homer mentions the Hellenes once

only, and then as a specific tribe of Greeks ;when

he speaks of the Greeks collectively, he calls them

Achaei, (Lat. Achivi,) Danai, and Argaei, (Lat.

Argivi,) names which also belong properly to par-

ticular tribes.

Taking Greece in its most extended sense, including

all the northern semi-Greek countries, we may com-

pare it to a triangle, having the mountain chain of

Hacmus for its base, the coast lines of the Aegean

and Ionian seas for its sides, and Cape Taenurum,

(Matapan,) the southern extremity of the Pelopon-

nesus, for its apex. This triangular space is nearly

bisected by the chain of Pindus and its adjuncts,

which constitute the water-shed of the whole country,

separating the rivers on the eastern side, which flow

into the Aegean, from those on the western, which

flow into the Ionian sea.

PELOPONNESUS— MOREA. (mAP 18.)

The leaf-shaped peninsula so called is almost en-

tirely covered with mountainous elevations and the

well-watered valleys between them. This is particu-

larly the case with the central region, Arcadia,

which, on this account, was assigned to the god of

shepherds, and is identified in our language with

images of pastoral life and rural simplicity.

Among the Mountains, the most noted were, 1.

CylUne, reputed by ancients and moderns to be the

highest of them all, and fabled to have been the

birthplace of Mercury : 2. Lycaeus, and, 3. 3Iae-

ndlus, both favorite haunts of Pan : 4. Tliygeius,

the resort of Spartan maidens, a range of mountains

now called, from its five peaks, Pentedactylon, which

runs from N. to S., till it terminates at the bluff

promontory of Taenurum, (Matapan,) the southern

point of Greece, where Virgil places one of the

approaches to the infernal regions : 5. Stymphfdus,

a mountain, town, and lake, where dwelt the vora-

cious birds Stymp)lialldes, that fed on human flesh,

the destruction of which was one of the twelve labors

of Hercules : 6. Erymanthus, the haunt of the boar,

to destroy which was another of the prescribed tasks

of Hercules.

The chief Rivers of Peloponnesus were the two

following: 1. Alpheius, by much the largest and

longest. On its right bank, not a great way from

the embouchure, was the town of Pisa, and near it,

the plain of Olympia, where the most famous of the

Greek games were celebrated the first month of every

fifth year— a period of time which was called an

Olympiad, and formed the basis of Greek chrono-

logy. Here also was the sacred grove Altis, planted

by Hercules, and adorned with the renowned statue

of Jupiter by Phidias. The Alpheius, in its course,

disappears under ground for a time, which gave rise

to the fiction of the river-god making his way under

the sea to meet his Arethusa in the Sicilian island

Ortygia. The Alpheius is joined, on the right side,

by the Helisson, on which was Ilegalopolis, birth-

place of the historian Polybius and of Philopoemcn,' the last of the Greeks ;' and by the Ladon. Amongthe mountains where Alpheius rises, was Ilantineia,

(Map 26,) the scene of the second great victory of

the Theban Epaminondas over the Lacedaemonians,

and of his death :

2. The other river of note was the Eurdfas. It

rises not far from the Alpheius, on the opposite slope

of the water-shed, and flows through a basin bounded

on the W. by Tiiygetus, on the E. by Mts. Parnon

and Zarax. On its banks was the city of Sparta

V. Lacedaemon, the great rival of Athens, not in

arts, but in arms.

The other localities in the Peloponnesus worth

noting will be best learned in connection with the

six little departments—five maritime and one inland

SKETCH OF CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY. 23

—into which it was divided, viz. : L Aciiaia, bounded

on the N. hy Sinus Corinthidcus, (Gulf of Lepanto,)

and including Connthia and Sicyonia; 2. Elis ; 3.

Messenia; 4. Laconia ; 5. Argolis; and, 6. Ar-cadia.

1. In Achaia, on the Isthmus, was Gorinthus. It

had a port on each side of the Isthmus, Lechaeumon the Corinthian gulf, and Genchrme on the Saro-

nic—hence the epithet bima7-is. The Citadel was on

the summit of a rock called Acrocorinthus, whence

sprang the fountain Pirtne.

2. In Elis, besides Pisa and Olympia, on the

AJpheius, was Pjlus, one of three towns of that namewhich claimed to be the city of Nestor, the sage of

the Iliad.

3. In Messenia, in the basin of the stream Pami-sus, was Messnie and its citadel Ithdme, called by

Philip of Macedon one of the 'horns of the Pelo-

ponnesus, ' Acrocorinthus being the other.

4. On the Laconian coast were the two promon-

tories, TaemTrum, already mentioned, and Malca, or

Malt-a, a cape dangerous to mariners.

5. In Argolis were Argos v. Argi, a favorite city

of Juno, and Mycenae, the city of Agamemnon,Tiryns, the reputed birthplace of Hercules, Lernaand its marsh, the abode of the many-headed Hydra,

which it was one of the twelve labors of Hercules

to destroy, and Neviea, the haunt of the Ncmeanlion, the killing of which was another of those labors.

6. In the inland Arcadia, besides the places men-tioned above, was the town Tegea. Gleitor with its

fountain, said to render those who drank of it averse

to wine.

graecia propria.— (map 16.)

The isthmus of Corinth connects Pelo2:)onnesus

with Greece proper, the notable localities of which

will be best indicated by referring each to the ancient

division, as well as to the river, where there is one,

on which it Vt'as situated. These divisions were

Attica, Megaris, Boeotia, Phocis, Doris, Locris,

Aetolia, and Acarnania.

1. In Attica stood Athenae, with her Acropolis

and its Parthenon, and her triple harbor (Peiraeus,

Munychia, and PhaUrum) ; Eleusis ; the plain of

Marathon, memorable for the defeat of the Persians,

a. u. c. 261, (Map 26) ; Mt. Pentelicus, (Mendeli,)

which furnished marble for the building of the

Parthenon; the silver-mines of Laurium; and the

southern promontory Sunium, crowned with the

temple of Minerva Suuias, the pillars of which

still standing give name to the modern CapeColonne.

2. In Boeotia the low country was proverbial for

its thick atmosphere and the pingue ingenium of its

inhabitants; but the mountains Cithaeron and Heli-

con, with its fountain Hippocrene, and the hills which

enclose the plain, were all of a character so opposite,

that, under the general name of Aonia, they were

celebrated by the poets as the favorite haunts of the

Muses, who were hence called Aonldes, Aoniae puel-

lae, and Heliconides v. Heliconiacles. In Boeotiawere the towns of Tiiebae, the capital, birthplace of

Epaminondas and Pindar ; south of it, Plataeae,

(MxVP 26,) where the confederated Greeks defeated

the Persians under Mardonius ; and ie»c/ra, (Map26,) where Epaminondas gained his first victory over

the Lacedaemonians, A. u. c. 383. On the narrowstrait called Eurqnis, which separates Boeotia from

Euboea, was Aulis, where the Grecian fleet destined

for Troy was detained by contrary winds, till Aga-memnon consented to the required sacrifice of his

daughter Iphigenla.

3. Of Phocis, the remarkable features were, 1.

The fountain-head and early course of the Gephissits,

(major,) whose lower basin formed the northern por-

tion of Boeotia : 2. Mt. Parnassus, sacred to

Apollo. Between the two peaks was /ohs Gastalius,

and farther down, on the Pleistus, of which the Cas-

talian spring is a feeder, stood the Temple of Apollo,

and in it the Tripod of the Pythia, and the Delphic

Oracle.

4. Aetolia w^as famous in early Greek story as

the country ravaged by the Caledonian boar, which

was slain at last by Meleager. AchelOus, the long-

est and largest of Grecian rivers, and fabled by the

poets to have been the first created, forms the boun-

dary between Aetolia and

5. Acarnania, (Map 15,) a district which lies

between Acheluus and the Ambracian gulf. At the

entrance of this gulf, near the promontory Actium,

the naval battle was fought between Augustus and

Marc Antony, which secured to the former the un-

disputed sovereignty of the Roman world, b. c. 31.

6. Between the Ambracian gulf and the Acroce-

raunian promontory lay the extensive region oi'

Epirus, famed for its breed both of horses and of

watch-dogs,— the latter called Molossian, from Mo-lossis, a district of Epirus,— and still more famous

for the most ancient of all the Greek oracles, DodOna.

24 SKETCH OF CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY.

Having now reached tkc western limits of Greece,

we return eastward to the Aegean shore, and find

(lying to the N. of Greece proper, and separated

from it by Mt. Oeia, which is an offset from the

Pindus chain) the country called by the ancients

THESSALIA. (mAP 15.)

Physically considered, Thessalia is made up of

the basin of the river Feneius. It is a territory

containing 4000 square miles of surface, and is sin-

gular in being encompassed on all the four sides,

even the side facing the sea, by ranges of mountains;

on the west by Pindus; on the north by Monies

Gainbunii and M. Pierus ; on the south by M. Othrys ;

and on the east and north-east by Pelion, Ossa, and

Olympus, the three hills by the piling of which, one

upon the other, the fabled giants attempted to scale

the heavens. To the continuity of this mountain-chain

there is but one interruption— a rent in the rocky

barrier between Olympus and Ossa, and through it

the single main river of Thessaly proper finds its way

to the Aegean. This outlet of the Peneius bore the

name of Tempe, a valley which in some places is so

narrow as barely to allow the river to pass between

the opposite cliifs.

On one of the tributaries of the Peneius called

Apidilnus, where it is joined by its feeder En'qoeus,

lies the field where the battle of Pharsalus was fought

between Caesar and Pompey, A. tj. c. 105. On the

Peneius itself, below the point where the Ajjidlnus

falls into it, stood Larissa, which some descri))e as

the city of Achilles ; but that honor belongs rather

to another Lai^issa, not within the limits of the great

basin, but in that south-eastern portion of Thessaly

called PhthiOtis, the country of the DoUpes and the

Myrmidones.

Owing to the deep indentations, numerous projec-

tions, and great irregularity of the line of coast, the

headlands and bays make an important feature of the

geography of Greece.

Of the former, Taenarum, Ilalea, Sunium, and

CapliCireus, have been already mentioned; to which

may be added jrroni. Rhium (south) and Anti?^rhium

(north), which nearly block up the entrance of the

Sinus Corinthiacus ; AraxAis, the north-west point

of Peloponnesus ; Chelonates, the farthest west , and

AcrUas in Messcnia.

The bays and gulfs connected with Peloponnesus

were Sinus Corinthiacus, Messeniacus, Laconi-

cus, ArrjoUcus, and Saromcus: in the last of these

were the islands of Calauria, where Demosthenes

died ; Aeglna, once the rival of Athens at sea ; and

in front of the harbor of Athens, Saltlonis, off the

east end of which the fleet of Xerxes was defeated

by the Athenians, b. c. 480. In continental Greece

were the Sinus Malidcus, (Zeitoun); Pagasaeus,

(Volo,) so called from the town Pagusae; and along

the coast of Macedonia, Sinus Thermaicus, (Salo-

nichi,) Toronaicus, Singitlcus, and Strymonicus.

The most noted islands pertaining to Greece are :

I. In the Ionian sea—1. Gorcyra, (Corfu,) thought

to be the Homeric Scheria, the island of the Phaea-

cians, where lived the suitors of Penelope : 2. Bhnca,

the home of Ulysses : 3. Zacynthus, (Zante,) a colony

from which is said to have peopled and given name

to Saguntum : 4. Off the west coast of Peloponne-

sus the rocks called Stropiliades, (Strivali,) the haunts

of the harpies. To the south of the Laconian pro-

montory Malea, was Cytlura, an island sacred to

Yenus : still farther south is Creta, with the cities

of Cnossus, the capital of King Minos, Gortyna,

and Cydonia, all three famed for archery. Of its

mountains, Ida was the loftiest, and on Dicte Jupi-

ter was said to have been reared, and fed upon honey

and the milk of the goat Amalthea. The sea around

the island was called Creticum.

II. Of the islands lying to the east of Greece and

in the Aegean sea, we shall name first those worthy

of mention which are situated to the north of the

38th parallel of latitude. They are,

1. Euhoea, an island stretching 150 miles along

the coast of Boeotia and Attica, and approaching so

near the continent in the channel called Eurlp)us,

that a bridge is said to have been at one time thrown

across. On this channel was the chief city of the

island, Ghalcis, opposite to Aulis in Boeotia. In

doubling Gaphareus, a promontory at the south-east

extremity of Euboea, the Grecian fleet on its return

from Troy was overtaken by a storm, which partly

destroyed and partly dispersed it

:

2. Saniothrclce, where the Corybantcs practised the

rites and mysteries of Cybele :

3. Lemnos, an island sacred to Yulcan :

4. Tenedos, an island in sight of Troy

:

5. Directly south is Lesbos, birthplace of Aloaeus

and Sappho, the two great lyric poets of Greece :

6. Ghios, (Scio,) one of the seven places which

contended for the honor of giving birth to Homer.

Ghios was also noted for its wdnes.

The numerous islets in the Aegean, in latitudes

lower than 38°, are generally classed under two de-

nominations, Gyclndes and Sporddes.

SKETCH OF CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY. 25

1. The CrcLADES, a group which cluster round

Delos— that floating island which Neptune fixed

with his trident as a resting-place for Latona to give

birth to Apollo and his twin-sister Diana.

Of this group the most noted, after Delos, were,

1. Paros, famed for its statuary marble, and the

birthplace of Phidias, the sculptor who made the

noblest use of it

:

2. Ceos, off the promontory of Sunium, birthplace

of the elegiac poet Simonides :

3. South of Delos, Naxos, an island that figures in

the history of Bacchus and Ariadne :

II. The scattered islets to the east and south-east

of the Cyclades were called from that circumstance

Sporades. They extended as far E. as Icaria, which

took its name, as did the sea around it, from the fabled

fate of Icarus, the son of Daedalus, and as far S. E.

as Carpathos, (Scarpanto,) which in like manner gave

to the waters round it the name of Garpatliium Pela-

giis. Between Icaria and the continent was Samos,

birthplace of Pythagoras, and a favorite island of

Juno.

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS ON GREECE.

The chain of Pindus, of which we have already

spoken as dividing the waters that fall into the Ae-

gean from those that fall into the Ionian sea, has

numerous lateral branches, which on the east side

go off nearly at right angles, like ribs from the spine

:

such are the mountains of Argolis, of Attica, and

those which form the northern and southern bounda-

ries of Thessaly ; while on the west side these offsets

are disposed in ridges nearly parallel to Pindus itself.

The lateral branches which are on the east side of

PiNBUS inclose a great number of basins, the most

remarkable of which are as follows, beginning from

the north :

1. The Basin of the Strymon, including the Mace-

donian plain of Serres, distinguished by the fertility

of its soil and the abundance of its products, par-

ticularly of cotton :

2. The Basin of the Peneius, forming the country

of Thessaly. Being nearly circular, and not open-

ing wide to the sea, like most other basins, it has

every appearance of having once been a great lake,

whose waters were at last discharged, either by the

sudden disruption, or by the gradual wearing down,

of the narrow ravine called the Yale of Tempe :

3. The valley of the Sperchius, inclosed by the

mountain ranges of Othrys and Oeta :

4. The Basin of the northern Cephissus, which

4

includes a great part of Doris and Boeotia. Theriver, arriving at low and spongy ground, spreads

out into the lake Copciis, now Topolias, whose waters

find their way to the Aegean sea by subterranean

passages :

5. The Basin of the Alpheius, in the Peloponnesus,

though the course of the river is westward, may be

enumerated as a fifth. The Alpheius, rising on the

confines of Laconia, collects in its course all the

streams produced on the interior summits and sides

of the. mountain chain that encircles Arcadia.

The basins on the west side of Pindus are longer

and narrower, and, owing to the position of the moun-

tain ridges, extend generally in a north-east and south-

west direction. In Greece proper are the Basins of

the Achelous and Evenusj those farther to the north

are less memorable.

The Mountains of Greece are almost entirely lime -

stone, which assumes the shape, in some places, of

long, sharp, continuous ridges ; in others, of round

craggy summits, with strata highly inclined. It is

to this physical conformation of the soil and surface

of Greece that she owes many of her natural features

and peculiarities— such as, the numerous caverns,

fountains, katabothra, or under-ground river coursse,

hot springs, stalactitic incrustations, and gaseous ex-

halations, which, among a people of lively fancy and

abounding with traditionary story, served to nourish,

if they did not give birth to, much of the popular

superstition and beautiful mythology of the Greeks.

The height of the principal mountains has not been

accurately ascertained. Orbelus, now Argentaro, is

covered with perpetual snow, and must therefore,

being in the latitude of 42°, have at least 8000 feet

of perpendicular elevation. The range of Pindus is

considerably lower, probably from five to six thousand

feet at the highest. Mount Athos rises to the height

of 4350 English feet.

The Rivers of Greece, with the exception of those

that form the basins enumerated, and some of their

tributaries, are of short course, and often little more

than winter torrents, (xft^naij'^oL,) whose channels arc

dry in summer. Such, for example, is the famed

Ilissus at Athens.

A distinguishing feature of Graecia Propria and

Peloponnesus, and one which had a considerable in-

fluence in the first moulding of its political condition,

is the frequent occurrence of rich plains, overlooked

and commanded by abrupt insulated rocks rising in

the middle or at one end of them, and bounded at

no great distance by mountains. These plains and

2G SKETCH OF CLASSICAL GEOGRATHY

natural fortresses, presenting facilities for subsist-

ence, defence, and retreat, attracted population, and

encouraged the forming of small independent com-

munities. Such were Thebes, Argos, Messene, and

Corinth.

Antiquities.— Some curious specimens of the co-

lossal architecture called Cyclopean, much more an-

cient than the classical times of Greece, still remain

at Mycenae, Argos, Tiryus, etc. : it is rude in its

form and gigantic in its dimensions, and probably

the work of the same people, who have left still more

numerous and striking examples of it in Italy. Of

the classical age, the remains are principally temples,

and the most remarkable of these are in and about

Athens. On the Acropolis are still to be found the

ruins of the Propylaea, the Parthenon, or Temple

of ]Miuerva, that of Victory, the united Temples of

Neptune, Erechtheus, and Minerva Polias, built on

the spot where the contest between Minerva and Nep-

tune was supposed to have taken place, the Pandro-

seion, in honor of Pandrosos, daughter of Cecrops.

On the plain below the Acropolis, the Temple of

Theseus, Theseion; and near it, the comparatively

modern arch of Hadrian, and the Temple of Jupi-

ter Olympius, Ohjmpieion, begun by Pisistratus,

and dedicated 100 years after by the EmperorHadrian.

In the city of Athens and its suburbs, (Map It,)

the most remarkable points were— the Areopagus,

the Pnijx, where the assemblies of the people were

held, the theatre of Bacchus, the Ceramwus, including

the Agora or Forum, Prytaneum, the Schools, viz.,

the Lyceum of Aristotle, the Academia of Plato,

the portico called Sroa Hoixar;, in Latin, Poecile,

where Zeno the Stoic taught, and Cynosarges, fre-

quented by Antisthenes and the Cynics.

ASIA MINOR.-(MAP 20.)

The country which we call Asia Minor was called

by the ancients Asia simply, and has now the name

of Anatolia. Surrounded on three sides by the sea,

it has something of the character of a peninsula. It

is bounded on the north by the Pontus Euxinus

(Euxine or Black Sea) and the Propontis ; on the

west by the Aegean ; and on the south by the Me-

diteiTanean. On the east, it is separated from the

main continent of Asia by the river Euphrates and

the range of the Taurus.

Commencing in the north-east, we find the follow-

ing towns and localities of interest

:

The town Trapezus -untis, a Greek settlement of

great antiquity, which, under the modern form of

Trebizond, was a place of considerable note during

the Eastern Empire

;

Ceriisus, whence Lucullus transplanted the tree

which bears its name in Latin (cherry);

The mouth of the river Therniodon, whose basin

and town, Themisc^ra, were assigned as the dwelling-

place of the fabled race of female warriors called

Amazons;

The river Halys, eastern boundary of the Lydian

kingdom of Croesus, the crossing of which proved

fatal to him in his contest with Cyi'us, king of

Persia

;

SinOpe, on a peninsula that juts into the sea, said

to have been as old as the Argonautic expedition, at

one time capital of the kingdom of Pontus, till

taken by Lucullus, and birthplace of Diogenes the

Cynic

;

Carambis, a promontory opposite to another in the

Crimea called CriuTnetopon, (ram's forehead,) at the

distance of 150 miles across the Euxine;

HeracUa,— surnamed Pontica to distinguish it

from numerous cities of similar name in the ancient

world— chief town of the Mariandyni, and said,

like the others, to have been founded by Hercules

;

The mouth of the Sangarius v. Sagaris, which

rises in Mt. Dindymon ;

All these localities are in the provinces of Asia

Minor called Pontus, Paphlagonia, and Bithyyiia.

The other maritime provinces of the peninsula are

six in number. Of these, three are on the Asiatic

shore of the Aegean, viz. : \. Mysia, including Phry-

gia Minor and the Troad (Map 26); 2. Lydia r.

Maeonia, including Ionia, which was the seaboard of

Lydia, and thickly planted with Greek colonies ; and,

3. Caria, including the district of Doris. The other

three are on the Mediterranean. 1. Lycia ; 2. Pam-PHYLIA, including Pisidia and Isauria; and, 3. Ci-

LiciA. In all these six provinces, there are localities

with whose names and positions every student ought

to be made familiar. For example :

L In Mysia, it is sufficient to name Troja or

Ilion, situated on an eminence between the Simois

and Scamander. The city was overlooked by Mt.

Ida, and itself overlooked the plain of Trov. Here

SKETCH OF CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY, 2T

also was the river Granicus, ou whose banks Alex-

ander the Great gained his first victory over Darius,

B. c. 324, (Map 26).

2. In Lydia flowed the river Hermus, famed for the

gold found in the sand of its channel : near it was

the site of Sardis, at the foot of Mt. Tmolus, the

capital of Croesus, king of Lydia. A little way S.

of the Ilermus was Smyrna, on the Meles, one of

the cities wiiich contended for being the birthplace

of Homer. Among the twelve cities that formed the

Ionian league, besides Smyrna, were Teas, birthplace

of Anacreon, and Ephesuti, birthplace of the weeping

l)hilosopher Heraclltus, and of the painter Parrha-

sius. It was situated at the mouth of the Caystrus,

famed among the poets for its swans. Farther south

is Mt. Myclle, off which the Greeks gained a signal

victory over the Persians, the same day, it is said, on

which Mardonius was defeated at Plataeae. We next

cross the Maeander, a river of great length, and so

remarkable for its windings as to have furnished an

English word descriptive of a similar character in

other streams. South of the Maeander, but still to

be reckoned an Ionian city, was MilHus, from which

went most of the Greek colonies that fringed the

l)order of the Euxine Sea. It was noted also for its

wool, and was the birthplace of Thales, the earliest

of the Greek philosophers.

3. On the coast of Caria stood Halicarnassus, a

city memorable as the birthplace of the great histo-

rians Herodotus and Dionysius, and for the sepulchral

monument of Mausolus, reared by his queen Artemisia.

On the opposite side of the bay stood Cnidus, where

was a statue of Venus, reclfoned the master-work of

Praxiteles ; and at the entrance of this bay, mid-way

between Halicarnassus and Cnidus, lay the island

Cos, birthplace of the famous physician and medical

writer Hippocrates, and of Apelles, the most cele-

brated of Grecian painters. Cos was noted also for

its wines, and for the manufacture of fine cloth. Off

the coast of Caria is another island much larger and

more noted than Cos, viz., Rhodes, Rhodes, in the

capital of which, of the same name, was the brazen

statue of the sun, called Colossus, *70 culnts high,

which bestrode the entrance of the harbor.

4. Moving eastward, along the Carian shore, weenter Lycia, and pass under the wooded Cragus, one

of the extremities of Mt. Taurus, and a favorite

resort of Diana. Having crossed the Xanthus, wearrive at Patara, the winter residence, according to

the poets, of Apollo, as Delos was his favorite

dwelling-place in summer. Farther east, after

rounding the Prom. Sacrum, we find Moas Chi-

maera.

5. In Pamphylia, the only point of interest is the

town Phaselis.

6. CiLiciA extends from the eastern limit of Pam-phylia to the Sinus Isslcus and Mt. Amdnus, and

has the mountain chain of Taurus for its northern

boundary. The western portion of Cilicia is rough

and hilly, and was thence called Tracheia: the

eastern, being more level and fertile, was called

Pedias. On the coast of the latter, as we approach

the river Cydnus, we pass through Soli. We then

come to the Cydnus, by ascending which we arrive at

Tarsus, the capital of the province, and the birth-

place of St. Paul. The last town in Cilicia, situated

at the head of the Sinus Issicus, was Issus, (Map26,) where Alexander gained his second great victory

over the Persians, and made prisoners of war the

wife, mother, and infant son of Darius. In this

neighborhood were also the Pylae Amanicae and

Pylae Syriae, narrow passes or gorges in Amdnus,

the mountain range which runs north-east from the

bay of Issus till it joins Mt. Taurus. Fronting the

bay of Issus is Cyprus, the favorite island of Venus,

and hence the numerous epithets applied to the god-

dess which are derived from towns and temples therein

— such, for example, are Cypria, Paphia, Idalia,

Amathuntia v. -thusia, and Salaminia.

The inland provinces of Asia Minor were :

1. Phrygia, in the centre of which was Synndda,

noted for its quarries of variegated marble, which

was a costly article of ornamental architecture at

Rome. In this province, on the confines of Caria,

and not far from the sources of 3Iaeander, were also

the cities of Laodicea and Colossae, the seatfe of early

Christian churches, and Celaenae, where mythologi-

cal history places the scene of the flaying of Marsyas

by Apollo :

2. Galatia V. Gallograecia, (both terms alluding

to the fact of the invasion and settling there of a body

of Gallic emigrants,) comprehended the upper por-

tions of the river-basins of Halys and Sangarius,

and the cities of Pesslnus, Ancyra, (Angora,) and

Gordium. 1. The first of these towns, situated at

the foot of Mt. Dindymon, was noted for the worship

of Cybele. 2. At Ancyra, a temple was erected to

Augustus during his lifetime. 3. Gordium, before

the invasion of the Gauls, was the capital of Phry-

gia,—the city of Gordius, the father of Midas,—and

famous for the story of the Gordian knot

:

3. In Cappadocia, the point of greatest interest

28 SKETCH OF CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY.

is Mt. Ay^gaeus, with llazuca, the capital of tlie pro-

vince, at the foot of it

:

4. West of Cappadocia was the province of Ly-

CAONiA, with its capital Iconium, the scene of the

labors of St. Paul and Barnabas, as recorded in the

Acts of the Apostles :

5. To the N. E. of Cappadocia lay Armeniamiaoy% in which Pompey founded a city which he

called Nicopulis, in memory of a decisive victory he

gained there in the Mithridatic war.

Physical Aspects.— The mountain range called

Amdnus forms the S. E. boundary of Asia Minor,

separating it from Syria, in like manner as the Eii-

phrCites and part of Mt. Taurus separate it on the

N. E. from Armenia major. The Asiatic peninsula

—

of which we have done little more than trace the sea-

board of low rich land that skirts the shores of the

Euxine, Propoutis, Aegean, and Mediterranean seas

— exhibits a central belt of elevated land, abutting

on mountain ranges, which slope downward to the

respective seas that form its northern and southern

boundary. The southern chain is so marked and

uninterrupted, that it was early designated by a

general name. All ancient geographers agree in

calling it Taurus ; but some trace it eastward from

Cape TrogiJium and Mt. Mycale on the Aegean

;

while Strabo, whose authority is high in what con-

cerns this peninsula, of which he was himself a

native, makes it commence from a precipitous and

lofty ridge which runs northward from Prom. Sacrumand Mt. Climax in Lycia. Thence making a sweep

to the E., and taking, in one part of its course, the

name of Antitaurus, it proceeds in a N. E. direction

until, as it approaches the Euphrates, it sends off the

branch called Amdnus to the south-west, and skirts

the course of that river, of which it alters the direc-

tion. Another branch of Taurus runs more directly

E., bounding to the N. the maritime provinces of

Pamphylia and Cilicia. The northern chain connected

with Antitaurus, and running W. parallel with the

Black Sea, is more broken and scattered than Taurus,

and has not therefore been distinguished by a general

appellation, but it may be traced westward in the

successive ranges of Paryadres, Olgassys, the two

Olympi and Ida. The central plateau, comprehend-

ing the four inland provinces already mentioned, is

distinguished by a number of lakes without issue,

most of them salt, and of rivulets that never reach

the sea—facts which attest the general levelness of

the surface. That part of Phrygia called anciently

Katakecaumene, (t. e. combusta,) abounds in appear-

ances of scorching and sterility, which Strabo con-

siders as indications of frequent earthquakes and

volcanic eruptions.

Antiquities.—Although Asia Minor, especially the

coast of the Aegean, was in ancient times the seat

of many noble cities, adorned with splendid monu-

ments of art, time and barbarism have either entirely

destroyed even the ruins, or left them in such shape-

less, scattered, and mutilated masses, as to convey

but little information. Not only are there no re-

mains of the famous Temple of Diana at Ephesus,

but the very site of the town is disputed. The exist-

ence of former civilization is attested by fragments,

curious and interesting indeed, but not singly of im-

portance enough to be enumerated in so general an

outline as this.

PALAESTINA.-(MAP 21.)

Palaestina, Phoenicia, and Judaea, were parts

of what was, in classical times, called Syria, the tract

of land which forms the eastern boundary of the

Mediterranean, between Asia Minor and Aegypt.

The physical characteristic of this country is an

almost continuous range of mountains, stretching

from north to south in a direction parallel to the

eastern shore of the Mediterranean, and nowhere far

distant from it. Though it assumes different local

appellations, the chain may be called by the general

name of Libdnus, (the Lebanon of Scripture,) and

the highest part of the range is where it diverges into

t'vo branches, Libdnus and Antilibanus. To that

point, the Ilermon of Holy Writ, and the high ground

adjoining, may be traced the sources of the three

principal, and indeed only rivers, the Orontes,

Leontes, and Jorddnes.

1. The Orontes, (see Map 20,) after flowing north-

wards during the greater portion of its course, makes

a bend to the west, traversing a wide valley between

3Io7is Pierius on the north (the termination of

Amdnus) and 3Ions Cassius on the south (the coj?

mencement of Libdnus). On the left bank, twenty

miles from the mouth, stood Antiocheia, long the

capital of Syria, and celebrated for the luxury of its

inhabitants.

iX

SKETCH OF CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY. 29

2. The Leontes, rising at tlie point of divergence

of Lihdnus and Antilihanus, flows south through a

widening basin, enclosed between these two ranges,

which, from its physical aspect, was called Coele-Syria.

3. Jo7'ddnes, the Jordan, springing from Mt. Her-

mon, near Faneas, afterwards Gaesarca Fhilippi,

flows almost due south, forming in its course succes-

sively, L the Lake Saviochonltis ; 2. the Lake Tibe-

7ias, known also in the New Testament as ' the Sea

of Tiberias,' 'Galilee,' or ' Gennesaret, ' on which

was situated the city of Tiberias (now Tabarieh), so

named by Herod Antipas in honor of Tiberius Cae-

sar ; and, 3. the Lacus Asphali'ites, or Dead Sea, a

bituminous lake without issue, in which the Jordan

is lost. The banks of this lake are the lowest inha-

bited land known, being 1312 feet below the level of

the Mediterranean.

About half-way between the head of the Dead Sea

and the Mediterranean, on the brook Kedron, stood

Hierosolyma, Jerusalem, (see plan Map 21,) the

metropolis of Palestine, northeast of which is Je-

richo. To the east of the Jordan, in the valley of

the Jabbok, were Gerasa and Philadelphia.

Proceeding from the north along the coast, and

passing Berytus, (Beirut,)— a Roman colony in the

reign of Augustus,— we find ourselves, as we ap-

proach the mouth of the Leontes, in Sidon, and soon

after crossing it, in Tyros, both of which cities are in

Phoenicia. They were the earliest, most enterprising,

and wealthiest of all ancient states. Nearly on the

same parallel of latitude as Sidon, but considerably to

the east beyond the chain of Antilibdnus, was Da-mascus. Farther south, on the coast, was the town

called Accho in Scripture, afterwards Flolemais, and

the modern St. Jean d'Acre.

The last memorable point in Phoenicia is Carme-

lus M., soon after passing which we enter Palaes-

TINA, and reach the town and port of Gaesarm, so

named in honor of Augustus, more anciently Turris

Stratonis, the capital of Samaria under the Romans :

south-eastward we find Sehasie, the old Samaria;

and returning to the coast, we pass successively

Joppa and Ascalon, places of note during the Cru-

sades. The last point of classical interest near the

coast was Gaza, which had a port on the sea.

The connection of Palestine with Sacred Historynot coming within the scope of the present sketch,

no allusion has been made to the innumerable points

of interest which it presents in relation to the Scrip-

tures—a subject too important to be treated in so

limited a space.

ASSYEIA.-With regard to the vast continent of Asia, which

stretches eastward beyond that peninsular portion of

it that we have been examining, it was so imperfectly

known to the ancients in the brighter periods of their

literary history, that but few notices of it are re-

quisite. The great basins of the EuphrCdcs and

Tigris, embracing part of Armenia and of Media,

and the whole of Mesopotamia, Assyria, Susiana,

and BABYLONLi, are important in themselves, and

contain points of considerable interest. Both these

rivers rise in Armenia, the Euphrates in Abus, and

the Tigris in Niphutes, the two eastern terminations

of the range of Taurus and Antitaurus ; and after a

course, the Euphrates of 1530 miles, the Tigris of

1000, having run nearly parallel to each other,

they unite their waters and fall into the Sinus Per-

sicus.

1. Armenia major was chiefly composed of the

Basin of the Araxes, a river which rises in Anti-

taurus, a few miles from one of the sources of the

Euphrates, and after joining the Gyrus, which is the

northern boundary of Armenia, they flow with united

stream into the Mare Gaspiuni v. HyrcJnum. On

(MAP 22.)the left side of the Araxes, and overlooked by Mt.

Ararat on the right, was the capital Artaxdta.

2. In Mesopotamia, whose name indicates the

nature of a country formed by the alluvial deposits

of the two large rivers that enclose it on either side,

were Garrhae, memorable for the defeat and death

of Crassus, and Nislbis, on the tributary Mygdonius,

a frontier city of Imperial Rome.

3. Assyria is the left side of the Basin of the

Tigris during the latter part of its course. On the

river itself stood Ninus, Nineveh, the metropolis of

the Assyrian Empire.' The site and vicinity of this

ancient city have been the scene of recent excava-

tions and discoveries, which promise to throw light

upon the early records of our race. A little east-

ward were Gaugamcla and Arbela, the scene of the

battle with Alexander which sealed the fate of Da-

rius and of the Persian monarchy.

4. Babylonia and Chaldaea occupied the lower

part of the Basin of the Euphrates down to its junc-

tion with the Tigris, and onward to its mouth in the

Sinus Persicus. The most noted localities were the

following : on the Euphrates, and bisected by it.

30 SKETCH OF CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY,

Babylon, one of the most renowned among the cities

of remote antiquity. In the latest period of its an-

nals, it was the scene of the death of Alexander the

Great. Farther up the river was the plain of Cunaxa,

where the younger Cyrus was defeated and slain by his

brother Artaxerxes; and whence, in consequence of

AFRICA.-The northern coast of Africa extends westward

about 2000 miles, from the frontiers of Egypt to the

Pillars of Hercules, that is, from long. 25° east, to

6° west : bounded on the north by the Mediterranean

;

on the south by the deserts of Libya and Sahara, and

by the mountain range of Atlas. Mauritania Tin-

gitana stretches further to the southwest, beyond the

Pillars of Hercules, to where the Atlas M. approaches

the Atlantic Ocean.

As we advance westward from Alexandria, we

arrive at Paraetoniuyn, the frontier town of Egypt,

two degrees south of which is the most famed of the

oa.ses which rise like islands, at rare intervals, out

of the ocean of arid sand that stretches across the

continent of Africa. In this oasis was the Temple

of Jupiter Ammon, which Alexander the Great went

to consult. Returning to the coast, we meet with

nothing of classical interest except the Catahathmus,

or great declivity, which Sallnst improperly describes

as the boundary between Egypt and Africa, till we

reach Cijrme. In the latter days of Greece, Cyrmewas a flourishing colony, where art and philosophy

were cultivated ; but at the present day not a vestige

of it remains. Farther along, Berenice is mentioned

as a town near which were the Gardens of the Hes-

perules; but Yirgil places them in Mauritania.

This brings us successively to the shallows and whirl-

pools called Syrtes, major and minor. Near the

Syrtis minor was the Lake Tritdnis, obscurely con-

nected with the mythological history of Minerva, who

is often called Tritonia Yirgo.

From this point commences a region of great natu-

ral fertility, which was long the 'granary' of Rome,

and rich in historical recollections. First, we have

Africa propria, the proper domain of Carthago,

(Carchedon,) the great rival of Rome; and twenty-

seven miles west, on the Bagrddas, was Utlca, where

the second Cato, rather than submit to Caesar, put a

period to his life, and hence he is distinguished from

Cato Major by the epithet Uticencis. In the interior

is Zama, where the elder Scipio defeated Hannibal.

We then enter Numidia, the country of Jugurtha,

and the scene of the first exploits of Mctcllus Numi-

that defeat, began the retreat of the Ten Thousand

Greeks, described by Xenophon. (Map 26.)

The Basin of the Clioasjyes, a tributary of the Eu-

phrates, was the country called Susiana, from its

capital SusA, on the river itself.

East of Assyria is Media.

(MAP 23.)dicus, which prepared the way for Marius to finish

the war and carry Jugurtha prisoner to Rome. The

last western division of this African coast was Mau-

ritania, the kingdom of Bocchus and of Juba;

bounded on the N. by the Mediterranean, on the W.by the Atlantic, and on the S. by the lofty range of

Mt. Atlas, which protects it from the encroachments

of the ocean of sand that lies beyond. As we ap-

proach the Atlantic, we come in sight of Ahyla

(Rock of Ceuta) and Calpe (Rock of Gibraltar), the

two Pillars of Hercules, on opposite sides of the

Fretum Herculeum.

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS ON NORTHERN AFRICA.

The two most remarkable features of this country

are, the Great Desert, and the mountain range of

Atlas. The former, the largest continuity of barren

surface in the known world, extends, under different

names, from the shores of the Atlantic to the banks

of the Nile, interrupted only by a few oases.

The mountain range of Atlas, which is the north-

ern boundary of the desert called Sahara or Zaara,

stretches from Fezzan to the Atlantic. It rises in

successive tei-races from the most northern, which

does not exceed 580 or 600 yards in height, to the

farthest south, which, if it be covered with perpetual

snow in lat. 32°, as some travellers affirm, cannot be

less than 11,000 feet high. The lower elevations are

calcareous ; and among them was found the Numi-

dian or Gaetulian marble, an article of luxury in

great request among the Romans. The successive

gradations are connected by transverse branches run-

ning north and south, among which are plains and

valleys, watered by streams without issue, and con-

stituting the 'Country of Dates.' Atlas extends

eastward from the Atlantic to the Regio Syj'tica,

forming a bulwark against the moving sands of the

southern desert.

The streams that descend from the northern side

of Atlas water that belt of land, from 60 to 160 miles

broad, which was long the granary of the Romanempire, and is now the country of Tunis, Algiers,

and Morocco.

SKETCH OF CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY. 31

AEGYPTUS.-(MAP 24.)

Egypt is the north-east portion of the great penin-

sular continent of Africa, situated between the

Tropic of Cancer (23° 30') and 31° 30' N. latitude,

and between 30° and 35° E. longitude.

There is perhaps no part of the world, out of

Italy and Greece, to which allusion is more frequently-

made by the poets and orators of antiquity than to

Egypt ; but no ancient writer who is not a professed

geographer goes much into detail, or mentions morethan one or two of its towns and localities. Thesingular nature of the country, the immemorial exist-

ence of the pyramids, the dim traditions of a very

remote antiquity, the absence of rain, the mighty

cataracts and periodical inundations of the river,

and, above all, the unexplored and, as the ancients

thought, inexplorable fountain-head of the Nile—all

combined to throw a charm of sublimity and interest

over the whole.

Of the towns so thickly planted on the banks of

the Nile, we only mention Memphis, on the left bank

of the Nile, with the pyramids in its immediate neigh-

borhood. Fifteen miles farther down, the Nile sepa-

rated into different channels, by all of which its waters

found their way to the sea. Of these channels the

ancients enumerated seven : the most noted are the

two extreme ones, the Ostium Canopicum W. andPelusidcum E. These two diverging branches, with

the sea-coast line between them, form the sides andbase of the triangular space Delta, so called from its

resemblance to the capital form of that letter in the

Greek alphabet; and by these two channels alone

the water of the Nile is now discharged. Twelvemiles west from the Canopic embouchure was Alex-

andria, so named after Alexander the Great, whofounded it on his way back from the Oasis and Tem-ple of Jupiter Ammon— a great city in ancient

times, as it is now under the same name. (Map 26.)

The annual overflow of the Nile, and the deposit

by this of a rich stratum of earthy matter, was the

chief cause of the great fertility of Egypt. Therewere artificial canals, sluices, and a large receptacle

called Lake Moeris, for the distribution of the water.

Arsinoe was the capital of the richest portion of

Egypt, and near it was the celebrated Lahyrinth.

GERMANIA.-(MAP 25.)

GER\nNTA, in the most extended sense of the

term, reached from the Alps to the North and Baltic

Seas, and from the Rhine to the Vistula. Yiewed

physically, this vast parallelogram may be divided

into two nearly equal portions— of which the south-

ernmost comprises the great valley of the Danube,

and the other is watered by the rivers which flow

into the northern seas. We have spoken already of

the tribes between the Danube and the Alps, and

consider here only the other part.

Of mountains, we find, besides the Alps, the Jura,

Mt. Abnuha, or the Black Forest, the 3Iontes Sudeti,

or Riesengebirge, and the Carpates M. From the

Jura to the Carpathians, that is, from the Rhine

to the sources of the Yistula, this northern range

was covered in ancient times by a vast forest,

under the general name of the Silva Hercynia,

which, according to Caesar, extended sixty days'

journey in length. Its breadth was, in some parts,

nine days' journey. From its northern flanks

issued the waters of the Moenus (Main) and Nicer

(Neckar), which fall into the Rhine—of the Amisia,

(Ems,) Visurgis, (Weser,) Viadrus, (Oder,) andVistula, (Weichsel). The Albis, (Elbe,) rising in the

Sudeti Montes, and receiving the Sala or Saale on

the left, divided ancient Germany north of the

Danube into two nearly equal portions, east and

west.

The chief political divisions of Germania north of

the Danube were these : of the tribes adjacent to the

Danube, the principal were the Quadi, the May^co-

manni, and the Hermunduri. All these, together

with the Suevi, (who formerly lived in the eastern

parts of Germany—in later times, in the south-west-

ern,) are comprised under the general name of Iler-

miones. The Istaevones inhabited the western re-

gions bordering on the Rhine, and the Ingaevones

occupied the low countries from the mouth of that

river to the Cimbric Chersonesus. The Lygii seem

to have been a considerable people, between the

Yiadrus and the Yistula.

Between the Rhine and the North Sea we find the

Frisii: their country was intersected by a canal

made by Drusus, which carried a portion of the waters

90 SKETCH OF CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY

of tlio Rhine into the Lacus Flevo (now Zuyder

Zee). The channel of Drusus is now the YsseL

North-west of the Frisii were the Ohauci : beyond

the mouth of the Elbe were the Angli, Saxones, and

Cimhri—the two first of whom crossed over in a later

time into Britain. South of the Chauci were the

Angrivarii and Cherusci, who, under Arminius,

overthrew Yarns and his three legions in the ySilva

Teutobergiensis, near the sources of the Lippe and

Ems.

Ascending the Rhine from the coast of the Frisii,

we arrive at the Bructeri, on the Yssel, and the

3Iarsi, on the Lippe. The Usipetes and Tenctheri

were driven across the Rhine by more powerful neigh-

bors. On the Luppia, (Lippe,) the Rura, (Ruhr,)

and Signs, (Sieg,) lived the Sicambri. The llat-

tiaci lay between the Sieg and the Ifoenus, (Main,)

and occupied the 3Ions Taunus. Southward from

hence, the district between the Rhine, the Main, and

the Upper Danube, was called by the Romans Agri

JDecumCdes, from the tithe which they had to pay to

the Romans. In this region we find afterward the

Alemanni, which was probably only a new league of

the old tribes of these regions. Behind the Sicambri,

about the sources of the Yisurgis, lay the Cliatti,

(Hessians,) a tribe of the Hermiones.

Passing eastward from the valley of the Upper

Rhine, we come to the Hermunduri : east of them,

on the bank of the Danube, were the Narisci, about

Ratisbon : north-east of these, the Boii, or Boio-

hemi, in Bohemia, whose country was seized by the

Marcomanni. North-east of them were the Osi,

Gothini, and Buri, in Silesia : north-west of whomwere the Marsigni, and farther to the north-west,

the Semnones.

Among the Lygian tribes between the Yiadrus and

Vistula, we mention the Arii, Helvecones, 3Ianinii,

Elisii, and Naliarvali.

On the shores of the Baltic, and to the south of it,

we find Yandal tribes—as the Varini, Rugii, Lemo-

vii, Reiidigni, and the Langobardi.

The Baltic Sea was known to the Romans as Sinus

Coddnus, or Maj^e Suevicum. Tacitus mentions the

Sidones and Sitones (in Sweden and Norway). All

the country east of the Yistula was comprised under

the name of Sarmatia.

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WITH THE ADJOINING REGIONS

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INDEX.

The nhhreviafii)]! P. is used for Fluvius— I. or Ins. for Insula— M. for Mons— P. for Portus— Pr. or Prom, for Promontorium

S. for Sinus— n. for Near— r. for Ruins— G. for Gulf— B. for Cay— far. for Formerly.

Ifames of Countries, Districts, etc., are distinguished bi/ Capitals— Names of Tribes or People by an Asterisk prefij^ed. The 3fodern

Names are in Italics. The note of interrogation attached to a name signifies that the site is uncertain.

The latitudes are in all cases North, unless otherwise distinguished : the longitudes. East of the meridian of Greenwich, excepting

where the letter W. (West) is attached. In the case of Hirers, the latitude and longitude given is that of the place where the nana

happens to be written on the Map.

NAMKS. LAT. LONG.Abacncnuin, Tripi ,38°.!' 16°. 5'

Abae, r. n. Exarkho 38.34 22.55

Aballaba, Watch-cross... 51.57 2.49 wAbassus 38.58 31.2

«Abastani 31.30 72.30

Abbaitis 39.15 29.10

Abdera, vl6ra 3(5.44 3.1 wAbdera 40.5fi 24.59

Abel-betb-maachah,J.6i7 33.19 35.34

Abella, ^ceZ^rt 40.57 14.35

Abcllinum, ^™/^n)o 40.54 14.48

Abelterium, En-a 39.3 8.15 wAbia, )i. Mandinia 36.58 22.9

Abila(of Lysanias),A^e6-

iy Abel, n. Es-Sook... 33.42 36.7

Abi'la? Yebla 32.42 35.54

Abile.ne 33.40 36.10

&.hnuha.^l., Uluck Forest 48.15 8.0

Aboccis, or Abuncis, 7^-

s.imboul 22.20 31.36

Abodiacum, Epfach 47.55 10.54

AboUa? Avola 36.55 15.7

A bone? Sea Mills, n.

Bristol 51.28 2.37 wAlioniteichos, aft. lono-

ixilis, Incboli 41.57 33.46

Aliravannus F 64.54 4.49 wAdrkttkse 39.45 28.20*Abrinoatui 48.40 1.0 wAbrostola? 39.1 31.50Ab.sorus, or Apsorrus?

Osero 44.42 14.24AbsyrtMes Ins., Cherso& Los»ini 44.40 14.25

Abuncis, or Abuceis, I^)-

samboul 22.20 31.36Abus M., Ak Dagh 39.30 41.40Abus F., Humber 53.35 0.0

Ahnsinn, .Vetistadt 48.49 11.47

Abydos, Arabat el-Mat-

foon 26.13 31.59Abydos, Aidos 40.11 26.25Abyla, CeK«a 35.54 5.18 wAbyla M., Pr. of Oeuta 35.54 5.17 WAcacesium 37.23 22.4Academia, vl/L'i<//(i'Hu'o... 37.59 23.43

AcalandrusF..6V(;a)irfro 39.58 16.34 .

Acalandrus F. ? Salan-dreUa 40.26 16.20

Ai-anias Prom., C. Ar-nauti 35.7 32.16

Acauipsis F. (Apsarus?)Joruk Sa 41.0 41.46

5

MAP,12

16

5

20

3

20

7

19

21

13

9

7

18

21

21

21

25

NAME.S.Acanthus, Dulopolis, or

BubassusAcanthus, or Acanthon,Dashoor

Acanthus, Erisso..

ACARNANIAAcatucciAccad, Akerkoof...Accho, or Ace, aft. Ptole-

mais, St. Jean cl'Acre

Acci (Julia Gemella),Guadix el- Viejo...

Accipifrum I,, S. Pie-tro

,

Ace, or Accho, aft. Ptole-inais, jSV. Jean d'Acre.

Acelum, AsoloAceronia, BrienxaAcerrae, AcerraAcerrae, GherraAcesiues, Asines, orOno-

balas F., Cantara....

Acesines F., Chenaub.ACHAIA.AcharnaeAchates F. ? Canitello...

Achelous F., As2}ro23o-

tamoAcheron F., Suli

Acherontia, Acercnza...

Acherusia PalusAcherusias Prom., BabaBurun

Achilleius Portus, PortVathy ,

Achillis I., or Leuce, Fi-

donisi, or Serjjenl's I..

Achmetha (Ecbatana),Humadan

Acholla, El-AliahAchzib(Eodippa),£'2-2i'6

AcidavaAcila, or Ocelis? GhelaAciLiSENE, or AnaitTcaAoimiucum, Alt. Salan-kemen

AcinasisF.? TscharukSaAcineum, or Aquineum,Alt-Bndn

Acinipo, Honda la Viiji

Aciris F., AgriAcis F., JnciAcithius F.? Birgi

LAT.

0°Al'w

NAMES. LAT.

Agrlgen'um, or Aera-gas, Gin/r„ti 37°.16

Agriniuni ? 38.48

Agrippias, or Anthe-don? 31.27

Agrippina, or Coloiiia

Agrippinensis, Co-

loijiie 50.56

Agryle(Upperaiid Low-er) ? B. at foot ofHi/mettits 37.57

Aguntum, Innkhen 4G.i4

Agylla, aft. Caere, Ccr-

vetri 42.1

Agyrium, S. Filijqjo

d'Anjiro 37.38

Ai? 31.54

*Aii 10.0

Ajalon, Yalo 31.51

Alaba, or Allava? 37.27Alabanda, Arab Hisfiar 37.36

Alabastra, or Alabas-tron-polis? 28.21

Alabus F., Lo Cantaro,

or 2Ioli,idlo 37.15

Alaesa, or Halesa, n.

Tusa 37.57Alaesus, or Halesus, F.,

Pettinco 37.55

Alugon'ia,? Zarnata 36.55

Alalcomenae (Boeotia),

Sidinar! 38.22

Alalcomenae (in Ith-

aca)? 38.22

Alalia, or Aleria, Aleria 42.7

Alalis, Abn Ilerarah 35.50

Alander F 39.20

«Alani 42.0

Alanton, Lete 42.50Alatriuni, or Alctrium,

Alatvi 41.46

Alauna, Ki<;r 56.10

Alauna, Aleaunie, n.

Valu(jiic8 49.31

Alauniuin 43.53

Alaunus F.? Alne 55.24

Alaunus F., Axe 50.43

Aiazon F., Alascu 41.40

Alba, Abla 37.14

Alba? 42.50

AlbaF., Ter 42.0

Alba Fucentia, or Fu-centis, Colle di Albe.. 42.4

Alba Helvioruiu, Aps,or Alps 44. .33

Alba Longa 41.46

Alba Pumpeia,^/6« 44.41

Albana, JJvrbend 42.5

*AlbaniAlbaxia 41.30

Albauiae or Caspiae Py-lae, Pu»» of Uerbend 42.0

AlbaQUS F., Sidmoiir.,,. 41.28

Albanus L., La(/o di

Alhano 41.45

Albanus ^l.,M<mte Cava 41.45

Albanus, or Albius M.., 44.30

Albianum, Kufntein 47.35

«-Albici 43.50

Albiga, Alby 43.57

Albinia F., Albcyna 42.34Albion

Albis F., Elbe 5,3.20

Albium Intemelium,Vintimiglia 43.45

Albium Ingaunum, Al-beiifja 44.4

Albius, or Albanus M... 44.30

Albona, .A/io;ia 45.5

Albonica, Ptterla daDurocd 41.7

Albucella (Arbucale, or

Arbacala)? 41.46

LONG. MAT

13°.35'

21.29

34.25

0.57

23.44

12.18

12.3

14.32

35.16

77.0

35.2

13.12

27.57

31.7

15.5

14.14

14.16

22.12

22.59

13.26

20.41

N.VMT5S. I.AT.

Aiiililiiiirciuin, Mavro-/>l,!/i>,^l 38°.17'

AiiiiiliicU'in, or Aiuplii-

I'lU'.a, /)h,i<U,i ns.38

Am I'll 11,0011 1 A 39.4

Ain]ihiiiiiilla 35.21

Aiiipliiprigus Prom. ? 0.

IHaiico 39.21

Ain|p|iii)olis, Neohhono 40.48

Aiii|ilii.ssa, Sulona 38. .'12

Am|iliitr(3po, Mctropieta 37.47

Amiiliitus F 37.10

Ani|>lirysus F 39.10Aiiipsiiga F., Wadij cl-

Kcbir 3G.45Ain.'janctus Lacus, Le

Mo/cte 40.59Aniyclao 41.10Ainyclae,yl(/io» KyrUiki 37.2

Ainyrus F 39.34Amyrus? Kastri 39.34Amy/.on 37.34Anabiicis (or Autoina-

hi.\?). 30.10Anactorium 38.54Aiiiiea, Anicar 37.47Aiiiij^nia, An(t(/ii! 41.40Aiuii^yrus, Van' 37.50AnaitIca, or Acii-tsKNE 39.20Analiba, Ilcrhcmih 39.31Aiiainis P., Ibraliiiii 27.10®Atianes 44.50AiiTipho I. and Town,

AiKifi 30.22Aiiiiplilystiis, Anavi/so.. 37.43Aiiapns F. (Acarnania) 38.35Aiiaims F., A)i(i])o, or

Finnic di Sortiiio 37.5

Anas F., Giwdiaiia 38.27Anassus F., Revunchi... 40.0Ana.stati(>))olis, Dam... ;17J0Aiiatlu), Aniifih 34.30Anatis F. ? Wadt/ Uoia-

cr-bcgh 33.10Anaua L. (or Ascania?)

Ij. t)f Charddl-, or

Hidlji Toiiz Ghictil... 37.53Anauiiiiiiu, Xoii 10.18

Anazarbus, Ain Zarbtt.. 37.18*Ancalites 51.20Anchesmus M. (Ijyca-

bettiKs), Hill of St.

(Icnrge 37.59Ancliialo? Mowid n.

Kurndnwar 30.48Anehirihis, Alnuluu 42.34Anfhisa ^l., Armenia... 37.42A noon Pr., V. Ttlialti... 41.22Ancona, Ancoua 43.37Ancyra ....". 39.11Ancyra, Aiii/ara 39.50Ancyron-iiolis ? 29.9Amhihi\iii,Enhi AndKvtd 37.56Andaoa? Vidleyo/Liiyh-

man 34.38And-Mua, Eliniho-kantro 37.1

7

Andceavi, An(/cr« 47.28Andeniatunum, Langres 47.51Anderida? Pevensey.... 50.49Anderitum, Antcrrieu.v 44.50*Andcs, or Andecavi... 47.30Andes, PietuUt 45.7Androtiiuu 43.43Andriaee, Andnd-i 30.13Andrius F 39.52AndropoHs 30.37Andro.5, Pidncopulis 37.49Andros I., Andro 37.50Anemo ¥.,Lnim>nc 44.10Anenioreia ? 38.27Anpuiiiriuin. Aumnonf.. 36.1Anpielo? Papn Amjhe-

htki 37.58

LONG. MAI'.

NAMES. LAT. LONG. MAI

Apf^ni fons, or Patavl-

iiiie Aciuao, liayid

d'Ali'dio t5°.22' 11°.1G' 8

Apc.-tana? 27.5 53.2 3

Apj) aria, Tuhmi 43.55 26.14 14

Api'ii Foruiu, ForuApp!o 41.28 13.1 11

Appiola? n. f'uiite dctlc

Sh;;j/,e 41.47 12.36 11

Api'iis, or Apri, Aimid-jih 40..54 27.11 14

Aprusa F., yl-(«« 44.2 12.38 8

Ap-arus F. (Acampsis?).Jnn.k S,i 41.0 41.46 20

SAp.-^ih.e 4.3.0 41.10 22

•s-Apsintliii 40.50 26.30 14

ApMis v., Ohe.rvesta 40.50 19.35 14

Apta Julia, vl;)^ 4.3.52 5.25 6

Aptera, Pnlcolcnslro 35.27 24.7 19

*Apuani? 44.27 10.0 8

Apl-lia 41.0 16.0 9

Apiiluin (ColoniaNova),KarUhnnj 46.5 23.35 11

Aqua Cnib'ra, Mnrrnna 41.53 12.32 UAqua Viva, J/"/e(yc 46.21 16.11 14

Aqua Viva, .4cj«ai!H'cr.. 42.18 12.25 11

Aquae, lierza-Pahvika 44.27 22.30 14

Aquae, Baaden 48.1 16.11 14

Aquae Albiilae 41.59 12.44 HAquae Apollinares,Zf«(/-

ni di Sli'jliano 42.11 12.1 UAquae Augustae, orTar-

bellicae, /;ax 43.43 1.2 w 6

Aquae Bali.'^.sae? 45.33 17.20 14

Aquae Bilbitanorum,Alhnma 41.20 1.54 w 7

Aquae Borbonis, Bour-hunne-lca-lhiiiis 47.57 5.45 6

Aquae Bormonis, Bonr-boii I'Archumbanll.... 46.36 3.2 6

Aquae Cacretanae, Bag-indiS'ipo 42.4 11.59 11

Aquae Caiidac, n. Chift-

lik Khan 37.27 34.46 20

Aquae Calidae, Ham-mam Meriyah 36.25 2.22 23

Aquae Calidae, Ham-mam FEiif, n. Tiniis.. 36.42 10.18 23

Aquae Calidae, Vichi/... 46.7 3.25 6

Aquae Cclenae, Caldasde liii/ 42.34 8.38 w 7

Aquae Convcnarum,Bagnirea de Bif/orre 43.4 0.9 6

Acjuae Ferentinac, n.

isaii Jiocca 41.47 12.41 11

Aquae Flaviae, C/iai-e«.. 41.55 7.30 w 7

Aquae Gratianae, Aiu:.. 45.42 5.54 6

Aquae Mattiacae, Wies-

baden 50.5 8.15 25

A((uae Ncapolitanae, n.

Snrdara 39.37 8.47 9

Aciuae Neri, iV"en» 46.16 2.40

Aquae Nisineii, Bour-bon VAnd 40.37 3.46 6

Aquae Originis? 42.10 8.27 w 7

Aquae Passeris, Ba-cucco 42.27 12.3 8

Aquae Pisanae, Bagnidi Piaa 43.46 10.26 8

Aquae Populoniae 42.58 10.38 8

Aquae Querquennae?... 42.12 8.12 w 7

Aquae Segeste, Fer-rierea 48.2 2.35 6

Aquae Segcte? 45.25 4.18 6

Aquae Sextiae, Aix 43.32 5.27 6

Aquae Statiellae, Acqui 44.40 8.27 8

Aquae Soils, .Ba<^ 51.23 2.21 w 5

Aquae Tacapitanae, El-

Hammat-d-Khaba 33.50 9.45 23

Aqiiiie Vetuloniae, Ve-

tidia 43.6 10..33 8

Aquae Vocoiiiae, Caldas(/I. Gerona) 41.53 2.51 7

NAMCS. I. AT.

Aquila iiiiijor, u. Te-

tonan 35°.37'

Aquila minor, Caatillejo 35.45

A(iuilaria, Aioari'i/eJi 37.4

A([uilcia, Aqu'deia 45.46

A([uilein, Lict'sa 43.41

Aquilonia, Lacedogna... 41.4

Aquincuni, or Acincuin,

Alt-Buda 47.30

Aquinum, Aquaria 41.16

AquTnuni, Aquino 41.30

*A(iuitruii 44.0

Aquitania 45.0

Ar of Moab, or Rab-bath-raoab (Areopo-lis,) Rabha 31.22

Ara August!, or Lugdu-ncnsis 45.46

Ara Jani, Riano 42.7

Ara Ubiorum, Godes-berg 50.40

Arabia 25.0

Arabia Deserta 32.0

Arabia Felix, Yemen.. 17.0

Arabia Petraea 29.0

Arabiao Emporium, orAdane, Aden 12.46

Arabicus S., or MareBubrum, Red h'ca.... 20.0

*Arabii 36.30

Arribis F., Purali 25.40

Arabi.s.su.s, Hawschin.,.. 38.7

Arabrica, or lerabriga,Alcnquer 39.2

Arace, Deheaneh 37.40Araceli, Huarte Araquil 42.53

Arachnacus M., .Arna... 37.39

ARAcnosiA 32.0

Araoliotos, Urghundanb 32.12

Arachthus or ArcthonF., Arta .39.20

Aracillurn, Aradi/loa.... 43.3

Aracyntbus M., Zygoa.. 38.30

Anid, Tdl Arad 31.19

Aradus(Arvad),A'(iacZ/. 34.50

Ariidus I., Maharag 26.14

Arao He.speri, or Solia,

S. Lnvar la Mayor... 37.24Arno Mutiae, MonteMnalnn 42.7

Arac Pbilenorum 30.20

Arae Sestianae? C. Vil-

lano 43.8

Aracgenus, Argentan... 48.44

Aragus Y., Aragua 42.20

Aram Naharaim, or

Padan Aram (Meso-potamia), Al .Tezirch 36.0

Arandi, or Aranni, Ou-rique 37.41

Arane? 39.1

Aranni, or Arandi, Ou-rique 37.41

Aruphen, Rajjua 38.1

Arar, or Sauconna F.,

S<ir,ne 46.20

Ararat M., Agridogh... 39.41

Ararus F. ? (Alutas),

AhUa 44.30

Ararus F.? Sercth 46.30

Arasaxa, Sereaek 38.42

Arauraca 39.55

Arauriii F., Herault 43.40

Arausio, Orange 44.8

••"Aravisci 47.30

Araxa, Oren 36.45

Araxene 39.15

Araxes F., Araa 39.15

Araxcs F., Bendamir... 29.40

Araxes F. (of Xeno-plion), Khabonr 35.17

Araxus Prom., C. Kulo-gria 38.13

LONG. MAI'

5°.17'w

NAMES. I-AT.

Argida? 3'J°.4S'

Argilas 40.45

Arginusae Ins 39.0

Argithea, Knisoro 39.25

Argob (Gaulonitis),Jaidan 32.54

Argolicus S., G. ofXanplia 37.20

ArgOlis 37.40

Argos, Aryos 37.38

Argos Ainphilochicum,Xeohhori 38.55

Argos Oresticum? 40.33

Argyra , 38.18'Argyrini 40.7

Argyrippa,orArpi,^;-jja 41.31Aria a.... 35.0

Ariaca, Concan 18.0

Aria\a 32.30Ariaspae? 31.0

Ariassus 36.55

Aricia, Lariccia 41.43Ariconiutn, Weston, n.

Ross 51.55

Arigaeum? 2^awugee, or

Naaghi 34.47*Arii, or Harii 61.0

Arimathaea? Eamleh... 31.55Ariiuazes (Rock of)?

Koheetun, n. Derhend 38.59Aritninutn, lihnini 44.4Ariininus F., JIarecchia 44.0Arindela, Ghurtindel..,. 30.47Ariulica? Arc-8ou8-

Cicon 47.3Ariolica, between lioure

and La Cartelas, n.

St. Just en Chevalet... 45.54Aiisbe 40.10Aristera 1 37.26ArislonsLUiae, n. Kamari 38.5Aritiura Praetorium,

Benevente 38.58Arlape, or Arelate?

Moelk 48.13Armauria, Tapadevi, orAmavir 40.6

Armasa, Pallass 39.0ATVQ.enQ,Artaschin 41.12Armenia 40.0Armenia Minor 40.0Armeniae Pylae, Ger-

(jen Kalah-ai 37.58Armenium, Jfat/ula 39.27Arminia F., Fiore 42.25Armorica 48.20Armutria, Motrit 44.32Arna, Civitella d'Arno.. 43.8Arnae 40.27Arne (Cierium), Jfuta-

ranga 39.23Arnon (River), Wady

Mojib 31.29Annus F., Anio 43.40Aro F., Arone

, 42.0Aroanius M., Khelnws,. 37.58Aroanius, or Oibius, F.. 37.57Aroanius F 37.54Aroanius F., Katzana... 37.52Arocha F., Crocchio 39.0Aroer, Ararah 31.13Aroer, Ara'ir 31.29Aroer, Aii-eh 32.1Aromata Prom. (Notu

Keras?) C. Gerdo/oon(Guardafni) 11.41

Arosis, or Oroatis F.'

(Zarotis), Tab 30.20Arpi,or Argyrippa,^rpa 41.31Arpinuiu, Arpino 41.39Arraba? Koriuond 47.0Arrabo F., llaab 47.18Arraboua, Ruuh 47.41

LONG. map.27°. 32'

23.4426.49

21.26

35.45

23.0

NAMES. LAT.

Astura, Torre di Astura 41°.23'

Astura F., C'onca 41.30

Astura F., Edu 41.15

*Astures 43.0

Asturica Augusta, ^Is-

toyga 42.28

Astycus F., Vrtxviiitza... 41.40

Astypalaea I., Astropu-laea, or Stamjxilia.... 36.35

Astypalaea Pr 37.43

Astyra 40.1

Astyra? 39.36

Atabyris M., Atairo, or

Attayard 36.12

Atabyrium, or Itaby-

rium (Mt. Tabor),

Jchel et-Toor 32.42

*Atacini 43.0

Atagis F., Eisnch 46.47

Atalante I., Talanta.... 38.39

Atarbeehis? 30.21

Atarneus, Dikili Keui.. 39.4

Ataroth, Ataru 32.1

Atax F., Aude 43.14

Atella, S. Jfxria di

Atella 40.58

Aternum, Pexcara 42.27

Aternus F., Pescara 42.14

Ateste, Este 45.13

Athamania 39.24

Athanagia? Agrnmiint.. 41.47

Athenae, Athena{Athiiia) 37.58

Athenae (Pontus),Ao')(a 41.9

Athenaeum, n. ApanoPorta 39.27

Athenaeum? 36.31

Athenas Teiohos, Psa-tho Pyrgo 38.19

Athenopolis ? Nap)oide.. 43.32

AthSi'is F., Adtge 45.15

Athmonum, Marusi 38.4

Athos M., Agion Oros,

or Monte Santo 40.10

Athribis, Tell Atrib 30.30

Athyras F 41.0

Atiliana, Cnhada 42.22

Atina, Atena 40.27

Atintania 40.15

Atlanticura, Externum,or Magnum Mare, or

Oceanus Hesperius,

Atlantic Ocean 40.0

Atlas Minor? C.Blanco(Xorth) 33.9

Atlas Mons, or Dyrin,Jtt. AHax 31.20

Atrax, Sidhiro-peliko... 39.39

»Atrebates 50.20

«Atrebatii 51.30

Atiin, or Iladria, Adria 45.3

Atropatene, or MediaMinor 37.0

*.\ttaeeni

*Attacotti 56.10

Attacum, Ateea 41.24

Attaleia, Adala 38.36

Attaleia, Adalia 31.53

Attea, Ayasma 39.13

Attegua, Teirt 37.6

Attelebusa I., Jiaschat

Ada 36.47

Atte.ne 25.0

Atteva, or Attoba, Osbe,

or Doshi 20.30

AttTca 38.0

Attoba, or Atteva, Osbe,

or Doshi 20.30

Atiiria 36.30

Aturia F.? Oria 43.10

Aturis F., Adour 43.44

Audum Pr. ? C. Carbon,

or Has Mctzukoid) 36.46

I.OXG.

NAMES. LAT.

Bnetis F., Guadalquivir 38°.0'

B.-ietulo, Cantle nf Mon-fjrit 41.30

Baetulo F., Besoa 41..30

Baeturia 38.40

Bag.-icuni, Bavuy 50.18

Bagis, or Bage, Sirghie 39.34Bagi.»ara? Jtas Arubak 25.14B.agistana, Barjhistan,

or Heeitun 34.16

Eagra'la, or BagradasF. (Macaras), Mejer-dah 30.22

Bagradas F., Nahon 27.45Bagual-as»F;.\e 39.45Baiae, B'liae 40.49Baiae, Bayan 36.45*Baiocasses 49.10Balanea, Baneas 35.11Balbura, Katara 36.56Baleares Insulae, or

Gymnegiae, Majorca,d'c 37.30

Balearicurn Mare 40.0Balearis Major, or Co-

luioba, Majorca 39.30Balearis Minor, or Nura,Minorca 40.0

Baleiiura, or Valetiutn.. 40.33Balotnus, Raa SliemaulBunder 25.12

B:i.l.S!i, Tavira .^57.

7

BiiUio, Bo/ja 41.55B.ilyra F., Mnvrozumono 37.] 5Balz."inum, Boizrn 46.31Bambyce, or Hierapo-

li.=, Membidj, or Bam-houj 36.32

Banasa (Valentia)? J/a-•i">^o. 3416

Bandusiae Fon.s, Fon-tana Grande 40.52

Bantia, Bnuzi 40.50Bilhyras F 40.8]i.ir;ice I., I'eiiinHula of

Cuteh 23.0Barbalissus, Kulaat

fi"''li 35.59B:irbana F., Morauha... 42.30Barbaria, or Azavia,

A/''"' 5.0B.irbariana, ,S'. Martin

de Berherana 42.12]i:irbaricus S., or MareAzanium 0.0

Barbarium Prom., G.

Enpichel 38.24Barbesilla F., Guadiaro 36.30Barbesiila, r. on It.

Guadiaro 36.18Barbosthenes M ,37.2

liarbyse.s F 41.10B;irca, ElMedinnh 32.31Barcino, Barcelona 41.22]!ardiTate, Bra 44.42Barduli, Barletta 41.19Barca, Vera 37.13Bargasa? Port Giovu... 37. .3

B>argylia 37.12Bargylictes S., orlasius,

G. of Mendelyah 37.15Bargylus Mons, Jehel

NuHairiyeh 35.15Baria ? hharta 37.46Baris, or Veretum, S.Maria di Vereto 39.52

Barium, Bari 4].gBarna? Gwadel 25.10Barygaza, Baroche 21.42B.irygazenus S., G. if(Umhay 21.0

Bir/.a, lierozeh ,3(5 l

B.u iulo, (j'frijii- 37. JS

LONG.

NAMES. LAT. LONO.Bilirax? Bicne 4y°.32' 3°.37'

*15ibroci 51.20 1.0 w]!i^la, Blidd 3l>.29 2.49

Ditlaiuui, AltciniKirkt... 48.0 12.32

liidis ? & Giuvaniii di

Bibino 37.5 15.2

I'ieniia, or Biennus,Viano>i 35.3 25.28

]$ienum 35.16 23.31

«lJis;errU)iic\-= 43.10 0.10 w]Ji-estae, anhclht 43.5 17.40J\\\\n\\»,C<ilat«i/iidVieja 41.25 1.35 wBilotlia F., Bilik- 3(5.20 39.0

Bilitio, lidlhizona 40.13 8.58

Bilhunis F., FiUyas 41.7 32.0

Bingium, Bliiyeii 49.57 7.55

Bioia? Porto Pino 38.57 8.35

Biroe 44.52 28.3

Birtha, Biichjik 37.2 38.0

Birtha? Tekrect 34.36 43.40BiSALTiA 40.50 23.30Bisantlie, aft. llhaedes-

tus, Podonto 10.,')9 27.31

Biscnrgis, Bcrnis 41.18 0.2G

Bisto'nis Lacus, L. Buit-

roH 41.4 25.8

BiTiiVNiA 41.20 33.0

Bithynimn, aft. Claiulio-

|.u"lis? Bol! 40. )2 31.47Bitter Lake 30.17 32.20Biturgia, on liicev Am-

hra 4:1.32 11.30

Bitiiriges, Bourges 47.5 2.25

«Biturigcs-Cubi 47.0 1.40

*Bituriges-Vivisei 45.0 0.50 wBizya, VizH 41.36 27.44Black Mouutains, Jcbcl

Soud,xn 29.0 15.0

Black Mountains 29.0 34.40Blaknk? 41.20 33.40Blan.la, ///«)i(.s- 41.40 2.50

Blanda, Murntcu 39.56 15.44Blancliana 45.56 23.25I'.landona? Vranu 43.58 15.34,

Blandus 39.24 37.8

Blariaciun, likrick 51.21 0.7

Blatum Bulgium, Mid-dleh,/ 55.5 3.13 w

Blaudus ? 7yo/((r 39.33 28.36Blaundus, Suleimanli/... 38.24 29.22Blavia, B/ni/c 45.7 0.39 wBlendiinn? ^'«ii(a»(/fr.. 43.10 3.43 wBlcra, Bicdn 42.18 12.1

incsimm, Moninoiitli 51.49 2.42wBletisa, Lcdcximi 41.17 6.2 wBoaetes F., Vant 44.12 9.48

Boagrius F 38.45 22.41Boaiia, Toro 38.52 8.23

Bocanuiii? Morocco 31.40 7.37 wBodoria (or Bodotria),

Aesluarium, Firth ofForth 56.0 3.0 w

«Bodi(.ntici 44.10 0.10

Bodotria. (or Bodoria),

Aest., Firth of Forth 56.0 ;{.0 wBocae? . 36.31 23.2

BokatTi'k 36.30 23.5

Bocaticus S., Viitika

Bay 36.30 23.2

Bocbe 39.29 22.50Boebeis L., Karla 39.30 22.41BoEoTiA 38.20 23.15*Boii 44.20 11.6

«Boii 46.40 3.30

«Boii, nft. Marcomanni 49.30 14.30

Boii, BowjvH 44.35 0.46 wBoioduruin, Innntadt.... 48.34 13.29

BoioiiK.MTM, Bohemia... 49.40 14.30

Boium, r. 11. J\f(irio-

Inio, 38.39 22.29Bola. P<,li 41,53 12.55Bola.\, Vo/nnlz,i 37.38 21.33U< Ibo li., B'Kikia 40.10 23.25

(J

MAP

NAMES. LAT. LONG. MAPBurrium (Bullacum ?),

Ualc 51°.42'2°.53'WBurtudizus? ^sA-ii?«ia 41.30 27.1

Busiris, Ahousir 29.54 31.10

Busiris (Delta), Abou-sir 30.56 31.11

ButbriJtum, n. Butrinto 40.44 20.2

Buthrotus F., iVonto... 38.18 16.17

Buto? 30.54 30.50

Butrium? 44.29 12.12

TiwtwA, Bndua 42.14 18.51

Butuntum, i?i(o)iro 41.7 16.41Buxentum, or Pysus,

PoUcastro 40.1 15.32

Buzaras M 35.30 5.0

Bylazora, Veleaa, or

Velasso 41.35 21.50

Byllis ? Gradista, or.

Graditza 40.33 19.36

Byrsa 36.52 10.18

Bythias 41.5 29.1

Byzacium 35.30 10.20

Byzantium, aft. Con-stantinopolis, Stam-hoxd, or Constantino-

ple 41.1 28.58

C.

Cabalia 37.0 29.40Cabellio, Cavaillon 43.50 5.3

Cabillonum, Chalons-sur-Saone 46.47 4.51

Cabris? 25.25 63.35Caburro, Cavor 44.47 7.23

Cabusa? 30.40 30.57Cabyle, or Calybe ? Kar-nahat 42.40 26.52

Cacha1e.s F 38.35 22.40Cacyparis F., Cassibili.. 36.58 15.5Cacyruni, Cassaro 37.5 14.57Cadi, Ghedlz 39.5 29.35Cadmus M., BahaDogh 37.10 29.0

*Cadurci 41.27 1.2S»Cadusii 37.10 49.0Cadyanda? 36.43 29.17Caecina F., Cecinn 43.22 10.40Caecinum, Satriano 38.43 16.30Caecinus F., j4«c//i«^e... 38.44 16.30Caena? Monte Allegro.. ."7.22 13.20Caenae? 35.25 43.16Caenepolis, or Taeua-rum, Kypariso 36.27 22.27

Caenina, Clano 42.2 12.48Caenopolis, ^eHe(//K/c-m.. 32.41 21.25Caenys Prom., Punta

del Pczzo 38.41 15.40Caepionis Turris, 6%)'-

piona 36.40 6.25 wCaere, for. Agylla,

Cervetri 42.1 12.3Caeretanus, Vaccina..,, 42.2 12.4Caesar's Bridge 60.25 7.30Caesar's 'Wall 46.10 6.0Caesaraugusta, for. Sal-

duba, Saragossa 41.46 0.54 wCaesarea I., Jersey 49.14 2.10 wCaesarea, for. lol, Sher-

sheU 36.37 2.12Caesarea, for. Mazaca,

Kaimrii/eh 38.43 39.15Caesarea-Philippi, or

Paneas, Baniaa 33.16 35.42Caesarea, or Tingis,

Tangier 35.47 5.43 ^Caesarea (for. Turris

Stratonis), Kaisari-2/«^ 32.32 34.54

Caesariana, Nagij Var-«ony..^ 46.59 17.45

Caesariana, Casalnora.. 40.12 15.35Caesarodununi, aft. Tu-

loiics, Tours 47.23 0.12

14

names. LAT.Caesaromjigus, aft. Bel-

lovaci, Bcanvais 49°.27'

Caesaromagus, n, Wid-ford 51.43

Caesena, Cesenn 44.10

Caete I._, S. Theodoro... 36.32

Caetobrix, or Catobriga,

Setubal .38..30

Caicinus F., Amcndoha 37.57

Caieus F., BukhirTchai 39.5

Caieta, Gaeta 41.12

Caietanus S., G. ofGaeta 41.14

«-Calabri 40.30

Calacte, or Cale Acta,

Caronia 37.59

Caladunum? 41.10Calagum, Coulomniiera,, 48.48Calagurris, St. Martory 43.9

Calagurris Fibularia?Loarre 42.20

Calagurris Nassica, Ca-Inkorra 42.15

Calama ? 25.20Calama, Knlat el Wad.. 34.57Calamae, Kalami 37.3

Calamou, Kalamun 32.47

Calamyde 35.15

Calanthea, Erdemlu 36.36

Calasarna, Campana.... 39.25

Calatia (Campana), Ga-lazze 41.3

Calatia (Samnii), Cai-azzo 41.11

Calauri""a I., Poro 37.31Calbis F. ? Doloman

Tchai 36.50

Calcaria, Tadeaster 53.53Calcaria 43.29Cale, Oporto 41.9

Cale Aote, or Calacte,

Caronia 37.59Cale Acte 38.23Caledonia, Scotland... 57.0

Calentes Aquae, ChandesAigues 44.52

Caleorsissa 39.40

Cales, Calvi 41.12Cales, or Calex F.? 41.8

•'Calotes, or Caleti , 49.40••Calingae 19.0

Calingon Prom. ? Ca-lingapatnam Pt , 18.14

Callas F 38.55Callatis, or Callatia,

Kustalia 43.41Calleva Atrebatum, Sil-

chester 51.22

Calliarus, Plain of. 38.39

Callichorus, Sungiddaik 41.28Callidromum ;. 38.45

Callidromus M 38.45

Calliene, Kalliannee 19.15

Callifae, Calvisi 41.19Calliga ? Coolloo, n.

Knttack 20.26

Callinioum, or Nice-pborium, Rahka 35.56

Callinilsa Pr., P. Porno 35.11

Callipolis, Gallipoli 40.2

Callipolis, Gallipoli 40.24Callipolis? n. ilascali.. 37.42Callipus F., Sado 38.20Callirhiie (Hot Springs),

In Wadi/ZurkaMni/n 31.39

Callirhoe, or Edessa(UroftheChaldees?),Urfah 37.10

Cnllis, Car/li 43.32Calliste J., or Tliera,

Santnrin 36.25

Calliilralia, J/cmct 42.0

long. map.

2°. 4'

0.26

NAMES. LAT. LONG. MAP,

Canobus, or Canopus? i

r. n. Ahouklr .">1°.22' ?,0°.5' 24Canouium, n. A'c/rcilon 51.oO 0.12 5

Canopii' Month (of Nile),

Mad!eh Jlonth 31.21 30.7 24sCantabri 43.15 4.30 w 7

Cantanus, r. n. Kha-droa 35.15 23.40 19

Canthariuni Prom., C.

Knfabnxls 37.44 26.36 19Canthi S., G. of Cutch.. 22.30 70.0 3

*Cantii 51.10 0.45 5

Cantilia, Chmitelle. ...... 46.15 3.10 6

Cantu'M, A'eiit 51.10 0.40 6

Canlium Prom., NorthForeland 51.23 1.26 5

Canusium, Cnnosa 41.12 16.4 9

Capara, Ventas de Ca-pann 40.10 6.5 W 7

Caparcotia, Kefr Rood 32.2" 35.14 21

Capena, S. Ma'rfiiio 42.12 12.32 11

Capenas F. ? Grammi-chia .^ 42.13 12.32 11

Capernaum ? Khan Min-yeh 32.54 35.33 21

Caphar-dagon, Bcit-

dejnn 32.0 34.51 21

Caphareus Prom., G.

Doro, or Xy/ofago.... 38.9 24.35 15

Cnphnrsaba (Antipa-

tris), A'e/r Saba 32.13 34.59 21

Caphyae 39.45 22.17 18

Capidava? 44.24 28.3 14

Capitiura, Cajn'zzl 37.49 14.28 12

Capitolias? 32.44 35.59 21

Capitoniana? Chiesa di

Oapella 37.24 14.44 12

Capitulum, II Piylio.... 41.49 13.7 HCappadocia 38.20 36.0 20

Cappadox F.? KalicUi-su 39.20 34.0 20

Capraria (or Casperia)

I.? Fortaventura 28.30 14.0 W 2

Capraria I.? (?omera.... 28.10 17.50 w 2

Capraria, or Aegilon I.,

Cajyraja 43.2 9.50 8

Capraria I., Cabrera.... 39.5 2.55 7

Caprasia, Tarsia 39.35 16.16 9

Capreae, C(»jari' 40.33 14.13 13

Caprus F., Little Zab.... 35.30 43.48 22

Caprus I., Kafkana, or

Libiada 40.37 23.49 15

Capsa, Ghafsah 34.15 8.54 23

Capua, Santa 3Iaria di

Capua 41.6 14.14 13

Caput Anae, Oaa la

Jlontiel 39.0 2.50 w 7

Caput Thyrsi, Ornne... 40.19 9.22 9

Caput Vada (or Bra-cbodes Pr.), 0. Ka-pondiah 35.10 11.10 23

Caput Vada, r. on C.

Kapoudiah 35.10 11.10 23

*Caraeates 49.45 8.0' 6

«Caraceni 41.45 14.10 9

Carae, Carinena 41.25 1.8 w 7

Caralis, Oaglinri 39.13 9.7 9

Caralitanum Pr.( Pliny),

C. Corbonarn 39.6 9.31 9

Caralitanum Pr. (Pto-

lemy), C. S. Elias.... 39.11 9.9 9

Caralitanus S., G. ofCafijiari 39.5 9.15 9

Caralitis L., L. of Bey-xhehr 37.45 31.45 20

Caralitis L., S'urt

Ghienl 37.5 29.55 20

Carallia, KktcU 37.55 31.45 20

Carambis Prom., C.

Kerembeh 42.1 33.14 20

Carana, or Thcodosio-polis, Erzcronm 39.55 41.19 22

Caranicum, Guiterli 43.10 7.51 w 7

NAMES. LAT.

Car!)ntonus F., Cha-rcnte 45°.45'

Carasa, Garln 4."i.20

Caravi, MaUcn 41.59

Carbantia (Ad Mcdias) ?

Cabiano 45.6

Carbantorigum, Kirk-cudbright 54.50

Carbia, Alghero 40.33

Carcaso, Carcassonne... 43.13

Carcathiocerta, Khar-poot 38.42

Careavium, Almodovardel Cainj)o 38.48

Carchedon, or Carthago,

r. n. El-Mersa 36.52

Cardamyle, Kardamili 38.32

Cardamyle, Skardha-muta 36.54

Cardia, Caridia 40.32

••'Carduchi, or Cordueni 37.15

Careiae, Galera 42.3

Carenitis 39.43

Carentomagus ? Ville-

franche 44.22

Caresene 40.0

CaresusF 39.55

Carta 37.15

Carine, Kirrind 34.19

Carissa 40.24Caristum, Carosio 44.39

Carraalas F., ChurmaSu 38.15

Carmana, Kermaun 29.50

Carmania 30.0

Carmel, KurmuJ 31.27

Carmelus M., Jebel MarEllas 32.50

Carmo, Carinona 37.28

Carnasium, or Oechalia 37.16

*Carni 46.12

Caruion F., Xej-iVZa 37-17

Carnuntum, r. n. Hain-berg 48.9

Carnutes, Chartres 48.26

"Carnutes 48.0

Carocotinum, Harjleur.. 49.30

Carpasia, Carpas 35.39

Carpates Mons, Carpa-thian M. 48.0

Carpatbium Mare 36.0

Carpathos I., Scar-panto 35.40

*Carpetani 40.0

«Carpi 49.40

Carpis, Kurbcs 36.45

Carrea Potentia, Chicri 45.1

Carrhae (Haran?),i^or-ran 36.52

Carruca? 36.55

Carsngis, Bagdetsehor... 39.58

Carseoli, Civita, n. Car-soli 42.6

Carsulae, Carsoli 42.40

Carsum? 44.31

Carteia, or Calpe, El-Rocadillo, n. SanRoque 36.13

Cartenna, Tennez 36.30

Cartennus F., WadyTennez 36.28

Carthaea, Port Polais... 37.33

Carthaginiensis S., G.

of Tunis .^. 37.0

Carthago (or Carche-

don), r. 11. El-3Iersa 36.52

Carthago Nova, Carta-

gena • ... 37.36

Cartilis ? Dahmousse.... 36.34

Carula 37.32

Cartisa, Gersch 41.48

CarvancasM.? 46.25

Caryae 37.50

LONG. MAP.

0°.30' W1.2 w1.25 w

8.25

4.1 w8.16

2.21

39.18

4.30 w

10.18

26.5

22.15

26.4543.0

12.16

41.0

2.2

27.10

27.15

28.30

46.28

35.30

8.46

36.40

56.28

68.0

35.10

35.0

5.33 w22.2

14.0

22.8

16.58

1.29

1.30

0.11

34.29

24.36

27.0

27.10

3.30 w2.3.0

10..33

7.49

39.2

4.54 w39.21

13.1

12.32

28.5

5.23

1.20

1.20

24.21

10.30

10.18

0.56 w

N AMI'S. I. AT.

Castra I'yirlii? OhIk-

„,;/; .io°.io'

Castra Trajana 4t.l8

Ca-IiiiiiiiMimn, Marhio.. 41.47

Castruin Cuplia? IIohii

Kaifa 37.4.3

Castrutn InuL? 41.32

Castrura Minervae, Cas-

tro 40.0

Castrmn Novum, Tarre

di Chiaruccia 42.2

Castrum Novum, Ginlia

nova 42.45

Castrum Truentinum,Porto d'Ascoli 42.55

Castulo, V'izlonn 3.S.1

Casuaria, Cesarleux 45.47

Casuentus F., Uuaieiito.. 40.34Casystcs? Port Latzata,

or E;/ri/lar 38.15Cataljatliinus Major,

Akiil,itk el-Kebir 31.30

Catabathmus Minor,

Akiibnh es-Sotiyhair.. 31.0

Catacecaumknk 38.35

Cataea I., A'eish, or

Kenn 2fi.32

*Catalauni 4S.50

Cataonia 38.0

Cataract (of Nile),

Greater, Wudij Haifa 21.58Cararact (of Nile),

Little 24.0

Cataractonium, Catte-

rick Brid'jf. 54.23

Catarrhactcs F., <S'ucZ-

Kuro, or Zuzzitra 35.2

*Cathaei 30.30Catina, or Catana, Ca-

tania 37.27Catobriga, or Cactobrix,

Sciuhal. 38.30*Cntti, or Chatti ,50.45

*Catli<,'ara ? Canton 23.10

Caturiges, liar-le-Duc... 4S.45*Caturiges 44.40Catusiacum, Cliaoitm.... 40.42*Catycuehlani 52.0Cauca, Coca 41.14Caucana? Porto Lonrjo-

bardo 36.46Caucasa Prom.? G.

Aniiata 38.16Cauca.siae Pylae, Paaa

of Daricl 42.44Caucasus M 42.30*Cauci, or Chauei 53.20*Caueone8 41.25Caudiuni ? 41.3Caulon ? 38.27CaunuH ? 30.50Caus? Sarincna 41.46Caus 37.43Causoiinao, AncaHter.,., 53.0*Cavarc8 44.30Caviclum, Almunccar... 30.45Caystri Pedion ? 38.40Caystrus F., Kuchouk

Mendere...., 38.

g

Cea, or Ccos, I., Zea..., 37.35Ceba, Ceva 44.14Ccbrone, r. n. liara-

niitiich 39.49Cebrus, or Ciainbrus F.,

Zibru, or Zibrilzn 43.30Cebrus, or Cibrus, ZibruPaJanha 43.47

Cecandros I., Biiaheah.. 26.48Cecilionicum? 40.38Cecrypbaleia I., Kyra.. 37.42Ccdris F., Cedriiio 40.18Celadussae 1°°., Melada,

«£•' 44.15

I,ON«. »

NAMns. LAT. I.OVO.

Cliannlrus F. (Mosso-nia) 37°.15' 22°.0'

Cliarax (Kir of Moab),Kvruk- ni.15 35.1G

Cliarax-spa^Tiii ? J/o-

hiimmeidh 30.23 4rS.15

Charicloiiii Prom., C. dc

Giitn 3G.I3 2.11 wCharuiamle? 33.29 42.58Ciiarybdis 38.11 15.35sChasuarii 51.30 8.0

*Cliatraiiiotitae, Count

of Ihubamnut Ifi.O 50.0

»C'liatti. or Catti 50.45 10.0

»Chauei, or Cauci 53.20 9.0

Chobar F. (or Chabo-ras), Khah;,n- 36.30 40.30

Cheiuiarrhiis F..... 37.35 22.40Cheimerium Prom., C.

Vnrhtoi 39.20 20.18Chtluloniae 1"., Cde-

dnni, or Shclidan 36.9 30.26Clielonates Proiu., V.

Tor,Hxe 3r.54 21.7Chelydoria M., JIavrun

Oros 38. 2 22.26Cliemiiiis, Eklnin'm 26.32 31.45Cliersoiio^ns, Capo Teu-

Ind.,..^._. 3S.52 8.37

Chersoiu'ius, Kliersouc-

xos .....^ 35.17 25.21ClIEnSONKSUsCl.MURfCA,

Jutland.... 57.0 9.0

Cbersoucsus Magna,lias et-Tijn 32.35 23.12

Chersonesus Pr. (Aeto-

lia), Point Bakaii.... 38.17 21.31Chersonesus Pr. (Creta),

G. Keronisi 35.27 23.32Chersonesus Pr. (Eu-

boea), C. Ohtonia 38.31 24.12Cherso.nesus RnoDio-HUM ...^ 36.40 28.10

CnEusoNKSus (Thua-cica) 40.20 26.30

«Cherusci 51.30 11.30Chiraaera, Kinicra 40.4 19.46Chiiuacra M., Yanar... 36.26 30.29Chinalai)h F., Slicllif... 35.52 1.0

Chios, Kaatro, or K)i 10.. 38.22 26.9Chios I., A7i/o, or Ac/o.. 38.25 26.0Cliliat? ,l/,7(/<(f 38.46 42.5Clu)asi)es F. (Ariana),

Hirer of Ghiznee 34.0 08.50Clioaspes F. (Susiana),

Kerhhah 33.0 47.35Choatras M 37.30 44.30Cboba? lionjai/ah, or

Bnntjie 36.16 5.9

Chobus, or Cohibus F.,

C/iopisa 42.20 41.50Chocrailcs I"^, S. I'ietro

e S. I'nido 40.26 17.8Choerins F 36.57 22 12Oboes F.? Alixlntng 35.IO 70.15Cholle? Ain el-Koom... 35.IO 38.44Chollidac, Groltn of the

Nfimplfi, u. Vari 37.52 23.48Choiua? 36.34 20.51*Chorasmii 42.0 57.0

Chorazin, Gerazi 32.57 35.34Cliorienes, Fortress of?

Hinmr, or Shadmnn.. 38.10 69.0

Cborsa, A'«r» 40.37 43.9Chorseus F., Nahr Ko-

radje, or El-Belka.... 32.40 35.0

CHOuziiNE 40.30 43.10Chrysa I.. G^<»r(/e/o 34.51 25.41Chrysas F., Uiltaino.... 37.31 14.40Chryso 39.35 26.56Clirysr. or Sniinlhium.. 30.38 26.10C!irvsoc-ora.'« II. 1 28.58Cbrysoi'O'is, i^cutari.... 41.0 29.1

M Al-

ls

21

NAMKS. I.AT. 1.0x0. MAP.

Chrysos F., Xinjl Trhai 3S°.2S' 27°.35' 19

Chrvsorrboas F., ll'tn/;/

/?»)•(.(/./ .". 33.38 36.15 21

Cbydas F., /'((rmHo 38.1 14.32 12

Chytri 38.47 22.28 20

Chytrus, Ki/thrca 35.15 33.30 20

Ciatnbrus, or Cobrus F.,

Zibrn, or Zibritza 43.30 23.25 14

Ciiinus S., G. of Jfoii-

dania 40.25 29.0 20

Cibrdae, ». VinJcorze 45.16 18.53 14

Cibianum, Ucnnan-itadt 45.48 24.7 l'^

Cibru.'', or Cebrus, ZihruPalanka 43.47 23.30 H

Cibyra, Cliorsmn, or

llorzoom 37.12 29.31 20

Cibyra 36.43 31.40 20

Cicae 1°'., /. de Bayona,or Cies 42.10 8.53 w 7

Ciciliann 38.33 8.42 w 7

»Cieones 41.5 25.10 14

Cievncthus I., Pahafrikcri 39.9 23.5 15

Cidamis? Ghadami» 30.40 10.25 2

Cierium (Arue), Mata-raiiga 39.23 22.3 15

Cierus, or Prusias,

IM-nb, or Fsici Boyh 40.50 31.21 20

»Cilbirini 38.8 28.20 19

Cilernum, WaheickChcslers 55.2 0.8 W 5

CiT.iciA (Pebias, or

Campe.'jtkis) 37.0 35.30 20

CiuciA (Tracheia) 36.30 33.30 20

Cilieonncsus I., Hoirath'aiih Adassi 41.5 37.44 20

Ciliza, A7W* 36.43 37.9 20

Cilia 39.35 27.0 19

Cillae, Kialik 42.3 25.25 UCilniana, Entepona 30.26 6.7 W 7

Cimarus (or Corycus)Vr., C. Buso 35.37 2.3.35 19

-sCimbri 55.0 9.0 25

Cinibrianae? Venzjirim.. 47.6 17.58 14

Cimbroruin Prom., TheSkan-p 57.43 in. 10 2

CiMiATKXE 41.0 31.0 20

Cinunus Lacus, Lngo di

Vico 42.20 12.10 11

Cinunus M., Monte di

Viterbo 42.41 12.8 11

-Cimmcrii 1

Ciniolos, Dasknlio 36.47 24.34 19

Ciinolos I., Kimolo, or

Arqentiera 36.48 24.35 19

Cinaros I., A7»i«ro 36.58 26.18 19

Cinga F.. Cinca 42.15 0.12 7

Cinirilia? Civifn lie-

tcn</n 42.12 13.42 8

CinKi^iluni. Cingoli 43.23 1.3.13 8

Ciniuni, .SV»f'» 39.39 3.3 7

C^innaiuomifera Uegio... 10.0 50.0 2

Cinnifina. 67»)-o»a 42.12 2..^8 7

Cinolis, A7»o/» 40.57 34.14 20

Cinvps, or Cinvpbus F.,

iVad,/ Khahan 32.30 14.24 23

Cinyrs'(tu>vn) 32.:j0 14.24 23

Ciroacum Pr., MouteCircello 41.12 13.4 11

Circeii, San Felice, on

Monte Circello 41.12 13.5 11

Circes Temphini 41.12 13.3 11

Cirpesiuni(C'archi'mish),

Kcrki>.i,,eh 35.9 40.30 22

Circus F.'? 38.34 23..39 16

Cirpbi.<! M., Sonwlesi.... 38.20 22.36 16

Cirpi Mansio? Vise-

grad 47.48 19.0 14

Cirrha, Mngnia 38.26 22.26 16

Cirta, aft. Constantina,

Conxtantinch 36.19 6.35 23

Cirtisa 45.15 18.38 14

Cisamus, Kahyen 35.26 24.12 19

NAMES. I.AT. T.OXn. MAP.Cisamus, Kimmos 35».30' 23°.40'

Ci.^sa I., Pof^o 44.28 15.0

CissiA 32.6 48.20

Cisterna Neronis, Cis-

tcrna 41.35 12.53

Cistbcne 39.26 26.53

Ciib.acron M., Elatia.... 38.11 23.15

Citium,A7ii7i 34.49 33.36

Cium, Ifirsihora 44.40 28.0

Chx!:, Kendik 40.25 29.12

Cladeus F 33.10 21.39

Claiubete 44.27 15.44

Clanis F.. Chiana 42.58 12.0

Clanius F., Lo,,no 41.2 14.G

Claropctia, or Lampetia,Amantrn 39.12 10.3

Chu-ns, ZilUh 38.0 27.14

Clastidium. Canter/gio... 45.1 9.7

Clatcrna, Qnadernn 41.27 11.32

Claudanum? Orhrida... 41.11 20.47

Claudias. Alisrhin 38.25 38.65

Claudiopolis, Moot 36.36 33.18

Claudiopolis, for. Bithy-

nium? Boli 40.42 31.47

Claudus, or Claude, I.,

Gozo 34.51 24.6

Clansala F., Khiri, or

Ihino.si 42.10 19.58

Clauscntum, Bittern, 11.

Southampton 50.55 1.22 wClaustra llouiana, >i.

Fn.jliano 41.21 12.59

Clavenna, Chiavenna... 46.18 9.24

Clazomenac, Eelisnian.. 38.23 26.48

Cleides I., A7K/f« 35.42 34.37

Clcitor 37.54 22.7

Clconae ( JIaocdonia)... 40.12 24.14

Cleonao (Peloponne-sus), Menes 37.49 22.47

Clconae (Phocis) 38.37 22.55

Cleopatris, or Arsinoe... 30.3 32..'!4

Clousis F.. f/(i>»o 45..30 10.25

Climax. Txchideh 41.56 33.4

Climberris, aft. Ausei,

Aueh 4.3.39 0.35

Cliternia, Licchiano 41.55 15.17

Clituiuni Tcniplutn andF., la Vene 42.61 12.48

Clodiana? 41.8 19.52

Clodinnus F., Fluvia.... 42.10 2.40

Clota Aostuarium, Firth

ofCh/di' 65.50 4.56 wChiana; S. Elpidio 43.14 13.41

Clunia. r. n. CornHa del

Condr 41.43 3.20 wClu.«!na Pains 43.20 11.51

Clusium. Chiusi 43.4 11.58

Cluso F., Chissonc, or

Chiaone 44.66 7.14

Clvpea, or Aspis, A'0/4-

'bia 36.60 11.8

Clypca. or Aspis Prom.(Taidiytis), Boa el-

Mclhr 36.52 11.9

Clysma ? TcH Kol-zoum 29.58 32.30

Cncniidcs 38.46 22.48

Ciicmides Prom., C.

Vroino 38.46 22.49

Cncmis M 38.40 22.45

Cnidus, r. u. C. Krio.... 36.41 27.21

Cnopia? 38.23 23.28

Cnossus, Mokro Tcikho 35.20 25.10

Cobucla, Pt«oa(/o)-cs 35.16 4.15 wCocala? 25.25 66.0

Cocciura, or Rhigodu-num, Bibvhextcr 5.3.49 2.31 w

Cnclilearia, Porto Saba-tino 40.48 9.40

Cocintbnm Prom., C.

Stllo 38.29 16.37

Cocintum, StUo 38.32 16.30

«Cocosraes 44.0 1.0 w(45)

NAMES. I.AT. LONG. MAP.

Cocussus, or Cucusus,

Gog^y,, "S°.7' SC°.15'

Cocytus F., Vuvo :i0.17 20.34

CoUanus S., Kattegat.... 57.0 11.0

Cocla 38.35 21.10

Coklk-Syria, El-Iiu-

kaa, <{^c 34.15 36.10

Coelia, Cegl!e 41.4 10.52

CoL-Uanum, St!'/l!ano ... 40.25 16.12

Coeliuin, Ce,/lie 40.39 17.32

Cocnyra? Kynirn 40.50 24.47

Cocquosa, Cauisique 43.59 1.9 WCoeus F. (Balyra), .V«»-

roziimono 37.15 21.54Co^'ainusF 38.28 28.20

C(.lubu.«, or Chobus, F., 42.15 41.35Coidza. (Cyiza), Choiibnr 25.16 60.40Colania, /.a«a/-^- 55.41 3.48 W«-Colchi 40.60 39.40

Colchis 42.0 42.0

Coliacuin Proin

Colcbicus S.

Colias Pr., Trixpyryi.... 37.56 23.42

Collatia, OuU<iti»<i 41.40 15.25

Collatia ? Cuiitd del

'Osa 41.54 12.42

Collops Maguiis, or

Cullu, Collo 37.0 6.34

Collops Parvus, or Sul-

lucu, TfirjodeUe 36.59 7.36

Colobona, Truhrjena.... 3G.50 6.6 wColonia, Kv.leh Iliasar... 40.9 38.13

Colonia, or Camulodu-num, Colcheoter 51.53 0.53

Colonia Agrippinensis,

or Agrippina, Colofjne 50.56 6.57

Colonia Equestriss, or

Noviodunum, Ni/on... 46.23 6.15

Colonia Trajana, Kellii 51.48 6.10

Colonidcs? Kaslelia 36.50 21.56Colonis I.? iSjJezzia

Pnlo 37.13 23.10

Colonos 38.0 23.43CoLOPKNE 39.46 36.50

Colophon 38.2 27.14Colossae, r. ?i. Khonos... 37.50 29.19Colta? 25.13 64.30Colubraria, or Ophiusa

I., Columhretea 39.54 0.45

Colubraria I. (Ophiusaof Strabo), Formen-trra , 38.42 1.25

Colnraba I., or Balearis

M;ijor, Majorca 39.30 3.0

Columbaria I., Palma-jola 42.42 10.29

Columbarium Prom.,Capo Fir/ari 40.59 9.39

Columna, ia 6'«to)ifr..., 38.11 15.40ColyergiaProm.? 37.24 22.25ComUna (Cappadocia)?

Al-Bofitan 38.6 36.56Coniana Pontica, Gu-

meneJc 40.19 36.44Comaria (Town and

Prom.), C. Comorin... 8.4 77.37Coniarus Portus, Go-maro 39.0 20.42

Combaristum, Comhri... 47.46 1.0 wCombreia 40.16 23.9Combretonium, Burgh.. 52.8 1.14Comidava? n. Nyamtz.. 47.10 26.15Cominium Ceritum, Ger-

reto...._ 41.16 14.33CoMMAGENE 37.45 38.30Compitum Anagninum,

Onteriaddla Fontana 41.45 13.10Coraplutica? Trinidade 41.19 6.56 WCoinplutum, AlcaUi deHenares 40.27 3.25 W

Coinpsa, Gonzn 40.52 15.19Comum, or Novum Co-mum, Como 45.43 9.6

NAMES. LAT.

Concobar, Kangawar... 34°.26'

Concordia, Concordia,

11. Porto Gruaro 45.4o

Concordia? n. Weissen-

hurg 49.3

Concordia Julia, or

Nertobrigii, Valerala Vieja 30.15

Con date, Kinderton, n.

MiddUwich 53.12

Condate, Conde 48.57

Condate 45.5

Condate, Seynnel 45.58

Condate, Jlontereau 48.23

Condate, Cognac 45.41

Condate, Cosne 47.25

Condate, aft. Redones,lieniiea 48.7

Condercum, BenwellHill 5-L59

Condivicnum, aft. Nam-netes, Nantea 47.13

*Condrusi 50.25

Conembrica, Goimhra... 40.12

Confluente.s, Cohlenz 50.21

Congavata, Stanwix 54.55

Congustus, Tusun Ujtik 38.24Conistorsis, or Cunis-

torgis? .S'i7re8 37.15

Conni, Tschallceni 39.0

Conope, Atigelokagtro... 38.33

Conope, llyria, or Ly-gimaehia L., Zyyoa,or AiigeloJcasfro 38.34

Conopium, Koumjas 41.29

Conovium, Caer Rhun,n. Conway 53.13

Consabrura, Conenegra.. 39.29

Gonsentia, Cosenza 39.19

*Consorani 42.48Constantina, for. Cirta,

Congtantineh 36.19Constantinopolis, for.

Byzantium, Constan-tinople, or StambouL. 41.1

*Contestani 38.30

Conthyle? r. n. AgiosTriada 38.5

Contosolia, Guarena.... 38.47

Contra Acincum (Pes-

smm), Pcsth 47.30Contra Pselcig, for. Ta-chompso, Kobhan 23.11

Contrebia, Cantabria... 42.24

Contributa? 38.15

Convcnae, for. Lugdu-num, iSV. Bertrand deCommingea 43.0

*Convenae 43.0

Copae, To}}olia 38.29

Copais, or Cephissis L.,

TopoUas 38.25

Cophas? 26.8

Cophen F., CaboulRiver 34.35

Copiae, for. Thurii 39.40

Coprates F., JJizful 32.0

Coptos, Koft 26.0

Cora, Cora 41.38Coracae 39.1

7

Coracesium, Alaya 36.33Coracium 41.15Coracodes Portus 40.5

Coralius P ,... 38.23Coralla Pr., C. Kereli... 41.5Corassiae I., or Corseae,

Fourni, &c 37..35

Corax P., Kodor..^. 43.0Corax M., Kiail Dagh.. 38.18Corax M., Vardlmai 38.40Corbia, Rocea Priore... 41.48CoiiniANR 33.0

Corbulo, Fossa of. 52.10

LONG. MAP.48°.0'

I

22

12.51

7.59

6.29 W

2.26 w0.59 w.3.32

5.48

2.67

0.19 w2.57

1.40 w

1.40 w

1.32 w5.10

8.24 w7.36

2.54 w33.28

8.19 w30.9

21.18

21.23

36.8

3.50 w,3.40 w

10.15

1.20

6.35

28.58

NA:\rES. LAT. LONG.Co??n, or Cosa (Etru-

i-ia), Aiixcdonia 42°. 13' 11°.19'

Cossa (Lucania), Uiciti},

n. Cassano .39. 4r) 16.18*Cossaei SS-SO 40.20

Cossxo, Bazas 44.27 0.12wCossyra I., Pantella-

ria 36.47 12.0

Cote?, or Ampelusia Pr.,

C.Spartd 35.47 5.56 wCothon 36.51 10.18

Cotilius M., Zakkuka.... 37.28 21.54Cottiac, Cozzo 45.12 8.36

Cottiara., Cochh} 9.58 76.19

Cottiaris F.? Sl-Kiaug 24.0 110.0

Cotyaeum, Kutnyah 39.24 30.14Cotylaeum M., Koty-

I'aion 38.26 23.50

Cotyora, Ordon 40.56 37.52

Cragus M. (Cilicia) 36.10 32.30

Cragus M. (Lycia^ 36.23 29.12Crambusa I. (Cilicia)?

Papndoula 36.7 33.35Crambu.^a I. (Lycia),

Uarnbasa 30.14 30.31

Cranae I., Ilarntho-

nis! 36.44 22.35Cranae, Macri.';, or He-

lene I., Makronhi.... 37.41 21.7

Craneia 39.17 21.10Cranii, Kranin, n. Ar-

gostoli 38.9 20.30

Cranon, or Crannon,Paha Larissa, n.

Hadjilar 39.29 22.17

Crassuin Prom.? Uajio

di Pecora 39.27 8.21

Crastus? 37.40 13.21

Cratas Mons 37.45 13.15

Crater, or Cainpanus S.,

B. of iXrip/es 40.40 14.10

Crathis F., Akrata 38.4 22.15

Crathis F., Cratt 39.30 16.14

Crathis M 37.57 22.15Gratia, aft. Flaviopolis,

Keredi ., 40.43 32.20

Crauni Prom 36.7 33.36

Cremcra F., Fonndlo.... 42.5 12.21

Cremna, Ginnch 37.32 30.48

Cremona, Oremona 45.8 10.2

Crenae, ^nnyro 38.54 21.10

Crenides, aft. Philippi,

FiUli 41.4 24.22Crepsa? Cherxo 44.58 14.24Creta I., <7a»i(/iVr 35.15 25.0

Creticum iMare 30.0 25.0

Cretopolis? 37.13 30.31

Creusa, or Creu.sis, r.

on Port Livadostro... 38.12 23.7

Crimlsa, C!ro 39.23 17.5

Crimlsa F., Fiiuiieni'ca.. 39.26 17.0

Crimisa Prom., CapodcW Alice 39.23 17.10

Criralsus F.? Belliei

deutro 37.50 13.5

Crissa, A')-f';^«o 3S.2S 22.28Crissaeus S., B. of Sa-

lona 38.23 22.27Crithotc Prom 38.32 21.1

Criu-Metopon Prom.,a Kr!o 35.14 23.34

Criu-Metopon Prom.,a Aia 44.25 .3.3..39

Crius F., Vlo;/okitiko.... 38.5 22.21

Croceae, h. Levctzova... 36.52 22.35

Crocela? 24.50 66.57

Crociatonum ? Carcn-tan 49.19 1.15 TT

Crocodile Lakes, BirketTcmsch 30.33 32.8

Crocodilopolis, or Arsi-

noe. r. in Valley offaioum 29.25 31.4

MAP,

8

9

226

23

23

23

18

8

2

2

20

1520

20

20

20

20

IS

19

15

18

15

9

12

12

13

18

9

18

20

20

11

208

15

19

8

19

19

20

16

9

9

NAMKS.Croeodllos ? Lalim-cl-

Jliniar

Croeolanum, Brotigh, n.

NewarkCrocylea I.? Arkudi....

Cromi, SamaraCrommyon, St. Theo-

doraCrommyon Prom., C.

KormakitiCromnaCrotalus F., Corace

Croton, Cotrone

Cruni, or Dionysopolis,

BaljikCru.stumeriura, Monte

llotondo

Cru.stumius F., Conca...

CryaCtesiphon, Tauk Kes-rah

Ctimene?Cuarius F., KhdnCuarius F., Sofadhi-

tiko

Cuccium, Schartngrad..Cueiilum, Cacullo

Cupusus, or Coeussus,Gognyu

Cularo, aft. Gratiano-

pijlis, Grenoble*CuliconesCullu, or Collops Mag-

nus, Collo

Cumae, CumaCumaeus S., B. of Fog-

gia NovaCumanus, Campanus, or

Puteolanus S., B. ofNaples

CumeCumerium Pr., Monte

ComeroCuiiaxa? V

Cunetio, MildenhallCuNEUS, AlgarveCuneus Aureus, Splu-

S'«"

Cuneus Prom., C. St.

MaryCunici ? AlcudiaCuniculariae I^""., Santa

Jfaria, Bassoli, (t:c,.,

Cunicularium Pr., Capodi Pula

Cunistorgis, or Conis-torsis ? Sllves

Cuppae, ColumhatzCupra Maritima, Grot-

tamareCupra Montana? Ma-

saccio

Cures, Correse

Curia, Borthivick

Curia, Chur, or Coire...

Curianum Pr., Pointed'Arcachon

Curias Prom., C. Gata..

Curica ? GalaCuricta T., Veglia

*Curiosolitae

Curium, r. n. Episkopi..

Curium MCurubis, KiirhahCusum, Peterwardein....

Cutiliae, Civitd Ducale..

Cutina, AqiianaCyamon Pr., C. Melek..

Cyamosorus F., Salso...

Cyane Fons, La PismaCyaneaeCyaneae I*"....'.

Cyuncus

LAT. LONG. MAP.

30°..35' 19°.54'

53.7 0.45 w38.33 20.43

37.19 22.8

37.55 23.9

35.25

41.50

39.0

39.8

4.5.11

46.10

40.40

38.45

36.5739.60

37.15

44.37

44.40

34.34

37.59

45.5

48.20

34.40

38.29

36.35

45.16

42.23

42.17

35.35

37.39

37.2

36.16

41.14

42.35

32.56

32.42

1 6.30

17.10

43.25 28.11

42.5 12.37

44.0 12.43

36.42 28.55

33.4 44.40

39.0 22.4

39.15 22.45

39.12 22.2

45.15 19.15

42.3 13.44

38.7 36.15

5.43

9.30

37.0 6..34

40.51 14.3

38.46 26.53

14.10

26.57

43.38 13.31

33.22 43.48

51.26 1.41 w37.15 8.30 w

46.33 " 9.17

7.50 w3.9

41.18 9.22

38.59 9.3

8.19 w21.41

43.0 13.50

43.27 13.9

42.13 12.43

55.49 3.0 ^

46.51 9.31

1.14 w33.2

6.10 w14.352.30 -w

32.5421.36

10.55

19.57

12.59

1.3.57

24.7

14.35

15.10

29.53

29.9

41.26

19

NAMES. LAT. LONCI. MAP.Cybato, Wasit 32°.2' 40°.21'

Cvbistra? 37.30 34.7

Cyeladcs P- 37.0 25.0

Cyclops, Rocks of the.. 37.32 15.8

Cydnus F., TcrsoosTchai 36.55 34.58

Cydonia, Canea 35.30 24.1

Cyiza (Coidza), Choii-

bar 25.16 60.40

Cyllenc, Glarentza 37.56 21.9

Cyllene M., .2r»/)-H< 37.55 22.25Cyme? Kounn 38.38 24.7

Cynaetha, Kalavryta... 38.2 22.7

Cynia Lacus, Anniolico 38.22 21.20

Cynon-polis, or Cyno-polis 28.33 30.54

Cynortius M., Velanid-hia 37.37 2.3.8

Cynoscephalae 39.25 22.31

Cynospolis 30.53 31.22

Cynossoma Prom., C.

Alepo 36.33 28.2

Cynosiira Prom., C.

iMarathon 38.7 24.4

CvNuniA 37.23 22.40

Cynus, Paleojjyrgo, n.

Livauati 38.42 23.3

Cyjiarisseis F., Arkad-hia 37.15 21.46

Cyparissia, Arkadhia,or Cyparissia 37.15 21.40

Cyparissia, or Asopus,JilUra 36.41 22.51

Cyparissia Prom., C.

Arkadhia 37.13 21.36

Cyparissius S., G. ofArkadhia 37.25 21.30

Cyparissus? 38.27 22.36

Cyphanta? Port of Le-nidhi 37.8 22.53

Cyphus M ,39.48 31.50

Cypriae P=., Trianisi... 36.27 30.35

Cyprus I., Cyprus 35.0 33.0

Cypsela, Ipsala 40.49 26.19

Cyptasia, Erem Boghazi 41.56 35.9

Cyraunis I. (Cereina)?liamlah 34.45 11.15

Cyrenaica 31.0 21.30

Cyrene, Grennuh 32.50 21.49

Cyresebata, or Cyropo-lis? 41.12 68.15

Cyretiae, Bheminiko.... 39.48 22.7

Cyrnos, or Corsica,

Corsica 42.0 9.0

Cyropolis ? IJhzc?; 37.30 49.19

Cyropolis, or Cyres-ebata 41.12 08.15

CvRRHESTicA 36.45 37.0

Cyrrhus, Khorvs 36.48 36.59

Cyrtone 38.32 23.6

Cyrus, Trikala 37.59 22.28

Cyrus F. ? Prcsktaf..... 28.0 53.0

Cyrus F., A'oto- 41.10 45.30

Cytaea, Koutais 42.16 42.41

Cytacum 35.25 25.4

Cythora I., Cerigo 36.15 23.0

Cythera (Upper), Pa-leopoli 30.15 23.5

Cytherius F 31.42 21.33

Cythnos, Hebraeokastro 37.26 24.26

Cythnos I., Thcrmia.... 37.25 24.25

Cytinium, Gracia 38.44 22.26

Cytis I., Perim 12.39 43.28

Cytorus, Kidros 41.54 32.54

Cytorus M., KidrosBagh 41.49 33.0

Cyiicxxs, Bal Kiz 40.22 37.51

D.

a-Daae 40.0 56.0

Dabanas, Dahabaniyuh 36.34 39.2

Daborath. D<-bnrieh..... ?>'i.A2 35.23

Dabks, Tereklu 40.24 30.40

(.17)

NAMES. LAT. LONG.

Daohinabades, TheDeccan 20°.0' 78°.0'

Dacia 46.0 24.0

Dadastana 40.14 31.15

Dades Prom., PointDriflei 34.52 33.39

Daedala 36.45 29.2

I)M-aseira? C. Muksa... 2b.^7 58.14

Diigduana. Tudi-nn 38.32 42.10

Daix F.,Jaik; or Ural.. 51.40 55.0

Dalluntum, or Dilun-tum? 42.49 17.46

Dai.matia 43.30 17.0Dalininiuin, or Delmi-nium? Aim !sia 43.26 16.43

Damascus, Eah-Shdm... 3.3.33 36.22*Damnii 56.0 3.43 w^Datnnonii 50.45 4.0 yf

Damnonium, or Oeri-

num Prom., TheLIznrd 49.58 5.11 \7

Diiinuras, or Tarayras,

F., I^iihr cd-Damour 33.41 35.30D.Tn, or Laisb, Fell el-

Kady 33.17 35.38

Danastris, or Tyras, F.,

Dniester 48.0 28.40Danubius, or Ister, F.,

Donau, or Danube..,. 46.30 19.0Dnnum, Doncaster 53.31 1.7 WDaphne, Beit el-Mn 36.9 36.7Daphne (Tabpanes, or

Hanes), Tell Defen-neh 30.52 32.3

T)aphmis 38.44 22.51Daphnu:'? 38.23 26.57Daradax F., Aln Ghal-

fjil 36.5 38.4Dar.anta.sia, Jfontiers de

Tarantaise 45.29 6.32Daras, or Daradus, F.?

Senegal 1G.20 15.0 vr

Dardania 42.35 22.30Dardanus 40.5 26.23Dargamanes F. ? Koon-

dooz 36.0 68.55Dariorigutn, aft. Veneti,

Vunnea 47.40 2.45 wDarna? 35.7 46.26Darnis, Dernah 32.47 22.41DascylPum? 40.18 28.41Daulis, Dhavlia 38.30 22.44Dalma 41.30 15.45Daximonitis 40.12 36.30Bea, 2>;e 44.46 5.24Dead Sea (L. Asphal-

tites), Dead Sea, orB'lhr Lut 31.30 3.5.30

Debeltus, Zngora 42.25 27.19«Deceares 43.40 6.50Deceleia, Tatoij 38.10 23.48Deeempagi, Dlenze 48.50 6.44Decen-novius 41.26 13.3Decethi, D^cize 46.50 3.25Decumates Agri 48.10 9.0Delas, or Silla, F., Di-

y"i"Ji .34.0 44.50Delcos, Derkoa 41.18 28.40I>e\^ov\Ua? Jfillington.. 53.57 0.45 vrDelium, Dhilixsi 38.19 23.40Delminiutn, or Dalmi-nium? AlmifDa 43.26 16.43

Delo3 I. (Ortygia),Delos 37.23 25.17

Delphi (or Pytho),Kasirf 38.28 22.31

Delphinium, Deljino 38.29 26.9Delphinium Portus?.... 38.17 23.51Dki.TA, Lower Egypt... 31.0 31.0»Demetae 52.0 4.0 wDemetrias? ,3].

5

67.10Di-mftrias, Goritza 39.23 22.59DoijJrobosa? 25.14 02.8

15

NAMES.DeobrigaDeobriga ? Miranda ....

Deobrigula, Santa CruzDeorum Currus ? San-

garee or Sagres J/.,..

Derbe? Devli

Derbentio, Little Ches-ter, n. Derby. .i

Derrhis Prom., C. Dre-pano

Derrhis, or Deris,Prom.,Has el-Haif

Dertona, TortonaDertosa, Torfosa

Derventio? Papcastle...

Derventio, StamfordBridge

Deva, Chester

Deva F., DehaDeva F., DeeDia L, StandinDiablintes, Jnbleins

DiACOPESEDiacriaDianae Stagnum, LagoDiana

Dianium, DeniaDianium I., GianutiDianium, or Artemi-

sium, Prom., G. St.

3fartin

Dibio, DijonDibon, DhibanDieaeaDieaea PetraDictamnum, or Dic-tynna?

Diete M., JuktaaDictynna, or Dictamrnum?

Dietyrmaeum, y4^era)io«,

or VathyDidyma I., GaidaroDidyme I., SalinaDidymi, DhidhymaDidymi, or BranchidaeDidymi S., G. of Mira-

bel

Didymoteichos, Dimo-tika

Digba ? KornahDigentia, LicenzaDigentia F., Licenza....

Diluntum, or Dallun-tum ?

Dimum, MouseliouDinaretum Prom., C.

AndreaDindymon M., Gunesch

I^'"J^Dindymon M., MuradDagh

Dindymus M., KapuJjo'J^

Dine Fons, AnavoloDinia, DigneDinogetia, haktchiDio-caesarea (Scppho-

ris), SefariehDiolcos (False Mouth

of Nile)

Diolindum, La Linde....

Diomedeae 1"°., TremitiJs

Diomedis PromI

Dionj'siades I"., Yanis\ Is, or Dhionysiadhes..

I

Dionysopolis, or Cruni,

!Baljik

Dioryctus

I

Dios HieronDioseuria?, aft. Seba.s-

1 topOli?, hkuria

LAT.42°.32'

42.44

42.35

9.35

37.19

52.56

39.56

31.9

44.53

40.49

54.40

5.3.59

53.12

43.10

54.54

35.27

48.17

40.30

38.11

42.8

38.51

42.12

38.46

47.20

31.31

40.58

41.9

35.38

35.6

35.38

36.42

37.25

.^S.35

37.28

37.21

35.5

41.22

31.1

42.6

42.5

42.49

43.40

35.41

39.25

38.58

40.27

37.27

44.5

45.17

32.46

31.30

44.51

42.7

43.30

35.20

4.3.25

38.50

3^1

42.43

LONG. MAP.

26°.44'

21.50

5.20

9.30

28.11

KAVES. LAT. LONG. MAP,

Epamanduodurum,Mandem-e 47°.27' 6°.47' 6

-SEpanterii 44.10 8.0 8

Epeiacum, Lniichester... 54.60 1.44 W 5

Epeium, Smenia 37.33 21.41 IS

Ephesus, r. n. Aiasa-

look 37.57 27.23 19

Ephialtium Prom.? C.

Akroteri 35.23 27.12 ]9

Ephyra I.? Spezzia 37.15 23.8 18

Ephyre, llonasteri/ ofSt. John, n. PortoFanarl 39.16 20.32 15

Epidainnus, aft. Dyr-rachiura, Durazzo 41.21 19.29 14

Epidauria 37.38 23.7 18

Epidauriis, Epidavro,or Pidhavro 37.38 23.10 18

Epidaurus, Hagusa-Vecchia 42.35 18.13 14

Epidaurus Limera, Pa-leo llonemvasia 36.44 23.2 18

Epidelium Prom., C.

Kamili 36.32 23.9 18^Epidii 56.0 5.30 w 5

Epidium Prom., Midi

of Cantire 55.17 5.46 W 5Epidotium? 45.0 15.20 14Epiphanla (Hamath),Hamah 35.13 36.38 20

Epiiius 39.40 20.40 15'Ep\ta.lium,A(/ulinitza... 37.37 21.30 18Epomeus M., Monte di

San Nicola 40.44 13.54 13Eporedia, Ivrea 45.28 7.51 8

Epusum, Carignan 49.38 5.10 6

E<iuab6na, Coyna 38.35 9.4 W 7

Equus Tuticus, S. Eleu-terio 41.17 15.7 9

Erana? Filiatra 37.9 21.35 18Erasinus F., Kefalari... 37.36 22.42 18Erbessus, or Herbessus ?

Grotte 37.14 13.41 12Erbessus, or Herbessus ?

Pantalica 37.8 15.0 12Ercte, or Ercta, M.,

3Ionte Pellegrino 38.10 13.21 12Erebantium Prom, Ca^o

della Testa 41.14 9.8 9Erech, Irak, or Irka.... 31.27 45.40 22ErSsus, r. H. £'resso 39.8 25.56 19Eretenus F., Agno 45.20 11.23 8Eretria, New (Euboea),

Knstri 38.22 23.49 16Etretria, Old (Euboea),n.Vathy 38.22 23.56 16

Eretria (Thessalia),

Tzangli., 39.15 22.35 15Eretum? Rimane 42.7 12.41 11Ergasteria, Kodja Gu-

misch Maden 39.42 27.35 19Ergavica, or Ergavia?.. 40.23 2.62 iv 7Erj^itium, S. Severe 41.42 15.23 9Eriboea? 40.9 21.0 15Ericusa I., Alicudi 38.33 14.16 9Ericusa I., Merlera 39.53 19.32 16Eridanus F. (or Padus),Po 45.0 8.45 8

Erigon F., Tjema 41.0 21.47 14Erineus (Achaia), Lam-

birta 38.18 21.69 18Erineus (Doris) 38.42 22.24 16Erineus F., Flume di

Avola, or Miranda... 36.65 16.7 12Eriston 37.36 25.10 19Eritium, Paleokastro... 39.54 22.3 15Eriza, Derekeui 37.26 29.28 20Eriza, Erzingan 39.32 39.56 20Ermine Street 52.60 0.36w 6Ernodurum, St. Am-

^™''«« 46.59 2.8 6Erucium, Castel Sardo.. 40.55 8.42 9Eruli (orForiili)? 42.26 13.15 9

NAMES.Erymander, or Eryman-

thus, F., Hehnund....Erymanthus F., DonnaErymanthus M., Kalli-

fo'ii

Erythrae (Boeotia), r.

n. KatznlaErythrae (Ionia), Ritri

Erythrae (Locris)?

Erythrae (Locri-Ozo-lae)?

ErythraeaErythraeum MareErythraeum Prom., 0.

LangadhaEryx, or ErycnsEryx Mons, Monte S.

GiulianoEsdraelon ( Jezreel), Ze-

reen

Eshtemoa, EH-Semna...Esuris, CnstromarinEtanna, YenneEteia, Settia

Eteonus, or Scarphe ?....

Eiham, Desert of.

Etham, Thoum, or

Pithom (Patumos?),r. n. Abassieh

Etis, KypariviaEtocetum, Wall, n.

Lichfield

Etonia? AladahaEtruria*Btrusci ,

Euarchus F., Kirkget-schid Tchai

Euboea? LicodiaEuboea I., Egripo, or

NegropontEucarpia ?

Eudagina*'EudosesEudoxia, Tokat*EuganeiEuhydriumEulaeus, or Pasitigris

F., KnranEulepa, Bar%emaEumenia, Ishekli

Euon.ymus I., PanariaEiipaliumEupatoria, Kozlov, or

Eiqjatoria

Eupatoria (Magnopo-lis)

Eupliorbiuni, Emir Has-san Keui

Euphrates F. (Ph'rat),

Euphrates, or Frat...

Eurlpus, Strait ofEgripo

EuristusEuroeaEuromus, ?. n. lakly....

Europus (Syria) ?

Europus (Thessalia)

Eurotas F., Vasilo, orhi

Eurymedon F., KopriSu

Eurymenae (Epirus)....

Eurymenae (Thessalia)

•Eur.vtanesEusene, Kuru Balar....

Eutresis

Euxinus Pontus, BlackSea

Eva, PlatanoEvandria ?

Evaspla F.? KoonerEvenus FEvenus F., Fidhari

LAT. LONG. MAP.

31°.0'

37.40

62°.0'

21.49

37.59 21.68

38.14

38.24

38.28

38.23

34.58

15.0

34.66

38.4

23.24

26.30

23.16

22.5

26.5

60.0

26.3

12.34

38.4 12.35

32.34

NAMES. LAT.Florentia, Firenze {Flo-

yrnrc) 43°.47Floriana? 47.35Flusor F., Chienti 43.17*Foounates 46.0Foientum, Forenza 40.50Forraiae, Molu di Gaeta 41.15Forinio F., Eisaiio 45.32Forocrea, Santa Croce.. 42.34Fortunatae I»'., CanaryIdnnda 28.0

Foruli (or Eruli)? 42.26Forum Allieui, Ferrara 44.50Forum Appii, ForoAppin 41.28

Forum Aurelii, n. Jfon-

talto, on R. Flore 42.18Forum Cassii, Vetr(dla.. 42.21Forum Cigurrorum ?

Puenie Bibei/ 42.25Forum Clodii, Oriuolo.. 42.12Forum Cornelii, Imola.. 44.22Forum Domiti? 43.30Forum Flaminii, S.

Giovannipro Fiamma 43.2Forum Fulvii, or Valen-

tinum, Valeiiza 45.1Forum Gallorum, Castel

Franco 44.37Forum Gallorum, Gur-

rea 42.4Forum Julii, Cividad diFriuU 46.5

Forum Julii, Frejus 43.26Forum Licini? Lecco... 45.51Forum Ligneum? 42.54Forum Livii, Forli 44.14Forum Novum, Buonal-

hergo 41.14Forum Novum, For-

novo 44.42Forum Novum, .S". Ma-

ria di Vescovio 42.22Forum Popilii, Forlim-

popoli 44.13Forum Segusianorum,

Feiir 45.28Forum Sempronii, Fos-snmhrone 43.41

Forum Trajani, Fordon-gianua 39.59

Forum Vibii ? Castel

Fiori 44.41Forum Voconii? Le

Canet 4.3.25

*Fosi 52.15

Fossa I., Jfaddaleita.,.. 41.14Fossa of CorbQlo 52.10

Fossa, or Taphros,^«ra!«

of Bonifacio 41.20

Fossae Cluiliae , 41.51Fossae Marianae, Foz

les Martigues 43.26Fossae Papirianae, Via-

reggia 43.51

Fossae Philistinae 45.2

Fosse Way 51.30

Fraxlnus 37.59Fraxinus, Villa Velha.. 39.40

Fregellae, r. n. Cepe-rano 41.34

Fregenae, Maccarese.... 41.52

»Frentani 42.0

Frento F., Fortnre 41.40

Frigidae, Old Mnmora.. 35.56

Frigidus F 45.50

*Friniates? 44.35«Frisii 53.0

Frusino, Frosinone 41.39

Frustemae 42.16

Fucinus L., Lngo di

Celnno, or Fncino 42.0

Fulginium, Foligno 42.58

LONG. MAP.

11°.15'

NA^fKS. LAT. LONG.

Geumania Inferior, or

Secunda 51°.0' 6°.0'

Germ ANiA Sdperior, or

Prima 49.0 7.30

Geriaanicia, Marash.... 37.36 36.56

Germanicopolis, Erme-nek 36.41 32.51

Germanicopolis, or Gan-gra, Kankari 40.35 33.40

Germe 39.6 27.35Geronthrae, Gheraki.... 36.59 22.43Gerontia I.? loura 39.23 24.10Gerrha, El-Katiff. 26.33 50.3

»Gerrhaei 27.30 48.30Gerrum 30.57 32.34Gerunda, Gerona 42.1 2.49Gerunium, Girone 41.45 14.54Gesdae, Sezanne 44.58 6.45

Gesoriacum, aft. Beno-nia, Boulogne 50.44 1.36

*Getae 45.40 28.0Gibeon, ^;-Jee6 31.51 35.11Gichthis, or Githis,

Jeress 33.30 10.44Gigonus 40.22 22.56Gigonus Pr., Panomi,

or Apanomi Point.... 40.22 22.55Gilboa, Mount, Jehel

Fukua 32.31 35.26Gilgal? 31.50 35.30Gilya? Takumhrit 35.19 1.29 wGinaea (En-gannins),

Jeneen 32.28 35.20Gindavus, Jindaris 36.23 36.40Gir FGirba I. (Lotophagitis,

or Meninx), Jerhah... 33.45 11.0Girgiri M., Moiinfavna

of Tarkournah 32.20 14.0Gischala, El-Jtsli 33.2 35.26G\ia.na,& 1 Margariti 39.25 20.25Glanoventa, EUenhoro' 54.43 3.28 wGlaucus F., Lnfka 38.12 21.45Glaucus F.? Olti-su 40.30 41.45Glaucus F., Rion 42.32 43.0Glaucus S., G. of ilakri 36.40 29.0Glemona, Gemona 46.16 13.9Glcviim, Gloucester 51.52 2.14 wGlisas, r. at foot ofMount Siamata 38.22 23.25

Glycys Portus, PortoFanari 39.14 20.31

Glympia, or Glyppia,Kastro Lymhiada 37.11 22.42

Gobaeum Pr., PointeSt. MaftJneu 48.20 4.46 w

Gobannium, Aberga-I'enny 51.49 3.0 W

Gogana, Congoon 27.48 52.10Gogarene 41.0 43.0Golan? .32.55 35.50Gomphi, Episkojn 39.26 21.43Gonnus, or Gonni, Ly-

kostomo 39.48 22.27Gophna, Jafna 31.57 35.12Gophnitica 32.0 35.15Gorditanum Pr., Capo

Falcone 40.59 8.10Gordium, aft. Juliopolis 40.4 31.35Gordyaei M., Jebel Judi,&o 37.40 42.0

Gorgon, or Urgo I.,

Gorrjona 43.26 9.55Gorneas, Karhni 40.7 44.45Gorfyna 35.5 24.56Gortynius F., River ofDhlmitzana. 37.33 22.3

Gortys, n. Atzikolo 37.32 22.3*Gothini 50.0 18.0*Gothones 54.0 18.0Graecia ,38 22.0Graccuris, Corella 42.7 1.54 w«Gra,ioceli 45.14 6.30

14

21

2315

15

21

21

23

21201

23

232115

5

18

2022

208

5

16

15

18

6

5

3

2221

15

15

21

21

9

20

22

8

2219

18

18

25252

7

NAMES. LAT. long.

Grandimirum, Mnros... 42°.45' 9°.2'wGraniacum Pr., Punta

Chiape 41.36 9.22

Granicus F., KodschaTchai 40.15 27.12

Granis F., Khisht 29.30 51.12

Granua F., Graan 48.15 19.0

Gratianopolis, orCularo,Grenohle 45.11 5.43

Graviscae ? Torre diCarneto 42.11 11.41

Grissia, or Gerasus, F.,

Koros 46.52 21.0

Grius M 37.25 27.30

*Grudii.... 51.18 3.30

Grutnentum, n. Sapo-nnra 40.7 15.53

Grumum, Grumo 41.0 16.42Gryneium 38.51 27.3

Gudgodah ? Ain el-Ghtt-

dhyan 29.51 35.5

*Gugerni 51.40 6.10

Guntia, Gnnzhnrq 48.27 10.20

GuraeusF.? Lu'ndye..,. 35.0 71.62Gyaros I.. J«m 37.37 24.43Gygaea Palus, Lake of'Mermerch 38.37 28.5

Gymnesiac, or Balea-res I^"., Majorca, d'c. 39.30 3.0

Gymnias? GwnishKha-neh 40.24 39.28

Gyndes F. (Delas, orSilla)? Diyalah 34.20 45.10

Gyrton, Tatari 39.40 22.20Gythium, n. Maratho-

nisi 36.46

II.

Tiah\twac\im,Risingl)ttm 55.10Hactara, Pozoalcon 37.38Haditha? 32.11Hadranum, orAdranum,Adernb 37.38

Hadria, or Atria, Adria 45.3Hadria, or Adria, Afri.. 42.34Hadrian i, r. n. Edrnnos 39.52Hadriannpolis fBithy-

nia)? Viran SJieJir... 41.8Hadrianopolis (Epirus),

Libokhnim 40.1Hadrianopolis fThra-

cia), Adrianople 41.43Hadrianum, Ariano 44.57Hadrianus, or Tartarus,

F., Tartaro 45.5Hadriatioiim (or Supe-rum) Mare, AdriaticSea 44.0

Haemus M., Balkan.... 42.45Hafa, Budduso 40.35Ha-hirothfHeroopolis)?

r. in Valley of the

Seven Wcl/s (SebaBiyar) 30.33

Halae 38.39Halae Aexonides, Allki 37.51Halae Araphenides, by

C. Velani 37.59Halah, or Chala? SarPuli Zohab 34.32

Hales, Heles, or Elees,

F., Alento, or Venere 40.10Halesa, or Alaesa, n.

Tusa 37.57Halesus (or Alaesus) F.,

Pettineo 37.55Halex F., ^?/ce 37.58Haliaemon F., IndjehKara-su 40.24

Haliartus, r. n. MazL... 38.21Halias 37.22Halicarnassus, Boo-

drooni 37.2

22.34

2.9 ^

.3.2 ^

35.16

14.49

12.3

14.1

29.1

32.27

20.24

26.32

12.6

11.20

14.0

26.0

9.15

31.53

23.11

23.45

24.2

46.8

15.7

14.14

14.16

15.50

22.8

23.6

23.10

27.28

23°.9'

12.46

21.31

NWKS. LAT. LONG.Holene, Maoris, or Cra-

nae I., Mnkronisi 37°.41' 24°.7'

Ilelenopolis, for. Dre-pane 40.41 29.33

Heles, Hales, or Elees,

F., Alento, or Vcnere 40.10 15.7*Helevctones, or Ilelve-

cones 51.45 20.30Helice 38.13 22.9

Heliee, Ichliman 42.19 24.0

Helicon F., OUveri 38.2 15.0

Helicon M., Paleovouni 38.18 22.54Helieranum, Delvino.... 39.56 20.13Heliopolis (Baalath),

Baalbek 33.57 36.1Heliopolis (Rameses, or

Beth-sbemesli), 3Ia-tarieh 30.8 31.20

*Helisii, or Elisii 51.30 17.0Helisson F 37.58 22.40Helisson F., Davia 37.27 22.13Helium Ostium, Jlouth

of jVeiise, or Jfaas.... 51.57 4.10Heilana,-^yZ)Vum 43.55 11.2

HcUespontus, Darda-velles 40.15 26.30

Helorus, or Helorum,... 36.51 15.5Helorus F., Ahisso 36.52 15.0Helos? 36.49 22.46*Helyecones, or Heleve-

tones 51.45 20.30*Helvetii 47.0 7.40

*Helvii 44.38 4.30Helvillum, or Suillum,

SiqiUo 43.20 12.45Helvinus F., Salinello... 42.47 13.55Henna, orEnna, Castro

Giovanni 37.33 14.17Hephaestia (Lemnos)... 39.54 25.21Hephaestiadae, Arakli.. 38.4 23.46Heptan6mis, Vonlani,

or Jliddle Egypt 29.0 31.0

Heraclea (Aeolis) 39.17 26.42Heraclca (Athamania).. 39.16 21.10Heraclea (Cephallenia)?Enkli 38.10 20.42

Heraclea (Chalcidice)... 40.35 23.19Heraclea (Ionia) 37.31 27.33Heraclea (Lucania),

Policoro 40.12 16.39Heraclea-Lyncestis, n.

Filurinn, or Fiorina 40.50 21.27Heraclea Minoa 37.22 13.16Heraclea (Pieria), Pla-tamoim 39.."8 22.36

Heraclea (Pisatis),<SV/-e/( 37.40 21.34Heraclea-Pontica,

Erekli 41.17 31.29Heraclea- Sintica, Zer-

vokhori 40.54 23.30"Heraclea (Syria) 35.36 35.45Heraclea (frachinia)... 38.47 22.23Heracleius F 38.16 22.52Heracleopolis Magna, r.

n. Annsich 29.10 31.8

Heracleopolis Parva, or

Heracleum ? 30.59 32.2

Heracleotic Mouth (of

Nile), Rosetta Mouth 31.29 30.27Heracleum 35.21 25.13Heracleum, or Hera-

cleopolis Parva 30.59 32.2

Heracleum Prom 41.18 36.58Heraea , 37.36 21.52Heraei Monies? 37.10 15.35

Heraeum 37.42 22.47Heraeum Pr., C. Me-

Inngavi 38.2 22.51Herbanum, Orvieto 42.44 12.9

Herhessus, or Erbessus?Grotte 37.14 13.41

Herbessus, or Erbessus ?

Pantalien 37.8 15.0

19

20

12

12

NAMES.Herbita? CitadcUaHereulaneam, n. RexinaHereuleum, or Gadita-

Dum, Fretum, Strait

of Gibraltar

HeroHlis ArenaeHerculis Castra? GranHerciilis Fanum, il/a«-

sarosa

Herculis I., or Scom-braria, Escomhrera..,

Herciilis I''^, Aainara...

Herciilis PortusHerculis Prom., Oapo

Spartivento

Herculis Prom., Hart-land Point

Herculis Templum ? n.

C. RocheHercyna FonsHercynia Silva

Herdonia, OrdonaHermaeum Prom., Capo

della CacciaHermaeum Prom.,Poi7itPlaco

Hermaeus S., G. ofSmyrna

HerminiusMons, Sierrad'Estrella

Hermione, or Hermion,Kaatri

Hermionicus SHekmionisHermon, Mount, Jebel-

esh-SheikJi

Hermonapsa, Platana...

hiermopoWs,EshmonneinHermopolis Parva?Rhamanieh

••HermundiiriHermus, r. n. KhaidariHermus F., Gediz Tchai*HerniciHe5odium,i^ra)i7c 3Ioun-

tai7i

Heroopolis (Hahiroth ?),

r. i7i Valley of the

Seven Wells (SebaBiyar)

Heroopolites S., G. ofSuez

Ileshbon, UeshunHesperides, aft. Bere-

nice, Benghazi•'Hesperii Aethiopes....

Hestiaeotis, or IIis-

TIAEOTISHesudrus, or Zaradrus,

F., Sntlej.

Iletriciilum. Lattarico...

HiBERNiA, IrelandHicesia L, Basiluzzo ?..

Hiera, Therasia, or Vul-cani I., Vulcano

Hiera, or Maritima, I.,

MaretimoHiera Sycaminos, WadyMaharrakuh

HieraconHierapolis, Pambouk-Kaleh

Hierapolis, or Bambyce,3Icmbidj, or Bambouj

Hierapytna, HierapetraHierasus, or Porata, F.,

PruthHieratis ?

Hiericus (Jericho), n.

Er-RihaHieromiax F., Yarvtouk,

or Sheriat el-3Iand-

hour

LAT. I.OKO.

37°.25' 14°.29'

40.49 14.21

35.5731.0

47.48

29.0

31.46

32.7

8.0

31.0

39.2853.0

38.39

38.23

38.0

23.4

27.16

5..^0 w20.20

18.45

43.52 10.20

37.3441.5

38.41

37.56

51.1

36.19

38.26

50.40

41.18

40.34

35.11

38.40

40.10

0.55 w8.15

20.58

1G.3

4.32 vr

6.8 w22.52

15.0

15.37

8.5

23.57

26.40

8.0 w

37.23

NAMES. LAT.

Hydra Prom., Utch-

Keucheh 38°.49'

Hyiiraraum, Dhramia... 35.21

Hydraotes F., Ravee.... .">1.0

Hydrea I., J7i/(/r« 37.20

Hydrus F., Idro 40.8

Hydrus, or Hydruntum,Otraiito 40.8

Hydrussa I., Prasoo 37.50

Hyele, Elea, or Velia,

Castelamare della

Bruca 40.8

Hyettus 38.31

Hyetussa I., Gaidaro.... 37.28

Hvla, orHyda 36.43

Hylaethus F., Morno... 38.30

Hyle? Paleokastro 38.25

HyliasF.? 39.34

Hylica L., Semina, or

Livadhi 38.23

Hyllaicus Portus 39.35

»Hylli 44.0

Hyllis Peninsula ? Sa-bioiieello 42.53

Hymettus Mons, Telo-

viini 37.58

Hypaea I., Titan 43.1

Hypaipa, Tepaya 38.13

Hypanis F., B'oug 48.20

Hypanis F., Kouban.... 45.5

Hyparodes 41.8

Jiy ])a,ia,, Neopatra 38.52

Hypatus M., Samnta.... 38.23Hyperborei (or Riphaei)

Monies, S. part ofUral 58.0

Hyperteleatum 36.39Hyphanteium M 38.33Hyphasis F., Garra, or

Sutlej 30.0

HypiaM., Tschila Darjh 41.0

Hypius F., Milan Sit.... 41.0

Il^'pocremnos 38.19Hypsas F., Bellici 37.40

Hypsas F., i»/«(/o 37.16Hypsi? 36.41Hypsirisma I., Kappari 36.56Hypsus, Stemnitza 37.33

HVRCANIA 36.20

Ilyrcanum (or Caspium)M., Caspian Sea 40.0

Hyria, Conope, or Lysi-

machia, L., Zycjos, or

Aiigelokastro 38.34Hyria, or Uria, Oria.... 40.29Hyrmina, Khlemutza,

or Kastro (Castel

Tornese) 37.53Hysaees FHysiae (Argolis) 37.31Hysiae (Boeotia) 38.13Hyspriatis 40.20Hyssus Portus, Snrme-

neh 40.57

I.

ladera, Zwrcr 44.6lalysus, Paleo-Rhodos.. 36.24latubo, Yemho 24.5lainniuin Pr., St. John's

Point 54.14lapis F 38.3••'"lapydes 45.0Iapygia, or Messapia 40.30lapygiuin, or Salenti-

Dum, Prom., Capo diLeuca 39.48

lapygum tria Prom., C.

GasteUa, G. Rizzuto,C. della Nave 38.56

lardanus F 35.27lasius, or Bargylietes S.,

G. of Mendebjah 37.15

LONH. map.

26°-54'

NAMES. LAT. LON-a.

Trine I., Ypsil! 37°. 26' 23°. 0'

Iris F., Yeskil Irmak... 41.0 36.38Irrbesia I.? P^athoitra 39.29 24.10

Is, or Aeopolis, Bit 33.36 42.52Isaea F., .£;,re 50.38 3.2" WIsannavatia, or Bena-

venta, Burrow Hill,

n. Dnventry 52.16 1.8 WIsara F., Iscre 45.5 5.10Isara F., Oise 49.30 2.50

«-rsarci 45.46 8.45

Isarus F., /sar 48.30 12.0

IsAURiA 37.30 32.30Isaiirus, or Pisaurus, F.,

Foglia 43.47 12.30

Isca Damnoniorum,Exeter 50.43 3.32 w

Isca (Silurum), Caer-

leo„ 51.37 2.57 wJschA\is', I/ch enter 51.0 2.40 WIscina, r. at Bas Benj'a-

wad 30.50 IS. 10

Isinisca, Aschhach 48.5 11.55

Isionda 36.57 30.22

Isis F., Tscholoki 41.54 41.50Isium 29.23 31.15

Isium i\I 21.10 36.30IsmarusIsmenus F 38.20 23.19It^omantus, or Hop-

lias, F 38.22 22.54Issa, Lissa 43.4 16.10

Issicus S., G. of Sca7i-

deroon 36.40 35.50

Issus? 36.56 36.8Ister (or Diinubius) F.,

Donau, or Danube.... 44.0 26.20

Isthmus, Isthmus of Co-

rinth 37.57 23.0

Isthmus (Doris) 36.47 28.5

Istone M.? 39.44 19.50

ISTRIA, or HiSTRIA,Istria 45.15 14.0

Istron 35.8 25.44

Istropolis, Kargaliuk... 44.25 28.48

Istros I., T"?/ 36.40 27.10

Isurium, ^^(iiorowgr^..., 54.6 1.22 wIsus? 38.27 23.28Itabyrium, or Ataby-

rium (Mt. Tabor),

Jehel et-Toor 32.42 35.25

Italia, Italy 43.0 12.0

Italica, Santiponce 37.29 6.51 wItanum Pr. ? 0. Sala-

mon, or Salnione 35.10 26.19

Itanus, Ita</nia 35.8 26.16

Ithaca I., Ithaca 38.25 20.40

Ithome, i^a»f/;v' 39.24 21.27Ithoria, St. Elias 38.30 21.16Itium Prom., C. GriaNez 50.52 1.35

Itius Portus, Wisaant... 60.53 1.40

Iton, or Itonus 39.8 22.41Ituce, or Utica, Bou-

shater 37.9 10.2

Ituna Aest., SolwayFirth 54.55 3.25 w

IrvRKY^k, El-Jeidoor.... 33.10 36.0

ln\\9,Zea 37.38 24.21

Ivernia, or IerneIvia, or Juvia, F.,

Jubin 43.32 8.5 wIsia, Lanathi 36.1 27.58

J.

Jabadii, or Sabadii, I''"?

Java, &c 7.0 110.0

S^hhok Y., Nahr Znrka 32.14 35.50

Jabesh-gilead ? In WadyYabes 32.29 35.44

Ja.cca, Jaea.., 42.31 0.31 w*Jaceetani 42.30 0.30 wJamnia, Yeb)ta 31.51 34.45

map,18

20

19

22

6

32.34

44.7

32.3

NAMES.Jamno, or Jamna, Clu-

dadelaJaphi.a, YafaJaruiuth, YarmookJasonium Pr., C. JasonJattir, Atteer

Jaxartes F., Sir, or

SihoonJazer, n. Ain Hazeir.,..

Jenysus, Khan Yunus...

Jericho (Hiericus), n.

Er-RihaJerusalem, El-Koods...Jezreel (Esdraelon),

ZereenJonnariaJoppa, JaffaJordan F., Nahr el-

KebirJordan, Plain of ( Aulon,

or Magnus Campus),El-Ghor

Jotapata, JefatJovia, ApathiaJovis Urii Templum....Jovisura, Eggenfelden...Judaea.Julia, TschaiJulia Augusta (for. Ae-

mona), LaybaehJulia Constantia, or

Zilis, ArziUaJulia Fidentia, Borgo

S. DoninoJulia Gemella (Acci),

Guadix el-Viejo

Julia Gordus, Gordiz...

Julia Joza, aft. Trans-ducta, Tari/a

Julia Libyca ? Puig-cerda

Julia Myrtilis, MertolaJuliacum, Jxdiers

Julias (Bethsaida), Et-Tell

Juliobona, Lillebonne...

Juliobriga, ReynosaJuliomagus, aft. Ande-

cavi, AngersJuliopolis, Ibol

Juliopolis, or Gordium..Julium Carnicum, Zu-

gl!o...

Juncaria, JunqueraJunonia I.? PatmaJunonis Fontes, Cal-

diero

Junonis Laciniae Tem-plum

Junonis Pr., C. Trafal-gar

Jupiter, Temple of

(Aegina)?Jupiter Palenius, Tem-

ple of, Campo di

GioveJura(orJurassus) Mons,

Mt. JuraJustinopolis,for.Aegida,

Oaiw d'Istria

Juttah, Yutta

Juvavum, Salzburg

Juvia, or Ivia, F., Jubia

K.

Kadesh (in Paran), or

Kadesh-barnea, AinKades 30.34

Kadesh (in Zin) ? Ain-el-Weibeh 30.41

Kaloi Limenes, PairHavens 34.56

Kanab, Kana 33.15

LAT. LONG. JtAP.

39°.59' 3°.53'

32.41 35.1831.42 34.5841.7 37.39

31.21 35.5

44.0 68.25

32.3 35.46

31.18 34.18

31.51 35.28

31.47 35.14

32.20

32.51

46.16

41.9

48.2431.40

38.38

46.4

35.29

44.53

37.22

38.55

36.0

42.26

37.40

50.56

32.58

49.31

43.0

47.2838.10

40.4

46.27

42.24

28.45

35.21

10.25

34.45

32.10 35.36

35.35

35.17

16.30

29.10

12.4735.0

31.5

14.31

6.1 w

10.6

3.19 w28.28

5.37 w

1.56

7.28 w6.21

35.40

0.31

3.57 w

0.33 w39.15

31.35

13.3

2.53

17.50 w

45.23 11.14

39.5 17.11

36.11 6.1 TV

37.45 23.32

42.0 14.3

47.0 6.40

45.32 13.44

31.28 35.9

47.48 13.4

43.32 8.5 w

34.28

35.22

24.48

35.18

24

24

39.5

39.35

36.25

39.53

37.9

42.30

37.30

NASIES.

Kanah F., Nahr el-

ArsoufKedesh, KedesKerioth, El-Knryetein..Kersus F., Merkez Su...

Kidron, or Cedron, F.,

Wady er-RahibKir of Moab (Charax),

Kcral-

Kirjath-arba (Hebron),El-Khuleel

Kirjath-jearim, or Baa-lah, Kuryet el-Enab..

Kishon F., Nahr Mu-kutta

L.

•LabeatesLabefitis L., L. of Sku-

tari

Labicuni, ColonnaLabrandaLacedaemon, or Sparta,

)(. J/istra

••Lacetani

Laceter Pr., C. Kcjihala,

or Krokilo PtLachish ?

Laoiacum, VocklamarktLaciadae?Laeinium Prom., Capo

delle Colonne, or CNao

Lacipea, Deleitosa

Lacippo, Alecippe, n.

Cusares

Lacnion M., 3Ietzuvo..,.

Lacobriga, LagosLacobriga, Villa Laco..LaconiaLaconicus S., G. ofKolokythia

Lacotene? Viran ShehrLacron F., Lezero

VedraLactodorum, Towcester

Lactura, Lectoure

Lacus Lausonius, Lau-sanne

Lacus Prills, Logo di

Castiglione

Lade I

LadoceiaLadon FLadon F., RufiaLaea, or Aphrodite, I.,

Al-HieraLaerta•'Laevi

Lagana F., LahnLaganiaLagaria, NocaraLagina, LakinaLagusae I"?Laii

Laish, or Dan, Tell el-

KadyLalassis*LaletaniLamate ?

Lambasa, L'erba, or

Tezout 35.1

Lambrus F., Lambro.... 45.20

Lametia, .S". Enfcmia... 39.3

Lametus F., Lamato..., 38.55

Lamia, Zeitouni 38.54

Laminium, Don Sancho 38.57

Lamos, Lamas 36.34

Lamotis 36.37

Lanipe, or Lappa 35.19

Lampeia M., Olonos 37.58

Lampsacus, Lamaaki... 40.20

Lamptra inferior 37.49

(55)

LAT. LO.XG. MAP.

32°.18' 34°.55'

33.9 35.31

31.22 35.11

36.39 36.11

31.44 35.20

3L15 35.46

31.33 35.9

31.49 35.7

32.4? 35.6

42.0 19.40

42.5 19.20

4L51 12.46

37.25 27.50

37.5 22.26

42.0 1.50

36.40 27.0

31.32 34.59

48.0 13.51

37.59 23.43

42.46

37.32

37.24

37.60

37.40

32.50

36.28

45.15

50.20

40.4

40.6

37.21

39.56

38.21

17.13

5.35 w

5.18 w21.30

8.38 w4.34 w

22.40

36.40 22.40

38.5 38.9

42.26 8.30 w62.8 0.59 w43.66 0.38

46.32 6.38

11.0

27.14

22.10

21.32

21.51

22.34

32.11

8.50

8.0

32.1

16.27

28.18

26.5

26.0

33.17 35.38

36.40 32.30

41.40 2.30

44.36 17.20

6.15

9.21

16.14

16.17

22.24

3.4 w34.17

34.0

24.20

21.51

26.40

23.51

NAMES. LAT. LONG. MAPLamptra superior, La-

1

morika 37°.52' 23°.52' 16

Lancia? Castro 42.38 5.27 W 7

«Langobardi 52.45 11.0 25

Langobriga, &6ra^ 41.3 8.36 w 7

Lanuvium, Civiht La-vinia 41..39 12.43 11

Laodicea, Eski Hinsm:. 37.49 29.9 20

Laodicea, Lat!k!i/eh 35.30 35.47 20

Laodicea (ad Libanum)?Jusij 34.22 36.21 20

Laodicea Combusta,Ladlk 38.13 32.39 20

Laodicene 34.10 36.30 20Lapathus, n. Rapsani... 39.54 22.29 15Lapethus, r. n. Laptn... 35.21 33.12 20

Laphystium M., Gra-iiitza 38.25 22.54 16

Lapidaria, li. 2r/«(« 46.38 9.26 8

LapTthus M., Sinenia... 37.33 21.41 18Lappa, or Lampe 35.19 24.20 19Lapurdum? Bayonne... 43.29 1.30 W 6

Laranda, Karamaii 37.11 33.23 20Largiana? 47.11 24.0 14Larinum, Lnrhio 41.48 14.53 9

LarisiumM 36.45 22.34 18Larissa(Acrop.ofArgos) 37.38 22.43 18Larisssa (Aeolis), Bu-

rnndjik 38.38 27.1 19Larissa Cremaste, n.

Gardhiki 38.58 22.50 16Larissa (Ionia) 38.7 27.39 19Larissa (Resen?), Nim-

rond „.... 36.0 43.23 22Larissa (Syria), Kalat

Seijar 35.17 36.33 20Larissa (Thessalia),

Yeni-shehr, or La-rissa 39.37 22.22 15

Larissus F., Mana 38.7 21.25 ISLarius L., Lago di

Como 46.0 9.17 8

Larnum F., Tordera.... 41.48 2.48 7Larymna, r. on PortLarmes 38.32 23.16 16

Larymna (Upper) 38.31 23.17 16Las 36.43 22.30 18Lasea? 34.57 24.48 19Lasion, Lala 37.42 21.43 18Latera 43.33 3.54 6Lathon F 32.7 20.5 23«LatrnL.„...^ 41.45 12.35 11

Latidm 41.40 13.0 9

Latmus M 37.25 27.50 19Latmus S., Akiz Tchai,

or L. Benizli 37.30 27.30 19Lato 35.14 25.37 19*Latobrigi 47.53 8.20 6Latopolis, Eeneli 25.17 32.35 3'Lv^iris. 1., Zealand 55.30 12.0 2Laumellum, Lttniello..,. 45.7 8.47 8Laiirentum, Torre Pa-

terno 41.39 12.23 11Lauriacum, Enns 48.13 14.30 14Laurium M., St. Elias.. 37.42 23.59 18Lauron 39.8 0.8 w 7Laus 39.4,3 15.51 9Laus F., Lao 39.45 15.54 9Laus, or Laus Pompeia,

Lodi Vecehia 45.18 9.25Laus S., G. of Poli-

castro 39.50 15.35 9Lautiilae 41.17 13.17 1]Lavatrae, i?owes 54.32 2.0 w 5Lavinium, Pratica 41.39 12.29 11Layinius F., Lavino 44.35 11.15Lavisco, Lannen, n,

Yenne 45.43 5.45Lebadeia, Livadhia 38.26 22.52Lebedos 38.5 26.59I^e'^ena 34.55 24.54Lebinthos L, Levitha... 37.0 26.30liehonah, El-Lubbdn.... 32.5 35.13

NAMES. LAT. LONG.

Lechaeum 37°.56' 22°.53'

Lectum Pr., C. Baha.... 39.29 26.4

Ledon? 38.37 22.38

Ledus F., iez 4,3.40 3.52

«Legae 42.30 46.0

Legedia, Villehandon... 48.58 1.9 wLegio (Megiddo), El-

Le/jnon 32.35 35.12

Legio Septima Gemina,Leon 42.30 5.35 w

Legiolium, Castleford... 53.43 1.20 WLeibethrium M., Za-

cjara 38.20 22.57

Leipsydrium, Monastery

of St. Nicholas 38.8 2.3.15

Lelantus F 38.27 23.45

Lemannonius S., LochFyne 56.0 5.25 w

Lemannus Lacus, L. ofGeneva, or Leman 46.27 6.30

Leranos I., Lemno, or

Slalimeni 39.55 25.10

Lemovices, or Augusto-ritum, Limoges 45.50 1.16

•Lemovices 45.50 1.0

••'"Lemovii 54.0 16.0

Lentulae, Virje 46.4 17.0

Leon 37.7 15.12

Leon, or Leontes, F.,

Nahr Kasimiyeh, or

Liettani 33.51 35.30

Leon Pr., C. ilatala 34.55 24.44

Leontarne 38.19 23.4

Leontini, Xeii^nit 37.16 14.59

Leoutium. Aghios lanni 38.7 21.55

Leontopolis? 30.35 31.21

Lepethymnus M 39.20 26.17

Lepinus M., MonteLupone 41.35 13.5

SLepontii 46.30 8.40

Lepreum, n. Strovitza... 37.27 21.44

Lepsia I., Lipiso 37.18 26.4GLepte, or Syrias Prom.,

C. Indjeh 42.7 34.59

Leptis Magna (or Nea-polis), Lehdah 32.38 14.13

Leptis Minor, r. n.

Lamta 35.40 10.52

Lerina I., St. Honorut{Ik de Lerins) 43.31 7.3

Lerna, J/(/Zi 37.33 22.43

Leron I., St. Marguerite{P. de Lerins) 43.32 7.3

Leros I., Lero 37.10 26.50

Lesbos L, Mityleni 39.15 26.15Lessa, Xi>i(r("o 37.37 23.3

Lestira M., La Lozere... 44.24 3.52

Letandros I., Denusa... 37.7 25.50

Lethaeus Fl., Deresi, or

Trikkalino 39.33 21.54

Letoa I tt88.8 20.25

Leton l.,Paximadi 35.0 24.34

Letopolis? 29.59 30.57

Letrini, Aiannis 37.41 21.23

Letrini Lacus 37.39 21.24

Leuca, S. Maria di

Leuca 39.48 18.22

Leucadia (or Leucas)L, Santa 3Iaura 38.45 20.40

Leucae, Lefkes 38.34 26.52

Leucae Campi 36.45 22.52

Leucarum, Lliochior, or

Lloughor 51.40 4.4 wLeucas, Kaligoni, n.

Amaxikhi 38.48 20.42

Leucas, or Leucadia, L,Santa Maura 38.45 20.40

LeucasLeucasiaF 37.18 21.56

Leucasium 37.50 22.10

Leucaspis Porfus, 3fak-taarai 30.59 28.48

Leucate Pr., C. Ducato 38.33 20.33

MAP.

NAMES. LAT. LONG. MAP.Litnnobriga, Pont S.

Mii^eiice 49°.18' 2°. 31' 6

Literiium, Patria 40.56 14.1 13Litubium (Ritubium ?),

Kelorhio 44.56 9.5Livias (Beth-haran),^^*--

Rameh 31.49 35.39 21Lixus, Al-Araish 35.13 6.7 W 23Lixus F., IT' at/y a/- ^^08 35.4 6.0 w 23Locanus F.? Locano.... 38.21 16.20 9Locaricum? Calatafimi 37.55 12.50 12Locra F., Talaro 41.46 8.55 9*Locri Epienemidii 38.42 22.45 16Locri Epizepbyrii 38.15 16.15 9*Locri Opuutii 38.35 23.5 16*Locri Ozolae 38.30 22.15 15LocRis 38.40 23.0 16Logia F., Jfouth of R.

Larjaii 54.35 5.56 wLondinium, aft. Augusta,

London 51.31 0.6 wLunganus F., F. dell'

Aranci 38.5 15.10 12Longaticum, Lohitsch... 45.55 14.13 8

Longianum, Luijnano... 41.47 12.54 11Longones, Ozieri 40.35 9.0 9Lorium, Lorio 41.54 12.15 11Loryma 36.34 28.5 19Losa, Bois de Licogas... 44.25 1.0 w*LotophagiLotophagltis, or Me-

ninx, I. (aft. Girba),

Jerbah 33.45 11.0 23Loucopibia? ^Vi<fton,,.. 54.53 4.27 w 5

Luca, Luccu 43.51 10.30LucANiA 40.16 16.0 9

Lucentum, Alicante 38.22 0.27 W 7Luceria, Lncera 41.30 15.20 9

Lucretilis M., MonteGenaro 42.5 12.50 11

Lucrinus L., LogoLucrino 40.50 14.5 13

Lucus Angitiae, Luco... 41.57 13.29 11Lucus Asturuni (Ove-

tum?), Ociedo 43.22 5.57 wLucus August!, Luc-en-

Diois 44.33 5.26 6

Lucus Augusti, Lugo... 43.1 7.36 w 7Lucus et Oraculuin

Fauni, Sol/atarn 41.42 12.32 11Lucus Feroniae, Pietra

Santa 43.57 10.14 8

Lucus Feroniae, or Fe-ronia, Felonica 42.16 12.31 11

Lucus Jovis Indigetis... 41.37 12.28 11Luentinum, Llanioisaf,

11. Tregaron 52.11 3.59 W 5

LuGDiiNENSis 48.0 0.0 4Lugdunum, Leyden 52.9 4.30Lugdunum, Lyons 45.46 4.50Lugdunum, aft. Conve-

nue, .SV. Bcrtrnnd deCommi'iiges 43.0 0.38

Luguido, Jlonti 40.48 9.18 9

Luguvallium, Carlisle... 54.54 2.56 w 5

Luna, Lnni 44.4 10.1 8

Lunae Portus, Gol/o di

Spezzia 44.4 9.53Lunarium Pr., C. Car-vodro 39,21 9.25 w 7

Liipiae, Lecce 40.22 18.11 9

Luppia F., Lippe 51.40 7.0 25Lu.si, Siidhena 37.59 22.9 18*Lusitaiii 40.0 8.20 w 7

LusiTANiA 39.0 8.0 w 7

Lussunum, Foldvar 46.49 18.57 14Lutetia, Pari>< 48.52 2.20

Luteva, or Forum Ne-ronis, Lod^ve 43.45 3.19

Luxia. F., Odiel 37.25 6.48 w 7

Lycabettus M. (or An-ehesmus), Hill of St.

George 37.59 23.15 I 17

s

41.5

36.25

27.10

38.31

37.23

35.10

37.51

40.17

33.43

31.56

38.30

40.4051.40

40.45

37.42

37.45

36.45

39.32

NAMRS.Lycacus M., Dhiuforti..

LycaoniaLycastus ?

Lycastus Y^Merd IrmakLychnidusLychnitis L., Goukcha,

or SevanLj'chnitis L., L. of

OchridaLyciaLycopolis, Sioitt

Lycoreia M., Liakhoitra

LycosuraLyctus, or LyttusLj'curia? LykuriaLycus, or Zabatus, F.,

Great ZabLycus F. (Bithynia),

Kilij Sit

Lycus F. (Harpasus of

Xenophon ?), JorukSu

Lycus F. (Pontus), Ger-meili Tchai

Lycus F. (Syria), Nahrel-Kelh

Lydda, aft. Diospolis,

LoodLydiaLydias F., Vistritza• Lygii

LyncestisLyrcea, SkalaLyrceium MLyrnateaLyrnessusLysa, r. in Wddy Liis-

sdnLysias ? Khosru PashaKhan

Lysimachi^a, Examilx..Lysimachia, Conope, or

Hyria, L., Zygos, or

AngelokastroLystra ? Bin-hirkilissa..

M.

Maarsares F.? 32.10

Maearas F. (Bagradas),Mejerdah 36.22

Macareae? 37.24Macedo.nia 41.0

Macella 37.57Macestus F., Suserlu

Tchai 39.30

Macota Pr., lias Mus-sendom 26.22

Maehaerus ? 31.43

Macistus, Mofkitza 37.27

Macomada? 31.15Macomada, or Maco-mades, Sidi Maha-reas 34.31

Macoraba, Mecca 21.25

Macra F., Magra 44.15

Maori Campi 44.37

Maoris, Cranae, or He-lena, I., Makronisi... 57.41

Macron Teichos 41.12

*Macrones 40.46

Maotorium, -Bu^era , 37.11

Macynia 38.21

Madaura (Admedera)?Ayedrah 35.30

Madian, n. Mnkna-. 28.23

Madrenae, Muderli 40.28

Madytus, JlJaitos 40.11

Maeander F., MendereSu 37.46

Maenalus M 37.34

Maenoba, Velez Malaga 30.47

Macnnba F., Velez 37.0

Maeonia 38.45

LAT.

NAMES. I-AT. I.OfJr,.

Mantua, Mantua 45°.9' 10°.49'

Maon, Ma'ui 31.25 .35.11

Maraeanda, Stniiarcand .39.56 66.55

Marah? A!,i Iluwarah.. 29.23 32.57

Marandara 39.11 36.9

Maratha 37.32 21.58

Marathesium, SkataNuova 37.52 27.17

Marathon, Vrana 38.7 23.57

Marathon, Plain of 38.13 23.58

MsiTa.t\iyxa,n. A!nel-Hije 34.48 35.58

Marathus, Sidhiro-Kaf-l-hio 38.22 22.42

Marcelliana, La Sala... 40.23 15.35

Marcianopolis? 43.15 27.29

Marcina, VIetri 40.39 14.43

Marcomagu.s, J/arnini/cn 50.34 6.32

Maroomanni, for. Boii 49.30 14.30

«Mardi 36.20 51.0

]\Iare Aogaeuin, Archi-

pelago 38.0 25.30

Mare Atlantlcum, or

E.\ternum, Atlantic

Ocean 40.0 20.0 WMare Azanium, or S.

Barbarlcus 0.0 50.0

Mare Carp.athium 36.0 27.0

Mare Caspium (or Hyr-canuui), Caspian Sea 42.0 60.0

Mare Creticum 36.0 25.0

Mare Erythraeum, In-

dian Ocean 15.0 CO.O

Mare Germanieum, or

Oceanus (iermanicus,

German Ocean 55.0 5.0

Mare Iladriaticum, or

Superum, Adriatic

Sea 44.0 14.0

Mare Internum, Medi-terranean Sea 35.0 20.0

Mare Myrtoum 37.20 24.0

Mare Pigrum (OceanusSeptentrionalis) 66.30 5.0

Mare Suevicum, Baltic

Sea 56.0 18.0

Mare Thracium 40.0 25.0

Mare Tyrrhenum, or

Inferum 40.0 14.0

Marea, or Palaemaria,El-Rashcat 30.56 30.3

Mareotis L 31.10 30.0

Maresha (Mari-^sa) 31.35 .34.55

Margana? Pijyfjo 37.40 21.27

MarglIna 38.0 62.0

Margidunum, n. EuatBridgeford 52.58 0.58 w

Margus 44.40 21.8

Margus F., Moorghauh.. 37.0 62.25

Margus P., J/orora 44.0 21.15

Mariaba, 31areh 15.45 45.40Mariana, Alcuhillaa 38.58 3.32 w*Mariandyni 41.0 31.0

Marianae Fossae, Fozlea Martiguea 43.26 4.57

Marianunj? 41.35 8.48

Marianum, Blarano 45.45 13.10Marianus M., SierraMorena 38.20 5.0 w

Maride, Mardin 37.20 40.38Maridunura (or Muridu-num), Caermarthen... 51.51 4.19 w

Marinianae 45.46 18.0

Marissa (Mareshah) 31.35 34.55Mari.sus F., Ilaroa 46.4 22.0Maritima, or Hiera, I.,

Mnretimo 38.0 12.1

Marius, Kato Mari 37.1 22.51Marmara ? r. n. Tchan-

deer 36.47 30.30Marmarica 31.30 24.0*MarmaridaeMarmarium, Marmari... 38.4 24.18MaronGa, Marrah 35.41 36.43

NAMKS. LAT.

Marone:i, Campo Ma-rano 41°.50'

Mariinea, Mnrona 40.53

Marpessa, Mt. Eliax 37.3

Marrubiuin, or Marru-viura, S. Benedetto.... 41.59

*Marrucini 42.15

*Marsi 41.54

«Marsi 52.10

*Marsigni 51.0

Marsyas F., TachinarTchai 37.36

Marta F., Marta 42.20

Marthula, Vitzeh 41.16

Martia (Pons Nartiae)?Monteceda 42.58

Martilus S., G. of Ki-aamoa 35.35

Martyropijlis, Meiafa-rakin 38.11

Marus P., March, or3Iorava 48.30

Masada, Sehheh 31.20

Mascas F 34.25

Masciaeum, Schwaz 47.21

Masclianae, Karanaebes 45.24

•MasaesyliMases? St. Dimitrias... 37.25

Masius M., Jehcl Toor,

&e 37.34

Massa Veternensis,3Ia8sa 43.2

*Massae.«!ylii 36.0

Massaga? Hiiahtnagar.. 34.17

Massagetae 43.0

Massicus Mens, Mt.Mnaaico 41.10

Massienus S 37.20

Massilia, Blarseillea 43.17

Mastaura, JA(«^nfro 37.69

Mastusia Prom., C.

Helles 40.3

Matalia 34.58

Mateola, Matera 40.39

Maternum, Farneae 42.30

Maternum, Maderno.... 45.38

Mathia (or Tematbia)M., Lykodhimo 36.55

Matiene 35.0

Matilica, Matelica 43.15

Matinum Littus, J/<///-

nata 41.43

Matisco, Macon 46.19

Matium 35.23

Matrinura 42.31

Matrlnus F., Pioniba... 42.31

Matrona F., Marne 49.0

*Mattiaci 50.15

Mattiacum ? Marburg... 50.49

Mattium? Mctz 61.12

Matusarum, Ponte doSoro 39.15

*MatycetaeMauritania Caesa-

RiENsis 36.0

Mauritania TiNGiTANA 33.0

*MaureusiiMaximianopolis 32.34

Ma.xula, Aradis 36.45

Mazaca, aft. Caesarea,Kaiaarii/eh 38.43

Mazara, Mesara 38.33

Mazai-a, or Mazaras, F.,

Fiume di 3fazzara.... 37.45

Mazaras P.? Goorkan... 37.10

Mazaruin, 3hizzara 37.40

Mearus F., 3Iero 43.15Mecyberna, Jlolivo-

pyrgo 40.17Mcdeba, Mndeha 31.43

Medeon, Dheafina 38.24Medeon, n. Katuna 38.47

Media 35.40

LONG. MAP.

14°.36'

25.30

25.10

13..36

14.10

13.30

7.40

15.30

28.0

11.50

41.18

7.46 w

23.50

40.47

17.0

35.25

41.5

11.44

22.17

23.9

41.0

10.53

NAMES. LAT. LONG.

Mellaria, Hinojosa (de

Cordoba) 38°.25' 5°.4'

w

Mellisurgis, McUisuryus 40. .S7 23.12

Melodunum, JA'/«« 48. .31 2.40

Melos, iViVo .36.42 24.29

Melos I., J/(7" 36.40 24.30

Melotis 40.7 20.48

Melphes F., Molpa 40.5 15.7

Mel.^us F., iVarcea 43.17 6.30 wMelta, Lo/tcha 43.12 24.49Memnonis Tumulus 40.18 27.35

Memphis, Metrahemuj... 29.52 31.15

Menae, J/i'»eo 37.14 14.41

Menapia, Porthmawr, n.

St. David'

8

61.54 5.17WMenapia, Wexford 52.21 6.27 w«Menapii 51.25 4.30

Menaria I., J/e?o?-o 43.34 10.12

Mende, n. C. Posidhi... 39.68 23.22

Mendes? 31.4 31.33

Mendesian Mouth (of

Nile), IJihe Month 31.20 31.50

Mendiculeia? Alcolea... 41.42 0.5

Menclaus Portus 31.54 24.56

Menesthei Portus, Har-bor of Cadiz 36.34 6.20 w

Meninx, or LotophagT-tis, I. (aft. Girba),

Jerbah 33.45 11.0

Menlascus F., Bidassoa 43.15 1.40 wMenneianae, Bodeijruje 45.25 17.12

MenobaF 37.25 6.5 wMentesa Bastia, S.

Tome 38.6 3.20 wMentonomon SMenuthias I., Zanzibar 6.0 39.18

Mercurii Pr., C. Bon.... 37.5 11.4

Mergablum, Conil 36.17 6.4 wMergana? 37.46 13.31

Merinum, S. Merino 41.54 16.6

Merobrica,orMirobriga?Santiago de Cacem... 38.3 8.44 W

Meroe ? El-Bekrauwi-yah 16.60 33.42

Meroe 1 16.0 35.0

Mcrom, Waters of (Sa-

mochonitis L.), Bahrel-Honle 3.3.5 35.38

Merula F., Arosia 44.4 8.0

Mesambria 40.51 25.42

Mesambria, Bushire 29.0 60.47

Mesanites S., KhorAbdullah 29.55 48.15

Mese I., Por^eros 43.0 6.24

Mesembria, Missivri 42.40 27.45

Mesene 33.55 44.0

»Mesiates 46.17 9.7

Mesobatene 33.30 46.45

Mesochorion? 40.27 17.27

Mesogaea.. 38.0 23.55

MesSla 37.4 22.0

Mesopotamia, Al-Jezi-

rch 36.0 41.0

Mesplla (Ninus), NebbiYunua 36.21 4.3.11

Messa, 3[ezapo 36.33 22.23

Messana, Messina 38.11 15.34

Messapia, or Iapygia 40.30 17.40

Messapia, 3fcsngne 40.33 17.50

Messapium M., Ktypa.. 38.26 23.30

Me.'^sene 37.10 21.66

Messenia 37.8 21.50

Messeniacus S. (Asi-

iiaeus S.), G. of Kala-mata 36.45 22.5

Messogis M., KeataneDarjh, &c 38.0 28.0

Mestri.ina? 47vl0 17.2

Mesyla 36.21 43.11

Metagonites (or Meta-gnnium) Pr 35.15 2.45 w

Metalla, hjlesias 39.19 8.32

Metapa? 38.36 21.31

NAMES. LAT. LONG.

Mctapontum, Torre aMare 40°.21' 16°.46'

MetarisAest., r/teirosA 53.0 0.20

Mctaurum, Gioja 38.25 15.56

Metaurus P., jilarro 38.25 15.66

Metaurus F., Ifetauro... 43.50 13.1

MetiJlis? 31.15 30.32

McteWlimm, JfedcUin... 38.64 5.57 WMethana, or Methone,

3/effalo Khorio 37.35 23.21

Methone, or Mothone,Mothoni 36.49 21.43

Methone (Pieria), Elef-thcro-khnri 40.25 22.-34

Methone (Thessalia).... 39.20 23.5

Methurides I''^, lievi-

touza, &c 37.68 22.24

Methydrium, n. Nem-nitza 37.38 22.11

Methymna 35.30 23.43

Methymna, 3IoUvo 39.22 26.11

Metropolis (Acarnania),

Lygovitzi 38.38 21.14

Metropolis (Amphilo-chia) 38.58 21.11

Metropolis(Ionia), Yeni-

keui 38.5 27.22

Metropolis (Phrygia)?Dmihan Avshrn 39.13 30.30

Metropolis (Thessalia),

Palcokastro 39.18 21.47

Mettis, J/e^z 49.7 6.10

Mevania, Bevagna 42.56 12.38

Mevaniola, Ga'leatn 44.0 11.56

Miacum, Torre Lodnnea 40.35 3.55 wMichmasb, 3fti/chma8... 31.63 35.17

Midaium, Harab Ewren 39.30 31.2

Midea 37.36 22.52

Mideia 38.25 22.51

»Midianites 28.30 34.20

Miletopolis, 3Iualitach.. 40.12 28.22

Miletopolitis L., L.

3fanii/as 40.10 28.0

Miletus, Palatia 37.32 27.18

Miletus (Creta), 3Hlata 35.17 25.35

Miletus F 35.16 25.36

MilTchus F., Ilivcr ofSykena 38.16 21.44

MiLYAS 36.50 30.10

Milyas, 3IilU 37.23 30.43

Mimas M., Kara Bour-nou DcHjh 38.39 26.30

Mina? in Wady 3Iina.. 35.42 0.30

Minariacum? Merville.. 60.39 2.37

Mincius F., 3Iincio 46.20 10.44

Minervae Pr., Campa-nella Point 40..34 14.20

Minervium, 3Iancrbio... 45.21 10.10

Minio F., 3fi(/none 42.12 11.60

Minius, or Baenis, F.,

3£inho 42.0 8.36 wMinnodUnum, Jlondon.. 46.41 6.49

Minoa (Amorgos), TaKatapola 36.50 25.53

Minoa (Creta) 35.30 24.11

Minoa (Creta) ? Castel

Jlirabel/o 35.11 25.44

Minoa (Laconia), 3Io-

nemvaaia 36.41 23.3

Minoa (Siphnos) 36.59 24.41

Minthe M., Alvena 37.30 21.46

Minturnae 41.15 13.45

Mirobriga, Pitebla de

Alcoser 38.43 5.5 wMirobriga,orMerobrica ?

Santiago de Cacem... 38.3 8.44 wMisenum Pr., G. 3Iiseno 40.47 14.5

Misio F., 3ruscone 43.26 13.30

Misus F., Miao 4.3.36 13.0

Mizpeh, Neby Sanuveel 31.49 35.10

Mnemium Pr., RaiRoway, or G. Calmez 21.0 37.12

Mnizus, Tlyasc/t 40.2 32.30

I.AT. LONG. MAP.

8°.40'w

NAMKS. LAT.

Niclum ? Hit Salamel.. iiO°.20'

Nii'oiaeJia, for. Olbia,

hmhi 40.48

Nicopolis (Aegyptus)... 31.14

Nicopolis (Epirus), Pa-leo-prevena 39.0

Nicopolis (Pontus), En-deres 39.57

Nicopolis 41.6

Nicopolis (Thracia), Ni-kiypoli 41.7

Nicopolis ad latrum,NUcip 43.20

Nicopolis (ad Istrutn),

NiL-opol 43.45

Nicotera, Nicotera 38.32

Nidum, Neath 51.40

Nigama, Neiiapatam..., 10.43

Niger F., JoUba 13.0

Nigira? Timbuctoo 17.22

*Nigritae 14.0

Nileus F.? 38..S3

Nilopolis 29.7

Nilus F.,Nile 21.20

Nineveh, Nehhi Yuniia,

Koui/ftiijik, &c 36.21

Ninus(MespilaofXeno-phon), or Nineveh,Nebhi Yumis 36.21

Niphates M., Ali-Dagh,d-c 38.30

Nisaea, Nissn 37.50

Nisiiea, r. n. S. NiJcolao 37.59

Nisaean Plains 34.0

Nisibis, or AntiochiaMygdonia, Nwibin... 37.1

Nisyros? 35.42

Nisyros I., Nisero 36.35

Nithine? 30.49

*Nithones, or Vithones 52.50

«Nitiobriges 44.30

Nivaria, Majfidos 41.27

Nivaria I., Teiieriffe 28.15

Nivernuin, Nevers 46.58

Noae, Noara 37.58

Noega, (rijui) 43.35

Nola, iVola 40.55

Nomentum, Mentana... 42.4

Nona'cris, Solo 38.1

Norba, Cnnrersauo 40.57

Norba, Norma 41.34

Norb.a Caesarea, Alcan-

tara 39.41

Noreia? Neumarkt 47.4

NoRiCDM 47.30

Notium Prom., MizenHead 51.26

Nova, Dobra 44.36

Nova Sparsa 35.43

Novae, Gonrabeli 43.39

Novana, Novi 42.59

*Novantae 55.15

Novantum Chersonesus 54.50

Novantuin Pr., Midi ofGalloway 54.38

Novaria, Novara 45.27

Novesium, Neusa 51.11

Noviodunum, Karhtadt 45.30

Noviodunum ? Neuvysur Baranjon 47.19

Noviodunum ? Toidtcha 45.10

Noviodunum, aft. Dia-

blintes, Jubleins 48.17

Noviodunum, aft. Ni-

vernum, Nevers 46.58

Noviodunum, aft. Au-gusta Suessionum,Soiesons 49.24

Noviodunum, or Colonia

Equestris, Nyon 46.23

Noviomagus ? HolwoodHill, n. Kextn,i 51.21

Noviomagus, Neumaijeii 49.53

LONG. MAP

NAMES. LAT. LONG.

Olives, Mount of, Jehel

Toor 31°.47' .35°.15'

Olizon 39.7 23.14

Ollius F., Ofjlio 45.55 10.14

Ohaems 'E.'f Zar/ara..., 38.20 23.4Olraiae Pr., C. Olmia... 38.4 22.58

Olmones? 38.28 23.6

Oloctodariza 40.2 38.49Olophyxus, Khilandari 40.20 24.8

Olpae, Arapi 38.57 21.9Olpae (Locris) 38.26 22.12OltisF., Zo( 44.40 2.30Olurus, Xylo-lzaetro 38.4 22.38Olus ? Porto di SpinaLonqa 35.16 25.44

Olvmpene ,.,. 39.45 29.0Olyuipia 37.38 21.38Olympus, Tschiraly 36.24 30.30Olympus M. (Bithynia),

Khcshish Daijh 40.0 29.20Olympus M. (Cyprus),

'Ofos Troados 34.56 32.52Olvinpus M. (Ionia),

'M„fi Darjh 38.22 27.22Olympus M. (or Ormi-

nium), Ala Darjh 40.20 32.0Olympus M. (Thessalia),

Uicha 40.5 22.21Olynthus, Agia Ilaria,

or Aio Jfamaa 40.16 23.21*Omanitae, Omatm 23.30 67.0Omh\, Koom Ombo 24.28 32.59Ouiirras F. (Euphra-

tes?), 3Inrad Tchai.. 38.50 40.30Omphalium 35.13 25.6Omphalium? 39.56 20.28On, or Onion? (VicusJudaeorum), Tell el-

Yehud 30.22 31.28Oneeium? 37.41 21.52Oiichesmus, Santa Qua-

rnnta 39.53 20.2Onchestus 38.21 23.9OnchestusF 39.33 22.31OnciaM 37.52 22.56Oneum? 43.29 16.39OnisiaL? 35.11 26.18OmAm, Huelba 37.15 6.50 wOnobalas F. (Aceslnes,

or Asines), Cantara... 37.50 15.10OnochonusF.? 39.23 22.6On this L., L. of Boh-

liori 38.21 21.35Onugnatlius I., Cervt,

or Elafonisi 36.28 22.58Onuphis? Mit Ghamr... 30.44 31.14••Ophionenses 38.37 22.0Ophir? 13.20 45.0Opliius, 0/.., 40.59 40.19Ophiusa, or Colubraria

I. (of Strabo), For-mentera 38.42 1.25

Ophiusa, or Colubraria,,

I., Columhretes 39.54 0.45Ophiussa I., A/sia 40.30 27.30Ophrynium 40.1 26.21Opinum, Oppido 40.44 15.59Opis? 34.10 43.52Opitergium, Oderzo 45.47 12.31Opizus? 42.2 25.32Oplonti, Torre dell'

Annnneiata 40.45 14.27Opone, Zfo/oon 10.26 51.18OppTdum Novum, M-Kadurah 36.9 2.9

Oppidum Novum, iVaye 43.11 0.16 wOptatiana, Szamosujvar,

or Armcnienstadt 47.1 23.50OxiuniWKa.,Mt.Khlomo,&c 38.35 23.0

Opus (Elis), n. Skiadha 37.52 21.41Opus (Locris), Kardhe-

nitsa 38.30 23.4 16

NAMES. LAT.Opus Prom 38°. 19

Ora? „ 34.12Orbalisene 40.0

Orbelus M 41.16Orcades I''^, Orkneyif

Islands 59.0

Orcas, or Tarvedum, Pr.,

Dunnet Head 58.41

Orcboe, 3[ogehjer 30.47Orebomenus (Arcadia),KalpaM 37.44

Orebomenus (Boeotia),

r. n. Skripu 38.29Orcistus, Alekiam Jaila 39.14Ordessus, or Ardiscus,

F., Arjisch 44.23*Ordovices 52.48Ordymnus M 39.14Orestis 40.31Orestium, Marmaria.... 37.23••Oretani 38.30Oretbus F., Oreto 38.6Oretum 38.50Oreus (Histiaea), Oreos 38.57Orexis M 37.51Orgia, Organya 42.13Orgus F., Oreo 45.25Oricum, or Oricus,Erikho 40.22

Orippo, Alcala de Gxia-

dai'ra 37.16*Oritae 26.0Oriundus F., Boyana... 41.50Oriza? Es-Sukhneh 34.44Orminium M. (Olym-

pus), Ala Dagh 40.20Orneae 37.47Ornitbopolis ? Adldn... 33.24Oroanda? Arxoan 37.14Oroatis, or Arosis, F.,

Tab 30.20Orobiae, Rovies 38.48»Orobii 45.55Orobis, or Orbis, F., Orb 43.30Orolaunum, Arlon 49.40Orontes F., Nahr El-Ahay 35.50

Orontes M., Ehound 34.45Oropus, Oropo 38.17Orospcda Mons, SierraAlcaraz,&c 39.0

Orra, or Uria Locrorum,Palazzi 38.8

Orsene 39.20Orthopagum, or Thu-

rium, M 38.28Orthosia? 34.38Ortona, Ortona 42.21Ortopula, S. 3farco 44.16Ortospana? Caubool 34.28Ortygia, Siraetisa 37.3

Ortygia I. (or Delos),

Jbelos 37.23Orvium Prom., C. Sil-

leiro 42.5

Oryx, or Halus, n. Pod-hogora 37.46

OsaF., Osa 42.32Osaea ? Bocca dello

Stagno 39.49Osea, or Vesca, JSuesea 42.9

Oscela, Domo d'Osaolo.. 46.7Oscelis, Orihuela 38.8Oscineium, j)/o!(^ni d'Eb-

cinjot , 44.13*Osi 49.30*Osismii 48.20Osmus F., Osma 43.0Osopum, Osojw 46.15O.SROENE 37.20Ossa M.,Kisiiovo 39.48Osset 37.25Ossonoba, Faro 36.59

LONG. map.22°. 32'

7^2.23

38.25

23.40

3.0 w

3.24 w46.4

22.19

22.59

NAMES. LAT. LONG.

Palma, Palma 39°.35' 2°.39'

Palmaria I., Palmarola 40.56 12.52

Palmyra(Tadmor), Tad-mor 34.18 38.14

Palmyrene 34.40 38.30

Pains MaeOtis, Sea ofAzov 46.0 37.0

Palus Stentoris, G. ofEnos 40.43 26.5

Palus Tritonis, Al-Sib-hnh 33.30 8.45

Pambotis L., L. oflanina 39.50 21.0

PaniTsus F. (Messenia),

Ph-natza 37.6 22.0

Paiiiisus F. (Thessalia),

Bliuri, or Pilluri 39.27 21.50

Pampiiylia 37.0 31.0

Panachaicus Mons, Voi-

dia 38.12 21.52Panactum? 38.11 23.35Panaetolium M., Viena 38.40 21.30PanJataria I., Vando-

tcnn 40.47 13.25Pandosia (Bruttiorum),

n. 3lpndocino 39.17 16.11Pandosia (Epirus),A'as-

tri 39.18 20.36Pandosia (Lucania),

Aiig/o7ia 40.16 16.31

Paneas 33.15 35.47Paneas, or Caesarea-

Philippi, Banlaa 33.16 35.42

Panephysis? 31.8 31.50

PaJigaeus M., PilafTepeh 40.53 24.6

Panhormus, or Panor-mus, Palermo 38.7 13.21

Parjionium? 37.44 27.17Panium 33.17 35.41

Pannonia, Lower 47.0 16.0

Pannonia, Upper 46.0 18.0

Panopeus 38.29 22.48Panonnus, or Panhor-

mus), Palermo 38.7 13.21Panormus (Achaia) 38.19 21.49Panormus(Cephallenia),

Port Yiskardho 38.27 20.34Panormus (Creta) 35.25 24.29

Panormus (Ionia) 37.56 27.18Panormus Portus, Ka-

ra jla AfjaUch 36.50 28.30P.inormus Portus, J/arsrt

Snltom 31.29 25.11Panormus Portus, Pa-

norimo 37.41 24.4Panormus Portus, Port

Palermo 40.5 19.42Pantagias F., Poreari... 37.18 15.10Pantanus L., Lacjo di

Lesina 41.53 15.25Panticapaeum, Kertsch 45.22 36.28Pantichium, Paiidilc... 40.54 29.16Panysus F., Pravadi... 43.10 27.30Paphlagoxia 41.10 34.0

Paphos, Baffo 34.45 32.25

Piippa? 37.28 32.12

Papua M.? 37.3 7.20

Parachoathras M., Chain

of El-Biirz, or Cas-

pian M" 36.0 52.0

Paraetackn'e? 38.30 70.0

•Paraetaceni 33.0 51.0

Paraetonium, MarsaLnheit 31.21 27.12

Paralia 37.50 23.55

Paran, Desert of, El-Tih 30.30 34.45

Parapotamii, r. n. Be-lisxi 38..33 22.48

Parasopia, Plain of 38.15 23.20

Pauavaea 40.26 20.40

Pardo.=ona 39.50 35.21

map,

7

9

NAMES. LAT.

Pardua, iilano 42<'.4S'

Parembole, Dehod 23.55

Parcntium, Parenzo 45.14

*Paricanii? 27.35

Parietina, 3Iostaza 35.8

Parietini? 39.24

»Parisii 54.0

*Parisii 48.42

Pariura M 36.50

Parium, Kamares 40.25

Parma, Parma 44.48

Parma F., Parma 44.40

Parnassus? Koj Hissar 38.52

Parnassus M., Range ofLiahJioura 38.34

Parnes M., Nozia 38.11

Parnon M., Malevo, or

Kani 37.17

Paropamisus M., Seffeid

Koh 34.0

Paropus, Colleaanof 37.54

Paroreia 39.45

Paroreia, Paleomiri 37.29

Paroreus 38.30

P.aros, Parekhia 37.5

Paros I., Para 37.5

Parthanum, Parten-kirch 47.29

Parthenicum, n. Parte-nico 38.56

Parthenium, Bartan.... 41.40

Parthenius F., BartanTchai 41.30

Parthenius M., Par-theni 37.30

Parthenope (Neapolis),

Naples 40.51

Parthia 35.50

*Parthini 41.45

Paryadres Mons 40.40

Parysatis, Villages of?.. 35.15

Pasargadae ? JDeh Mi-nair 28.31

Pasira? 25.20

Pasitigris, or Eulaeus,

F., Ktuan 31.0

Passaron 39.40

Patara 36.15

Patavium, Padua 45.24

Patavinae Aquae, or

Aponi Fons, Bagnid'Ahano 45.22

Patavissa (Colonia),

Thorda 46.33

Pathmetic, see Phatnitic

Patmos I., Patino 37.20

Patrae, Patras 38.15

Patrocli I., Goidharo... 37.39

Pattala? Hyderahnd.... 25.23

Patumos (Thoum. or

Pithom), r. n. Abas-sieh 30.28

Patycus, Paola 39.22

Pauca, Porto Polo 41.43

Paura, Puhra 27.58

Paus 37.51

Pausilypus Mons, Hill

of Posilijm 40.49

Pax Julia, Beja 38.5

Paxus I., Paxo 39.11

Pedalium Pr., C. Grego 34.57

Pedalium Pr., or Arte-

misiura, C. Siivela 36.35

Pedasus? Paitschin 37.15

Pedasus? 39.32

Pcdiaios F 35.10

Pedieia? 38.37

Pedidm 38.0

Pednelissus 37.31

Pedona, Borgo S. Dal-mazzo 44.20

Pedum, Gallicnno 41.53

Pegae, Rapsomati 37.22

LONO.

NAMES. I-AT.

Persis 30°.0'

Perta, Ujuk Bowat 38.21

Pertusa, Pertusa 41.57

Perusia, Pertujia 43.7

Pessinus, Bala Hissar.. 39.20

Pessium (Contra Acin-

cum), Pcsth 47.30

Petaliae P=., Petalies I'. 38.0

Petavonium? 42.5

Peteon? 38.24

Petilia, Stronyoli 39.17

Petiliana 37.21

Petinesca, Bieiine 47.8

Petitarus F 38.52

Petra (Arabia), r. in

Wadi/ MoKsa 30.25

Petra (Colchis), Ziched-shari 41.44

Petra (Illyricum), on

C. Pali 41.25

Petra (Macedonia), Pe-trovitsch 41.26

Petra (Pieria) 40.11

Petra (Sicilia), Buon-pietro 37.44

Petra Magna 31.45

Petra Parva, Bas el-

Toum 32.14

Petra Pertiisa, Pietra

Pertusa 42.2

Petra Pertusa, or Inter-

cisa, II Furlo 43.36

Petrae 45.50

Petriana, Castlesteads... 54.57

Petrina? 37.41

*Petrocorii 45.0

Petrocorii, for.Vesunria,

Periguenx 45.11

Petromantalum,.S'f. Claii- 49.12

Petuaria ? Broxujh onHumher 5.3.44

Peuce I., Jfoish 45.0

Peucela? Pushkalavati 34.12

Peucetia 41.0

*Peucini 45.15

*Peucini, or Bastarnae 48.30

Phacium? 39.35

Phaciisa, Tell Fakhous 30.46

Phacussa I., Karo 36.53

Phaeilriades 38.30

Phaedrias? 37.21

Phaestus 35.3

Phaestus? AUfaka 39.34Phaestus, Vhhari 38.21

Phalacrium Prom., CapoJinsocolmo 38.18

Phalifcrum Prom., C.

Drasti 39.48Phalanna, n. Karajuli.,, 39.45Phalara 38.53Phalarus F 38.24Pliahisarna 35.31

Phalerum 37.56Phalerum Portus, PortoFandr! 37.56

Phaloria 39.36Phamothis, El-Khreit... 31.2Phanae Prom., C. Maa-

tiko 38.9Phanagoria, ». Taman.. 45.15Phanaroea 40.46Phara 38.38Pharae 38.5

Pharae, or Pherae, Ka-lamata 37.2

Pharaga, 3f<ikam 31.8Pharan, Feiraii 28.42Phuran Prom, (or Posi-

dium)? Jinn Jluhum-mrd 27.44

Phnraspa, Gaza, or

(lazaea, Takht-i-Sa-laimaun 36.23

LONG. MAP

NAMES. LAT.Pirina? 37°.51'

Piruin, Bukharest 44.28Pisa 37.40Pisae, Pisa 43.43

PisAEA, or PiSATis 37.43Pisaurum, Pesaro 43.55Pisavae, Pellisane 43.33PisiDiA 37.30Pisaurus, or Isaurus, F.,

Foylia 43.47Pisoraca P., Pisuerga... 41.50Pistorium, or Pistoria,

Pisfoja 43.58Pistyros 40.52Pitane, Sandarlik 38.56Pitch Springs (of Za-

eynthus) 37.41Pitheousa, Aenaria, or

Inarime, I., Ischia.... 40.44Pithom, Tlioum, or

Etliam, (Patumos?)r. n. Abassieh 30.28

Pitonlus P., Giovenco... 41.59Pitya 40.26Pityonnesus I., Angistri 37.42Pityus, Pitzuuda 43.10Pityusae I"^, Iviza andFormentera 39.0

Pityussa 1 37.26"Pity nsf^iCl.,DanaAdaasi,

or Provencal 1 36.11Placentia, Piaeenza 45.3

Plagiaria ? El-Coman-dante 39.7

Planasia I., Planosa.... 42.33Planesia I., Plana 38.10

Plataeae, KoHa 38.12

Platamodes Prom 37.9

Platanistus 36.3

Plntjinistus Prom., C.

Spathi 36.23Platanum 33.41Platea I., Bo7nba 32.23Plateia, Plaka 36.4Plavis F., Piave 46.20Pleistus F., Xerojiotaiyio 38.28Plemmyrium 37.1

*Pleraei 43.0

Plera, Gravina 40.46Plestinia? Peschio Asse-

rolo 41.49Pleuron, Castle of Irene 38.25Plinii Villa, Plhuana.... 45.52Plintlnne? 30.54Plinthinetes S., Arabs

Gulf 31.0

Plumbaria 1 38.46Plumbaria (or Enosis?)

I., .S'. Antioco 39.0

Pluiiibinaria,P()»^ji«ara 41.44Pluvialia I.? Ferro, or

Hierro 27.45Podalia 36.47Podandus 37.22Poecilasium 35.14Poecile Petra 36.24»Poediculi 41.10Poetovio, Pettau 46.25Pogla, Fidla 37.16

Pogon, Port Vidhi 37.31

Poiessa 37.35

Pula, aft. Pietas Julia,

Poln 44.52

Polaticum Pr., C. Pro-moiitoire 44.46

Poleraoniuin, Puleman.. 41.1

Poliehne, Itconda 37.15

Poliohne 37.17Poliehne? Sknla 38.22

Polimartiiiui, Bomarzo.. 42..')0

Politoriuin, La Giostra 41.46

Pollentia, Pollenzn 44.41

Pollentia, Pullenza 39.52

9

LOXfi. MAP.

NAMES. LAT. LONG. MAI

PosiJoniuiu, or Posi-

(li'^um Pr., C. Posidhi,

or Kassandm 39°.5/" 23°.21' 15

Posidonium, Port Kis-

ternes, or Asomata.... 36.24 22.29 18

Potami 41.58 34.50 20

PoTAMiA 40.50 3.3.0 20

Potamos, Paleo Kastro 37.47 24.2 18

Potentia, Potenza 40.37 15.47 9

Potentia, S. iVaria di

Potenza 4.3.24 13.39 8

Potentia F., Potenza.... 43.25 13.39 8

Potidaea, aft. Cassan-dria, Pinaka 40.11 23.20 15

Potniao? 38.17 23.18 16

Praeneste, Palestriiia... 41.51 12.55 11

Praesidium? 41.58 9.24 9

Praesidiuin? 41.8 7.45 w 7

Praesidium? ^S". ^sieyaji 42.26 7.48 w 7

Praesidium, S. Luear de

Guadiana 37.20 '7.16 W 7

Praesidium Julium, or

Scalabis, Santarem... 39.16 8.38 w 7

Praesidium Pompeii,Boulovan 43.30 21..32 14

Praesus 35.7 26.7 19

Praetoria Augusta 45.56 27.0 14

Praetorium 45.7 22.21 14

Praetorium 46.4 1.35 6

Praetorium, i^ossTf/^iana 43.31 16.7 14

Praetorium, GranoUers 41.38 2.20 7

Praetorium ? n. Hun-maiihy 54.11 0.18 W 6

Praetorium, Eiinnik 45.4 24.23 14

Praetorium Agrippinae,n. Zwieten 52.8 4.32 6

Praetorium Latovieo-rum, Neustadtl 45.48 15.13 14

*Praetutii 42.35 13.35 8

Pramnos M., Melissa... 37.33 26.5 19

Prasiae, r. on PortoRafti 37.52 24.2 IS

Prasiae, or Brasiae ? St.

Andreas 37.22 22.47 18Prasias, or Cercinltis,

L., Tahliyno 40.55 23.50 19«Prasii 26.0 83.0 2

Pr.asum Prom., 0. Del-gado 10.20s 40.20 2

Premnis, Ihrim 22.40 32,0 3

Prepesinthos I., Despo-tiko 36.57 25.0 19

Pria, or Iria Flavia, El-Padron 42.38 8.38 w 7

Priansus? 35.1 25.18 19Priapus 40.25 27.20 19Priene, Samsoun 37.40 27.19 19Prifernum, Assergio 42.23 13.32 8Privernum, w. Piperno.. 41.29 13.11 11Probalinthus 38.6 23.59 16Probatia P 38.26 22.51 16Prochyta I., Procida... 40.45 14.1 13Procolitia, Carraiciiirjffe 55.2 2.11^7 5

Proconnesus I., Mar-mora 40.37 27.35 19

Proerna, Ghynekokastro 39.13 22.16 15Prolaqueum, Pioracco.. 43.8 13.1 8Promuna 44.0 16.12 14Proni, 71. Limenia 38.8 20.47 18Prophthasia, Peshawu-

roon 31.50 61.48 3Propontis, Sea of Mar-mora 40.45 28.0 20

Proschium 38.28 21.22 18Prosymna 37.35 22.57 18Prote I., Porqiterolles... 4.3.0 6.13 8Prote I., Proti 37.3 21.34 18Prusa, Briisa 40.10 29.8 20Prusias, or Cierus, Us-

kub, or Eski Bagh.... 40.50 31.21 20Prymuessus ? Seid el-

Ghnzy ,'59.23 30.55 20Prytanis F., Kala. Verc 41.0 41.10 I 20

NAMES. LAT.

Psaeon Pr., G. Spada... 35°.41

Psamathus Portus, PortKaio 36.26

Psaphara, or Antigonea 40.20

Psaphis, Kalamo 38.16

Pselcis, Bakke 23.12Psilis

,36.42

Psilis F 41.5

Psophis, Tripotamo 37.52

Psyohium 35.6

Psygmos, Gulwaini [or

Great L.) 11.59

Psylli

Psyra I., Psara 38.35Psyttaleia I., Lipso 37.56Pteleum? 38.30

Pteleum, Pteleo 39.1

Ptolemais (Accho), St.

Jean d'Acre 32.56Ptolemais (Cyrenaica),

Tolmeita 32.43Ptolemais Hermii, El-Mcnshleh 26.28

Ptolemais Theron ? ErihIsland 18.8

Ptoum M., Strutzina.... 38.27Ptychia I., Vido 39.38Pucinum, Castel Duino 45.46Pulchrum Prom. ? G.

Zeheeh 37.17Pullariae I^^, Brioni,

(tc 44.54Pullopice, Finale 44.11Pulora I., Polior 26.17Pumentum, Cerenza 39.16Pupulum, Villamasar-gia 39.17

Puteolanus (or Cam-panus) S., Bay ofNaples 40.40

Puteoli, Puzzuoli 40.49Pycnus F 35.36Pydna, Kitro 40.22Pygela 37.54PygmaeiPylae Albaniae, or Cas-

piae, Pass of Derhend 42.0

Pylae Amanicae (of

Arrian) 37.0Pylae Caspiae, Pass of

Gadiik 35.50Pylae Caucasiae, Passof Bariel 42.44

Pylae Ciliciae, GolekBoghaz 37.14

Pylae(ofMesopotamia) ?

Anbar 33.30Pylae Persicae ? Kaleh

Sefeed 30.16Pylae (Pontus), Kula-

bat Boghaz 40.37Pylae Syriae, Pass ofBeilan 36.29

Pylae Syriae-Ciliciae,

Sakal Tutan 36.39Pylae Zagri ( or Mediae),

Tak-i-Girrah 34.25Pylus 37.0Pylus, or Coryphasium,Paleo Avarin 36.57

Pylus (Elis), n. Knlvgli 37.50Pylus (Tryphylia), .Bjs-

kini 37.29Pyra M 38.50Pyramids (Great) 29.58Pyramus F., JaiJidn 37.18Pyranthus, Pyrathi 35.6

Pyrenaei Ms., Pyrenees 42.40Pyrenaeum Prom., C.

Creiise 42.19Pyrgi 37.24Pyrgi, Santa Severa 42.1

Pyrrha (Ionia) 37.30

LONG.23°.44'

22.30

23.6

23.53

32.46

28.44

30.0

21.54

24.41

50.45

25.36

23.35

26.25

22.57

35.5

20.55

31.48

38.30

23.17

19.55

13.27

10.1

1.3.45

8.20

54.38

16.49

8.38

MAP.

19

IS

1516

3

19

2018

19

2

1

19

16

19

15

21

23

3

3

16

15

8

23

8

8

3

9

14.10

14.7

2.3.58

22.33

27.18

NAMES. LAT.Re?nena, aft. Tlienrlo-

siopolis, lias el-Ain.. 36°.52

Resapha, Resafah 35.34Piesen (Larissa) ? Nim-

roiid 36.0Respa, Molfetta 41.12Retinii, n. Resina 40.48*Reudigni 53.20Reve?.«ium, ,9. Paulien 45.8Rha F.. Volija 50.0

RhaF.( East branch of),

Kama 56.0

Rhabon F., Schyl 44.30Rhaedestus, orBisanthe,

Rodosto 40.59Rhaetia 47.0

Rhaotiaria, or Ratiaria,

Widin 43.57Rhagae, Veramin 35.37Rhamnus, Oun'okasti-o.. 38.12Rhamnus Portus, Sto-

mio 35.23Rhaptum Prom. ? 2.0 s

Rliaptus F.? 2.0sRbatostathybius F.,

Taff 51.30Rhaucus 35.15Rhausium 42.42Rhebas, Riva Kaleh 41.14Rhenium, Reggio 38.6

Rbeiti 38.1

Rheitrum Portus, G. of3Mo 38.23

Rheitus, n. Galalalci.,., 37.51

Rhenea I., Rhenea 37.25Rbonus F., Rhine 49.0

Rhenus F., Row 44.15

Rhesus F., Karatli 40.11Rhezius, Riza 41.4

RbiECodunum, or Coc-eium, Rihchcster 53.49

Pthinocolura, or Rhino-oorura? El-Arish 31.6

RhipaeiRniuM 36.50

Rhium Prom., Capo di

Feno 41.58

Rhium Prom., KastroMorea 38.18

Rhizon. Rhano 42.32Rhi/.HS? 39.40

Rhoda, Rosas 42.18

Rhodanus F,, Rhone.... 44.20

Rhodius F 40.8

Rhndope M., DespotoDagh 41.30

Rhodos, Rhodes 36.26

Uhados I., Rhodes 36.10

Rhoduntia 38.45

Rhodusa I., Ltnosa 36.46

Rhoeteum 39.59

Rhoeteum Prom 40.

Rhoge I., St. George.... 36.9

Rhossus, Arsoos 36.25

Rhossus Mons, Jebel

Kesen'k 36.20

RhotanusF., Tavignano 42.13

Rhudiae(Iapygia)? 40.29

Rhudiae (Peucetia), An-dria 41.12

Rhygmana 36.5

Rhvndaeus F., Mua-iitsch 40.18

Rbyphae (or Rhypes)? 38.16

Ricina, i?ecco 44.23

Riduna I., Alderney 49.43

Rigomagus, Reinmagcn 50.34

Rigotnagus, Rinco 45.3

Riobe, Orb,/ 48.30

Ripa Alta?'. 46.31

Riphaci (or Hyperbo-rei) Montes, S. part

of Ural 58.0

LONG. MAP.

40°.l'

NAMES. LAT.

SalmantTca (Elman-tiea?), Salamroica.... 41°. 6'

Salmone, Kreknk! 37.40

Salmorudis, or Ilalmy-

ris? 44.50

Salmydessus, 3Iidiah... 41.40

Salo ''F.,XaloH 41.30

Salodurum, Soleure 47.13

Salon 40.40

Salona, Salona 43.32

Salsovia, Baba Darjh... 44.55

Salsulae, Salces 42.60

Salsura riumen 37.20

Salt, Valley of, El-Ghor 31.5

Saltici, Shante 39.30

Saltus Castuloiiensis..., 38.40

Salurnum, Salurno 46.17

«Salyes 43.30

Samara F., Somme. ...... 50.0

Samaria 32.10

Samaria, aft. Sebaste,

Sebiistieh 32.18

Samarobriva, aft. Am-biani, Amiens 49.54

Sambina? Seimarrah... 32.57

Sambracitanus S., St.

Tropez,or GrimaudB. 43.17

Sambulos M., Sunhulah 34.15

Same, Samos 38.14

Samicum 37.32

Saminthus? Kutzojiodhi 37.41

Samnium 41.30

SamochonitisL. (Watersof Merom), Bahi- el-

Houle 33.5

Samonium Prom., or

Salmone? C. Sidero.. 35.20

Samos 37.42

Samos I., Samo 37.45

Samos, or Cephallenia,

I., Cephalonia 38.15

Samosata, Samosat 37.32

Samothrace, Paleopoli.. 40.30

Samothrace I., Samo-thraki 40.26

Sanderva 42.42

Sane 40.6

Sane (Uranopolis?) 40.22

Sangala? 31.0

Sftngarius F., Sakaria.. 40.0

Sanina, Mor/han 39.38

Sanisera, Alajor 39.53

Sanora, Schemkur 40.43

Santicum, «. Villach.... 46.38

*Santones, or Santoni.. 45.45

Santones, Saintes 45.45

Santonum Portus, LaRochdle 46.10

Santonum Prom 46.16Sapianae, Fiin/kirchen,

or Pecs 46.5

Sapis F., Savio 43.54Sappbe, or Bezabde,

Jezireh Tbn Omar.... 37.17

Saragana, Sinkar 36.54Saramene 41.20Saranga 26.0

Sarapana, Scharo2Hini... 42.6

Sardiea, Sophia 42.37Sardis, Sart 38.28Sardo, or Sardinia,

Sardinia 40.0

Sarepta (Zarepbath),Sur&fend 33.57

Sargarausene 39.23Sarmatia 54.0

Sarmatia Asiatica 46.0Sarmatici Ms 49.0Sarmaticus Oceanus, orMare Suevicum, Bal-tic Sea 67.0

Barmizegetusa (Col.

Ulpia Trajana) 45.30

LONG. MAP.

5°.42'w

NAMES. LAT.Segobodium, Seveux 47°.34'

Segobriga, Seyorbe 40.24Segodunum, aft. Ruteni,Ehodez 44.21

Segontia, Epila 41.41Segontia, Siguenza 41.4

*Segontiaci ; 51.6

Segontium, Caer Seiont

(Caernarvon) 53.9

Segora, S'egre 47.42

Segosa, Escourse 44.10

*Segovellauni 44.50

Segovia, Segovia 41.1

*Segusiani 45.40Segusio, Susa 45.7

Segustero, Sisteron 44.12

Seir Mt., Jebel esh-

Sherah 30.30

Seirae, Lopesi 37.52Sela 37.6

Sela F., Langovardho... 37.6

Selambina. Salohrena... 36.45

Selemnus F 38.16Seleucia 33.4

Seleucia? 33.3

Seleucia (Cilieia), Selef-

keh 36.23

Seleucia (Pamphylia)... 36.51Seleucia in Pieria, n.

Sundeiah 36.6

Seleucia Sidera, Eger-dir 37.54

Seledcis 36.15

Selge, Surk 37.19

*Selgovae 65.20

Seliniana ? Estrica 41.66

SelinItis 36.20

Selinus, Kosmas 37.6

Selinus, Pileri 37.36

Selinus, or Trajanopo-lis, Selinty 36.16

Selinus F., Madiani 37.36Selinus F., Vostitza 38.5

Selinus Portus, Esmarh 31.29

Sellasia, St. Saranda... 37.7

Sellium, Se!jo 39.46

Selymbria 41.5

Semirus F., Sivimari... 39.0

"*"Semnones 52.10

Sena F., Cesano 43.39Sena Gallica, Sinigag-

l!a 43.43

Sena P-., A de Sein.... 48.4

Sena Julia, Sienna 43.22

*Senones 48.0

*Sen6nes 43.50

Senones, Sens 48.11

Sentice, Castroverde 40.51

Sentinum, Senfina 43.26

Senus F., Shannon 53.15

Sepelaci, Castellan de la

Plana 39.59

Sepia M 39.54Sepias Prom 39.10

Sepinum, Sepino 41.26

Sepomana, Omago 45.25

Sepphoris, &ft. Diocae-

sarea, Sofurieh 32.46

Septem Maria 45.0

Se|)tem Fratres, Jehel

Moiisa 35.54

Septempeda, S. Severino 43.15

Septimauca, Simancas.. 41.35

Sequana F., Seine 49.0

*Sequani 47.0

Seranusa 40.27

Serapaeum .41.9

Serapeum (Baal-

zephon ?), r. below

Birket Temseh 30 24Serapis I., Massera 20.30

Serbonis \jnG\xs,Sabalcat

Bardowal 31.5

5°.45'

NAJfER. LAT. LONG.

Sitomagus, Dunwteli.... 52°.17' 1°.36'

gittace 3:?.17 44.26

SiTTACENE 33.20 44.30

Sivel, or Sucl, Cast, de

Fraiujerola 36.33 4.37 WSuienus F., Arna 36.43 22.33

Sminthiuiu, or Chryse.. 39.38 26.10

Smyrna, Snii/ma 38.25 27.10

Smyrna Antiqua 38.28 27.10

Soastris, Kciiprikeui.... 43.1 27.26

Socoh, Esh-ShniceiJceh.. 31.25 35.4

SoDUCENE 39.40 45.30

*Sogdi 28.20 69.30

SOGDIANA 40.0 64.0

Solentii P% ;?(Vo)ie, <tc. 43.26 16.10Soli, SoUa 35.9 32.51Soli, or Pompeiopolis,

jMezeti; 56.44 34.34Solia, or Arae Hesperi,

.S". Liicni- la Marjor... 37.24 6.2 WSolimariaca, Soidosse... 48.24 5.44

Solimnia I., Pelago 39.20 24.5

Sollium 38.48 20.52Soloeis Pr. ? 0. Spartel 35.47 5.56 wSoloeisPr,? C. Canthi.. 32.35 9.15 wSoloeis, or Solventia,

Pr.? C. Blanco 20.50 17.8 wSolomacum? 44.34 0.61 wSolona, Cittd del Sole... 44.13 12.0

Solonium? Sidlonaz 45.50 5.28

Solus, or Soluntium,Castello di S<danto... 38.5 13.31

Solygla, Galata 37.51 22.59Solyma M., Taktalu 36.40 30.30Sontia, Sniiza 40.13 15.24Sontius F., Isoiizo 46.0 13.40Sonus F., Sone 24.30 83.0

SoPHENE 38.30 39.30Sophon, Snhandscha.... 40.43 30.15Sora, .^orci 41.43 13.38Sorabile, Mnmojada 40.13 9.17Soracte M., Monte S.

Oi-esfe 42.17 12.30Sorbiodunum, Old Sa-

riim 51.6 1.48w*Sordi, or Sordones 42.30 2.30Sorek, Valley of, Wady

es-Stirar 31.48 34.50Soroba, Sarummlc 38.52 35.37Sossius F., Fiume diMarsala 37.48 12.30

Sostomagus, Castelnati-

dary 43.20 1.59Snstra? 42.58 25.11*S()tiates 44.6 0.0

Solium, Sos 44.3 0.9

Southern Horn (of

Hanno)? Sherhoro'Sound 7.40 12.50 W

Sozopolis, for. Apollo-nia, Sizeboli 42.26 27.44

Spalathrae 39.11 23.14Sparta, or Lacedaemon,

n. Mistra 37.5 22.26Spartarius Campus 37.45 1.0 TV

Spauta (or Mantiane)L.? L. Uruwii/ah 37.30 45.30

Spelunca, Sperlonga.... 41.14 13.25Speluncae, Grotia linssa 40.44 17.46Speos Artemidos? .Bent

Hassan 27.55 30.53Spercliiae 38.55 22.5Sperchius F., Ellada... 38.56 22.5Sphaeria? Poro 37.30 23.28Sphagia, or Sphacte-

riii r .36.56 21.41Sphendale, jlA(ii/«/.:asrt... 38.13 23.49Sphettus, Spnfa 37.57 23.55Sphingium, Phipiuiii. or

Pli<)enieinm,-M.,Fc(r/fj 38.23 23.12Spina? n. Mczznno 44.32 12.8Si>inae, Speen, n. New-

i"'i/ 51.25 1.21 w

MAP. NAMES.5 Spirae«m Prom., C.

22 Spli-l 37°.48

22 Spoletium, Spoleto 42.45Stabatio, Monsetier 44.58

Stabiac, Cnstdlamare.... 40.41

Stabiila, Ottmarsheim... 47.47

Stabiilum Novum, Sit-

jas 41.15

Stachir, or Trachir, F.,

Gambia 13.30

Stageiru?, or Stageira? 40.35

Stanacum? 48.26

Staneclum? 4.3.28

sStatielli 44.37Stciria, r. on PortoHaft! 37.53

Stelae 35.5

Stenae, Rotherthurm.,.. 45.35StenyclErus 37.13Stephane, Istifan 41.57Stiris, r. n. Kyriaki 38.22Stobi, Stohi 41.10Stoediades 1"=., Isles

d'Hieres 43.0

Stomalimne 36.46*Stoni 46.5Stratae-burgus, Stras-

bourg 48.35StratonicCa, or Idrias,

Esl-i-hissar 37.17Stratus, r. n. Lejienu.,.. 38.40Stravianae, Nassicz 45.20Strongyle I.. Stromboli 38.47Strophades V'^.fStrofad-

liin 37.15Struthus Portus, Vour-

lia Bay 37.28Stryme 40.52Strymon F., Struma, orKara-su 42.0

Strvmonicus S., G. ofiiufani 40.35

Stucia F., Dovey 52.33Stura F., Stura 44.19Stymph.alus, n. Khionia 37.52Styra, Stonra 38.9Styx F., Mavro Neria.. 37.59Suana, Sovana 42.38•Suanetes 46.0*Suani 42.55*Suardones 64.0

Sub Laiiuvium, SanGennnrello 41.40

Sub Lupatia, Anticag-He

.^ 40.40Sub Muranum, Castro

Villari 39.46Sub Radioe 42.39Sub Romiila, or Romii-

lea? n. Andretta 40.57Sub Sabione, Clausen... 46.39Subis P., Gaya 41.8

Sublaqueum, Siibiaco... 41.57Subur F., Wady Sebmi 34.25Suburbanum Commodi,lioma Vecchia 41.49

Suburbanum Hadriani,Seite Basst 41.51

Subzapara, Hirmanli... 41.55Succoth (Scenae), r. n.

Shibbeen 30.16Sucidava, Kouzgoun 44.9Sucro, Sueca 39.12Suero F., Xucar 39.14Sueronensis S 39.20Sudeti M., Sudeten Ge-

hirge 50.10*Sudracae, or Oxydra-

cae 28.40Suel, or Sivel, Cast, deFrangerola 36.33

Suessa, Sessa 41.15Suessa Pometia? 41.25

LAT. LONG. MAP.

18

23°.ll'

NAMES. LAT.Svnnai].!, Ajhnim Korn-'h!ss„r .S8°.45'

Syphiu'iiui, MmitnUo.... 39.25

Syracellae, Miyalc/nra.. 40.52

Syracusae, Siracusa 37.5

SVRASTIIENE 22.0

Syrias, or Lt-pte, Prom.,0. Indjeh 42.7

Syrnae I., Joaiuics 36.20

Syros, .S>/r„ 37.27Syros I.. Si/r(( 37.25Syrtis ^M.ijnr, G. of

Sidn,...'

32.0

Syrtis M.iM.r, G. ofKabcH 34.15

Sys, or Syc.a.-^, F 38.0

T.

Taanach, Taaiiu/c 32.31Tabae, Dnnroi 37.26Tabae? liinniah 11.11

Tabala, Vin-ula 38.34Tabellaria, Conttlldcrio 42.16Taberna Frigida, Fri-

ijido 43.59Tabienis 35.0

Tabor M. (Atabyriuiu,

or Ilabyriuin), Jibel

et-Toor 32.42Tabraca, T»h„, /,<•/, 36.55Tabuda, orTabulla, P.?Aan 51.0

Tabiirnus Muiis, J/onle

T,<b,nn„ 41.8

Tacape, Khtibujur Killer 33.53Tacona? 2S.54

Tader F., Sryura 38.15

Tadifiuui, iS'. Maria Ta-dina, n. Giiahlo 43.14

Tadmor, or Palmyra,Tadiiior 34.18

Tadutti, Tatiiibt* 35.31

Taenarum, or Taena-riuin, Prom., C. Ma-tapan 36.23

Taenarum, or Caenepo-lis, Ki/pariHo 36.27

Taenia Lonjra, Fagasah,or Taytsah 35.19

Tagaba, Tubnk<ih 31.31

Tagara, r. of Deofjhir,

71. Attrtnigohnd 20.0

Tagonius F., Tajuiia 40.15

Tagus F., 7ajo (or

Taijus) 39.28Tabapanes, Tahpanes,

or Hanes (Daphne),Tell Defanneh 30.52

Taizalum Prom., Kin-naird's Heiid..^ 57 42

Talabriga? Salten 40.43Taletum M., St. Eliaa,

or jtlalcryno 36.57Taliata, Gtigersiiilik 44.30Talmena? Jlas Godem.. 25.20Tamare ? Tamerton 50.25

Tamaris F., Tamhre 42.40Tamarus F., Tnmar 50.26

Tamarus F., I'amaro... 41.17

Tamassus 35.9

Tamesis, or Tamesa, F.,

Thames 51.30

Tamissa Acst., Mouthof Thames 51.30

Tamnum ? 45.27Tamynae 38.24Tamyras, or Damuras,

F., A'ahr ed-Damour 33.41

Tanager F., Tant/ro, or

Negro 40.30Tanagra, Grimadha 38.17

Taiiais F., Don 50.35

Tauarus F., Tunaro 44.50

LONG. MAP

NAMES. I.AT. LONG.

«TonctlH>ri 51°.10' 7°.30'

Tenoa, Klenia 37.47 22.52

TLMiedos 39.50 2fi.5

Tenedos I., Tenedos 39.50 26.0

Tenerie Plain 3S.20 23.18

Tenos, TIno 37.32 25.11

Tenos I., TIno 37.35 25.10

Tentyra, Dcuhn-ali 26.9 32.41

Teos. r. II. S!,,hr,j!k 38.11 26.49

Tephrioe, Divriki 39.21 38.15

Teredon, or Diridotis,

Jehel Sinnm 30.15 47.45Tergedum? 18.0 41.0

Tergeste, Trieste 45.39 13.47

Tergestinus S.,,(7o//b di

Trieste '. 45.40 13.40

Terlas F., S. Leonardo 37.17 15.0

Terina? n. Nocera 39.8 16.7

Terinaeus, Ilipponiates,

or Viboneiisis, S., G.

of S.Eufemia 38.55 16.0

Tcrioli, Tirol 46.43 11.

6

Termerium Pr., PetraTermera 36.57 27.20

Termes 41.31 2.24 wTermessus 36.55 30.26

Termns F., f/»me Temo,or F. di Bosn 40.18 8.29

Testrina, Tomax>!o 42.21 13.18Tetis, or Ruscino, F.,

Tet 42.44 3.0

Tetraphylia? 39.15 21.29

Tktrapolis 38.8 23.57Tencheira, aft. Arsinoe,

Taii/;ra 32.32 20.32Teudurum, Tudder 51.3 5.55

Teiimessus 38.21 23.24TeumessusM 38.18 23.24Teuthea? Upper A7c-

haia 3S.6 21.34Teiitheas F.? 38.5 21.33TeiUhis, Dhimitzmm 37.36 22.4

Truthrania 39.10 27.30Teuthrania, or Thy-mena, Timteh 41.58 33.9

Teuthrone, n. Kotornn.. 36.37 22.30Teutlussa I., Limniona 36.16 27.45Teutoburgium 45.32 19.0

Teutria, Pianosa 42.14 15.45Th;io:ura? Tajeilt 36.16 8.20

Thaiamae? 37.51 21.42Thalainae, Platzo 36.48 22.19Thamara (Tamar), Kur-

niib 31.8 35.6Thamnath, El-Burj. 31.54 35.1

Thamnitica 31.55 35.0

Thamusida? Mehediah 34.18 6.39 wThantia? 32.16 39.22Thapsacus (Tipbsah)?El-Hanimam 35.55 38.54

Thapsus, Baltah 35.35 11.3Tliapsus, 3Ia<jnisi 37.9 15.12Thasos 40.46 24.45Tbasos I., Thaso 40.40 24.40Thaumaci, Dhomoko.... 39.8 22.16Thaumacia? 39.17 23.14Thaubasium? 30.31 32.10Tbebae (Aegyptu.*),

Karnnh, &c 25.43 32.40Thebae (Eoeotia), nii-e 38.18 23.19Thebae (Thessalia), r.

n. Ak-Kedjel 39.17 22.45Thebe 39.39 27.1Theches Mons ? TekiehDagh 40.25 39.45

Tbeganiisa I., Vene-tiko a6.42 21.54

Thelepte, /'ej-iVoin 34.41 8.40Thkmiscy'ra 41.5 37.0Themiscy^a, Thermeh:. 41.11 37.1Thcinisonium ? Tofenii 37.23 29.43Tlieiv.ie, Gastel Teme-

iios 35.13 25.7

map,25

18

19

19

16

19

19

3

19

20

222

8

8

12

9

lat. long. hap.nasirs.

Thcnae, In Wudi/Thcmj 34°.40' 10°.35'

Tbeodosiopolis, for. Ca-rana, Erzeroum 39.55

Theodosiopolis, for. Re-saena, lias el-Ain 36.52

Thera? r. on MessaVoniio 36.21

Thera I. (Calliste), San-torin 36.25

Therambus 39.57Theranda 42.0

Therapne 37.3

Therapne? 38.16Therasia, Therasia 36.26Therasia, Hiera, or Vul-

cani I., Vidcano 38.23Thermae, Lntraki 37.59Thermae (Phazemoni-

tis), Knwsa 40.58Thermae Agrippae 41.59Thermae Himerenses,

Termini 37.58Thermae Selinuntiae,

Sciacra 37.28Thermaicus S., G. of

Saloniki 40.15Therme, aft. Thessalo-

nic.a, Saloniki 40.38Thermi, or Thermum,

Vlokho 38.40Thermodon F 38.20Thermodon F., Termeh

Tchai 40.50Thermopylae 38.47Thespiae (or ThespTa),

Lefka, n. Rimokastro 38.16Thesprotia 39.25Thessalia 39.30Thessaliotis 39.18Thessalonica, Saloniki.. 40.38Theudoria, Thodho-

riana ^ 39.22Theveste, Tebesah, or

Tipsa 35.19ThinaeThiar 37.58Thimouepsi? 29.7Thisbe, Kakosia 38.15Thisoa, or Theisoa 37.38Thisoa, or Theisoa,

Lavdlia 37.31Thius F., KuUtfarina... 37.18Thmuis? Tell Muit 30.59Thoantium Prom.?

(Carpathos), C. Bo-tiandrea 35.51

Thoantium Prom. (Rho-des), C. St. George.... 36.7

Thoaris F., turehTchai 41.8

»Thomani 40.40Thorae? Thinika 37.47Thorax M., GuniuschBagh 37.48

Thoricus, Mandri 37.44Thornax M 37.21Thornax M 37.8Thospltis L. (Arsissa,

or Arsene) ? L. ofVan 38.40

Thoum, Etham, or Pi-

thom (Patumos?), r.

«. Abassieh 30.28Thracia 41.40Thraustus ' 37.50Thria 38.4Throni Prom., C. Pila.. 34.56Thronium 38.46Thronium? Krisilio 40.30Thubactis, Marsa Zou-

raik 32.27Thubuna, Tubnah 35.10

41.19

40.1

25.29

25.28

23.41

20.46

22.28

23.22

25.21

14.56

22.59

35.39

12.44

13.41

13.5

22.45

22.58

21.34

23.30

37.0

22.29

23.9

20.40

22.20

22.0

22.58

21.11

8.8

0.48 w31.11

22.58

22.5

21.58

22.12

31.30

27.11

27.45

37.11

59.0

23.54

27.25

24.3

23.13

22.26

42.40

31.35

NAMES. LAT. LONG. MAPTilphncsa Pons 38°.21' 23°.0' 16

Tilphossiiun 38.22 23.1 16

Tilphcssimu M., Petra.. 38.21 23.2 16

Tilurus F., Cettlna 43.31: 17.0 UTimacus F., T^mo^• 43.50 22.19 14

Timallnum, Fonta-Veira 43.5 7.17 W

Timavi Fons and Lacus,Timao 45.48 13.35

Timethus ¥., A'aso 38.5 14.46

Timiscuin 45.27 22.20

Timogitia, Taoukli-mani 43.26 28.32

TiMONiTis 40.40 32.15

TuislF.? Eden 56.21 2.50 wTinconcium, Sancoins... 46.50 2.55

Tingis, or Caesarea,

TaiK/ier 35.47 5.48 wTin ia R, r/miV, 42.55 12.45

Tinna F., Tcinui 43.14 13.45

Tinnetio, Thizen 46.37 9.35

Tiora Matiena, Torano 42.8 13.15

Tipasa, Tcffesad 36.36 2.26

Tipasa, Tlffrsh 36.16 7.40

Tipliae, or Siphae? r. n.

Khosia 38.15 22.54

Tiphsah (Thapsaeus)?El-Homniam 35.55 38.54

Tiiistria, or Tiristris,

Prom., 0. KitUakra,or Kalogria 43.22 28.30

Tiryns, Tirijns 37.36 22.48

Tirzah? 32.20 35.18

Tisianus, or Ty.=ia, F.

(Tibiscus?), Theigg... 46.40 20.10

Ti.-s.i, Randazzo 37.50 14.55

Titane 37.55 22.39

Titaresius F., Xeraghi.. 39.43 22.15

Titarus M 39.47 22.15

Tithorea (Neon), Ve-

litza 38.34 22.41

Titlironiuui, 3Iulki, n.

Verzmia 38.40 22.36

Titius F., Kerka 44.0 16.0

TittheiusM 37.36 23.4

Titulcia, or Tituacia,

Getofe 40.7 3.38WTius, FiUyas 41.34 32.3

Ties 36.32 29.27

Tinolus M., Kisilja

Mnnsn Diigh 38.20 28.0

Tubius F., Toictj 51.45 4.23 WTugisonus F.? Gorzone

Canal 45.8 12.0

Toisobis F., 3Iouth ofConway 53.18 3.52 W

Tolbiacum, Zulpich 50.44 6.38

Tolutum, Toledo 39.56 4.0 W*Tolistobogii 39.30 32.0

Tollegatae, Talgato 45.36 9.52

ToUentinuin, Tolen-

tlno 43.12 13.18

Tolophon, r. n. Kiseli... 38.22 22.16

Tolosa, Touhmse 43.37 1.28

Tolous, ifonzon 41.49 0.10

TomarusM.? 39.52 21.5

Tomerus? 25.20 65.30

Tomeu.s M 36.59 21.43

Tomi? Karli 44.3 28.37

Tomisa 38.29 38.53

Tonosa, 7'(iHt(« 39.12 36.39

Tophel, Tnfileh 30.57 35.44

Tupium, fopjw 46.11 12.51

Toronaicus S., G. ofKnsmndra 40.10 23.30

Torone, Toron 39.59 23.55

Torone, or Toryne,Parga 39.17 20.23

ToKRHEBis 38.10 28.0

Toryne, or Torone,Pin;,n 39.17 20.23

•^'To.xn'ndri 51.11 4.30

Tuxaiidria Locus 51.4 5.2

10

NAMES.. LAT.

Trachir (or Stachir) F.,

Gambia 13°.30'

Traehis 38.27

Trachis 38.48

TuAcnoNiTis, El-Lejali 33.0

Trachys M 37.43

Traens F., Trionto 39.35

Tragaea 37.4

Tragasae, Touzla 39.34

Tragia I., Sainopido 37.38

Tragilus 40.54

Tragus F 37.47

Trn.ja (or Tria) Capita,

Torre Agnilar. 40.51

Trajan's Bridge... 44.39

Trajan's Canal 30.15

Trajanopolis, Ushnk 38.38

Trajanopolis, Oi-ichowa 41.5

Tra'iectum, Utrecht 52.6

Trajectu.^ 44.50

Trajectus? Bttton 51.25

Tnilles, Aidin Guzel-

Jlissar 37.49

Trampya? 39.56Transmarisca, Tourk-

Semil 44.0

Trapezopolis, Ilaknf.... 37.36

Trapezus, Kuruniu 37.27Trapezus, Trehizond 41.1

Trapheia? 38.25

Trarium, Tusla 40.50

Tra.sime'nus L., LogoTrasimeno, or L. di

Perugia 43.10Traurium, Trau 43.32

»Trausi 41.30

Treba, Trevi 41.53

Trebia, Trevi 42.54Trebia F., Trehhia 44.47

Trebonianum, Trevig-

nano 42.11

Trebula Mutusca, MonteLeone 42.16

Trebula Suifenae? n. LaPosta 42.15

Treia, Trejn 43.18

Trepontium, Treponti... 41.30

Trerus F., Sacco 41.43

Tres Tiibernae 41.*9

Tretum Pr., C. Bujia-

roni, or Pas SehhaRous (Seven Capes)... 37.6

Tretus, Pass of. 37.45

Treventum, Trivcnto..., 41.45

*Treviri 49.25

Tria (or Traja) Capita,

Torre Aguilar 40.51

»Tribal!i 43.20

»Triboci 48.30

Tricarana, Kutzi 37.51

*Tricasses 48.22

Tricasses, Troyes 48.17

*Tricastini 44.55

Tricea, Trikala 39.35

Trichonis L., Apokuro,or Vrakhori 38.33

Trichonium? 38.33

Tricoloni, Karattda 37.28

Trifiomia, Kaimak 39.26

*Tricorii 44.55

Tricorythus, r. n. KatoSoldi 38.10

Trierana I.? Trikeri.... 37.16

»TridentIni 46.12

Tridentum, Trent 46.7

Triera F., Treja 42.20

Trigundum, Aranton..., 42.64

Trileucum Pr., or Coru,

0. Ortegal „.... 43.46

Trimammium, Jiou-

dera 43..39

Trimorus I., S. Bonie-

nico 42.7

LO.NG. M

l°.ll'w1.44 w8.32

1.20 TV

4.0 w6.17 w3.24

0.30

0.42

8.31 w

22.44 14

NAMES. LAT. LONG, '"AP,

Turin, or Turium, F., I

Tiiria, or Guadala-vlar 40°.0'

Turinsso, Tarnznna 41.56

Turicen, Zurich 47.22

Tnrissa, Osturiz 42.55

«-Turmodisi (Murbogi ?) 42.40

Turniuli, Atconeta 30.40

Tiirnacum, Toufiinij 50.37

•Turones 47.10

Turones, Tours 47.23Turoqna? 42.18

Turres, Tchardah, or

Shnrkeui 43.8

Turris Caesaris, or Au-reliana, Torre liijwj-

iiola 41.2

Turris Caesaris ? Tag-zrih 35.55

Turris Eiiphranti, Jias

,d-Houe!j,ih 30.56

Turris Ilannibulis, BarjSitlehtah 35.26

Turris Juliana, TorrePelosa 41.5

Turris Libissonis, PortoTorres 40.50

Turris Stratonis, aft.

Caesarea, Kaisariyeh 32.32

Turrus F., Torre 46.0

Turublum, Tempio 40.54Turum, Ampfinrj 48.15Tusca F., Ez-Zaiii 36.45Tuseania, TosenneUa.... 42.24Tusculanum, Toseolano 45J59Tusculum 41.48Tusdra, or Tbysdi-us,

Kl-Jemm 35.21Tutatio? Kirchdorf..... 47.54Tuthoa F 37.40Tyana, Kiz Hiasar 37.44TvANiTis 37.40Tylissus 35.20Tylos, or Tyros, I., Bah-

rein 26.0

•»Tympbaei 39.56Tyuiphrestus M., Ve-

lukhi 38.56 21.50Tj-ndarii Scopuli, TifahRorks 31.33 26.18

Tyndaris, n. Cupo Tin-

' daro ."38.6 15.2

Typbaneae, ?(. Platiana 37.32 21.45Tyraeinae, Traina 37.45 14.35Tyras 46.24 30.17Tyras, or Danastris, F.,

Dniester 48.0 28.40Tyriaeum, Ih/hnn 38.19 32.11Tyros, or Tyl'os I., Bah-

rein 26.0 50.34Tyrrba, Tireh 38.4 27.42TyurheniaTyrrbenuin (or Infe-rum) Mare 40.0 14.0

Tyrus, Soor [or Tyre)... 33.18 35.13Tyrus (Laeonia), n. 0.

Tyro 37.14 22.52Tysia, or Tisianus, F.,

Theiss r 47.0 2.10

U.

*Ubii (of Caesar) 50.40 7.40«Ubii (of Tacitus) 51.0 6.35Ubiis, or Rubricatus F.,

Seibous 36.27 7.30Udon F., Kouma, 44.46 45.0Ilduba F., Vninhermosa 40.0 0.15 wUfens F., Ufente 41.27 13.7Uffugum, Fagnano 39.31 16.2IKrenas F., Afrin 36.20 30.35Usrin, or Urgia 36.56 5.40 wL'liii, Riverof(Eulaeus),

Siiahpuur 31.40 48.40

17.10

NAMES. I,AT.

Vi.'neilTcu;) S., '7. ofLUnzlij 5r.30'

*Veiii~ti 47.46

Vknkti.v 45.40

Veiiotus, or Acronius,L., L. of Constance... 47.40

Veniatia? Vinhaes 41.53*Veniuines 46.14Venonae, High Cross. „ 52.30*Venostes 46.41Venta Belgarum, Win-

chester 51.4

Venta Icenorum, Cais-

tor, n. Norwich 52.35

Venta Silurum, Cacr-

went 51.37Ventisponte ? 37.24Ventium, Vence 43.43Venus, Temple of (Cy-

prus) 34.51Venusia, Yenosa 40.57«Veragri 46.0Veratinum, Warrington 53.24Verbanus L., Logo Jlag-

giore 46.0Verbigenus Pagus 47.10Vercellae, Borgo Ver-

celli 45.21Vereae, Sohazc-Miho-

l(KZ 45.44Vereasueca ? 43.27Verela, or Varia, Varea 42.22Veretum, or Baris, S.

Maria di Vereto 39.52Vergae, Ruggiano 39.34Vergilia, Uurcia 38.0Verisa 40.6Verlucio ? Sandy Lane,

n. Devizes 51.24Vernosol, Vernoz 0.0

'"••Veromandui 49.55Verometum, n. Wil-

lotighbi/ 52.49Verona, Verona 45.26Verterae, Brough 54.31Vertinae, Verzine 39.18Verulae, Veroli 41.43Verulamium, .SV. .Aiifnis 61.45Vervedruni Pr., Dun-

canshij Head 58.38Vesca, or Osca, Huesca 42.9VnsciTANiA ? 42.15Vesontio, Besan<;on 47.14Vesperies, Bermeo 43.25*Ve.stini 42.20Vesulus Mons, Monte

Viso 44.40Vesunna, aft. Petroco-

rii, Perigneux 45.11Vesuvius M., Mount

Vesuvius 40.49Vetera, Xanten 51.39Vettona, Bettuna 4:^.0

«Vettdnes 40.30Vetulunii ? 43.5Vetussalina? Hansclbek 47.21Vexalla Aest., Bridge-

water Bay 51.15Via Aeniilia 44.65Via Amerina 42.26Via Appia 41.33Via Aquilia 40.30Via Ardeatlna 41.42Via Aurelia 41.53Via Casperia 42.46Via Ciminia.... 42.24Via Claudia (or Clodia) 42.15Via Collatlna 42.55Via Cornelia 41.55Via Cossia 42.20

Via Domitiana 41.0

Via Egnatia 40.36

Via Flaminia 42.5

19°.0'

NAMRS. I.AT. LONn.

XiMicXE 40°.20' 34°.];'/

Xiphnnia, Augnstn 37.14 15.12

Xois? 31.16 31.22

Xyllne, or Archabis,

Arknva 41.21 41.16

Xyniiie, r. n. TnuklL... 39.4 22.16

Xypete (or Troja) ? r.

n. Peiraeus 37.6S 23.39

Z.

Zabatus, or Lycus, F.,

Great Zab 36.10 4.3.40

Zabulon? 32.4S 3.5.16

Ziicyntlius, Zante 37.47 20.54Zaeynthus I., Zante, or

Zncyntho 37.45 20.45

Zadraciirta? Saree 36.35 53.10

Zagri Pylae, or MediaePylae, Tak-i-G!rrah 34.25 46.20

Zagros M 36.15 45.40

Zaaylis, n. lias Ha-irm 31.35 26.3

Zaitha 35.4 40.32

Zalecus, Alatachnm 41.36 35.36

Zama Regia, Jama 35.55 9.30

18

Nvntn.q. i.at. long. mat.

Zanclc, at't. Messana,Mcx^hin 3S°.U' 15°.34' 12

Ziu-A, Sara 39.60 37.46 20

Zaradrn.s, or Ilcsudrus,

F., Sntlej. 31.0 76.0 3

»Zarangac 31.40 63.0 3

Zarax, or Zare.x, leraha 36.47 23.6 18

Zarax M., Kolokera 36.49 23.0 19

Zariaspa, or Bactra,Balkh 36.45 67.0 3

Zaniana. Diyodhi 39.33 43.35 22

Zoitha Pr., Has Shab-hou 33.34 11.8 23

Zo]n, Zileh 40.11 36.0 20

Zoleia, Sarakeui 40.13 27 37 19

Zklitis 40.0 35.45 20

Zcnohin, Zelebi 35.40 39.51 22Zephath, or Hormah ?

Niibk cs-Snfnh 30.59 35.13 21

Zephyriura, A'orjani.... 42.0 33.29 20

Zephyrium, Se/rch 40.58 38.40 20Zejihyriura Prom., C.

tkxvaUere 36.8 33.43 20Zephyrium Prom., 0.

St. John 35.20 25.48 19

NAMRS. I,AT.

Zi'phyrimn Prom., Capodi linizzano 3S°.2'

Zephyrium Prom., Jias

Tuurha, or Abou Sa-bnrah 32.53

Zered, Brook, Wady el-

Ahsy 31.2Zeugitana 36.30Zeugma, Rmnkaleh 37.16Zigana, Sigana 40.37Zilia, or Zilis (aft. Julia

Constantia), Arzilla.. 35.29Zimara 39.23Zin, Desert of, Wady el-

Arabah 30.30

Ziph, Zi/. 31.31

Ziridava? n. Vasarhcly 46.25

Zoar? 31.16Zodoeatha, Ain el-Us-

dakah 30.13Zoctia 37.29Zorah, .S'^ra^ 31.46Zorlanae 40.48

Zoster Pr., C. Lombnrda 37.48

Zuchis Palus, Al-Biban 33.15

LONG. MAP.

16°.g'

22.26

35.45

r.LANCIIARD & LExi'S EDUCATIONAL T UBLIC ATIONS.

NOW COMPLETE.SCHMITZ & ZUMPT'S CLASSICAL SERIES.

The publishers have much pleasure in announcing the conclusion of this Series, which now presents a set of class-books

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I have taken pains to examine the works, and am happy to find themTory superior for the purposes desi;^ned. The selection maile from Latin

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Announce/ncnt nf Bethany College, Va.

(1)

BLANCIIARD & LEA'S EDUCATIONAL P U HL I CA T ION S.

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A NEW TEXT-BOOK ON ANCIENT HISTORY.

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—

Alhenoium.

From Prof. J. T. ChampUn, WatervUlf College, Me.

I have no hesitation in saying that it is by far the best manu.il of ancienthistorj' with which I am acfjuainted. The intrfiduction of the history ofthe non-classical nations is an crilirely new and important feature, and,with the greater completeness f>f the chronological tables and the general

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(2)

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I Bin very favorably impressed with the work from what I have seen ofIt, and hope to find in it an important help for my class of history. Such awork is very much needed.

Prom Prnf. J. A. S)yevccr, Kfw Tori:

It is an admirable volume, sufficiently full and copious in detail, clear andprecise in style, very scholarlike in its execution, genial in its criticism, andaltogether displaying a mind well stored with the learning, genius, wisdom,and exquisite taste of the ancient Greeks. It is in advance of everythingwe have, and it may bo considered indispensable to the classical scholar andstudent.

Mr. Browne's present publication has great merit. His selection of mate-rials is judiciously adapted to the purpose of conveying, within a moderatecompass, some detinite idea of the leading characteristics of the great clas-

sical authors and their works. * * * * Mr. lirowne has the happy art ofconveying information in a most agreeable manner. It is impossible to misshis meaning, or be insensible to the chiU-ms of his polished style. .Suffice it

to say, that he has. in a very readable volume, prcsentid much that is n.seful

to the classical reader. Besides bii.griipbiral inlunnation in reference to all

the classical Greek authors, he has I'uniisbid critical reniarlis on their in-

tellectual peculiarities, and an analysis of thi'ir works when they are ofsufficient importance to deserve it.

—

London AUiencvuin.

TEXT-BOOK OF BI BLI CAL^EOG RAPH Y AND HISTORY.OUTLINES OF SCRIPTURE GEOGRArilY AND HISTORY; illustrating the Historical Rortions of the Old ani»

New Testaments. Designed for the use of Schools and Private Reading. By Edward Huhiiks, F. R. A. S., F. G. S., HeadMaster of the Royal Naval Lower School, Greenwich, etc Based upon Coleman's Historical Geography of the Bible.

With twelve handsome colored Maps. In one very neat royal 12mo. volume, extra cloth.

I have studied the greater portion of it with care, and find it so useful,

as a book of reference, that I have placed it on the table with my Bible, as

an aid to my daily Scripture readings. It is a book which ought to be in

the hands of every Biblical student, and I cannot but hope that it will havea wide circvilation. To such as desire to borrow. I answer: "I cannot loan

it, for I am obliged to refer to it daily 1"

—

Prof. E. Kcerelt, Xcw Orleans.

It appears to contain, in a compressed form, a vast deal of important andaccurate geographical and historical information. I hope the book will have

the wide circulation which its merits entitle it to. I shall not fail to recom-

mend it so far as opportunity offers.

—

Prof. &imud U. Turner, iN\ 1'. Thco-

logical Seminary.

We have long needed just such a book, and as soon as possible we shallmake it one of tlie textliooks of our college. It sliould be a text-book in all

our theological institutions.— Pcv. Samud Findki/, 2'rcsi<itnt of AntrimOolkge, Ohio.

Few more interesting class-books, where the Bible is used in school.s. canbe found than the ''Outlines of Scripture Geography and History," and it

will prove, in families where the Bible is read, a valuable auxiliary to theunderstanding of that blessed volume. It is therefore to be hoped that it

will receive that patronage which it so richly deserves.

—

Pcv. EhplndiU. Null,Presidi'.nt of Union College, JV. Y.

BOLMAR'S COMPLETE FRENCH SERIES.

Blanchard & Lea now publish the whole of Bolmar's Educational WorlvS, forming a complete series for the acqui

the French language, as follows

:

BOLMAR'S EDITION OF LEVIZAC'S THEORETICAL ANDPR.\CTICAL GRAMMAR OF THE FRENCH LANGUAGE.With numerous Corrections and Improvements, and the

addition of a Complete Treatise on the Genders of French

Nouns and the Conjugation of the French Verbs, Regular

and Irregul.ar. Thirty-fifth edition. lu one 12mo. volume,

leather, $1.00.

BOLMAR'S COLLECTION OF COLLOQUIAL PHRASES,on every topic necessary to maintain conversation ; ai-ranged

under different heads; with numerous remarks on the pecu-

liar pronunciation and use of various words. The whole so

disposed as considerably to facilitate the acquisition of a

correct pronunciation of the French. In one 18mo. volume,

half bound, 37 J cents.

B0L:\IAR'S edition of FENELON'S aventures deTELEMAQUE. In one 12mo. volume, half bound, 55 cents.

BOLMAR'S KEY TO THE FIRST EIGHT BOOKS OF

ition of

TELEMAQUE, for the literal and free translation of Frenchinto English. In one 12nio. volume, half bound, 55 cents.

B0L:\IAR'S SELECTION OF ONE HUNDRED OF PER-RIN'S FABLES, accompanied with a Key, containing the

text and a literal and a free translation, arranged in such amanner as to point out the difrerenee between (he Frenchand the English Idiom; also, a figured pronunciation of the

French. The whole preceded by a short Treatise on tlie

Sounds of the French language, as compared with those of

English. In one 12mo. volume, half bound, 75 cents.

BOLMAR'S BOOK OF FRENCH VERBS, wherein the ModelVerbs, and several of the most difficult, are conjugatedAffirmatively, Negatively, Interrogatively, and Negativelyand Interrogatively, containing also numerous Notes andDirections on the Different Conjugations, not to be found in

any other book publislicd for the use of English scholars :

to which is added a complete list of .all the Irx'Cgular Verbs.In one 12mo. volume, half bound, 50 cents.

Shaw's English Literature—Lately Published.

OUTLINES OF ENGLISH LITERATURE.By Thomas B. Shaw, Professor of English Literatiu'c in the Imperial Alexander Lyceum, St. Petersburg. Second American

Edition. With a Sketch of American Literature, by Henry T. Tuckerman, Esq. In one large and handsome vohuiie,

royal 12mo., of about five hundred pages.

Its merits I had not now for the first time to learn. I have used it for

two years as a text-book, with the greatest satisfaction. It was a happyconception, admirably executed. It is all that a text-lxiok on such a subject

can or need be. comprising a judicious .selection of materials, easily, yet

eHectively wrought. Xhe author attempts just us much as he ought to.

and docs well all that ho attempts: and the best of the hook is the f/cnlnl

spirit, the genuine love of genius and its works, which thoroughly pervadesit, and miikcs it just what you want to put into a pupil's hands.

—

I'rofessor

J. V. Raymond, University of liochestcr.

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CLANCHARD & LEA'S EDUCATIONAL PUBLICATIONS.

A COMPLETE SERIES OF TEXT-BOOKS ONPHYSICAL SCIENCE.

HANDBOOKS OF l^ATURAL PHILOSOPHY ANDASTEONOMY.

BY DIONYSIUS LARDNER, D. C. L.,

Formerly Professor of Natural Philosophy and Astronomy in UniversityCollege, London.

of threeThis vahiahle series is now complete, consistin

Courses, as follows

:

FIRST COURSE,

MECHANICS, HYDROSTATICS. HYDRAULICS. PNEUMATICS.SOUND. AND OPTICS.

In one large royal \2nio. volume, of 750 pages, icilh 424 illus-

trations. $1.7-).

SECOND COURSE,

HEAT, MAGNETISM. COMMON ELECTRICITY, AND VOLTAICELECTRICITY.

In one royalVlmo. vol., of 4^0 pages, ivith 244 iUustradons, $1.25.

THIRD COURSE,ASTRONOMY AND MKTEOROLOOY.

In one very large royal \2mo. volume, of nearly 800 pages, tvith

37 plates and over 200 illustrations. $2.00.

These volumes can be had either separately or in uniform

sets, containing

About two tlionsancl pa^jes* and nearly one tliousandIllustrations on Steel and Wood.

To accommodate those who desire separate treatises on the

leading departments of Natural Philosophy, the First Coursemay also be had, divided in three portions, viz.

:

Part T. Mechanics.Part II. IIydeostatics, Hydraulics, Pneumatics, and Sound.Part III. Optics.

It will thus be seen that this work furnishes a completecourse of instruction on these subjects, or separate treatises

on all the different branches of Physical Science.

The object of the author has been to prepare a work suited

equally for the collegiate, academical, or private student,

who may desire to acquaint himself with the present state of

science, in its most advanced condition, without pursuing it

through its mathematical consequences and details. Greatindustry has been manifested, throughout the work, to eluci-

date the principles advanced, by their practical applications to

the wants and purposes of civilized life—a task to which Dr.Lardner's immense and varied knowledge, and his singular

felicity and clearness of illustration, render him admirablyfitted. This peculiarity of the work recommends it especially

as the text-book for a practical age and country such as ours,

as it interests the student's mind by showing him the utility

of his studies, while it directs his attention to the furtherextension of that utility by the fulness of its examples. Its

extensive adoption in many of our most distinguished collegesand seminaries, is sufficient proof of the skill with which theauthor's intentions have been carried out.

HSRSCHEL'S ASTRONOMY.

OUTLINES OF ASTRONOMY. By Sir John F. W. Her-SCHEL, F. R. S,, etc. A new American, from the fourth andrevised London edition. In one handsome crown octavovolume, with numerous plates and wood-cuts. Extra cloth,

$1.60; or, half bound, leather backs and cloth sides, $1.75.Prom Prnfcssor D. Olmstmd, Yah College.

A rich mine of all that is most valuable in modern Astronomy.Pioni Prof. J. P. Crocker, Mndison ColJeije. Pa.

T know of no treatise on Astronomy comparable to "'llcrschel's Outlines."It is aJmirably adapted to the necessities of the student. We have adoptedit as a text-book in our college.

MULLER'S PHYSICS.

PRINCIPLES OF PHYSICS AND IVIETEOROLOGY. ByProf. .1. Muller. Edited, with Additions, by R. E. Grif-FiT[i, M D. In one large and very handsome octavo volume,with 550 wood-cuts, and two colored plates. $3.50.

CHEMICAL TEXT-BOOK FOR STUDENTS—(Just Issued.)

ELEMENTARY CHEMISTRY. Theoretical and Practi-

cal. By George Fownes, Ph. D., etc. With numerousillustrations. A new American, from the last and revised

London edition. Edited, with Additions, by Robert Bridges,

]\I. D. In one large royal 12mo. volume, containing over

550 pages, clearly printed on small type, with 181 illustra-

trations on wood; extra cloth, $1.85, or leather, $1.50.

The work of Dr. Fownes has lone; been before the public, and its merits

have been fully appreciated, as the best text-book on Chemistry dqw in

existence. We do not, of course, place it in a rank superior to the worksof Brande. Graham, Turner, Grei^ory, orGmelin; but we say that, as a workfor students, it is preferable to any of them.

—

London Journal of Medicine.

BIRD'S NATURAL PHILOSOPHY.

ELEMENTS OF NATURAL PHILOSOPHY; being an Expe-

rimental Introduction to the Physical Sciences. Illustrated

with over 300 wood-cuts. By Golding Bird, M. D. Fron>

the third London edition. In one neat volume, royal 12mo.,

extra cloth, $1.25; strong leather, $1.50.

A COMPLETE COURSE OF NATURAL SCIENCE.

THE BOOK OF NATURE; an Elementary Introduction to

the Sciences of Physics, Astronomy, Chemistry, Mineralogy,

Geology, Botany, Zoology, and Physiology. 13y FrederickSchoedler, Ph. D., Professor of Natural Sciences at Worms.With a Glossary, and other additions and improvements.

From the second English edition, translated from the sixth

German edition, by Henry Medlock, F. C. S., etc. With679 engravings on wood. In one handsome volume, crownoctavo, of about 700 large pages, extra cloth. $1.80

The necessity of some acquaintance with the Natural Sciences

is now so universally admitted, in all thorough education, while

the circle of facts and principles embraced in the study has

enlarged so rapidly, that a compendious manual like the BookOF Nature cannot fail to supply a want frequently felt andexpressed by a large and growing class.

A TEXT-BOOK ON PHYSIOLOGY.

PHYSIOLOGY OF ANIMAl"TnD VEGETABLE LIFE. Apopular Ti-eatise on the Phenomena and Functions of Orga-nic Life. By J. S. Bushnan, JNI. D. In one royal 12mo.vol., of 234 pages, with over 100 wood-cuts. 80 cents.

SOMERVILLE'S PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY.

PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. By Mary Somerville. A newAmerican, from the third and revised London edition. WithNotes and a Glossary. By AV. S. W. FiUsciienberger, M. D.,

U. S. Navy. In one large royal 12mo. volume, of nearly 600pages. In extra cloth, $1.25. Half bound in leather, $1.35.

From Zieiitenant Maury, U. S. N.

National Observatory, Washington.I thank you for the "Physical Ococraphy:" it is capital. I have been

reading: it. and like it so much that I have made it a school-book for mychildren, whom I am teaching. There is, in my opinion, no work upon thatinterestins subject on which it treats—Physical Geography— that wouldmake a better text-book in our schools and colleges. I hope it will boadopted as such generally; for you have Americanized it, and improved it

in other respects.

JOHNSON'S PHYSICAL ATLAS.

THE PHYSICAL ATLAS OF NATURAL PHENOMENA.For the use of colleges, academies, and familes. By Alex-ander Keith .Johnson, F. R. G. S., etc. In one large impe-rial 4to. volume, strongly bound in half morocco. Withtwenty-six colored steel plates. Price $12.00.

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