an attempt to develop and the physics of encourage ... · physics r l jaffe mit january 12, 2018...

center for theoretical physics

R L Jaffe MIT January 12, 2018

Sid Drell Symposium SLAC

THE PHYSICS OF

ENERGY

ROBERT L . JAFFE W A S H I N G T O N T A Y L O R

with Wati Taylor, MIT

An attempt to develop and encourage adoption of a physics course on the scientific foundation of energy sources, uses, and systems.




Teaching the Physics of Energy





A couple of lessons from Sid’s life






• Research, teaching, and service to society merged together and amplified one another in Sid’s long career.







• Sid made great contributions to theoretical physics in early and mid career and then did something different.








And one lesson I (f.b.o.f.w.) ignored








And one lesson I (f.b.o.f.w.) ignored

• “If you start to write a book and at any time think of laying it aside, you’ll be ahead…”




Why “Physics of Energy”?




I. Critical scientific problem for civilization in the 21st century.






II. Excellent integrative “capstone” course for undergraduate physics curriculum.







III. Foundational science course for energy credential.








What?








What?• Survey of sources and uses of

energy and energy systems for a technically literate audience








What?• Survey of sources and uses of

energy and energy systems for a technically literate audience

• Prerequisites: 2 terms of freshman calculus, 2 terms of physics w. calculus, 1 term university chemistry





I. THE PROBLEM: Sustainable energy for an energy hungry world




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World Population (billions)





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Per capita energy use (Gigajoules/year)





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1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000

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200

300

400

500

World energy use (Exojoules – 1018 J)

1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000

10203040506070






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1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000

100

200

300

400

500

World energy use (Exojoules – 1018 J)

1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000

10203040506070


Integrated global carbon emissions





Three Gorges Dam capacity 22.5 GW

To supply world primary energy needs entirely from • Hydro: 775 x Three Gorges dams @ 100% capacity




550,000 t capacity ultra-large tanker

Three Gorges Dam capacity 22.5 GW

To supply world primary energy needs entirely from • Hydro: 775 x Three Gorges dams @ 100% capacity• Oil: 57 ultra large tankers per day





Three Gorges Dam capacity 22.5 GW 120 cars × 120 t/car ⇒ 15,000 t/train

To supply world primary energy needs entirely from • Hydro: 775 x Three Gorges dams @ 100% capacity • Coal: 150 120-car coal trains per hour• Oil: 57 ultra large tankers per day





Three Gorges Dam capacity 22.5 GW 120 cars × 120 t/car ⇒ 15,000 t/train

To supply world primary energy needs entirely from • Hydro: 775 x Three Gorges dams @ 100% capacity

1 km2 PV array in equatorial desert

• Coal: 150 120-car coal trains per hour• Oil: 57 ultra large tankers per day • Solar PV: 1,000,000 km2 in equatorial deserts




SCIENCE




SCIENCE

ECONOMICS & SOCIAL SCIENCE

POLICY, POLITICS& REGULATION




II. THE COURSE: A GAP IN THE PEDAGOGICAL SPECTRUM…




Physics for “poets”





No equations Few derivations Energy & environment Mix of physics, economics, policy, & regulation

“Physics for future presidents” Berkeley (Richard Muller) “No prior physics is required. In fact, even if you had no physics in high school, you will not be at a disadvantage.”

Physics for “poets”







Physics for “poets” Technical specialities







Advanced undergrad or grad Specialized to one technology

Engineering style

“Thermal fluids engineering” “Electric power systems”

“Electrochemical energy systems” “Engineering nuclear systems”

A few from MIT’s catalog









Engineering style






Physics centric







Engineering style






Physics centricTechnical survey for

undergraduates starting from fundamentals







Engineering style








Accessible broadly to science and engineering majors







Engineering style








Accessible broadly to science and engineering majors

“Energy through the lens of physics”

and “Physics through

the lens of energy”




THE PHYSICS CORE: Energy flow in the Universe and on Earth




Matter collapsingunder gravity

Nuclear fusionin stars

GRAVITYELECTROMAGNETISMSTRONG INTERACTIONSWEAK INTERACTIONS





Fissionableisotopes

Nuclearfission power

Fusionfuels

Fusionpower

Radioactiveisotopes

Nucleosynthesis



GRAVITYELECTROMAGNETISMSTRONG INTERACTIONSWEAK INTERACTIONS

SOLAR FUSION CYCLE







Fissionableisotopes


Fusionfuels

Fusionpower

Radioactiveisotopes

Nucleosynthesis







Fossil

fuels Solar thermal

energy

Solar voltaic

energy

Hydro

powerWind

Sunlight

Fissionableisotopes


Fusionfuels

Fusionpower

Radioactiveisotopes

Nucleosynthesis







Fossil

fuels Solar thermal

energy

Solar voltaic

energy

Hydro

powerWind

Sunlight

SEMICONDUCTORPHYSICS

Fissionableisotopes


Fusionfuels

Fusionpower

Radioactiveisotopes

Nucleosynthesis







Fossil

fuels Solar thermal

energy

Solar voltaic

energy

Hydro

powerWind

Sunlight

SEMICONDUCTORPHYSICS

FLUIDDYNAMICS

Fissionableisotopes


Fusionfuels

Fusionpower

Radioactiveisotopes

Nucleosynthesis







Fissionableisotopes


Fusionfuels

Fusionpower

Radioactiveisotopes

Nucleosynthesis

Fossil

fuels Solar thermal

energy

Solar voltaic

energy

Hydro

powerWind

Sunlight







Fissionableisotopes


Fusionfuels

Fusionpower

Radioactiveisotopes

Nucleosynthesis

Fossil

fuels Solar thermal

energy

Solar voltaic

energy

Hydro

powerWind

Sunlight

Fissionableisotopes


Fusionfuels

Fusionpower

Radioactiveisotopes

Nucleosynthesis

Fossil

fuels Solar thermal

energy

Solar voltaic

energy

Hydro

powerWind

Sunlight







Geothermalenergy

Tidalenergy

Fissionableisotopes


Fusionfuels

Fusionpower

Radioactiveisotopes

Nucleosynthesis

Fossil

fuels Solar thermal

energy

Solar voltaic

energy

Hydro

powerWind

Sunlight

Fissionableisotopes


Fusionfuels

Fusionpower

Radioactiveisotopes

Nucleosynthesis

Fossil

fuels Solar thermal

energy

Solar voltaic

energy

Hydro

powerWind

Sunlight





PEDAGOGY: WHY QUANTUM?




QUANTUM MECHANICS





QUANTUM MECHANICS

ABSORPTION & EMISSION SPECTRA

RADIATIVE CAPTUREMOLECULAR HEAT

CAPACITIES

PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT

QUANTIZATION OF ENERGY





QUANTUM MECHANICS



CAPACITIES



BLACK BODY RADIATION

ENERGY-FREQUENCY CONNECTION FOR EM

RADIATION

QUANTA





QUANTUM MECHANICS



CAPACITIES



BAND STRUCTURE OF SOLIDS

ALPHA DECAY

NUCLEAR FISSION

NUCLEAR FUSION

TUNNELING


ENERGY-FREQUENCY CONNECTION FOR EM

RADIATION

QUANTA





PEDAGOGY: WHY STAT MECH?




STATISTICAL MECHANICS (BEYOND THERMODYNAMICS)






ENTROPYCARNOT LIMIT

FREE ENERGYREVERSIBILITY

EXERGY AND THE QUALITY OF ENERGY

RESOURCES

2ND LAW






BOLTZMANN DISTRIBUTION


GAMOW WINDOW FOR FUSION

FREEZING OUT OF DEGREES OF

FREEDOM

ENTROPYCARNOT LIMIT

FREE ENERGYREVERSIBILITY

EXERGY AND THE QUALITY OF ENERGY

RESOURCES

2ND LAW





ENGINEERING & DESIGN

DESIGN PRINCIPLESRESOURCE CHARACTERIZATION

PHYSICSANALYSISLAWS OF

PHYSICS

WHERE TO DRAW THE LINE BETWEEN THEORY AND PRACTICE?

On each topic, must decide where to draw the line between basic physics principles and engineering and design principles.






PHYSICSANALYSISLAWS OF

PHYSICS

WHERE TO DRAW THE LINE BETWEEN THEORY AND PRACTICE?

On each topic, must decide where to draw the line between basic physics principles and engineering and design principles.

Resolution: follow the physics through its applications




EXAMPLE: WIND ENERGY







PHYSICS

ANALYSISLAWS OFPHYSICS







PHYSICS


What is a fluid?Fluid flow viscosity, vorticity,

laminar flow Reynolds number

Navier Stokes

& turbulent flow







PHYSICS










PHYSICS

ANALYSISLAWS OFPHYSICS Bernoulli’s

principleLift Circulation

Kutta-Zhukovskii Thm

Betz’s limitWhat is a fluid?

Fluid flow viscosity, vorticity,


Thermalfluids







PHYSICS

ANALYSISLAWS OFPHYSICS Bernoulli’s

principleLift Circulation











PHYSICS


Airfoils

Bernoulli’s principle

Lift Circulation





Axial momentum theory







PHYSICS


Weibull distributions & intermittency

Airfoils

Height distribution and surface roughness

Wind roses and atlases


Lift Circulation












PHYSICS


Weibull distributions & intermittency

Stall & rotor control

Airfoils

Height distribution and surface roughness

Wind roses and atlases


Lift Circulation


Betz’s limit

Blade element theory







THE PHYSICS OF

ENERGY





THE PHYSICS OF

ENERGY


Thank you!If your task was to jump-start civilization, but had access to only one book, then The Physics of Energy would be your choice. Professors Taylor and Jaffe have written a comprehensive, thorough, and relevant treatise. It’s an energizing read as a stand-alone book, but it should also be a course, offered at every college, lest we mismanage our collective role as shepherds of our energy-hungry, energy-dependent civilization.

Neil deGrasse Tyson, Astrophysicist, American Museum of Natural History




THE PHYSICS OF

ENERGY


AVAILABLE MID-FEBRUARY

Thank you!If your task was to jump-start civilization, but had access to only one book, then The Physics of Energy would be your choice. Professors Taylor and Jaffe have written a comprehensive, thorough, and relevant treatise. It’s an energizing read as a stand-alone book, but it should also be a course, offered at every college, lest we mismanage our collective role as shepherds of our energy-hungry, energy-dependent civilization.

Neil deGrasse Tyson, Astrophysicist, American Museum of Natural History

an attempt to develop and the physics of encourage ... · physics r l jaffe mit january 12, 2018...

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