an evolution of environmental prevention models bob saltz richard mcgaffigan prevention research...
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An Evolution of Environmental An Evolution of Environmental Prevention ModelsPrevention Models
Bob SaltzBob SaltzRichard McGaffiganRichard McGaffigan
Prevention Research CenterPrevention Research CenterBerkeley, CaliforniaBerkeley, California
Pacific Institute for Research
and Evaluation PRCPrevention Research CenterPrevention Research Center
Presentation ObjectivesPresentation Objectives
Planning phase discussionPlanning phase discussion Needs assessment Needs assessment
Baseline dataBaseline data Strategic partnersStrategic partners Resource assessmentResource assessment
Model programs vs evidence-based Model programs vs evidence-based strategiesstrategies
Evaluation strategyEvaluation strategy
Presentation ObjectivesPresentation Objectives
Outline an evolution of prevention Outline an evolution of prevention models by:models by: Describing the Community Trials Describing the Community Trials
projectproject The Border ProjectThe Border Project Safer California Universities projectSafer California Universities project
COMMUNITY TRIALS TO PREVENTCOMMUNITY TRIALS TO PREVENT ALCOHOL-INVOLVED TRAUMA ALCOHOL-INVOLVED TRAUMA
Prevention Research CenterPrevention Research CenterBerkeley, CABerkeley, CA
1991-19971991-1997
Sponsors:Sponsors: National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism
&& Center for Substance Abuse PreventionCenter for Substance Abuse Prevention
Up to 50% of fatal car crashes involve alcohol. More than Up to 50% of fatal car crashes involve alcohol. More than 20,000 people are killed and 650,000 are injured annually.20,000 people are killed and 650,000 are injured annually.
Alcohol is involved in 22% of all home injuries in the U.S.Alcohol is involved in 22% of all home injuries in the U.S.
56% of injuries from fights or assaults involve alcohol56% of injuries from fights or assaults involve alcohol
Goal: Goal: Reduce Alcohol-involved Reduce Alcohol-involved
Trauma Trauma Traffic CrashesTraffic Crashes
InjuriesInjuries-- burns-- burns-- falls-- falls
DrowningsDrownings
ViolenceViolence
National Community Trial National Community Trial to Prevent Alcohol-to Prevent Alcohol-
involved Traumainvolved Trauma
OrangeOrange
OceansideOceanside..
..
..
-
ExperimentalExperimentalComparisonComparison
ModestoModesto
SalinasSalinas
FlorenceFlorence
SumterSumter
Five Prevention Five Prevention ComponentsComponents
1.1. Community MobilizationCommunity Mobilization
2.2. Responsible Beverage ServiceResponsible Beverage Service
3.3. Risk of Drinking and DrivingRisk of Drinking and Driving
4.4. Underage DrinkingUnderage Drinking
5.5. Alcohol AccessAlcohol Access
Alcohol-involved Trauma at the Community Level: Alcohol-involved Trauma at the Community Level: Conceptual ModelConceptual Model
MOBILIZATIONMOBILIZATIONMOBILIZATIONMOBILIZATION DRINKING AND DRIVINGDRINKING AND DRIVINGDRINKING AND DRIVINGDRINKING AND DRIVING
UNDERAGE DRINKINGUNDERAGE DRINKINGUNDERAGE DRINKINGUNDERAGE DRINKING
ALCOHOL ACCESSALCOHOL ACCESSALCOHOL ACCESSALCOHOL ACCESS
RESPONSIBLE BEVERAGE RESPONSIBLE BEVERAGE SERVICESERVICE
RESPONSIBLE BEVERAGE RESPONSIBLE BEVERAGE SERVICESERVICE
Non-Traffic Risk ActivitiesNon-Traffic Risk Activities
Local News about AlcoholLocal News about AlcoholProblems & EnforcementProblems & Enforcement
Retail Alcohol Retail Alcohol AvailabilityAvailability
(On and Off-premise)(On and Off-premise)Alcohol IntoxicationAlcohol Intoxication or Impairmentor Impairment
Alcohol-involvedAlcohol-involvedInjury and DeathInjury and Death
(Traffic and Other)(Traffic and Other)
Driving afterDriving afterDrinkingDrinking
Perceived Perceived Risk of ArrestRisk of Arrest
Local LawLocal LawEnforcementEnforcement
Social Access Social Access to Alcoholto Alcohol
Alcohol Alcohol Serving and Serving and
Sales PracticesSales Practices
Local Regulation Local Regulation of Alcoholof Alcohol
(Density, Hours (Density, Hours of Sale)of Sale)
Community Trials Final Community Trials Final ResultsResults
Driving after “Too much to drink” (- 49%)Driving after “Too much to drink” (- 49%)
BAC Positive Drivers (- 44%)BAC Positive Drivers (- 44%)
Heavy Drinking (-6%)Heavy Drinking (-6%)
AssaultsAssaults
Nighttime Injury Crashes (-10%)Nighttime Injury Crashes (-10%)
-- Hospital Cases (-2%)-- Hospital Cases (-2%) -- Emergency Room Cases (- 43%)-- Emergency Room Cases (- 43%)
The San Diego-Tijuana Project The San Diego-Tijuana Project to Reduce to Reduce
Teen and Binge DrinkingTeen and Binge Drinking
Institute for Public Strategieswww.publicstrategies.org
Institute for Public Strategieswww.publicstrategies.org
StrategyImplementation
Learning StrategySelection
Recruitment
Recruitment
System functional System functional model for community model for community
preventionprevention
Data Collection& Evaluation
CommunityMobilization
Research / Practice Research / Practice PartnershipPartnership
Pacific InstitutePacific Institute Data collectionData collection Data feedback to Data feedback to
programmingprogramming Program designProgram design Policy supportPolicy support Media hookMedia hook
Institute for Public Institute for Public strategiesstrategies Design and Design and
implement implement prevention strategyprevention strategy
PolicyPolicy Community Community
organizingorganizing MediaMedia Law enforcementLaw enforcement
Border field laboratoryBorder field laboratory
3.3.TijuanaTijuana
barsbars
North-North-boundboundborderbordersurveysurvey
4.4.2.2.South-South-boundboundborderbordersurveysurvey
San DiegoCounty
TelephoneSurvey
1.1.
The ProblemThe Problem
Underage and binge drinking in MexicoUnderage and binge drinking in Mexico Thousands of US teenagers cross into Thousands of US teenagers cross into
Tijuana on a weekend eveningTijuana on a weekend evening Alcohol related problems are the resultAlcohol related problems are the result
DUI CrashesDUI Crashes Fights, injuries, crime and arrestsFights, injuries, crime and arrests Exposure to STD’sExposure to STD’s Poor school performancePoor school performance
Strategic Change ModelStrategic Change Model
Scientific Data & Research
Media Advocacy
Community
Organizing
Policy
EnforcementEffective
Advocacy Campaign
Border ProjectBorder ProjectMultiple InterventionsMultiple Interventions
BinationalCollaboration
Southbound• Operation Safe Crossing
Tijuana• RBS training• ID training• Ban Alcohol Ads• Enforcement in Tijuana Bars
Northbound• Community Policing• DUI checkpoint
USA
Mexico
Safer California Safer California Colleges and Colleges and Universities:Universities:
A risk management A risk management approach to college approach to college
student drinking student drinking problemsproblems
Mean Score for 5+ Drinks in a Row in Past 2 Weeks by 4-year College Student Status
Wave 1 Wave 2 Wave 3 Wave 4
Measurement Wave
(18) (19-20) (21-22) (23-24)
Twice
Once
None
College
Non-College
InjuryInjury
500,000 students between the 500,000 students between the ages of 18 and 24 are ages of 18 and 24 are
unintentionally injured under the unintentionally injured under the influence of alcoholinfluence of alcohol
(Hingson et al., 2002)(Hingson et al., 2002)
AssaultAssault
More than 600,000 students between More than 600,000 students between the ages of 18 and 24 are assaulted by the ages of 18 and 24 are assaulted by
another student who has been drinking another student who has been drinking
(Hingson et al., 2002)(Hingson et al., 2002)
Sexual AbuseSexual Abuse
More than 70,000 students More than 70,000 students between the ages of 18 and 24 are between the ages of 18 and 24 are victims of alcohol-related sexual victims of alcohol-related sexual
assault or date rapeassault or date rape
(Hingson et al., 2002)(Hingson et al., 2002)
Drunk DrivingDrunk Driving
2.1 million students between the 2.1 million students between the ages of 18 and 24 drove under the ages of 18 and 24 drove under the
influence of alcohol last year influence of alcohol last year
(Hingson et al., 2002)(Hingson et al., 2002)
Academic Academic ProblemsProblems
About 25 percent of college students About 25 percent of college students report academic consequences of their report academic consequences of their
drinking including missing class, drinking including missing class, falling behind, doing poorly on exams falling behind, doing poorly on exams or papers, and receiving lower grades or papers, and receiving lower grades
overall overall
(Engs et al., 1996; (Engs et al., 1996; Presley et al., 1996a, 1996b; Presley et al., 1996a, 1996b;
Wechsler et al., 2002)Wechsler et al., 2002)
What are we trying to What are we trying to prevent?prevent?
IntoxicationIntoxication
Harm related to intoxicationHarm related to intoxication
Safer California Safer California UniversitiesUniversitiesProject GoalProject Goal
To evaluate the efficacy of To evaluate the efficacy of aa
“Risk Management” “Risk Management” approach to alcohol approach to alcohol problem preventionproblem prevention
Risk ManagementRisk Management
Risk AssessmentRisk Assessment
Risk ReductionRisk Reduction
Risk MonitoringRisk Monitoring
Risk AssessmentRisk Assessment
Brief interviews with key Brief interviews with key personnelpersonnel
Archival data sourcesArchival data sources
Student survey dataStudent survey data
Data CollectionProcess
Planning ProcessPRC Tech. Assist
and ActivitiesProximal
OutcomesOutcomes Products
Evaluation of RiskManagement
Design
Project ProcessManual
SAFER CALIFORNIA UNIVERSITIES STUDYBig Picture Framework
Risk ManagementStrategies
Risk Assessment
Archival Data
Student Surveys
Key InformantInterviews
Alcohol problem/setting reviewed
Assessment toolkitTech. assistance
Training
Alcohol problemsettings identified
Risk PreventionCampus
Readiness Survey
Identify problemusing applied data
Identify policysolutions
Dev. Risk mgmt.strategies
DesigninterventionsEst. strategic
partnersDev. Media plan
Intervention toolkitTech. assistance
TrainingBest practices
review
Conduct riskmanagementinterventions
Reduction ofintoxication among
studentsReduction of highrisk settings that
contribute toalcohol-related
problems
Risk MonitoringData collection
ongoing
Application of datato identify problem
and solutions
Application of dataidentifies training
needsMonitors change
Risk ReductionRisk Reduction
Matching intervention to risky settings:Matching intervention to risky settings:
Fraternity partiesFraternity parties
Drinking in residence hallsDrinking in residence halls
Drinking associated with athletic eventsDrinking associated with athletic events
Drinking at off-campus bars & restaurantsDrinking at off-campus bars & restaurants
Risk MonitoringRisk Monitoring
Key role of archival dataKey role of archival data
Iterative process of evaluation….Iterative process of evaluation….
……with improved implementationwith improved implementation
How is risk management How is risk management a unique approach?a unique approach?
Targets times and places instead of Targets times and places instead of individualsindividuals
Focus on intoxicationFocus on intoxication
Tied to continuous monitoring and Tied to continuous monitoring and improvement - emphasis on “control” improvement - emphasis on “control” rather than “one shot” interventionsrather than “one shot” interventions
Anticipated Hurdles for Anticipated Hurdles for Prevention StrategyPrevention Strategy
Implicit assumption that “target” Implicit assumption that “target” is high-risk drinkersis high-risk drinkers
RELATIVE PRODUCTION OF PROBLEMS BYFREQUENT BINGE VS. NON-BINGE DRINKERS (CAMPUS SAMPLE, '98 - '99 SCHOOL YEAR)
PROBLEM CATEGORY
NU
MB
ER
S O
F P
RO
BLE
MS
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
FREQUENT BINGE DRINKERSNON-BINGE DRINKERSFIFTY-PERCENT CONTROL LINE
Anticipated Hurdles for Anticipated Hurdles for Prevention StrategyPrevention Strategy
Implicit assumption that “target” is Implicit assumption that “target” is high-risk drinkershigh-risk drinkers
Ambivalence about student drinkingAmbivalence about student drinking Low perceived efficacy of Low perceived efficacy of
environmental interventionsenvironmental interventions Challenges of coordination and Challenges of coordination and
resource allocationresource allocation Possible fears of “backlash”Possible fears of “backlash”
Hypothesized Elements Hypothesized Elements Necessary for Purposive Necessary for Purposive
Environmental InterventionsEnvironmental Interventions Organizational Knowledge of Organizational Knowledge of
ProblemProblem Clear FocusClear Focus Organizational EfficacyOrganizational Efficacy
ResourcesResources CoordinationCoordination CommitmentCommitment
Perceived EfficacyPerceived Efficacy Continuous Feedback/EvaluationContinuous Feedback/Evaluation
REDUCING REDUCING UNDERAGE UNDERAGE DRINKING: DRINKING:
A COLLECTIVE A COLLECTIVE RESPONSIBILIRESPONSIBILITYTY
The full report (readable on-line): The full report (readable on-line):
National Academies PressNational Academies Press
www.nap.eduwww.nap.edu
Order by phone: 888-624-7645Order by phone: 888-624-7645 FACE’s executive summary publication: FACE’s executive summary publication:
www.faceproject.orgwww.faceproject.org
For copies of:For copies of:
Task Force Task Force RecommendationsRecommendations
Tier 1: Evidence of Effectiveness Among Evidence of Effectiveness Among College StudentsCollege Students
Tier 2:: Evidence of Success With General Evidence of Success With General Populations That Could Be Applied Populations That Could Be Applied to College Environmentsto College Environments
Tier 3:: Evidence of Logical and Theoretical Evidence of Logical and Theoretical Promise, But Require More Promise, But Require More Comprehensive EvaluationComprehensive Evaluation
Tier 4:: Evidence of IneffectivenessEvidence of Ineffectiveness
Supplemental Supplemental SlidesSlides
These slides were not These slides were not presented, but are presented, but are
included in case anyone included in case anyone might be interested in might be interested in seeing a bit more on seeing a bit more on
related topicsrelated topics
SourceSource % Grade 6% Grade 6 % Grade % Grade 99
% Grade % Grade 1212
FriendsFriends 39.339.3 69.369.3 72.372.3
FamilyFamily 48.748.7 28.828.8 18.218.2
PartiesParties 32.132.1 55.655.6 59.859.8
Took from homeTook from home 33.133.1 33.233.2 11.811.8
Took from friend’s Took from friend’s homehome
15.915.9 17.717.7 5.05.0
Got someone to buy itGot someone to buy it 14.014.0 35.335.3 52.652.6
Bought at storeBought at store 8.38.3 7.67.6 8.58.5
Bought at bar or Bought at bar or restaurantrestaurant
8.18.1 4.64.6 7.57.5
Took from storeTook from store 10.010.0 6.56.5 2.52.5
Access: Sources of Alcohol Access: Sources of Alcohol Used by Underage Drinkers, Used by Underage Drinkers,
Past 30 DaysPast 30 Days
Source: Harrison, et al., 2000
Strengthen compliance check Strengthen compliance check programs.programs.
The federal government should require The federal government should require states to achieve designated rates of states to achieve designated rates of retailer compliance. retailer compliance.
All sellers and servers of alcohol All sellers and servers of alcohol complete state-approved training as a complete state-approved training as a condition of employment.condition of employment.
Access: Commercial Access: Commercial AvailabilityAvailability
Effects of Compliance Effects of Compliance Checks and RBS on Checks and RBS on
Underage SalesUnderage Sales
4753
45
35
1916
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Per
cen
t o
f O
utl
ets
Sel
lin
g
Pretest Posttest
Comparison(No Treatment)
Experimental(No Training)
Experimantal(Training)
Source: Grube, 1997
Implement enforcement programs to Implement enforcement programs to deter adults from purchasing alcohol for deter adults from purchasing alcohol for minors.minors.
Establish and implement a system Establish and implement a system requiring registration of beer kegs.requiring registration of beer kegs.
Adopt and publicize policies for detecting Adopt and publicize policies for detecting and terminating underage drinking and terminating underage drinking parties.parties.
Access: Social AvailabilityAccess: Social Availability
Facilitate enforcement of zero tolerance Facilitate enforcement of zero tolerance laws.laws.
Enact graduated driver licensing laws.Enact graduated driver licensing laws.
Implement sobriety checkpoints.Implement sobriety checkpoints.
Strengthen efforts to prevent and detect Strengthen efforts to prevent and detect use of false identification.use of false identification.
Establish administrative procedures and Establish administrative procedures and noncriminal penalties for alcohol noncriminal penalties for alcohol infractions by minors.infractions by minors.
Access: Youth UseAccess: Youth Use
Insufficient evidence to support youth-Insufficient evidence to support youth-oriented media campaign now: intensive oriented media campaign now: intensive research and development needed.research and development needed.
Fund only evidence-based programs.Fund only evidence-based programs.
Information-only interventions, scare Information-only interventions, scare tactics, and “delay” messages are not tactics, and “delay” messages are not effective.effective.
Expand the availability of effective clinical Expand the availability of effective clinical services for treating alcohol abuse.services for treating alcohol abuse.
Youth InterventionsYouth Interventions
Campuses should adopt comprehensive evidence based Campuses should adopt comprehensive evidence based approaches:approaches:
Universal educational approaches as well asUniversal educational approaches as well as selective selective and indicated approaches and indicated approaches Screening and brief interventions Screening and brief interventions Limit alcohol availability and access for underageLimit alcohol availability and access for underage students students Consistent enforcement of laws and policiesConsistent enforcement of laws and policies
NIAAA and SAMHSA should continue to fund evaluation NIAAA and SAMHSA should continue to fund evaluation of college-based programs and should maintain list of of college-based programs and should maintain list of evidence-based programs.evidence-based programs.
College InterventionsCollege Interventions
Community coalitions can increase the Community coalitions can increase the effectiveness of interventions.effectiveness of interventions.
Assess problem locallyAssess problem locally
Develop comprehensive community-based Develop comprehensive community-based initiative.initiative.
Implement strategies tailored to the Implement strategies tailored to the specific problems and resources in the specific problems and resources in the community.community.
Community InterventionsCommunity Interventions
Involve gatekeepers, businesses, key Involve gatekeepers, businesses, key community leaders, and colleges.community leaders, and colleges.
Consider strategies such as: community Consider strategies such as: community organizing, public education, strategic organizing, public education, strategic use of mass media, and partnerships use of mass media, and partnerships with faith-based organizations.with faith-based organizations.
Community InterventionsCommunity Interventions
Resources are essentialResources are essential::
Public and Private partners should support Public and Private partners should support community mobilization to reduce community mobilization to reduce underage drinkingunderage drinking
Federal funding should be available under Federal funding should be available under a national program dedicated to a national program dedicated to community-level approaches modeled after community-level approaches modeled after the Drug-Free Communities Actthe Drug-Free Communities Act
Community InterventionsCommunity Interventions
Alcohol use by young people is dangerous.Alcohol use by young people is dangerous.
Committee calls for a deep, unequivocal Committee calls for a deep, unequivocal societal commitment to curtail underage societal commitment to curtail underage drinking.drinking.
Need to dedicate the resources commensurate Need to dedicate the resources commensurate with the magnitude of the problem.with the magnitude of the problem.
Commit to a comprehensive strategy that Commit to a comprehensive strategy that involves multiple partners (National, State, involves multiple partners (National, State, Campuses, Campuses, Local) to achieve long-term results.Local) to achieve long-term results.
SummarySummary
SummarySummary Develop national adult-oriented media campaignDevelop national adult-oriented media campaign Create national partnership, including industryCreate national partnership, including industry Reduce youth exposure, both advertising and Reduce youth exposure, both advertising and
entertainment entertainment Government Assistance and CoordinationGovernment Assistance and Coordination Increase compliance, including enforcement on- Increase compliance, including enforcement on-
and off-campusand off-campus Implement evidence-based efforts aimed at Implement evidence-based efforts aimed at
youthyouth Implement effective college campus Implement effective college campus
interventionsinterventions Develop community-specific responses, Develop community-specific responses,
including campus collaborations including campus collaborations Increase excise taxesIncrease excise taxes Conduct ongoing monitoring and R& EConduct ongoing monitoring and R& E
Safer California Safer California Universities SurveyUniversities Survey
Fall 2003Fall 2003 Internet and Mail Surveys Internet and Mail Surveys Random Samples of StudentsRandom Samples of Students 14 Campuses14 Campuses N = 28,000N = 28,000
Range 738 - 1291Range 738 - 1291 Response rate 51%Response rate 51%
Source: Safer California Universities Survey, 2003
Safer California Safer California Universities SurveyUniversities Survey
Gender:Gender:Male 41%Male 41%Female 59%Female 59%
Ages:Ages:1818 19.6% 19.6%1919 18.3% 18.3%2020 16.2% 16.2%2121 16.2% 16.2%
>21 >21 28.8% 28.8%
Class:Class: Freshman 21.1% Freshman 21.1% Sophomore 17.9% Sophomore 17.9% Junior Junior 28.5% 28.5% Senior Senior 32% 32% Other Other .5% .5%
EthnicityEthnicity White White 52.1% 52.1% Black Black 3.3% 3.3% Asian Amer. 33.5% Asian Amer. 33.5% LatinoLatino 17.4%17.4% Other 17.4% Other 17.4%
Source: Safer California Universities Survey, 2003
Percentage of Safer Percentage of Safer Students Drinking in Past Students Drinking in Past
Semester/QuarterSemester/Quarter
7989 86
7078 79
7481 80
85
71
58
69
0
10
20
30
4050
60
70
80
90100
Per
cen
tag
e
A B C D E F G H I J K L M
Safer CampusesSource: Safer California Universities Survey, 2003
Percentage of Drinkers Percentage of Drinkers Getting Drunk in Past Getting Drunk in Past
Semester/QuarterSemester/Quarter
61
7770
54 58 5951
61
83
85
6560 62 64
0102030405060708090
100
Per
cen
tag
e D
rin
kers
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N
Safer CampusesSource: Safer California Universities Survey, 2003
Percent of StudentsPercent of Students “Binge” Drinking Past Two “Binge” Drinking Past Two
WeeksWeeks
15
16
69
18
35
47
18
20
62
13
10
77
15
16
69
13
15
72
1010
80
16
18
66
22
34
44
20
44
37
22
20
58
18
16
66
19
18
63
18
16
66
17
21
63
0102030405060708090
100
Per
cen
tag
e
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N Total
Safer Campuses
Non-BingeDrinker
2+ Times
Once
Source: Safer California Universities Survey, 2003
Drinking Problems in Past Drinking Problems in Past Semester/Quarter (UC)Semester/Quarter (UC)
65
48.7
49.7
35.5
43.2
37.1
36.9
39.6
38.3
58
43.8
44.6
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Percentage of Drinkers
Hangover
Missed Class
Got Behind in Work
Taken Advantage
Had Unplanned Sex
Not Used
Damaged Property
Got Hurt or Injured
Did Poorly on Test
Got Sick
DUI
RWDD
Source: Safer California Universities Survey, 2003
Drinking Problems in Past Drinking Problems in Past Semester/Quarter (CSU)Semester/Quarter (CSU)
51
21
24
4
17
9
6
10
12
38
26
23
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Percentage
HangoverMissed Class
Got Behind in WorkTaken Advatage of Sexually
Had Unplanned SexNot Used ProtectionDamaged PropertyGot Hurt or InjuredDid Poorly on Test
Got SickDUI
RWDD
Source: Safer California Universities Survey, 2003
Secondary Drinking Secondary Drinking Problems in Past Problems in Past
Semester/Quarter (UC)Semester/Quarter (UC)
22
12
16
13
9
17
43
39
28
27
16
0 10 20 30 40
Percentage of Students
InsultedHarassedArgument
Pushed, Hit, AssaultedPhysical Violence
Property DamagedTake Care of Other
Studies or Sleep DisruptedUnwanted Sexual Advance/Assault
Found VomitVictim of Crime
Source: Safer California Universities Survey, 2003
Secondary Drinking Problems Secondary Drinking Problems in Past Semester (CSU)in Past Semester (CSU)
15
4
12
6
2
9
34
26
12
13
1
0 10 20 30 40
Percentage
Insulted
Harassed
Argument
Pushed, Hit, Assaulted
Physical ViolenceProperty Damaged
Take Care of Other
Studies or Sleep Disrupted
Unwanted Sexual AdvanceFound Vomit
Sexual Assault
Source: Safer California Universities Survey, 2003
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
Greek Residence Hall
ABCDEFGHIJKLMN
Drinking Problems by Setting and CampusDrinking Problems by Setting and Campus
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
own room, house or apartment On Campus
ABCDEFGHIJKLMN
Drinking Problems by Setting and CampusDrinking Problems by Setting and Campus