an examination of new turfgrass insecticides and their effects on nontarget arthropods in turf dan...
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An Examination of New Turfgrass Insecticides and Their Effects on
Nontarget Arthropods in Turf
Dan DigmanResearch Technician
The Ohio State UniversityDepartment of Entomology
Columbus, [email protected]
Evaluate Impact of New Insecticides on Nontarget Arthropods in Turfgrass:
Halofenozide (=MACH2TM)
Imidacloprid (=MeritTM)
Deltamethrin (= DeltaGardTM)
Indoxacarb (=StewardTM)
Thiamethoxam (= MeridianTM)
Objectives
Design and conduct a nontarget study to evaluate effects of halofenozide, imidacloprid, deltamethrin, indoxacarb and thiamethoxam on common arthropods in turf
Compare data obtained from previous nontarget studies using insecticides currently on the market
Determine the preliminary biodiversity in turfgrass
RateInsecticide lbAI / acre LD50* Class Product
Treatments Used in Study
Imidacloprid 0.3 450 Neonicotinoid Merit 75WP
Halofenozide 2.0 2850 IGR MACH2 22.3EC
Thiamethoxam 0.2 1563 Neonicotinoid Meridian 75WDG
Deltamethrin 0.05 135 Pyrethroid DeltaGard 5SC
Indoxacarb 0.13 >5000 Oxadiazone Steward
* Rat oral LD50 for technical, all formulations were >5000
Application Method
Five replications of six treatments with 0.61 meters between plots
Plots (3.05 m2) arranged in an RCB (Random Complete Block) Design
A Tee-Jet triple-boom CO2 spray tank with 8004
nozzles was callibrated to deliver 2 gal/1,000 ft2 at 20 psi
Experimental area established at The OSU-OTF Turfgrass Research Facility in Columbus, Ohio
Treatment and Collection Dates
Samples include a single pre-treatment core taken per plot on 15 July, 2002
Plots were treated on 22 July, 2002
After treatment date, two turf samples were collected per plot at 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 11, 25 and 27 weeks after treatment (WAT)
Turf Core Extractions
Samples were inverted (turf-side down) into Berlese funnels for arthropod extraction
Then capped and stored in 80% ethanol until analysis
Statistical Analysis
Data were analysed using MINITAB (Minitab, Inc., State College, PA)
ANOVA multi-comparisons were calculated and with a Tukey mean separation using error rate of 5% (when valid).
Evaluation of 2002 Data
There was an average of 27,318 arthropods per m2 in the pretreatment samples.
Of those, 80% were Acari and 14% were Collembola.
Preliminary analysis indicated insufficient data to consider Aranae, Hemiptera, Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, Diptera, Thysanoptera and Lepidoptera as valid indicator groups.
Analysis focused on Acari and Collembola
2002 Mite Data
Mites
Pretreat 1 WAT 2 WAT 3 WAT 4 WAT 6 WAT
Halofenozide 23,026 13,392 27,035 22,611 21,333 28,236Imidacloprid 23,048 13,523 19,847 23,845 21,912 22,371
Thiamethoxam 23,332 12,900 16,101 17,696 21,639 31,655
Deltamethrin 16,188 16,276 13,250 17,270 18,460 23,059
Indoxacarb 21,650 9,143 14,298 17,575 21,333 18,995
Control 17,346 16,811 15,336 16,276 19,356 27,406
* Data is expressed in number per meters squared
2002 Collembola Data
CollembolaPretreat 1 WAT 2 WAT 3 WAT 4 WAT 6 WAT
Halofenozide 4,173 3,943 1,802 1,049 2,086 896Imidacloprid 2,075 950 1,202 481 568 87
Thiamethoxam 5,352 2,075 983 961 623 983Deltamethrin 4,129 4,326 4,140 4,227 3,594 2,043
Indoxacarb 1,726 1,147 3,932 2,611 2,075 3,659Control 1,988 5,636 5,658 3,539 6,532 4,413
* Data is expressed in number per meters squared
2002 Diplura Data
DipluransPretreat 1 WAT 2 WAT 3 WAT 4 WAT 6 WAT
Halofenozide 350 339 295 590 1,136 382Imidacloprid 393 153 186 208 317 229
Thiamethoxam 677 459 382 448 907 743Deltamethrin 284 229 350 262 164 393
Indoxacarb 87 87 120 579 655 459Control 328 175 470 251 371 830
* Data is expressed in number per meters squared
Back to the Drawing Board...
Establish two additional studies mirroring the 2002 experiment with four replications and six treatments each
Take data at 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6 WAT to observe correlations or differences
2005 Data: Total Acari
MitesPretreat 1 WAT 2 WAT 3 WAT 4 WAT 6 WAT
Control 14,186 17,450 22,229 30,612 18,160 51,230Deltamethrin 18,337 17,259 17,750 25,178 17,914 23,103Halofenozide 23,225 26,734 17,941 33,179 12,562 37,658Imidacloprid 11,428 19,962 19,553 22,775 20,809 18,378
Indoxacarb 21,314 16,712 17,477 25,861 15,948 27,062Thiamethoxam 33,357 21,409 23,976 32,742 27,390 29,493
* Data expressed as number per meters squared
Acari: Break-Down
OribatidPretreat 1 WAT 2 WAT 3 WAT 4 WAT 6 WAT
Control 9,667 11,824 15,675 24,796 13,244 46,560Deltamethrin 10,541 12,889 13,763 21,246 13,053 19,116Halofenozide 11,756 20,536 12,261 26,379 10,841 32,005Imidacloprid 6,390 13,599 14,009 18,870 16,057 16,467Indoxacarb 11,647 11,852 10,213 21,000 10,841 22,311Thiamethoxam 17,696 16,576 17,313 24,987 20,672 25,151
Non-OribatidPretreat 1 WAT 2 WAT 3 WAT 4 WAT 6 WAT
Control 4,519 5,625 6,554 5,817 4,915 4,670Deltamethrin 7,796 4,369 3,987 3,932 4,861 3,987Halofenozide 11,469 6,199 5,680 6,800 1,720 5,653Imidacloprid 5,038 6,363 5,544 3,905 4,752 1,912Indoxacarb 9,667 4,861 7,264 4,861 5,107 4,752Thiamethoxam 15,661 4,834 6,663 7,755 6,718 4,342
* Data expressed as number per meters squared
Preliminary Data: Collembola
CollembolaPretreat 1 WAT 2 WAT 3 WAT 4 WAT 6 WAT
Control 9,012 9,503 5,298 6,718 14,582 4,042Deltamethrin 14,473 10,186 6,417 12,207 8,192 7,755Halofenozide 14,350 7,510 5,980 2,430 3,004 7,537Imidacloprid 6,445 1,365 13,900 1,010 1,939 7,182Indoxacarb 14,965 15,893 19,935 10,377 10,131 4,615Thiamethoxam 15,757 5,189 2,294 3,987 7,400 5,189
* Data expressed as number per meters squared
Collembola: Break-DownEntomobryidae
Pretreat 1 WAT 2 WAT 3 WAT 4 WAT 6 WATControl 492 1,202 874 956 1,638 1,010Deltamethrin 1,297 601 355 901 1,748 710Halofenozide 68 1,475 956 792 109 1,120Imidacloprid 396 546 628 437 546 655Indoxacarb 382 1,174 1,939 1,338 3,031 1,393Thiamethoxam 218 2,567 874 847 1,065 1,010
OnychiuridaePretreat 1 WAT 2 WAT 3 WAT 4 WAT 6 WAT
Control 696 1,147 1,502 655 1,993 273Deltamethrin 2,376 1,720 4,697 218 1,638 1,666Halofenozide 2,212 273 983 874 1,912 710Imidacloprid 410 546 382 218 137 0Indoxacarb 2,103 6,308 10,213 1,557 1,420 683Thiamethoxam 3,318 683 109 328 1,693 82
* Data expressed as number per meters squared
Collembola: Continued...
IsotomidaePretreat 1 WAT 2 WAT 3 WAT 4 WAT 6 WAT
Control 5,980 5,380 1,993 3,277 7,155 1,502Deltamethrin 9,189 6,991 819 9,476 2,867 2,075Halofenozide 9,189 5,598 2,130 737 164 3,932Imidacloprid 3,973 246 10,869 82 492 1,720Indoxacarb 10,336 7,947 4,397 7,018 4,779 2,267Thiamethoxam 8,629 1,338 1,065 1,966 2,130 2,321
SminthuridaePretreat 1 WAT 2 WAT 3 WAT 4 WAT 6 WAT
Control 1,843 1,775 928 1,830 3,796 1,256Deltamethrin 1,611 874 546 1,611 1,939 3,304Halofenozide 2,881 164 1,912 27 819 1,775Imidacloprid 1,666 27 2,021 273 765 4,806Indoxacarb 2,144 464 3,386 464 901 273Thiamethoxam 3,591 601 246 847 2,512 1,775
* Data expressed as number per meters squared
Preliminary Data: Diplura
DipluraPretreat 1 WAT 2 WAT 3 WAT 4 WAT 6 WAT
Control 41 410 109 328 328 983Deltamethrin 178 164 0 109 300 1,720Halofenozide 96 82 164 164 82 164Imidacloprid 0 0 191 27 191 109Indoxacarb 150 191 246 191 246 464Thiamethoxam 178 300 164 410 601 246
* Data expressed as number per meters squared
Diplura: Break-Down
CampodeidaePretreat 1 WAT 2 WAT 3 WAT 4 WAT 6 WAT
Control 0 137 27 0 0 218Deltamethrin 109 0 0 0 0 1,529Halofenozide 41 55 0 0 0 0Imidacloprid 0 0 0 0 0 27Indoxacarb 68 82 137 55 0 410Thiamethoxam 164 0 27 0 0 82
JapyjidaePretreat 1 WAT 2 WAT 3 WAT 4 WAT 6 WAT
Control 41 273 82 328 328 765Deltamethrin 68 164 0 109 300 191Halofenozide 55 27 164 164 82 164Imidacloprid 0 0 191 27 191 82Indoxacarb 82 109 109 137 246 55Thiamethoxam 14 300 137 410 601 164
* Data expressed as number per meters squared
Control Plot Total ArthropodComparison 2002 vs. 2005
Means Pretreat 1 WAT 2 WAT 3 WAT 4 WAT 6 WAT
2002 27,319 18,244 22,525 23,057 25,906 29,365
2005 24,386 29,329 34,599 39,023 33,698 57,893
* Data expressed as number per meters squared
Preliminary Conclusions
Data support no significant effects on families of Acari within first four weeks following treatments...
Data for Collembola show significant effects for Sminthuridae by all treatments at 1 WAT.
Data suggests that Diplura are not significantly affected by any treatments.
Unknown carrying capacity may be linked to seasonal organic matter content in turfgrass.
Biodiversity Data
Peck et al. 2001 Biodiversity Data
Digman et al. 2002 Biodiversity Data
Thank you...
Discovery is everything...