an integrated behaviour-change model for physical activity · theories of reasoned action and...

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An Integrated Behaviour-Change Model for Physical Activity

Martin Hagger Health Psychology and Behavioural Medicine Research Group, School of Psychology and Speech Pathology

Curtin University, Perth, Australia

Overview

n  Why is theory important? n  Integrated behaviour Change Model

– Motivation and intention – Volition and planning –  Implicit and automatic processes

n  Translation and application n  Summary and the way forward

n  Explanatory systems – Personal and social factors (‘what’) – Mechanisms responsible (‘how’) – Targets for intervention

n  Pose questions/hypotheses n  Permits disconfirmation, rejection n  Avoids ‘hit and hope’ or ‘variable fishing

expeditions’

Why is theory important? Answering the ‘what’ and ‘how’ questions

Examples of Theories n Self-efficacy/social cognitive theory (Bandura, 1963) n Health belief model (Becker, 1974) n Protection motivation theory (Rogers, 1975) n Theory of interpersonal behaviour (1977) n Theory of reasoned action (Fishbein & Ajzen, 1980) n Self-determination theory (Deci, 1980) n Transtheoretical model (Prochaska & DiClemente, 1982) n Personality systems interaction theory (Kuhl, 1984) n Theory of planned behaviour (Ajzen, 1985) n Self-regulation theory (Bagozzi, 1990) n Health action process approach (Schwarzer, 1992) n The I-change model (De Vries et al., 1998) n Model of goal-directed behaviour (Perugini & Conner, 2000) Hagger, M. S., & Chatzisarantis, N. L. D. (2014). An integrated behavior-change model for

physical activity. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews, 42, 62-69.

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The Integrated Behaviour Change (IBC) Model

Source: Hagger & Chatzisarantis, N. L. D. (2014). An Integrated Behaviour-Change Model for Physical Activity. Exercise and Sports Sciences Reviews.

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Action Planning

Implicit motivation

Implicit attitudes Attitudes

Perceived Behavioural

Control

Intrinsic Motivation

Subjective Norms Intention Exercise

Behaviour

Motivational

Implicit

Volitional



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Action Planning

Implicit motivation



Control



Behaviour

Motivational

Perceived Control

Attitudes

Subjective Norms Intentions Exercise

Behaviour

Theories of Reasoned Action and Planned Behaviour General orientation towards health behaviour

“good-bad”,“useful-useless”,“harmful-beneficial”

Stated volitional plans “I plan…/I intend.../ I expect...”

Evaluation of capacities/barriers/abilities “self-efficacy”/”easy-difficult”

Evaluation of others’ evaluation “my parents think…”,”my friends think…”

n  Meta-analysis of studies on exercise adopting TPB

n  Path analysis based on averaged corrected correlations

Meta-analysis

Source: Hagger, Chatzisarantis and Biddle (2002)

Perceived Control

Attitudes

Subjective Norms Intentions Behaviour

.40*

.36*

.33*

.09*


Theories of Reasoned Action and Planned Behaviour

The theory of planned behaviour: Problems and solutions

c.f. Head & Noar (2014); Noar & Head (2014) Sniehotta (2014) Rhodes (2014); Rhodes & de Bruin (2013)

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Theory of Planned Behaviour and Self-Determination Theory

• What are the origins of constructs like attitudes and perceived control?

• Can individual differences and needs-based motives predict beliefs from TPB?

• Self-determination theory may have the ‘key’

Theory of Planned Behaviour and Self-Determination Theory

•  Can SDT assist in explaining the origin of TPB constructs?

“Cognitive theories begin their analysis [of behaviour] with a cognitive representation of some future desired state. What is missing, of course, is a consideration of the conditions of the organism that make these future states desired”

(Deci & Ryan, 1985, p. 228)

For choice, enjoyment, pleasure & fun; not reinforced

For external reinforcement such as rewards or avoiding punishment.

For avoiding guilt or gaining externally referenced approval

For personal values like learning new skills, feelings of competence & satisfaction

Defining Features

SELF-DETERMINED MOTIVES (‘INTRINSIC’)

NON-SELF-DETERMINED MOTIVES (‘EXTRINSIC’)


Identification

Introjection

External regulation

Type of Motivation

Self-Determination Theory Theory of Planned Behaviour and Self-Determination Theory

•  People distinguish between ‘self-determined’ and ‘non self-determined’ beliefs

•  Classification analysis: •  Appearance-related reasons = non self-determined (extrinsic)

•  Other reasons classified as self-determined (intrinsic)

•  Significant correlation (r = .27) between self-determined motivation and dichotomous ‘reasons’ variable

Source: McLachlan & Hagger (2011) Research Quarterly in Exercise & Sport McLachlan & Hagger (2011) Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology

.63

.56

.23

.50

.35

Sources: Hagger et al. (2006) Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin Hagger & Chatzisarantis (2009) British Journal of Health Psychology

.07 .61

Theory of Planned behaviour and Self-Determination Theory

.06

Self-determined motivation

Intention Behaviour

Attitude

Social Norms

Perceived Control



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Action Planning

Implicit motivation



Control



Behaviour

Volitional Motivational

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n  Motivation may be a necessary but not sufficient condition for behaviour

n  Many people state an intention, motive or desire to participate in exercise….

….but fail miserably to do so! n  Intention-behaviour ‘gap’

Intention-behaviour relations Motivation is not enough

Exercise Behaviour Intention

.36

Imperfect!

Inclined Abstainers Unsuccessful intenders

Inclined Abstainers Unsuccessful intenders

Successful

Unsuccessful

Intender

Successful Intenders

(42%)

Unsuccessful Intenders

(36%)

Non-intender

Successful Non-intenders

(2%)

Unsuccessful Non-intenders

(21%)

Behaviour

Intention

Source: Rhodes & de Bruin (2013)

Filling the ‘the gap’ Planning and intention-behaviour relations

Sources: Heckhausen & Gollwitzer (1987) Schwarzer (2008)

■  Dual-phase models of action: motivational vs. volitional

■  Gollwitzer et al. (1999) Implementation intentions: “Strong effects of simple plans”

■  How do we furnish our intentions with actions to achieve the goals?

■  “I intend to do behaviour X will help me to achieve Y” ■  “If condition Z arises I will do behaviour X” ■  This does not change intentions, but strengthens the

intention-behaviour relationship

Filling the ‘the gap’ Planning and implementation intentions

You are more likely to exercise for at least 30 minutes per day if you say when (‘if…’) and where (‘then…’) you will exercise and stick to your plan. In the boxes below write down when and where you plan to exercise in the next week:

What Does an Implementation Intention ‘Look’ Like?

Typically use a ‘pen and paper’ delivery:

….the clock strikes 12:30pm for lunch…

….I will pick up my gym bag and go to the fitness centre

If…

then…

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Implementation Intentions Strong effects of simple plans

Sources: Gollwitzer & Sheeran (2006) Hagger & Luszczynska (2014)



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Action Planning

Implicit motivation



Control



Behaviour


Implicit

The problem of past behaviour, habit and behaviour ‘change’

Behaviour Past Behaviour

c.f. Oullette & Wood (1998) Verplanken & Orbell (2003) Gardner (2015) Hagger, Rebar, Mullan, Lipp & Chatzisarantis (2015)

x

Usually a strong effect

Past Behaviour and Behaviour Change

Perceived Control

Attitudes

Subjective Norms

Intentions Behaviour

.40*

.36*

.33*

.09*


Past Behaviour

23*

.05*

.37*

.39*

.55*

.05*

.20*

.08*

.28*

Past behaviour, habit, and explaining behaviour change

•  Theories need to move beyond mere prediction – focus on ‘behaviour change’

•  Theories need to explain past behaviour-future behaviour relations

•  Need to make a distinction between past behaviour and ‘habit’ or ‘automatic’ processes

•  How do ‘habits’ form?

Habit, past behaviour, and explaining change

Process model of habit development


Habit

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Habit, past behaviour, and explaining change

Process model of habit development


Habit Exercise

Behaviour Intention

Habit Exercise

Behaviour Intention

Habit

1.

2.

3.

Source: Rebar & Hagger (2015) in submission

Implicitly Held Attitudes and Motivation

•  Relatively recent addition to research in social cognition/motivation (e.g., Greenwald et al. 2002)

•  Individuals hold beliefs and motives that are: •  Not accessible consciously (Fazio, 1990)

•  Stored as ‘knowledge structures’ – schema (Henderson, Hagger, & Orbell, 2007)

•  Made active or salient by context or ‘cues’ (e.g., Bargh & Chartrand, 1999)

•  Impact action beyond awareness (e.g., Bargh, 1990) •  Lighting a cigarette, decision to exercise

The Implicit Association Task

Good Bad +

Activity Attribute Construct

Evil Exercise Happy


Good Bad

Evil Exercise Happy

+ Activity

n  Medium-sized effects of both forms of attitudes

n  Correlation between two components of attitudes low

Explicit and Implicit Attitudes Predict Physical Activity

Source: Calitri, R., Lowe, R., Eves, F. F., & Bennett, P. (2009). Associations between visual attention, implicit and explicit attitude and behaviour for physical activity. Psychology and Health, 24, 1105–1123.


Me Not me Intrinsic Extrinsic

Self Choice Pressure Them

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.73

.37

Sources: Harris & Hagger (2010) Keatley, Clarke & Hagger (2012) Psychology & Health Keetley, Clarke & Hagger (2013) British Journal of Health Psychology

.49

Implicit and Explicit Motives on Physical Activity

Implicit (Automatic)

Motives

Intention Behaviour


Extrinsic Motivation .17



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Action Planning

Implicit motivation



Control



Behaviour


Implicit

Intervention targets!

Promoting Physical Activity Behaviour Utilizing ‘existing networks’

Source: Chatzisarantis & Hagger (2009). Psychology and Health. See also Hagger & Chatzisarantis (2015). Review of Educational Research.

Behaviour

Autonomy Support

(Intervention)


Attitude

Intention

TPB (Intervention)

Perceived Autonomy Support

(Teacher)

.29

.40

.20

.20

.18

.29

Perceived Control

.23

.69

Sources: Teixeira et al. (2015). Successful behavior change in obesity interventions in adults: a systematic review of self-regulation mediators. BMC Medicine, 13, 84. doi:10.1186/s12916-015-0323-6

Theoretical mediators of obesity interventions

Intervention Behaviour

Controlled Motivation

Autonomous Motivation

Self- efficacy

Coping

Outcome Expectancies

– (0%)

+ (0%)

+ (83%)

+ (67%)

+ (0%)



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Action Planning

Implicit motivation



Control


Subjective Norms Intention Health

Behaviour

Intervention targets!

Combining Pre- and Post-Decisional Strategies

Decisional Balance

No Decisional Balance

Implementation Intention

Combined

Imp. Int.

Only No Implementation Intention

Dec. Bal.

Only

Control

Decisional balance

Implementation Intention

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Results

8

9

10

11

12

13

Decisional balance No decisionalbalance

ImplementationIntention

NoImplementationIntention

Phy

sica

l act

ivity

beh

avio

ur

Source: Prestwich, A., Lawton, R., & Conner, M. (2003). The use of implementation intentions and the decision balance sheet in promoting exercise behaviour. Psychology and Health, 18, 707-721. doi:10.1080/08870440310001594493.



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Action Planning

Implicit motivation



Control


Subjective Norms Intention Health

Behaviour

Intervention target?

n  Design: Prime condition: diet vs. ‘fattening’ food vs. control n  DV1: Recognising ‘diet’ in decision task n  DV2: Choosing healthy over unhealthy ‘parting gift’

Priming implicit goals and attitudes

Source: Fishbach, A., Friedman, R. S., & Kruglanski, A. W. (2003). Leading us not unto temptation: Momentary allurements elicit overriding goal activation. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology.

Rea

ctio

n tim

e (m

s)

480 500 520 540 560 580 600 620

1 2 3 Fattening Diet Control

Hea

lthy

optio

n ch

oice

(%)

0

20

40

60

80

100

1 2 3 Fattening Diet Control

Summary •  Theory is important to inform knowledge on

predictors, mechanisms and processes of behaviour change

•  Integrated behaviour change model proposes three processes leading to health behaviour •  Motivational •  Volitional •  Implicit

•  Model can be used to explain behaviour change •  Model can be used to guide interventions

Limitations and the way forward

n  More evidence for integrated model is required (Hagger et al., 2009; Hagger & Chatzisarantis, 2015)

n  Need to explicitly incorporate process of habit formation

n  No role for emotion and affecting responses n  Model may apply to other health behaviours n  May be a specific form of a ‘tri-process’

framework (Hamilton & Hagger, in preparation)

n  More experimental and intervention research needed (Mullan, Todd, Chatzisarantis, & Hagger, 2013)

Thanks n  Stuart J. H. Biddle n  Nikos L. D. Chatzisarantis n  Sheina Orbell n  Kyra Hamilton n  Derwin K. C. Chan n  Amanda Rebar n  Adam Lonsdale

n  Barbara Mullan n  Jemma Harris n  David A. Keatley n  Sarah McLachlan n  Aleks Luszczynska n  Ottmar Lipp

Funding n  Health Collaborative Research Network n  AERC

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