EDITORIAL

An introduction to the contributors

Luis Kun1

Received: 3 July 2017 /Accepted: 7 July 2017 /Published online: 10 August 2017# IUPESM and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany 2017

What follows is a brief introduction to the Special IssueContributors. I would like to present my great appreci-ation to each of them for their intellectual labour. Iwould also like to thank and present high praises forthe efforts of my colleague, Dr. Robert Mathews, wholed the expeditionary effort to properly orient and de-velop this Special Issue, and the very important topic ithas commendably surveyed.

Dr. Mathews and I had been discussing this theme formany years before the 2015 IUPESM World Congress onMedical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, in Toronto,Canada, when it was decided that a Special Issue wasworthwhile producing. However, the efforts to orchestrateand direct the production of this Special Issue were mon-umental, and much beyond our original expectations.Owing to the simple fact that the Special IssueContributors live in countries across every populated con-tinent of Planet Earth, and in spite of his excruciatinglypressing schedule, Dr. Mathews spent vast sums of hours

cooperating with Contributors under a B24/7^ scheme, tobrilliantly organize important interdisciplinary andmulti-disciplinary perspectives for the benefit of ourworldwide readership.

This volume is not merely a byproduct of providing‘great vision’ on how we must globally orient ourselvesto the proper idea of Privacy and Security of MedicalInformation, or how to be calibrated to the highlyInterconnected and Interoperable Privacy and Securitysensitivities in the World, or how to rightly viewPrivacy and Security tensions in the Digital Age; it isintended to serve as an invaluable and centralBdiscussion primer^ on the subject. I believe that thiscompilation will masterfully serve that purpose.

Lastly, as the Editor-In-Chief, I consider that thecollection of global views, lived experiences, challengesfaced, collection of ideas, and, the splendid transforma-tional, institutional, operational, legal, philosophical,constitutional, and moral angles – presented by the fea-tured Bcollection^ of Contributors, and as they are con-figured, is unparalleled, and has never before been pre-sented in this way, in any other publication. It remainsour hope that it provokes discussions; that it enlightens,and it delights!

Luis KunEditor-In-Chief

This article is part of the Topical Collection on Privacy and Security ofMedical Information

* Luis Kunhcii@aol.com

1 Professor Emeritus,William J. Perry Center for Hemispheric DefenseStudies, National Defense University, Washington, DC, USA

Health Technol. (2017) 7:255–264DOI 10.1007/s12553-017-0208-0

RobertMathews is DistinguishedResearch Scholar onNationalSecurity Affairs and US Industrial Preparedness, and the Directorof theOffice of Scientific Inquiry&Applications at the Universityof Hawai’i. He has served multiple US administrations in variousSenior National Security capacities. His practical and scholarlyintimacy with a range of subjects, such as asymmetry in threatorigins; non-proliferation; arms control; urbanization & rise ofmega-cities; sanitation & clean drinking water; healthcare finance,policy construction, operations & outcomes administration; assur-ance of core competence & operational quality in the enterprise;conditions relating to economic ‘production & outputs’ in thedigital age; systems of food production, safety and conveyance;protection of national critical infrastructures; protective schematicsfor the digitized society & it’s life essentials; military force protec-tion; warfighting and power projection in the digital domain; ICT-Command and Control and the safety and security of InformationSystems has affirmed him a holistic thinker and a national asset.Mathews served as the visionary and principal lead for UnitedStates government-wide Next Generation InformationEnvironment (NGIE), activities, which became the basis for foun-dational and decisive expressions of “Net-Centricity” and“Network Centric Warfare (NCW)” in global US military opera-tions. He is often heard affirming John Muir’s Law, that, “whenwe try to pick out anything by itself, we find it hitched to everythingelse in the universe”.

Mathews is a recognized leader in the formulation of inter-disciplinary and multi-disciplinary solutions to highly com-plex operational problems. Simon Ramo, the USIndustrialist, Father of the US Intercontinental BallisticMissile Defense program, and a scientific pioneer of the ‘sys-tems approach’ typified Mathews as a “spirited fellow-torchbearer for the ‘systems approach’”. He is the leading authorityon the subject of Interoperability and the Integration oflarge-scale ultra-complex and highly distributed systems inthe world. His pioneering analyses into ‘behaviour of com-plex systems’, and ‘systems interconnections’ have spanneddecades and have encompassed political, civilian, military andintelligence systems among others. Mathews’ new intellectual

explorations into the challenging area of Interoperability isnow revealing previously unrecognized factors appertainingto the effective and efficient interoperations of vastly disparatesystems.

The Honourable Giovanni Buttarelli is the EuropeanData Protection Supervisor (EDPS). He was appointedby a joint decision of the European Parliament and theCouncil, on 4 December 2014 for a term of five years.Prior to his appointment, he served as the AssistantData Protection Supervisor. He is a member of theItalian judiciary with the rank of judge of the Court ofCassation. And, as a Cassation judge in the Italian ju-diciary, he has long been involved in many initiativesand committees on data protection and related issues atthe international level. Before joining the EDPS,Buttarelli worked as Secretary General of the Garanteper la protezione dei dati personali, the Italian DataProtection Authority, from 1997 to the year 2009.

When implemented, the General Data ProtectionRegulation (GDPR) will be the most comprehensive and pro-gressive piece of data protection legislation in the world –updated to deal with the implications of the digital age.Under the GDPR, the EDPS –responsible for overseeinghow EU bodies handle personal information – will alongwith the many EU Member State Data ProtectionAuthorities (DPAs), be a member of a new Europeanentity for ensuring consistency in how the new rulesare implemented and enforced. The InternationalAssociation of Privacy Professionals (IAPP) recently re-ferred to Buttarelli as, ‘one of the most active regulatorson the world stage.‘ Lastly, under designation of theMinister of Foreign Affairs (Italy), EDPS’s Buttarelli isa named eminent person, whose experience in theBhuman dimension^ is deemed to be vital to the OSCEOffice for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights(ODIHR), where, by his participation, key solutions tospecific problems concerning the ‘respect of humanrights,’ and the Bhuman dimension^ stand be affordedunequalled address.

ISSUE EDITOR

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Ann Cavoukian is recognized as one of the world’sleading privacy experts. She is presently the ExecutiveDirector of the Privacy and Big Data Institute atRyerson University. Appointed as the Information andPrivacy Commissioner of Ontario, Canada in 1997,Cavoukian served an unprecedented three terms asCommissioner. In that time, she elevated the Office ofthe Information and Privacy Commissioner from a nov-ice regulatory body to a first-class agency, knownaround the world for its cutting edge innovation andleadership. There she created Privacy by Design, aframework that seeks to proactively embed privacy intothe design specifications of information technologies,networked infrastructure and business practices, therebyachieving the strongest protection possible. In October2010, regulators at the International Conference of DataProtection Authorities and Privacy Commissioners unan-imously passed a Resolution recognizing Privacy byDesign as an essential component of fundamental priva-cy protection. This was followed by the U.S. FederalTrade Commission’s inclusion of Privacy by Design asone of three recommended practices for protecting on-line privacy. Cavoukian is the author of two books,BThe Privacy Payoff: How Successful Businesses BuildCustomer Trust^ and BWho Knows: Safeguarding YourPrivacy in a Networked World.^ She has also writtennumerous articles and Op-Eds, and has been invited tosit on many Boards.

Cavoukian’s expertise has been recognized in many ways.She was ranked among the top 25 Women of Influence, rec-ognizing her contribution to the Canadian and global econo-my; named one of the top 100 City Innovators Worldwide byUBM Future Cities for her passionate advocacy of Privacy byDesign; selected for Maclean’s Magazines ‘Power List’ of thetop 50 Canadians; picked as one of the top 10 women indata security, compliance, and privacy; recognized as aFounder of Canada’s Digital Economy at IdentityNorth2016; named as one of the Top 100 Leaders in Identity,2017; and most recently, Cavoukian was awarded theMeritorious Service Medal (Canada) for her outstandingwork on creating Privacy by Design and taking it global(2017).

Pompeu Casanovas is Director of Advanced Research,Professor of Legal Philosophy at the AutonomousUniversity of Barcelona Law School (UAB), and foun-der and Head of UAB Institute of Law and Technology(IDT-UAB). Additionally, he is on the Faculty at RoyalMelbourne Institute of Technology, and is a ResearchProfessor at La Trobe University (Melbourne), workingfor the CRC D2D Programme (Government ofAustralia). He has served as Principal Investigator inover 50 national, European, and international projects.Casanovas has authored over 10 books and more than200 scientific articles in the areas of legal philosophy,legal sociology, intellectual history, and AI & Law. Hisrecent publications develop models of governance toimplement security, privacy and data protection on theWeb, and legal ontologies for semantic interoperability.His research interests comprise both cyber-security tofight organized crime and Online Dispute Resolution(ODR) and crowdsourcing to protect rights and fostercitizens’ political participation. At present he is buildingmodels of ‘linked democracy’ and ‘meta-rule of law’ toregulate the Web of Data.

Louis De Koker is a Professor of Law at the La TrobeLaw School, Australia. His research in the past fewyears, noted by International Monetary Fund, theWorld Bank, the Basel Committee on BankingSupervision and the Financial Action Task Force hasfocused on managing the relationship between financialinclusion and anti-money laundering and counter terror-ist financing objectives, especially in relation to custom-er data. He has undertaken various research engage-ments with the bodies such as the World Bank and

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AusAID and has worked closely with the ConsultativeGroup to Assist the Poor (CGAP) and with theFinancial Integrity Working Group of the Alliance forFinancial Inclusion (AFI). This work extended to arange of developing countries including Ghana,Indonesia, Kenya, Malaysia, Namibia, Nigeria, theUkraine and Palau. In addition to his position at theLa Trobe Law School, he is the Program Lead: Lawand Policy of the Data to Decisions CooperativeResearch Centre. De Koker was the FoundationalDirector of the University of Johannesburg’s Centre forthe Study of Economic Crime. He is also a ProfessorExtraordinarius in Mercantile Law at the University ofthe Free State and a Visiting Professor at the Universityof Johannesburg.

Danuta Mendelson holds the Research Chair in Law atthe Deakin School of Law. She has authored severalbooks including BThe New Law of Torts,^ andBInterfaces of Medicine and Law: The History of theLiability for Negligently Caused Psychiatric Injury(Nervous Shock).^ she is also the co-author of: BBigData Technology and National Security: ComparativeInternational Perspectives on Strategy, Policy and Lawin Australia, the United Kingdom and Canada^ She hasalso published several book chapters and some 90 peer-reviewed articles published in leading Australian andInternational Journals. Her fields of research include le-gal causation; abatement of medical treatment; palliativecare and euthanasia; consent to and refusal of medicaltreatment; confidentiality; malingering and the functionof expert medical witnesses; electronic health records;damages; and torts law reform. Mendelson serves onfour Edi tor ia l Boards , i s a Board Member ofInternational Academy of Law and Mental Health(Montreal, Canada); and the Titular Member of theInternational Academy for Comparative Law/AcademieInternationale de Droit Compare (The Hague, theNetherlands).

Marta Poblet Balcell is Vice-Chancellor ’s SeniorResearch Fellow at the Royal Melbourne Institute ofTechnology (RMIT). She is co-founder of the Instituteof Law and Technology at the Autonomous Universityof Barcelona and past researcher at ICREA (Catalonia).Her research interests cover different areas of law andtechnology, open data, crowdsourcing, conflict manage-ment and crisis mapping. She is presently conductingresearch on crowd-sourced civic systems to leverage cit-izens’ knowledge and open data in areas pertaining tolaw and policy, disaster management, and citizen sci-ence. Her academic interests extend into connectionsbetween empirical approaches and the different theoriesof democracy. Her particular area of interest is in howtechnologies can provide desirable outcomes for citizensin the areas of justice, security, privacy, disaster reliefand emergency management. She has published over 40scientific articles on these topics in various Journals andBooks.

David Watts is one of Australia’s leading data protectionexperts. With specializations in information technology,information privacy, intellectual property, governance,and regulatory systems, and as an experienced regulator,policy maker, public and private sector lawyer, he hasbeen able to take on and solve some of Australia’s mostcomplex privacy and data security challenges. At thepresent, Watts is Commissioner for Privacy and DataProtection for the State of Victoria in Australia. Priorto this appointment, he was Commissioner for LawEnforcement Data Security and Acting PrivacyCommissioner. Watts is the Australian Delegate to the

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UN Global Pulse Data Privacy Advisory Group, and isthe Lead to the Open Data/Big Data Initiative of theUN Special Rapporteur on the Right to Privacy. He is amember of the Faculty at La Trobe and DeakinUniversities Schools of Law.

Julia Powlesworks at the interface of law and technology,with expertise in internet regulation, data protection, pri-vacy, and intellectual property. Her main focus is data andmechanisms for its control, analysis, and governance. Inaddition to her work on data law and policy, she has adecade of experience in intellectual property law. Prior toher current position as a postdoctoral researcher at theUniversity of Cambridge and Cornell Tech, Powles wasa contributing editor and policy fellow at ‘The Guardian,’and a speechwriter for the Director General of the WorldIntellectual Property Organization (WIPO). She wasawarded a Commonwealth Scholarship to the Universityof Oxford, and a Cambridge-Australia Scholarship to theUniversity of Cambridge. She has worked in Sydney,Australia for MinterEllison, the Federal Court ofAustralia, and the Commonwealth AdministrativeAppeals Tribunal.

Hal Hodson is technology correspondent with TheEconomist. His reporting focus is on technologies shap-ing lives of people. Prior to his posting to TheEconomist, Hodson was a Technology Reporter for theNew Scientist.

Brian L. Owsley is a member of the Faculty of Law, at theUniversity of North Texas – Dallas. He has served as theLeonard H. Sadler Fellow for Human Rights Watch in NewYork City. He has practiced with the Southern Poverty LawCenter as a legal fellow in Montgomery, Alabama; the UnitedStates Equal Employment Opportunity Commission inWashington, D.C.; and with a private law firm inWashington, D.C., which is now the international firm ofTroutman, Sanders. Later, Owsley returned to governmentpractice, working as a trial attorney for the United StatesDepartment of Justice in Washington, D.C., and beingappointed as a United States Magistrate Judge for theSouthern District of Texas, where he served from 2005 until2013.While being the United States Magistrate Judge for theSouthern District of Texas, he was one of only a handful of USJudges who denied the US Government’s petition for the issu-ance of a warrant to conduct indiscriminant telephonicsurveillance. With extensive and varied practices and judicialexperience, he teaches Torts, and Constitutional Law, amongother courses.

The Honourable Jean Philbert Nsengimana is the Republicof Rwanda’s Cabinet Minister for Youth and Information &Communications Technology (MYICT). Before joining theGovernment of Rwanda, he was Country Director forVoxiva Inc., responsible for building and delivering an awardwinning e-Health solution in Africa. There, he also managedthe implementation of eSoko, a mobile-based Market infor-mation system serving more than 2.5 million farmers with realtime - market information in Rwanda, winning multiple

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awards for being the best e-Agriculture solution in Africa.Prior to that, at Development Gateway Foundation and asthe Regional Coordinator for Africa, NsengimanaCoordinated the implementation of e-Procurement andCountry Gateway programs in 15 African Countries.Minister Nsengimana is the Chairman-Elect of theWorld Summit on the Information Society (WSIS) -Information and Knowledge Societies for SustainableDevelopment Goals (SDGs).

Minister Nsengimana is a ‘believer’ that, Bit is just a matterof time before Africa lifts its ambitions above catching-up withthe rest of the world and start leading.^ At least by one keymeasure, this seems to be coming true. In theWorld EconomicForum/INSEAD/Cornell University Networked ReadinessIndex (WRI) for 2016, Rwanda outranked certain other na-tions in the region and the world, that have far more resourcesand utility channels at their disposal such as Nigeria, Kenya,Argentina and the Business Process Outsourcing giant - India.As the Minister of Youth and ICT, the Honourable Minister isthe lynchpin to the Nation’s ICT based aggressive transforma-tion plans to metamorphose the Republic of Rwanda from anagrarian nation to the Continent of Africa’s most efficient,effective and productive ICT based economy and society.For this Special Issue, Minister Nsengimana candidly tracesRwanda’s ICT transformation by way of reflecting upon thecountry’s painful histories, and how the ‘lessons learned’,aided by social cohesion and a greater sense of national pur-pose are enabling the building of essential human rights foun-dations, to now propel the country forward to a sound andprosperous digital future for Rwandan Citizens.

Jane Reichel is a member of the Faculty of Law and at theCentre for Research Ethics & Bioethics at Uppsala University.She is currently the Vice Dean and Chairman of the ResearchCommittee at the Faculty of Law. Reichel’s researchfocuses on the ongoing processes of globalization andEuropeanization of administrative law, the legal disciplinedealing with public authorities and their role in the societyas well as their relations with individuals. Administrative mat-ters can no longer be addressed solely within one nation stateat the time. In her research Reichel addresses how this devel-opment affects the role of authorities and how administrative

rules are to be applied in an international context. How canadministrative ideals of efficiency, transparency, and legal cer-tainty in decision-making be achieved? How can commandand control over administration function in a network of agen-cies acting beyond the state? An area of specific interest iscross-border data protection, especially medical research andbiobanks. Reichel focuses upon the ability of new technolo-gies to collect, store and share large amounts of informationgiving rise to opportunities and challenges, necessitating ad-ministrative solutions that apply across borders.

Björg Thorarensen is Professor of Constitutional law andHuman Rights in the Faculty of Law, University of Iceland.She is the author of numerous journal articles and books in thefield of constitutional law, international law and human rights.She was Deputy Chairperson of the Negotiation Committeeon Iceland’s accession to the EU and chairing the negotiationteam on legal affairs –2013. Chairperson of the Board of theHuman Rights Institute of the University of Iceland 2004–2013 and is President of the Faculty of Law of theUniversity. Thorarensen is currently the Chairperson ofBoard of the Icelandic Data Protection Authority (since 2011).

Dan Ariely is, the James B. Duke Professor of Psychologyand Behavioral Economics at Duke University and a foundingmember of the Center for Advanced Hindsight. Ariely, hasdedicated his time and efforts to the study of rational andirrational decision-making. His research group, the Centerfor Advanced Hindsight, conducts retrospective research in

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fields such as health marketing, dating behavior and incentivesystems. Ariely is a internationally renowned speaker on thesubject of Irrationality; his TED talks however, are rationallypopular. Ariely’s documentary B(Dis)Honesty: The TruthAbout Lies^ highlights the blurred line between right andwrong, by showing how deceit and deception are universalhuman traits, and further explores how people deceive boththemselves and others. Ariely is the author of numerousbestsellers such as BPredictably Irrational^ and BThe Upsideof Irrationality,^ in which he explores behavioral anomaliessuch as how financial bonuses lessen performance and howpeople will purchase Bfree^ items despite not actually wantingthem in the first place. As an individual who has extensivelystudied and documented how people act, and why, in thisSpecial Issue, Ariely offers-up valuable perspectives onPrivacy related decision-making.

Zoltan Alexin is a leading Privacy and Data Protectionexpert in his native country of Hungary. Alexin is amember of the Faculty at the University of Szeged withspecialization in computational linguistics, informationextraction and linguistically aided data mining.Fundamentally, Alexin has advocated that the privatesphere is a place where, none should intrude against adata subject’s will. He has long argued that in the eventof an intrusion, it violates not only the right to privacy,but also the right to human dignity, including the rightto self-determination and the right to full bodily andpersonal integrity. A long-standing critic of Hungary’sPrivacy violations, and Hungary’s legal and judicialfoot-dragging, Alexin has emphasized that Hungaryhas been very slow in implementing locally, those ethi-cal principles that have already been internationally ac-cepted concerning medical research and humansubjects.

In 2006, he was invited to be an expert delegate tothe EuroSOCAP (Development of European StandardsOn Confidentiality And Privacy in healthcare amongvulnerable patient populations) research project - fundedby the European Commission. In 2007, he becamemember of the scientific advisory committee of TheEuropean Privacy Institute project; and since 2009, hehas been a member of the Regional Medical Research

Ethics Committee. Since 2010, he has authored manyprocedural guideposts on legal, ethical and informaticsrelated questions on personal data protection. In 2009together with other Hungarian data protection experts,Alexin founded the Associat ion for Fair DataProcessing.

Jaan Priisalu is a leading architect of the World’s firstBe-Society^ in the Republic of Estonia, and has beennamed as one of the leading cyber security experts inthe world. In 2007, Priisalu was the Head of theSecurity Incidents Response Team (SIRT) at Swedbank(the largest Baltic Regional Bank), when the Estonian e-society infrastructure was allegedly attacked by Russianinterests. Priisalu has almost two decades of practicalexperience on the matter of preventing and defendingcyber-attacks and has used some of that experience toco-found and Head the Tallinn’s Department of theEstonian Defence League’s Cyber Unit - an organisationthat defends Estonian cyber space. He was the FoundingDirector General of the Estonian Information SystemsAuthority; that government authority responsible for allEstonian national information systems. Priisalu is also aSenior Fellow at the NATO Cooperative Cyber DefenceCentre of Excellence (CCDCOE) in Tallinn, Estonia’sCapital City.

Rain Ottis is a member of the Faculty at TallinnUniversity of Technology, Estonia. Previously, he wasa scientist at the NATO Cooperative Cyber Defence

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Centre of Excellence, where he worked on strategicanalysis and concept development in the context of na-tional and international cyber security. Prior to that as-signment he served as a communications officer in theEstonian Defence Forces, focusing primarily on cyberdefence training and awareness. In addition to his cur-rent assignment, he teaches cyber security at theUniversity of Jyväskylä, in Finland. His research inter-ests include cyber conflict, national cyber security, po-litically motivated cyber attacks and the role of volun-teers in cyber security.

Luca Belli is Senior Researcher at the Center forTechnology and Society (CTS) of Fundação GetulioVargas (FGV) Law School, Rio de Janeiro, where heheads the Internet Governance @ FGV project. Lucais also associated researcher at the Centre de DroitPublic Comparé of Paris 2 University. Before joiningCTS, Belli worked as an agent for the Council ofEurope Internet Governance Unit, as a consultant forthe Internet Society and served as a NetworkNeutrality Expert for the Council of Europe.

Amongst other publications, Belli has recentlyauthored De la gouvernance à la régulation del’Internet, edited by Berger-Levrault, Paris, he has co-authored the Net Neutrality Compendium, and six reportsand other official outcomes of UN Internet GovernanceForum, amongst which are Recommendations on Termsof Service, and Human Rights. Belli’s works have beeni.a., quoted by the Organization of American States’Report on Freedom of Expression and the Internet andused by the Council of Europe to elaborate theRecommendation of the Committee of Ministers onNetwork Neutrality. Belli is the co-chair of the IGFDynamic Coalitions (DCs) on Platform Responsibility,on Network Neutrality and on Community Connectivity.Lastly, he is co-editor of Medialaws.eu and of the Law,State and Telecommunications Review as well as formerBoard member of the Alliance for Affordable Internet.

The Honourable Tathagata Satpathy is a Sitting Memberof Parliament of the Republic of India. Born into apolitical family, his mother - as Chief Minister (USState Governor equivalent), together with Mrs. IndiraGandhi, was, one of only a few women in politicalleadership anywhere, globally. Before securing politicaloffice, MP Satpathy was a Journalist; and still ownsthe Oriya daily known as Dharitri, and The OrissaPost, an English daily. A Minority Party Whip in theLower House of the Indian Parliament, Satpathy is aman who is known to speak his mind, and as not beingafraid to question the motives behind legislations whenintroduced. He is known to have famously said thefollowing in the House, in relating to political lethargyand underperformance: BI am heartbroken to say thatthe youth of the country doesn’t deserve us. We are themost undeserving set of people to be in this Housetoday.^

Satpathy is a staunch constitutionalist, and cam-paigner for human rights, including strong PersonalPrivacy rights in the digital age. He is a strong propo-nent for Net-Neutrality and a stalwart opponent againstIndia’s stout march to widen and deepen activities as asurveillance state. Recently, in a chamber of 545 mem-bers, MP Satpathy was the only opposing legislativevoice - against the Government of India’s efforts topackage a constitutionally undermining NationalBiometric ID program - for nearly 1.4 billion peopleof the world’s population, as a Bmoney bill^. For thisSpecial Issue, MP Satpathy informs readers of thosesupporting facts which caused him to vigorously op-pose the allowance of any, and all Indian governmentsupport for the deployment of BThe Aadhaar^; a pro-gram that has been classified as the world’s largestbiometric national ID project - intentioned to unconsti-tutionally commandeer the highly sensitive personal da-ta of nearly 1.4 billion Indian Citizens, and inappropri-ately hoarded under government custody, and to beused in unknown ways.

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Eneken Tikk is Senior Fellow at the Hague Program forCyber Norms (Leiden University), where her researchfocuses on international cyber diplomacy, developmentof international law with the view of ‘State uses ofICTs’ and the role of emerging technologies in interna-tional relations. She has been an advisor at three con-secutive Estonian delegations to the UN Group ofGovernmental Experts on Information Security and pro-vided strategic and legal advice to several other govern-ments on international cyber engagement. Tikk hasworked as an attorney in the field of information tech-nology, focusing on EU regulations and standards forsecurity of private and national information systems.Tikk has supported the ICT4Peace international cybersecurity capacity building activities since 2014 as thecourse director and lecturer. She is the author of thelandmark article BTen Rules for Cyber Security^ andthe editor and lead author of the BEvolution of theCyber Domain: Implicat ions for National andInternational Security .̂

Diane Roark has had a long history of US FederalGovernment service, which included postings at theUS Dept. of Energy, US Dept. of Defense, USNational Security Council, and before retirement, sheserved in the US House of Representatives, on the

House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, asprofessional staff from 1985 until her retirement in2002. During her last five years, she was the majorityRepublican staffer covering the National SecurityAgency (NSA), reviewing its operations and scrutinizingits modernization program and budget. In a statement onthe Floor of the US House of Representatives, PorterGoss, the former Chairman of the House PermanentSelect Committee on Intelligence (and later, theDirector of the CIA), described Roark in the followingmanner. He said: BDiane is known as a very dedicated,tough-minded program monitor who digs into the issuesand forces agencies to see and understand what theysometimes miss themselves. She is also known as a veryknowledgeable taskmaster, and her arrival at an agencyis often anticipated with apprehension.^

Calling the NSA’s warrant-less domestic surveillanceprogram, "unethical, immoral, politically stupid, ille-gal, and unconstitutional,^ Roark had fought hardthrough official channels to shutter the NSA effort, tono avail . Later, Roark was accused by the USGovernment of being a source of classified informationfor a US reporter. After an exhaustive and destructivestruggle, Roark was cleared of any wrongdoing. InRoark, the people of the US had a intelligence com-munity and national security professional with highlyspecialized proficiencies and experience often very dif-ficult to converge.

Pamela (Pam) Dixon is the founder and ExecutiveDirector of the World Privacy Forum. She is the authorof eight books, numerous articles, and privacy studies,including her landmark Medical Identity Theft study.She has testified before US Congress on consumer pri-vacy issues as well as before various US federal agen-cies. Dixon’s collaborations have yielded the seminal re-port on predictive algorithms, The Scoring of America,and other well-regarded privacy-focused research,

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articles, and policy analyses. Dixon and Robert Gellmanco-authored a reference book on privacy, titled, OnlinePrivacy: A Reference Handbook, and most recently achapter on privacy regulation and law in EnforcingPrivacy: Regulatory, Legal , and TechnologicalApproaches. Dixon is also an expert advisor on healthdata use to the OECD. The World Privacy Forum is anon-profit public interest research and consumer educa-tion group that focuses on the research and analysis ofprivacy-related issues. Founded in 2003, the Forum pub-lishes significant privacy research and policy studies onhealth privacy, privacy self-regulation, financial privacyand identity issues, biometrics, and data broker privacypractices among other issues. The Patient’s Guide toHIPAA is a long-standing resource maintained at theWPF.

Robin Wilton is the Technical Outreach Director -Identity & Privacy - for the Internet Society (ISOC).Wilton has over 30 years of experience in the IT indus-try, in roles including technical and pre-sales specialistwith IBM and Sun Microsystems, Gartner analyst, andindependent consultant. His IT experience includes workon banking systems, cryptographic and key managementproducts, public key infrastructure, and federated identi-ty management. He has a particular interest in digitalidentity and privacy, and their relationship to publicpolicy, and has represented ISOC in technical and pol-icy fora such as the OECD, Council of Europe, InternetGovernance Forum, and Internet Engineering TaskForce. Wilton is also a board member of the KantaraInitiative, where he previously served as director of pri-vacy and public policy.

Luiza do Carmo Louzada is a PhD Candidate in CollectiveHealth at the Institute of Social Medicine (IMS) of the StateUniversity of Rio de Janeiro - UERJ. Louzada is a Researcherand a Lawyer with Social and Legal Sciences specializationswith experience in the area of Human Rights, Data Protection,Privacy, Bioethics, Genetic Data Protection and Consumer Law.

Molly Schwartz is an Archives, Records and InformationManagement specialist at the Metropolitan New York LibraryCouncil. Schwartz has also served as an analyst at the USDepartment of State’s Bureau of International InformationProgram, and has worked on digital accessibility and e-government analytics at the US Library of Congress. She wasformerly a resident at the Association of Research Libraries.

Aline Holzwarth is staff at Center for Advanced Hindsight(CAH), and Acting Director of the Startup Lab. At CAH, sheis responsible for project management, supervision, andconducting specialized studies, grant-writing, and fundraisingamong other responsibilities.

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