An introduction to

the

EMC Directive

AgendaAgenda

Introduction to the EMC Directive Objective / scope Enforcement Important §

Presentation of the new “guidance document” Introduction to EMC testing / Standards EMC and other directives Services at DNV related to EMC Examples and cases

What is EMC ?What is EMC ?

Electromagnetic Compatibility Emission Immunity

Definition: “ The ability of an equipment or system to function satisfactorily in its electromagnetic environment without introducing intolerable disturbances to anything in that environment ”

EmissionEmission

Mains Cable

Signal Cables

Radiated EmissionRadiated Emission

Conducted Emission

tClick noise

f50Hz

Harmonics

ESD

ImmunityImmunity

Mains Cable

Signal Cables

Radiated noise induced on cables

Conducted noise

Radiated noise- 50Hz Magnetic fields- Radio-frequency fields

t

t

Transient noise:- Fast- Slow

Why EMC ?Why EMC ?

Mandatory requirement in Europe and in many other Countries !

Increasingly important !! Faster electronics More wireless electronics More and more critical functions rely on electronics

Economically profitable !!! Increased reliability Better performance Less service costs Less unexplainable malfunctions Less risk of violating the product liability law

The EMC Directive 89/336/EECThe EMC Directive 89/336/EEC

Amended by 92/31/EEC and 93/68/EEC

(also 91/263 and 93/97) Applies to virtually all electronic products Is a “New Approach” directive Is a “Total Harmonization” directive Came into force 1996-01-01 Products without the CE mark cannot be

“placed on the market” after 1996-01-01

Important §

and

definitions

ScopeScope

Article 2 of the Directive:“ Applies to all apparatus liable to cause electromagnetic disturbance or the performance of which is liable to be affected by such disturbance ”

‘Apparatus’ is defined as:“ All electrical and electronic appliances together with equipment and installations containing electrical or electronic components ”

Essential protection requirementsEssential protection requirements

Article 4 of the Directive:“ Apparatus referred to in article 2 shall be so

constructed that:

(a) the electromagnetic disturbance it generates does not exceed a level allowing radio and telecommunications equipment and other apparatus to operate as intended

(b) the apparatus has an adequate level of intrinsic immunity of electromagnetic disturbance to enable it to operate as intended ”

Routes of ComplianceRoutes of Compliance

Article 10.1 of the Directive:“ In the case of apparatus for which the manufacturer has applied the standards referred to in Article 7 (1), the conformity of apparatus with this Directive shall be certified by an EC declaration of conformity issued by the manufacturer or his authorized representative established within the Community. The declaration shall be held at the disposal of the competent authority for ten years following the placing of the apparatus on the market. The manufacturer or his authorized representative established within the Community shall also affix the EC conformity mark to the apparatus or else to the packaging, instructions for use or guarantee certificate. Where neither the manufacturer nor his authorized representative is established within the Community, the above obligation to keep the EC declaration of conformity available shall be the responsibility of the person who places the apparatus on the Community market. The provisions governing the EC declaration and the EC mark are set out in Annex I. “

Routes of ComplianceRoutes of ComplianceArticle 10.2 of the Directive:

“ In the case of apparatus for which the manufacturer has not applied, or has applied only in part, the standards referred to in Article 7 (1) or failing such standards, the manufacturer or his authorized representative established within the Community shall hold at the disposal of the relevant competent authorities, as soon as the apparatus is placed on the market, a technical construction file. This file shall describe the apparatus, set out the procedures used to ensure conformity of the apparatus with the protection requirements referred to in Article 4 and include a technical report or certificate, one or other obtained from a competent body. The file shall be held at the disposal of the competent authorities for ten years following the placing of the apparatus on the market. Where neither the manufacturer nor his authorised representative is established within the Community, this obligation to keep a technical file available shall be the responsibility of the person who places the apparatus on the Community market. The conformity of apparatus with that described in the technical file shall be certified in accordance with the procedure laid down in paragraph 1. Member States shall presume, subject to the provisions of this paragraph, that such apparatus meets the protection requirements referred to in Article 4. “

Routes of ComplianceRoutes of Compliance

Article 10.5 of the Directive:“ The conformity of apparatus designed for the transmission of radiocommunications, as defined in the International Telecommunication Union Convention, with the provisions of this Directive shall be certified in accordance with the procedure laid down in paragraph 1 once the manufacturer or his authorized representative established within the Community has obtained and EC type-examination certificate concerning this apparatus issued by one of the notified bodies referred

to in paragraph 6 below. This provision shall not apply to the above apparatus where it is designed and intended exclusively for radio amateurs within the

meaning of Article 2 (3). “

Routes of complianceRoutes of compliance

ProductProduct

Does the product contain radio transmitters ?

Can Harmonized standards be applied in full ?

Standards route (Art. 10.1)Standards route (Art. 10.1)

Technical construction file route (Art. 10.2)Technical construction file route (Art. 10.2)

EC type-examination route (Art. 10.5)EC type-examination route (Art. 10.5)

YesNo

YesNo

Standards route (Art. 10.1)Standards route (Art. 10.1)

Apply Harmonized standards 1)

Issue EC declaration of conformity Affix the CE mark

_______________________

1) The term ‘ensures conformity with’ is used, ie. testing is not necessarily required or relevant

Harmonized standardsHarmonized standards

So far eight lists of harmonized standards have been listed in the Official Journal:

C101, 3 April 1998 C 270, 6 September 1997 C60, 29 February 1996 C325, 6 December 1995 C241/2, 16 September 1995 C49, 17 February 1994 C90, 10 April 1992 C44, 19 February 1992

Technical construction file route (Art. 10.2)Technical construction file route (Art. 10.2)

Prepare a TCF for the product, containing the following information:

Description of the product Procedure used to ensure conformity to the

essential requirements of the directive A report or certificate from a Competent body

Issue EC Declaration of Conformity (DoC) Affix the CE mark

Usual circumstances for using the TCF route

Usual circumstances for using the TCF route

No applicable Harmonized standards available Harmonized standards used in parts only Impractical to test, due to physical properties of

the product Impractical to test, due to large number of similar

variants of the product Product certified to standards not recognised by

EC

Note: The manufacturer chooses what tests or services he requires from the Competent Body

Experience from TCF projectsExperience from TCF projects

Who makes the TCF ? Must be a controlled document Lots of irrelevant information “Technical rationale” important What are the documentation requirements for sub-

components already CE marked ? Acceptance of tests carried out by the

manufacturer himself

Continuous communication between the Competent Body and the manufacturer is of vital importance !

EC type-examination route(Art. 10.5)

EC type-examination route(Art. 10.5)

Apply for EC type-examination by a Notified body, which:

Checks conformity of the product against the Directive Checks conformity between the product and its

documentation Carries out necessary/additional tests Issues a EC type-examination certificate

Issue EC Declaration of Conformity (DoC) Affix the CE mark

Contents of the EC Declaration of Conformity

Contents of the EC Declaration of Conformity

A description of the apparatus Reference to the specifications under which

conformity is declared Where appropriate, reference to the TCF Where appropriate, reference to the EC type-

examination certificate issued by the Notified body

Identification of the signatory

Requirements for the CE mark Requirements for the CE mark

Graphical profile, as follows: Preferably on the product itself, or

alternatively on the packaging, instructions for use or guarantee certificate

May not be smaller than 5 mm

Presentation of the new

“guidance document”

Guidelines for the EMC DirectiveGuidelines for the EMC Directive

The Commission issued in 1993 a “Guidelines on the application of council directive 89/336/EEC...” document

A new “guidance document” is now in the final stage(The succeeding slides are based upon this document.)

General remarks: The text of the directive overrule the

”guidance document” (only ment for interpretation)

Lots of text / repetitive information A compromise (influenced by many

parties) Several versions of the documetn exist Lots of unofficial versions on the Internet

The new “guidance document”The new “guidance document”

ObjectivesObjectives

Main objectives: Guarantee the free movement of apparatus and to create an acceptable electromagnetic environment in the EEA territory

To achieve these objectives, the EMC Directive lays down protection requirements and procedures under which the manufacturer may himself assess his apparatus against these requirements or may have it assessed by third parties

DefinitionsDefinitions

Placing on the market:“The making available, against payment or free of

charge, of a product covered by the Directive, and intended for a user, in the Community market for the purpose of distribution and/or use on the Community territory ”

Putting into service:“The first use on the Community territory, by its end

user, of a product referred to in the Directive”

Definitions, contd.Definitions, contd.

Manufacturer:“The person who assumes responsibility for the design

and manufacture of a product covered by the Directive with a view to placing it on the Community market on his own behalf ”

Authorised representative:“The person or persons expressly appointed by the

manufacturer by a written mandate to act on his behalf in respect of certain manufacturers obligations. “

Definitions, contd.Definitions, contd.

Importer:“The person who places in the EEA market an apparatus

which is covered by a Directive and imported from a third country. ”

Other responsible persons:“When neither the manufacturer, nor the authorised

representative,nor the importer is established in the EEA, any other person resident in the EEA who places the apparatus in the EEA market. “

EMC Analysis - Decision Flow ChartEMC Analysis - Decision Flow Chart

EMC Analysis - “Decision Flow Chart”

EMC Analysis - “Decision Flow Chart”

EMC Analysis - “Decision Flow Chart”

EMC Analysis - “Decision Flow Chart”

EMC Analysis - Decision Flow Chart, contd.EMC Analysis - Decision Flow Chart, contd.

1 To determine whether the equipment contains electrical and/or electronic parts or components.

2/3 To examine total/partial inclusions/exclusions quoted in the EMC Directive. Detailed guidance is given in chapter 5.2 especially in relation to exclusions explicitly given in the EMC Directive, and specific Directives within the meaning of article 2.2 of the EMC Directive. In case of partial exclusions, the extent to which the protection requirements are harmonised by other regulations, especially specific Directives, is identified. The EMC Directive shall then be applied to apparatus or protection requirements where they are not covered by the specific directives or regulations.

4 To apply article 2.1 to determine whether the electrical equipment may be considered as passive from an EMC viewpoint (in this case it is excluded from the scope of the EMC Directive) or not. Chapter 5.3 gives the definition for passive-EM electrical equipment as well as illustrative examples.

EMC Analysis - “Decision Flow Chart”

EMC Analysis - “Decision Flow Chart”

EMC Analysis - Decision Flow Chart, contd.EMC Analysis - Decision Flow Chart, contd.

5 To determine whether the equipment is mentioned explicitly in the list appended (Annex III) to the EMC Directive (chapter 5.2).

6 To check if any harmonised product standard or family product standard, published in the OJ under the umbrella of the EMC directive can be applied (see annex 7 of this guide).

7 to determine whether the equipment may be considered exempted from the EMC Directive with regard to the criteria described in chapter 5.4 which are commonly accepted by all parties involved in writing these guidelines.

8 to 10 The manufacturer has to determine the classification of his electrical apparatus as component, finished product, system or installation. This technical-commercial classification is based on the definitions given in this guide together with the detailed clarifications and different cases given in the relevant chapters for components, finished products, systems and installations.

EMC Analysis - “Decision Flow Chart”

EMC Analysis - “Decision Flow Chart”

EMC Analysis - Decision Flow Chart, contd.EMC Analysis - Decision Flow Chart, contd. Components with a direct function must always be

accompanied by the instructions for use as required by the EMC Directive in its Annex III. Only when they have a direct function and they are placed on the market as single commercial units for distribution and/or a final user are they subject to the other provisions of the Directive. A definition, criteria and illustrative examples are given in chapter 6.2.

Finished products must be always accompanied by instructions for use as required by the EMC Directive in Annex III. Only when they are placed on the market as single commercial units for distribution and/or a final user are they subject to the other provisions of the Directive. A definition, criteria and illustrative examples are given in chapter 6.3.

Systems and installations are covered by the EMC Directive, but the specific provisions are detailed respectively in chapter 6.4 for systems and 6.5 for installations.

Application of the EMC Directive to components

Application of the EMC Directive to components

The EMC Directive applies to a component, if: it is intended to be marketed individually

for distribution and/or use as a single commercial unit for the users

it delivers a “direct function”

Example: A resistor does not fall under the Directive,

but a DC-DC converter available in stores does

Application of the EMC Directive to components, contd.

Application of the EMC Directive to components, contd.

ComponentComponent

Without direct function?Without direct function?With direct function?With direct function?

Such a component is an ‘apparatus’:

It is subject to all provisions of the EMC directive. The manufacturer must deliver complete instructions for use suitable for the intended purpose of the finished product

Such a component is an ‘apparatus’:

It is subject to all provisions of the EMC directive. The manufacturer must deliver complete instructions for use suitable for the intended purpose of the finished productThe only requirement for such

a component is to provide it with instructions for use for the professional assembler or manufacturer of the final apparatus into which the component will be incorporated. These instructions should help him to solve any EMC problems within his final apparatus

The only requirement for such a component is to provide it with instructions for use for the professional assembler or manufacturer of the final apparatus into which the component will be incorporated. These instructions should help him to solve any EMC problems within his final apparatus

The direct function is available without further adjustments or connections other than simple ones which can be performed by any person not fully aware of the EMC implications

Such a component may be placed on the market as a single commercial unit for distribution and final use

The direct function is available without further adjustments or connections other than simple ones which can be performed by any person not fully aware of the EMC implications

Such a component may be placed on the market as a single commercial unit for distribution and final use

The direct function is not available without further adjustments or connections other than simple ones which can be performed by any person not fully aware of the EMC implications

Such a component must not be be placed on the market as a single commercial unit for distribution and final use

The direct function is not available without further adjustments or connections other than simple ones which can be performed by any person not fully aware of the EMC implications

Such a component must not be be placed on the market as a single commercial unit for distribution and final use

Application of the EMC Directive to apparatus

Application of the EMC Directive to apparatus

The EMC Directive applies to all apparatus for which the ‘general criteria for the application of the EMC Directive’ is satisfied and that is not partially or totally excluded from the directive by other directives or by consensus

Application of the EMC Directive to systems

Application of the EMC Directive to systems

The EMC Directive in general applies to systems

Keywords for further discussion: Systems assembled from apparatus

and/or components which are not CE marked

Various configurations

Application of the EMC Directive to systems, contd.

Application of the EMC Directive to systems, contd.

+ =

Application of the EMC Directive to installations

Application of the EMC Directive to installations

The EMC Directive in general does not apply to installations, based on the assumption that the installation instruction and instruction for use for the apparatus and systems concerned are followed

An introduction to

EMC testing

EMC testingEMC testing

Reflect the electromagnetic environment in which the product is intended to “live its life”

As EMC is difficult to prove by means of theoretical models, testing still remains the best way of verifying the EMC performance

Types of EMC StandardsTypes of EMC Standards

Emission / Immunity

Product Standards Product-family Standards Generic Standards

Basic Standards

A number of other standards, such as MIL STD, also available

Product- / Product-family StandardsProduct- / Product-family Standards

EMC requirements for a given product or product-family

Test levels are specified Details of how to set up, configure and run the

product during the testing Detailed Criteria of Acceptance are specified Basic Standards are referred to Can be directly referenced in the DoC !

Note: Often “out of date”

Generic StandardsGeneric Standards

Used in the absence of Product-/Product-family Standards

Divided into two categories of environments: Residential, Commercial and Light Industrial (Heavy) Industrial

Drawn up because the process of producing Product-/ Product-family Standards is slow

New products do not have suitable Product-/Product-family Standards

Some rare products will never have adequate or suitable Product-/Productfamily Standards

Generic Standards, contd.Generic Standards, contd.

Test levels are specified Three general Criteria of Acceptance are specified

(A/B/C) Basic Standards are referred to Can be directly referenced in the DoC !

Basic StandardsBasic Standards

Each standard reflects an EM phenomenon in a given environment

Contains details about how to conduct the actual test Minimal specification of test equipment

Frequency range, sensitivity, pulse shape, etc. Uncertainties Calibration / test verification

Gives alternative severity levels, only Often adopted from Product-/Product-family standards

(e.g. IEC 801-X) Cannot be directly referenced in the DoC !

Numbering of StandardsNumbering of Standards

The EN 50000 series of standards comes directly from CENELEC

The EN 55000 series of standards is CISPR standards adopted by CENELEC, with or without modifications

The EN 60000 series of standards is IEC standards adopted by CENELEC, with or without modifications

(EN stands for European Norm)

Numbering of Standards, contd.Numbering of Standards, contd.

The Generic Standards currently belong to the EN 50000 series of standards. (International versions have recently been published as EN/IEC 61000-6-X)

Product-/Product-family standards can be either EN 50000, EN 55000 or EN 60000

No basic standards for emission, but CISPR standards are often used

Basic standards for immunity more and more based on the EN 61000-X-X series of standards

Basic standards referred to in the final drafts of

EN 50082-1, 09-95 and EN 50082-2, 08-96

Basic standards referred to in the final drafts of

EN 50082-1, 09-95 and EN 50082-2, 08-96

EN 61000-4-8 Power frequency magnetic field EN 61000-4-3 Radio-frequency electromagnetic

field, AM ENV 50204 Radio-frequency electromagnetic field,

PM EN 61000-4-2 Electrostatic discharge EN 61000-4-6 Radio frequency, common mode EN 61000-4-4 Fast transients EN 61000-4-5 Surges EN 61000-4-11 Voltage dips and interruptions.

EMC

and other

directives

Interfaces between the directivesInterfaces between the directives

In general interfaces between “Horizontal directives” and Product directives often difficult

In general “Horizontal directives” apply as an alternative to Product directives when the Product directive are in their transition period

Often “Horizontal directives” also apply after the transition period of the Product-Directives, depending on text of Product directive (f.inst. Machinery)

Examples of the opposite: Medical Devices Directive, Automotive Directive and Marine Equipment Directive

Combination of other “new approach” Product directives and the

EMC Directive

Combination of other “new approach” Product directives and the

EMC DirectiveEMC Directive applicable: Telecommunications Terminal Equipment Directive Machinery Directive

Excludes the EMC Directive: Medical Devices Directive “Marine Equipment Directive” “Automotive Directive” “Multi Directive” for two and three-wheeled vehicles Aircraft and Avionics (Ref. Art. 2.2 of the EMC Directive)

Machinery and EMCMachinery and EMC

They are complimentary and apply in parallel(Cover different aspects)

Sub-system and/or “on-site” testing, often in combination with a TCF

Machinery and EMC, contd.Machinery and EMC, contd.

Important § of the Machinery Directive: “Radiation” in Annex I, items 1.5.10 and 1.5.11:

1.5.10: Machinery must be so designed and constructed that any emission of radiation is limited to the extent necessary for its operation and that the effects on exposed persons are non-existent or reduced to non-dangerous proportions

1.5.11: Machinery must be so designed and constructed that external radiation does not interfere with its operation

Machinery and EMC, contd.Machinery and EMC, contd.

Article 1(4) of the machinery Directive: “Where, for machinery or safety components, the risks referred to in this directive are wholly or partly covered by specific Community Directives, this Directive shall not apply, or shall cease to apply, in the case of such machinery or safety components and of such risks on the implementation of these specific Directives

The Machinery Directive is hence not a specific directive within the meaning of Article 2(2) of the EMC Directive

Services related to Conformity Assessment in accordance with the EMC Directive, normally offered by

certification bodies/test houses

Third party services (Art. 10.1)

Third party services (Art. 10.1) Guidance in finding out what EU-Directives and

standards are relevant Guidance in preparing technical documentation (TD)

Contents Applicable harmonized standards Carry out EMC testing

Conformity assessment Contents of TD sufficient? If no, make deviation report Additional testing necessary? If yes, make test plan and conduct

the tests If TD found OK, write final report

Issuing of EMC Test Certificate or Statement of Conformity

Competent Body services (Art. 10.2)Competent Body services (Art. 10.2)

Guidance in finding out what EU-Directives and standards are relevant

Guidance in preparing the TCF Contents Applicable draft standards or alternative standards Carry out EMC testing

Conformity assessment Contents of TCF sufficient? If no, make deviation report Additional testing necessary? If yes, make test plan and

conduct the tests If TCF found OK, write final report

Issuing of Certificate of Conformity

Notified Body services (Art. 10.5)

Notified Body services (Art. 10.5) Guidance in finding out what EU-Directives and

standards are relevant Guidance in preparing technical documentation (TD)

Contents Applicable draft standards or alternative standards Carry out EMC testing

Conformity assessment Contents of TD sufficient? If no, make deviation report Additional testing necessary? If yes, make test plan and conduct

the tests If TD found OK, write final report

Issuing of EC Type-Examination Certificate