AN OVERVIEW OF USE OF BIODEGRADABLE AND NON-BIODEGRADABLE NANO PARTICLES IN DIFFERENT INDUSTRIES

B.K.A. Bellanthudawa1*, N.M.S.K. Nawalage2, H.M.A.K. Handapangoda2

1Department of Coastal Resources Management, Faculty of Engineering and Management, Ocean University of Sri Lanka

2Water Supply and Sanitaion Improvment Project (WASSIP),Ministry of City Planning and Water Supply, Sri Lanka

*Correspondence e-mail: aravindabellanthudawa@gmail.com, TP: +94716450359

AN OVERVIEW OF USE OF BIODEGRADABLE AND NON-BIODEGRADABLE NANO

PARTICLES IN DIFFERENT INDUSTRIES

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Introduction

Nanotechnology “understanding and control of matter atdimensions of roughly 1 to 100 nm where unique phenomenaenable novel applications”. (U. S. National NanotechnologyInitiative (NNI) )

Wide distributed nanotechnology application depend on,• Size of the desired nanoparticles• Properties (aqueous solubility, stability, etc.) • Surface characteristics and functionality• Degree of biodegradability and biocompatibility

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Nano particles

BiodegradableNon-

Biodegradable

• Degradable from water, oxygen, ultraviolet rays of the sun, acid rain microorganisms

• More environmental friendly

• Not degradable from, water, oxygen, ultraviolet rays of the sun, acid rain and microorganisms

• Recyclable and re-usable

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OBJECTIVES

• To screen potential industrial applications ofbiodegradable and non-biodegradable Nano particles.

• To review the sustainability of emerging Nanotechnological applications

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• Production of more effective fish feeds

• Nano particles incorporated diets for of fishes, shrimps and prawns to improve final weight, relative weight gain rate in young carps and sturgeons, muscle Se content in C.gibelio.(Handy, R.D., 2012) and (Can, E., et al., 2011).

• Nano encapsulation technology for minerals and fatty acids and fat-soluble (e.g. buoyancy, hardness) of the feed. (Handy, R.D., 2012).

• Antifouling in fishing and aquaculture nets

• Antibacterial substances for aquaculture tanks and new packaging materials for seafood products (Can, E., et al., 2011)

1. Aqua culture, fisheries and sea food industry

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• Protection of food products against microbial contamination• Carrier vehicles of nutrients, nutraceuticals, enzymes, food additives

and food antimicrobials

• Nano filtration of water in aquariums• Nonmaterial in activated materials like carbon, with additives like zeolite

and iron - for stocking of biofilms for microbial activities removal of contaminants such as ammonia, phosphates, nitrites and nitrates.

( Ashraf, M., et al., 2011)

Management of fish health

nanoparticles of chitosan and poly-lactide-co-glycolide acid (PLGA) together

with mild inflammatory inducers are consumed as vaccine antigens at

commercial level.(Ashraf, M., et al., 2011)

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2. Agriculture• Increase of water absorption rate of plants

• eg: Silver coated superabsorbent hydrogel Nano-composite as a Super Absorbent Polymers (SAPs). (Vundavalli, R., et al., 2014)

• Production of starch-based Nano containers for,• transportation of bio stimulants, nutrients and crop protection

(Claudia Parisi et al., 2014)

• Nano pesticides for insect control• Pediculus humanus, and fourth instar larvae of Anopheles subpictus and Culex-quinque fasciatuscontrol • Nanoparticles garlic coated nano particles essential are used against Tribolium castaneum Herbst.(Ragaei, M. and Sabry, A.K.H., 2014).

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3. Food processing industries• Identification of Bacteria, food quality monitoring using biosensors and

Nano encapsulation of bioactive food compounds ( Neethirajan, S. and Jayas, D.S., 2011)

• Production Nano composite biodegradable thermoplastic materials for food packaging, storing or biomedical industry. (Garcia, N.L., et al.,2015)

• Nanotechnology based food quality assurance for detection of Escherichia coli (E. coli), Campylobacter jejuni.

• Antimicrobial nanoparticle layered packaging material • Slow down the growth of bacteria on or near the food product,

preventing the microbial growth on non-sterilized foods. (Neethirajan, S. and Jayas, D.S., 2011).

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4. Environmental remediation.

• Photo catalytic copper tungsten oxide nanoparticles - degrade oil into biodegradable compounds

• Gold nanoparticles inserted in a porous manganese oxide as a catalyst

- To breakdown volatile organic pollutants in air as a remedy to air pollution

• Iron nanoparticles - to clean up carbon tetrachloride pollution in ground water.

• Iron oxide nanoparticles - to clean arsenic

from water wells.

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5. water purification and effluent treatment

Active materials for water purification process :

(1)DendrimersE.g. poly (amidoamine) (PAMAM) Dendrimers with Ethylene Diamine (EDA) core and terminal -NH2 functional groups to recover Cu (II) ions in contaminated water samples.

(2) metal-containing nanoparticles, • MgO nanoparticles and magnesium (Mg) nanoparticles - Gram-positive and

Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Bacillus megaterium) and bacterial spores (Bacillus subtillus)

• Silver (Ag) nanoparticles or nanopowder -use in antimicrobial compounds for coliform found in waste water.

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• Gold coated Nanoparticles with palladium - tri-chloroethane(TCE) from groundwater

• zinc oxide nanoparticles is used to get rid of arsenic from water resources

• (3) Zeolites -to remove Cr (III), Ni (II), Zn (II), Cu (II) and Cd (II) from metal electroplating industrial effluent water.

• (4) Carbonaceous Nano materials • -to remove organic solutes in industrial effluent water.

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6. Cosmetics industry• Moisturizers, hair care products, make up and sunscreen.

• Uv filters. Titanium dioxide and zinc oxide

• Liposomes and niosomes are used in the cosmetic industry as delivery vehicles ( raj, S., Et al., 2012)

• Zinc and titanium in sunscreens are used and making them transparent( Raj, S., et al., 2012).

• Nano-sized gold, like nano silver- disinfecting the bacteria in the mouth and has been added to toothpaste

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7. Green concept

• Green nanotechnology in the fields of solar cells, biofuels and fuel cells,

• Clean production process may involve as - recycling of industrial waste in Nano-materials , such as diesel soot in carbon nanotubes.

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8. Medicine.

• Fluorescent biological labels • Drug and gene delivery applications • Pathogens detection• Detection of proteins• Probing of DNA structure• Tissue engineering • Tumor destruction via heating • Separation and purification of biological molecules and cells• MRI contrast enhancement • Phagokinetic studies

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9. Micro biology.

• The Nano precipitation method for Tetracycline extraction

• The manufacture of Poly-β-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) nanoparticles containing tetracycline, increase the stability of loaded drug used for dialysis method. (Mekala, M. and Rajendran, R., 2016)

• Amoxicillin and silver nanoparticles for greater bactericidal efficiency on Escherichia coli

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10. Molecular and Biotechnology

• Nano sensor for auxin, which is responsible for root growth and seedling establishment

• Nanoparticles enriched with herbicides, chemicals, or genes- effective penetration of herbicides through tissues and cuticle of plant parts

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11. Sustainability and energy sector• Applications in solar, hydrogen, wind, biomass, geothermal and

tidal energies. (Hussein, A.K., 2015).

• Applications in solar photcatalysis-• Nano engineered non bio degradable TiO2 particles

are used in solar water splitting

• Nano coatings for the protection of instruments

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12. Sustainable Transport sector.

• Nano-engineering of steel, concrete, asphalt, and other cementitious materials – High performance and durability of highway and transportation infrastructure

• Nano technology for reduction of pollution in transportation sector

• Nano scale sensors and devices - for structural monitoring of condition and performance of bridges, tunnels, rails, parking structures, and pavements over time.

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Nanotechnology, the Sri Lanka context.

In Sri Lankan research on Nanotechnology has been carried out by individual physicists and chemists since the early 1980’s.

Early applications - Nano sized semiconductor particles –titanium dioxide and ferric oxide for, nitrogen fixation, water splitting, degradation of organic pollutants, recovery of precious metals and fabrication of dye-sensitized solar cells

Sri Lanka Institute of Nanotechnology (SLINTEC) – The Sri Lankan great achievement on Nano technology

Mainly focuses in research & development in Nano technology in Sri Lanka large pool of skilled human capital in Sri lanaka International patents were acquired for Nano products

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Present Sri Lankan Nano technology….

• Agriculture achievements - Application of Nano technological solutions to the slow release of the other base chemical plant nutrients phosphorous and potassium

• Health care achievements – The production of nutraceuticals derived from, natural bioactive plants and flora (barks, stems, leaves, flowers, roots and fruits).

• Textiles achievements- Textile fiber and fabric modification from Nano materials in advanced features of,

Self-cleaning, odor removal, self-cleaning, UV blocking ability and moisture control.

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• Growing the tendency of using Nano particles in,

• Food processing,

• Medicine,

• Cosmetics,

• Water purification,

• Powder and detergent production processes

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Conclusions• There is growing demand through the nanotechnology in medicine,

agriculture, plant bio technology, food processing, aquaculture, fisheries,water purification, environmental remediation ,information technology,forestry and textile etc.

• Applications of NPs is a sustainable filed.

• Existing knowledge gaps of researchers, producers, consumers, andregulators should be immediately addressed - for the benefit ofproduction of sustainable good and services to meet the growingdemand

• Human and environmental health and safety should be ensured viaeffective monitoring programs.

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