An OWL Copyright Ontology for Semantic Digital Rights

Management

International Workshop on Web SemanticsSWWS’06

Roberto GarcíaRosa Gil

November 2, 2006Montpellier, France

Table of Contents

• Introduction

• Objectives

• Conclusions

• Future Work

• Specification

• Conceptualisation

• Implementation

• Evaluation

Introduction

• Digital media: easy production and copy• Digital Rights Management (DRM)

Windows Media DRM, iTunes FairPlay, RealNetworks Helix, Sony MagicGate…

DRM copy

play

…

Introduction

• Internet: easy distribution• DRM interoperability

DRM

DRM

DRM

REL

Introduction

• Need for a standard REL (Rights Expression Language)

• Some efforts:– XML-based RELs

– Creative Commons simple predefined licenses

Introduction

• DRM Watch1: “2005 Review DRM Standards”– “…consumer complaints have moved beyond

overly restrictive DRMs to lack of interoperability among them…”

– “…we see no production implementations…”

– “…ContentGuards asserts its patents apply to any REL implementation in DRM…”

• Electronic Frontier Foundation 2

– “…fail to accommodate… copyright regimes.”

– “…based on an analogy with contract law.”1 http://www.drmwatch.com 2 http://www.eff.org

Objectives

• Standardisation difficulties – Internet/Web open and heterogeneous– Copyright complex domain – High level of abstraction (not bits or pixels)

• Concentrate on the roots, formalise SEMANTICS

ODRL “Duplicate”

Reproduction Right

Copy

MPEG-21 “Adapt”

CC “Reproduction”

Copyright

Objectives

• Knowledge Representation: Ontology• Web Ontology: Semantic Web

• Increased expressivity:– Formalise semantics– Facilitate interoperability and

implementation– Overcome REL patent– Include copyright– Support full value chain,

not just user’s licenses

Table of Contents

• Introduction

• Objectives

• Conclusions

• Future Work

• Specification

• Conceptualisation

• Implementation

• Evaluation

Specification

• Copyright domain analysis• Generic Ontology

– WIPO worldwide harmonisation 1

• Literary, artistic and scientific works (not ideas)• Maybe derived, but always original

Intellectual Property Rights

Author Rights or WIPO Copyright

Industrial Property

Economic Rights or Exploitation Rights or

CopyrightMoral Rights

1 World Intellectual Property Organisation Copyright Treaty, 1996

Specification

• Applicable to the“Controlled P2P metadata diffusion scenario”

Peer A

Peer B

<rdf:RDF>

<rdf:RDF>

<rdf:RDF>

<rdf:RDF>

Make Available Right

<rdf:RDF>

Reproduction Right

Scenario

Conceptualisation

• Complex domain, build model in three steps:

Creation Model

Rights Model

Action Model

Conceptualisation

Fixation

Instance

Manifestation

Work

Performance

Objects Processes

Communication

Abstractions

Les Misérables

Creation Model

Copyright

EconomicRights

RelatedRights

MoralRights

DistributionRight

ReproductionRight

PublicPerformanceRight

FixationRight

CommunicationRight

AttributionRight

TransformationRight

IntegrityRight

DisclosureRight

WithdrawalRight

PermorfersRights

ProducersRights

BroadcastersRights

RentalRight

ImportationRight

SoundRecordRight

MotionPictureRight

BroadcastingRight

MakingAvailableRight

AdaptationRight

TranslationRight

ConceptualisationRights Model

Conceptualisation

• End-users do not hold rights– Usage licenses– Special permissions:

• Quotation• Education• Information• Official Act• Private Copy• Parody• Temporary Reproduction

Rights Model

Conceptualisation

• Actions, the building blocks

Fixation

Instance

Manifestation

Work

Performance

manifest

perform

improvise

fix

reproduce

reproduce

Objects Processes

Communicationcommunicate

Abstractions

transform

distribute retransmit

Action Model

Conceptualisation

• Actions governed by Economic Rights:– Reproduction Right:

reproduce, copy– Distribution Right:

distribute; sell, rent, lend– Public Performance Right:

perform– Fixation Right:

fix, record– Communication Right:

communicate;retransmit, broadcast, make available

– Transformation Right: transform; adapt, translate

Action Model

Conceptualisation

• End-user actions, consumption,

to use a…– manifestation: buy – instance: buy– performance: assist

– communication: access• broadcast: tune • something made available: access

picture, sculpture

book, CD, DVD

projection, recital, exhibition

TV channel, radio station

web page, stream

Action Model

Conceptualisation

• Licensing actions: agree, disagree

• Altogether: copyright value chains – E.g. “serials adapted from literary works”

Creator Actor Producer Broadcaster User

Motion PictureScript

Adaptation Performance

write perform record

Communication

broadcastadapt

Literary Work

tune

Action Model

Conceptualisation

• Case roles: relate actions and its participants

initiator resource goal essence

Action agent, instrument result, patient,effector recipient theme

Process agent, matter result, patient,origin recipient theme

Transfer agent, instrument, experiencer, themeorigin medium recipient

Spatial origin path destination location

Temporal start duration completion pointInTime

Ambient reason manner aim, conditionconsequence

Action Model

Conceptualisation

• “Controlled P2P metadata diffusion scenario”…

P2PDiffAgree

pointInTIme

P2PDiffCopy

theme

urn:p2p:fragment01

theme

P2PDiffTransfer

condition

urn:p2p:granted agent

recipient

start

rdf:value 3 currency €

P6M duration

agent

theme

agent recipient

aim

agent

2005-11-20T13:15+01

2006-01-01T00:00+01

urn:p2p:peerB urn:p2p:peerCurn:p2p:peerD

urn:p2p:peerAorigin

urn:p2p:granted

urn:p2p:granter

urn:p2p:granterurn:p2p:granted

0..2

Scenario

Action Model

Implementation

• One conceptual model, many implementations

• Semantic Web Implementation with OWL

• OWL-DL variant– enables tractable and decidable

reasoning for use-license checking

• Semantic Web Rule Language

OWL Full OWL DL OWL Lite

+ expressivity

- complexity

Implementation

• Licences and Rights implemented as Classes

• Uses implemented as Instances

• if u ∈ Copy Pattern thenlicense pattern authorises u

Reproduction Right

Copy

Copyright

CopyPattern

u

?

Implementation

Pattern ⊑ Copy Pattern ≡

∀pointInTime.≥2006-01-01, ≤ 2006-06-30 ⊓∃agent.{granted} ⊓ ∃origin.{peerA} ⊓ ∃theme.{fragment01} ⊓ (≤ 2 recipient) ⊓ ∀recipient.{peerB, peerC, peerD}

Scenario

Agree

Problem

Implementation

• Problem: Open World Assumption (OWA)

• OWA sensible constructs:– maxCardinality (≤ n): new facts can make

cardinality ≥ n– allValuesFrom (∀R.C) …

• OWA insensible constructs:– minCardinality (≥ n): new facts, no change– …

0 1 32

maxCardinality 2(n ≤ 2)

minCardinality 3(n ≥ 3)

New facts

“OPEN WORLD”

Implementation

• Metalevel negation to overcome OWA• Agree OWA insensible constructs

– ∃, ≥,…

• Disagree “negated” OWL sensible constructs– ∀R.C ∃R.¬C– ≤ n ≥ n+1

• Allowed(u) Agree.theme(u) ⊓ ¬Disagree.theme(u)

Implementation

Pattern’ ⊑ Copy Pattern’ ≡

∀pointInTime.≥2006-01-01, ≤ 2006-06-30 ⊓

∃agent.{granted} ⊓ ∃origin.{peerA} ⊓ ∃theme.{fragment0001}

Pattern’’ ≡ Pattern’ ⊓ ( ( ≥ 3 recipient) ⊔ ∃recipient.(¬{peerB, peerC,

peerD}) )

Scenario

Agree

Disagre

e

ImplementationScenario

[ a Copy;agent :granted; origin :peerA;theme :fragment02; recipient :peerB ]

Copy

Pattern’[ a Copy; agent :granted; origin :peerA; theme :fragment01; recipient :peerC, :peerD ]

Pattern’’[ a Copy; agent :granted; origin :peerA; theme :fragment01; recipient :peerB, :peerC, :peerE ]

Allowed

Evaluation

• Put into practice: SemDRMSSemantic Digital Rights Management Systems– Controlled P2P metadata diffusion

Peer A

SemDRMS copy

make available

Licenses Store

DLReasoner

Table of Contents

• Introduction

• Objectives

• Conclusions

• Future Work

TABLE OF CONTENTS N S N N N N S K

• Specification

• Conceptualisation

• Implementation

• Evaluation

Conclusions

• Concentrate on semantics• Ontology, more expressivity• Include copyright• Facilitate implementation and

interoperability– DL reasoners for license checking

Future Work

• Full SemDRMS based on OWL-DL Copyright Ontology

• Mappings to Copyright Ontology– MPEG-21 REL Ontologies – OMA/ODRL Ontologies– Creative Commons

• Security and trust through RDF signatures

• Human-readable by Controlled Natural Languages

XML Semantics Reuse(XSD2OWL + XML2RDF)

Thank you for your attention

http://rhizomik.net/ontologies/copyrightonto

http://rhizomik.net/semdrms

Roberto Garcíaroberto@rhizomik.net