an toan lao đọng thi....docx

7/30/2019 an toan lao ng thi....docx

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I. VN CHUNG CA BO HLAO NG

1. Mc ch, ngha.

Mc ch ca cng tc bo hlao ng l thng qua cc bin php v khoa hck thut, t chc, hnh chnh, kinh t x hi loi tr cc yu t nguy him v c

hi pht sinh trong qu trnh sn xut; to nn mt iu kin lao ng tin nghi,

thun li v ngy cng c ci thin tt hn ngn nga tai nn lao ng, bnh

ngh nghip. Nhm bo m an ton, bo v sc kho v tnh mng ngi lao

ng, gp phn bo v v pht trin lc lng sn xut, tng nng sut lao ng.

Nh vy c th ni rng Bo hlao ng l mt chnh sch kinh t x hi lnca ng v Nh nc, l mt nhim v quan trng trong chin lc pht trin

kinh t x hi ca nc ta. c quan tm v pht trin trc ht l v yu cu

khch quan ca sn xut v v sc kho, hnh phc ca ngi lao ng ( yu t

nng ng nht ca lc lng sn xut) v vy mang ngha chnh tr, x hi v

nhn o su sc.

2. Tnh cht. cng tc bo hlao ng t c mc tiu nh ra nh trn th cng

tc bo hlao ng nht thit phi mang y ba tnh cht:

.Tnh cht khoa hc k thut

.Tnh cht php lut

.Tnh cht qun chng

Ba tnh cht ny c mi quan h mt thit, hu c v h trln nhau.

- Tnh cht khoa hc k thut: mi cng vic tin hnh tt cng vic c lin

quan n cng tc bo hlao ng u phi s dng cc kin thc v phng php


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php khoa hc nghin cu a ra cc bin php x l, loi tr cc yu t nguy

him, c hi, phng chng tai nn lao ng v bnh ngh nghip.

Cc cng tc nghin cu viu kin lao ng, cc yu t nguy him, c hi

tn ti trong qu trnh lao ng u do cc nh khoa hc chuyn ngnh vcc lnh

vc nghin cu v thc hin.

- Tnh cht php lut: c th hin cc lt l, ch chnh sch, tiu chun,

ni quy, quy nh v cng tc bo hlao ng th hin cc gii php v khoa hc,

cc bin php v t chc v x hi c lin quan n cng tc bo hlao ng.

Mc ch buc mi cp qun l, mi t chc v c nhn phi nghim chnhthc hin. V ng thi cng phi thng xuyn tin hnh kim tra, thanh tra

thng xuyn c cc bin php khen thng, v x pht nghim minh v kp

thi th cng tc bo hlao ng mi c tn trng v c hiu qa.

- Tnh qun chng: cng tc bo hlao ng mang tnh qun chng rng ri bi

v tt c mi ngi k cngi s dng lao ng cho n ngi lao ng u l

cc i tng cn c bo v, ng thi hcng phi tham gia vo vic t bo vchnh bn thn hv ngi khc.

1. Cc yu t nguy him v c hi.Trong qu trnh lao ng sn xut lun tn ti cc yu t nguy him v c hi

nh hng ti ngi lao ng. Cc yu t nguy him v c hi tn ti mt s

dng nh sau:- Cc yu t vt l nh nhit , m, cc bc x c hi, bi, ting n, rung

ng....

- Cc yu t sinh vt, vi sinh vt nh cc loi vi khun, siu vi khun, cc loik sinh trng...


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- Cc yu t bt li vt thlao ng nh khng tin nghi do khng gian nhxng cht hp, mt v sinh, khng thun tin v tm sinh l...

- Cc yu t nguy him nh in, lm vic trn cao

2. Tai nn lao ng.Tai nn lao ng l tai nn xy ra trong qu trnh lao ng sn xut, cng tc do

kt qu ca stc ng t ngt t bn ngoi, lm cht ngi hoc lm tn thnghoc lm ph hu chc nng hot ng bnh thng ca mt b phn no cac th, nhim c cp tnh cng c coi l tai nn lao ng.

Theo quy nh ca Nh nc cn c vo s ngy nghiu trthng tchth tai nn lao ng c phn ra thnh cc loi nh sau:

Tai nn lao ng cht ngi

Tai nn lao ng nng

Tai nn lao ng nh

3. Bnh ngh nghip.Bnh nhg nghip l hin trng bnh l mang tnh cht c trng ngh nghip

lin quan n ngh nghip do qu trnh tip xc thng xuyn v ko di ca iu

kin lao ng xu.Cc nh khoa hc cho rng cng nhn b bnh ngh nghip cn c hng ch

n b v vt cht c thb p phn no sc kho b thit hi, gip h khiphc li sc kho hoc bo m cho hc c phn thu nhp m do b bnh nghnghip m h mt i sc lao ng nn mt i phn thu nhp . Cho nn chn b v bnh ngh nghip ra i.

Hin nay T chc lao ng quc t xp thnh 29 nhm bnh khc nhau baogm nhiu loi bnh ngh nghip khc nhau.

Vit Nam chng ta nh nc cng nhn 21 bnh ngh nghip c Nhnc bo him nh sau:

Bnh bi phi so Silic Bnh nhim c Ch v cc hp cht Ch

Bnh nhim c Benzen v cc ng ng ca


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Bnh bi phi Aming

Bnh bi phi bng

Bnh vim ph qun mn tnh ngh

nghip

Bnh nhim cc tia phng x v tia X

Bnh ic ngh nghip do ting n

Bnh rung chuyn ngh nghip

Bnh xm da ngh nghip

Bnh lot da, lot vch ngn mi,vim da, chm tip xc.

Bnh lao ngh nghip

Bnh vim gan do vi rt ngh nghp

Benzen

Bnh nhim c Thu ngn v hp cht Thungn

Bnh nhim c Mangan v cc hp chtMangan

Bnh nhim c TNT

Bnh nhim c Asen v cc hp cht Asen

Bnh nhim c Nicotin ngh nghip

Bnh nhim c ho cht tr su ngh nghip

Bnh do leptospira ngh nghip

Bnh gim p ngh nghip

1. Nguyn nhn gy tai nn lao ng bnh ngh nghip.Tai nn lao ng v bnh nghip thng xy ra trong qu trnh lao ng sn

xut do stc ng trc tip hoc gin tip ca cc yu t nguy him v c hi ivi c th con ngi. Do vy nguyn nhn gy tai nn lao ng v bnh nghnghip ch yu do cc nguyn nhn chnh sau y:

- Nguyn nhn do k thut

-Nguyn nhn do con ngi

-Nguyn nhn do mi trng lao ng

1.1. Nguyn nhn v k thut.

y l mt nguyn nhn c hu lun tn ti trong mi iu kin lao ng,bi l tt c cc my mc thit b d hin i n u th vn cn tn ti cc yu tnguy him, cc vng nguy him xung quanh v c th xut hin bt k lc no, tchi ca cc yu tny cng khng tho c:


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- Kch thc kt cu my mc thit b khng ph hp vi kch thc nhn trc hcca ngi Vit nam.

- Cc b phn chi tit ca my mc thit b bn c l khng m bo cho nn

trong qu trnh vn hnh thng xy ra cc hin tng h hng, vng bn...- Bn thn cc thit b my mc thiu cc thit b che chn, c cu an ton...

- Cc thit b thiu cc thit b phng nga qu ti nh phanh hm, kho linng,thit b khng ch hnh trnh, van an ton...

- Cc my mc thit b khi vn hnh do cng nghc khng m bo v cc tiuchun v sinh hoc l trong qu trnh vn hnh sinh ra cc yu t gy mt v sinhnh bi nhiu, ting n ln...

- Cc my mc thiu cc thit b h trc gii ho, tng ho trong nhng cngvic nng nhc, c hi v nguy him nh vn chuyn vt liu nng ln cao, cpdvt liu v x l cc l luyn, ni hi, my nghin...

- Trong qu trnh vn hnh khng thc hin nghim tc cc ni quy, quy nh van ton, khng kim tra cc thng s an ton ca my mc trc khi vn hnh nhth ti i vi cc ba my kh nn khi lm vic, cc thit bnh cn cu, cu trc,

pa lng...

- Trang b v s dng cc trang thit b bo vc nhn khng m bo ng theoquy chun hoc khng thch hp vkch thc, cht lng v chng loi.

1.2. Nguyn nhn do con ngi.

Nguyn nhn do ngi sdng lao ng.

- Khng t chc b my qun l, n c vic thc hin cc cng tc v anton cng nh cng tc kim tra v vic thc hin cc ni quy an ton.

-Ngi s dng lao ng khng quan tm n cng tc an ton v v sinhlao ng nh khng c cc ni quy, quy nh v an ton v v sinh lao ng chongi lao ng.

-Ngi s dng lao ng khng tun ththeo cc quy nh ca nh nc van ton v vsinh lao ng i vi cc my mc thit bkhi a vo s dng.


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- Ngi s dng lao ng phn cng lao ng khng hp l, khng hunluyn an ton v vsinh lao ng cho ngi lao ng.

- Ngi s dng lao ng khng trang cp thit b bo vc nhn cho ngi

lao ng khi lm vic.- Khng kin quyt xl i vi cc trng hp vi phm cc ni quy v an

ton v v sinh lao ng cng nh c cc bin php khen thng kp thi chonhng ngi c thnh tch trong cng tc an ton v vsinh lao ng.

- Vic t chc hun luyn cng tc an ton vsinh lao ng cho ngi laong khng t yu cu, khng theo nh k, khng kp thi, khng c cc binkhuyn co v an ton, mt an ton nhng ni c nhiu cc yu t nguy him v chi trong qu trnh sn xut...

Nguyn nhn do ngi lao ng.

- Ngi lao ng khng chp hnh cc quy nh v an ton v v sinh laong do ngi s dng lao ng ra.

- Khng mang ng v cc trang thit b bo vc nhn c trang cpkhi lm vic.

- Khi pht hin thy c cc nguy c, cc nguyn nhn gy tai nn lao ng

khng bo co cho cc cp lnh o kp thi x l.

Nguyn nhn do mi trng lao ng.

- Trong qu trnh tin hnh cng vic vi phm cc yu cu v v sinh cngnghip nh vic b tr cc ngun pht sinh hi kh c nhng ni u hng gi,u hnh trnh ca quy trnh cng ngh, khng tin hnh khc, lc bi trongnhng mi trng c pht sinh ra nhiu yu t bi, hi kh c hoc trc khi thira mi trng...

- Mi trng lao ng khng m bo vsinh nh thng gi, hi kh c,nh sng, nhit vt qu cc tiu chun cho php hoc di tiu chun chophp, c cha nhiu cc bc x gy nh hng ti sc kho, khng m bo anton cho ngi lao ng khi lm vic


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- Mi trng tnhin xung quanh ni lm vic khng m bo vsinh nhqu cht tri.

- Tnh hnh chiu sng khng m bo sng cho ngi lao ng lm vic

hoc nh sng qu chi, phn bkhng u khi lm vic gy chi lo hoc qu tigy kh khn cho ngi lao ng khi lm vic...

- Cng ca yu t ting n, mc rung ng rt cao vt qa tiuchun cho php

- T chc lm vic khng hp l nh vic b tr cc my mc thit b khngtheo cc tiu chun v sinh cng nghip cng nh an ton, cc my mc khi vnhnh th lun tn ti cc vng nguy him tc ng n c h thng v con ngihoc l s c xy ra trn mt my th nh hng n c dy truyn..

- Vic xy dng cc nh xng khng theo ng cc tiu chun vsinh nhkhng gian nh xng cht hp, t thlao ng khng thoi mi g b...

- Vic b tr mt bng sn xut nh cc ng i li, cc li thot him khicn thit, khong cc ca ng i khng gy ra cht hp trong qu trnh vnchuyn cng nh vic b tr cc ng vn chuyn khng m bo nh g gh,giao ct nhau phc tp...

- Vic bo qun cc thnh phm trong cc nh xng khng theo dng ccquy tc van ton nh vic bi tr sp xp chng cho nhau, xp chng qu cao,ln ln cc cht c th kt hp vi nhau to ra cc hp cht c nguy c gy chyn cao...

- Cc bin php v sinh cng nghip ti cc my mc, thit b, nh xngkhng ng quy nh, vsinh mi trng khng m bo.

- Cc bin php t chc v sinh c nhn cho ngi lao ng nh khng c

nh v sinh hoc khng nh v sinh cho nhng cng nhn n.2. Cc bin php phng trnh.2.1. Cc bin php v t chc.

- Vic t chc phn cng lao ng phi r rng v ph hp vi tng cngvic v trnh ca ngi lao ng pht huy cao nht khnng ca hcng


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nh hn ch ti a cc nguy c gy mt an ton do trnh v cng vic khngph hp.

- Phi c t chc qun l cng tc an ton v vsinh lao ng t trn cp

cao nht xung n ngi lao ng theo quy nh ca nh nc.- Phi t chc tuyn truyn, hun luyn cng tc an ton v vsinh lao ng

i vi tt cngi lao ng.

- Phi t chc hng dn cho ngi lao ng bit s dng v s dng y cc trang thit b bo v c nhn khi lm vic.

2.2. Bin php k thut.

Bin php k thut v sinh

- Vic xy dng nh xng phi m bo cc thng s v an ton v v sinhcng nghip nh thng thong, cao ro, khng m t... i vi nn nh xngphi m bo bn chc, bng phng, khng trn trt

- Vic b tr my mc thit btrong nh xng phi m bo theo ng yucu van ton nh my mc thit b phi c b tr theo ng quy trnh, mymc phi btr theo ng khong cch an ton l khng nhhn 1m, nhng khuvc nguy him c thl khng c thp hn 2m, khng b tr cc my mc thit

b c sinh ra nhiu cc yu t nguy him v c hi nh hng ti xung quanhcng nh ton bnh xng...

- Mt bng nh xng phi gn gng, ngn np, my mc, thit b, dng c,nguyn vt liu, thnh phm, ph rc thi phi theo ng ni quy nh, khng gycn trcho ngi i li thao tc v phng tin vn chuyn.

- Phi m bo cc tiu chun v nh sng ti cc v tr lm vic c bit lti cc v tr lm vic c yu cu cao v nh sng, ti cc cu thang, ung i, trong

hm ngm...

- Phi m bo cc tiu chun v thng gi, ht bi cho ton bnh xng,nht l nhng ni c pht sinh nng bi, ting n ln, phi c cc bin phpngn nga cc yu t nguy him pht sinh trong qu trnh lm vic m bokhng nh hng ti cc khu vc xung quanh.


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- Vic b tr khong cch gia cc hng thit b phi rng t nht 2.5m, trongcc gian sn xut c cc my vn chuyn bn trong th gia cc b phn chuynng(toa xe, gong, bng chuyn, xe ln...) v cc phn nh ra ca cc kt cucng trnh (tng, ct) cn phi cha li qua li rng t nht 1m.

- Cc ng ng dn nc, hi, kh, mng thng gi hoc cc thit b khcdui trn nh xng cc li qua li khng c php thp hn 2.2m.

- Cc my mc thit b c sinh ra ting n ln v rung ng mnh (vn tc

rung v 2) th phi b tr vo nhng ni nh ring v phi c x l gim tingn v rung ng.

- Tt c cc thit b, my mc u phi c y cc ni quy an ton vnhnh s dng, Cc ni quy phi bin son ngn gn, r rng, chnh xc, dc vc treo, gn cnh ngay ti ni lm vic ca ngi lao ng.

- i vi cc vng nguy him, cc khu vc cm th phi c cc bin cnhbo v cc yu t nguy him, cc loi p phch bo hlao ng ph hp nh binbo cm, bin cnh bo, bin bo ra lnh, bin bo ch th....

- Phi xy dng h thng cc giy cho php lm vic i vi nhng cngvic c yu cu nghim ngt v an ton, nhng cng vic c pht sinh nhiu ccyu t nguy him v c hi, v phi c cc bin php theo di, kim tra n c

vic s dng cc loi giy php lm vic.

- Cc loi my mc, thit bu phi c kim nghim v kim nh v anton thit bthng xuyn theo nh k m bo an ton cho my mc thit bkhi vn hnh.

Bin php k thut an ton i vi cc my mc, thit b.

- Phi tin hnh thit k lp t cc thit ban ton nh van an ton, cht an

ton, cc thit b phng chng qu ti, khng ch hnh trnh, tc ca cc bphn thc hin cc chuyn ng tnh tin hoc quay trn nh kha lin ng, r let ngt...

- Cc thit b che chn cho cc h thng chuyn ng, bi, n, hi kh c,bc x nhit, cc ho h su...


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- Cc tn hiu ci, n bo ng...

- Cc bin bo an ton nh bin cm, bin cnh bo;

- Cc trang thit b an ton phi m bo bn chc di tc ng ca cc

yu tc, nhit, ho v khng gy bin dng hnh hc, nng chy hoc n mn,khng lm hn ch khnng v cng nghcng nh cng tc bo dng v vsinh cng nghip.

Cc yu cu chung trong cng tc vn hnh, sa cha bo dng cc trangthit b my mc, thit b.

- Khi tin hnh vn hnh my mc, thit bth ngi lao ng phi trang by cc phng tin bo v c nhn ph hp vi tng cng vic, tng mi

trng lm vic, tng kch thc nhn trc ca ngi lao ng.

- Tt c cc my mc, thit b khi vn hnh phi m bo c y cc thitban ton nh cc thit b che chn, bo v, khng ch hnh trnh, vn tc, chngqu ti ph hp nhng ni c cc yu t nguy him v c hi xut hin.

- Cc thit biu khin, tn hiu n bo phi t nhng ni thun tin dthao tc cng nh d quan st.

- Tuyt i khng c tin hnh sa cha, bo dng my mc, thit b

trong khi dang vn hnh hoc ang th my. Chc tin hnh khi cc my mcthit b ngng khng lm vic, tt c h thng in lin quan n my mc, thitbu ngt.

- Phi tin hnh bo dng nh k cc my mc thit b theo ng quynh.

- Sau khi sa cha bo dng song phi tin hnh chy thm bo mymc chy trli bnh thng trc khi a vo vn hnh.

Cc quy tc an ton khi sp xp vt liu

- Vt liu nn xp ring theo tng loi v theo th t thun tin cho vicbo qun v s dng.


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- Cc vt liu d chy n th phi c cc bin php bo qun v sp xp theong cc yu cu an ton ring.

- Dng k v nh v chc chn khi bo qun vt dln...

Cc quy tc an ton khi i li

- Chc i li cc li i li ginh ring cho ngi c xc nh.

- Khi ln, xung thang phi vn tay vo lan can.

- Khng nhy t v tr trn cao xung t.

- Khi c chng ngi vt trn li i phi dn ngay thng ng.- Khng bc, dm qua my ct, gc my, vt liu, thit bv ng ginh

ring cho vn chuyn.

- Khng i li trong khu vc c ngi lm vic bn trn hoc c vt treo trn.

- Khng i vo khu vc dang c chuyn ti bng cu...

- Nht thit phi dng m khi i li pha di cc cng trnh ang xy dng,cc my mc ang hot ng.

Cc quy tc an ton ni lm vic

- Khng bo qun cht c ni lm vic.

- Khi lm vic bn trn nn cm ngi i li pha di, khng nm , dngc xung di.

-Ni lm ic phi lun c gi sch s, dng c, vt liu c sp xp gngng.

- Thc hin theo cc bin bo, cc quy tc an ton cn thit.

Cc quy tc an ton khi lm vic tp th

- Khi lm vic tp th phi phi hp cht ch vi nhau.


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- Chnh ngi ch huy v lm vic theo tn hiu ca ngi ch huy.

- S dng dng c bo h thch hp trc khi lm vic.

- Tm hiu k trnh t v cch lm vic, tin hnh theo ng trnh t; khi i

ca phi bn giao cng vic mt cch t m.

- Trc khi vn hnh thit b phi ch quan st ngi xung quanh.

Cc quy tc khi tip xc vi cht c hi

- Cn phn loi, dn nhn v bo qun cht c hi ni quy nh.

- Khng n ung, ht thuc ni lm vic.

- S dng dng c bo h (mt nphng kh c, o qun chng ho cht,gng tay...), dng c phng h.

- Nhng ngi khng lin quan khng c vo khu vc cha cht c.

- Tht cn thn khi s dng cc cht kim, axit.

- Ra tay sch strc khi n ung.

Cc quy tc an ton khi sdng dng cphng tin bo v c nhn

- Cn s dng ng bo h, m bo h khi lm vic ngoi tri, trong mitrng nguy him, c hi.

- Khng s dng gng tay vi khi lm vic vi cc loi my quay nh mykhoan, tin...

- D dng kinh chng bi khi lm cc cng vic pht sinh bi, mn... nhct mi, gia cng c kh...

- S dng o, gng tay chng ho cht, knh bo h khi tip xc vi ho cht

- S dng knh bo v khi lm vic ni c tia c hi; nhng ngi kimtra, sa cha my in, dng cin, dy ti, dy cp in cn s dng m cchin, gng tay cao su cch in


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- S dng dng c h trh hp, my cp khng kh, mt ndng kh khilm vic trong mi trng c nng xy di 18%

- Trong mi trng c nng kh c vt qu tiu chun cho php, cn s

dng dng c cung cp kh trh hp- Khi phi tip xc vi vt, cht nng hoc lm vic mi trng qu nng

cn s dng gng tay v o chng nhit

- Cn s dng dng c bo vnh nt tai chng n, bt tai chng n khi lmvic trong mi trng c cng ting n vt 80-85 dB

- Cn s dng o, mt nphng c ni c kh, khi, hi c; s dng mtn chng bi ni c nhiu vn, bi bay...

- S dng gng tay chuyn dng khi nung chy, hn ga, hn h quang

- S dng thit b an ton kiu x eo khi lm vic ni d b ng hoc nic cao t 2m trln

- S dng dng c bo v mt khi lm vic trong mi trng d b bn mn,hi, cht c vo mt

- S dng o, gng chng phng x khi lm vic gn thit b c s dng

phng xng v.Cc quy tc an ton khi sdng my mc

- Ngoi ngi phtrch ra, khng ai c khi ng, iu khin my

- Trc khi khi ng my phi kim tra cc thit b an on v vtr ng

- Trc khi i lm vic khc phi tt my, khng my hot ng khikhng c ngi iu khin

- Khi mun iu chnh my, phi tt ng c v chcho ti khi my dnghn; khng dng tay hoc gy lm dng my

- Khi vn hnh my cn s dng phung tin bo v c nhn, khng mc oqu di, khng qun khn qung c, khng eo c vt, nhn, gng tay

- Kim tra my thng xuyn v trc khi vn hnh


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- Trn my hng cn treo bin ghi my hng

- Tt my trc khi lau chi v dng dng cchuyn dng lau chi.

V. TRANG B BO HLAO NG C NHNTi cc v tr lm vic, mi ngi lao ng u phi s dng cc trang thit bbo h lao ng ph hp vi cc tiu chun ca Nh nc hay Quc t bao gmnhng khng gii hn nhng th sau:

ng bo h. M bo h. Knh bo h lao ng Gng tay bo h Chp bo v thnh gic Qun o bo h lao ngTu thuc vo tng v tr lm vic c th s dng thm, bt cc trang thit b

bo h lao ng khc cho thch hp.1. Bo v thnh gic.Vic bo v thnh gic nhm hn ch v ting n trnh b bnh ic ngh nghip.Cc phng thc kim sot bao gm: Kim sot ngun pht sinh ting n Kim sot vic truyn dn lin quan ti suy hao hoc gim mc n (ca, bc

cch m,...).Cc thit b bo v thnh gic phi s dng lin tc khi lm vic trong mi trng n vt qu 85dB(A) vi thi gian lm vic hng ngy qu 8 gi hay khi mcn xung vt qu 130 dB(C). Khng c ngi lao ng tip xc vi ting ngy tn hi n thnh lc. Phi c du hiu cnh bo t li vo khu vc c ncao.

Cn hn ch ngi lao ng tip xc vi ting n cng nhiu cng tt, vtrc ht phi bng cc bin php k thut. Mc m nhng khu vc khc nhauti ni lm vic cn phi ph hp vi thc t m k thut hin hnh c th tc v ti thiu phi tho mn TCVN 3985-1999.

Cc trang thit b, qu trnh phi c xc nh vi du hiu ch bo nguy

him nu n vt qu 83 dB(A), ng thi phi s dng thit b bo v thnhgic c nhn trong khi ch cc bin php kim sot kh thi c thc hin. Ccbin bo c thit lp ch r cc khu vc n v yu cu ngi lao ng phi sdng thit b bo v thnh gic trc khi bc vo cc khu vc .Mi c nhn v khch ti thm s phi eo cc thit b bo v thnh gic.

Nt bt tai hay chp tai chng n c dng khi: Ti khu vc c my pht in hoc cc my c n cao.


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S dng my mi, ba , dng c thit b c n cao. trong xng c kh c n cao. C bin bo s dng hoc khi gim st yu cu.

Chp tai chng n phi c lau chi sch s hng ngy.

2. Bo v ng h hp.Cc nguyn tc di y phi c tun th bo v ngi lao ng khi ccmi nguy him v ng h hp:

Khng c nhn no phi tip xc trc tip trong bu khng kh m c th chi cho sc kho ca h.

Trong nhng trng hp, khi bu khng kh c th b nhim c, phi dngmt h thng thng xuyn o th bu khng kh xung quanh ni lm vicdo ngi c hun luyn ng cch s dng trang thit b thch hp.

Phi thc hin mi n lc nhm ngn chn vic thi cc cht c hi vomi trng lm vic. t c iu ny bng cch chp nhn cc phng

php v iu kin an ton v bng cch thc hin vic kim sot cc chtthi.

Nu mi n lc nhm ngn chn hay kim sot mi nguy him ny khngthnh cng th phi cung cp v s dng cc thit b bo v ng th.

Cc thit b sn xut ra bi v khi (vd. thit b hn, ng c Diesel,...) s phib tr nhng ni thch hp km theo kim sot v mt k thut.

Nhng khu vc i hi phi s dng trang thit b bo v ng h hp phic gn bin bo.

Khu trang, mt n ngn bi khi c s dng ngn cn bi v khi c th

gy hi trong khng kh.Loi ny khng thch hp s dng trong mi trng ckh c hoc c nng xy thp.Phi nh gi cn thn khu vc lm vic vinhng nguy him c th c trc khi s dng loi thit b ny.Ti nhng khu vc nu trn mi nhn vin v khch tham quan u phi eo thit

b bo v.3. Bo v u.Phi i m bo him khi lm vic ngoi tri, cng trng xy dng, hmm...Ngi s dng phi thc hin ng cc quy nh di y:

M khng c sn li

Ch c dn nhng nhn dnh cho php ln trn m. Khng c ra/lm sch m bng cc sn phm xng du hay cc cht lmsch tng t.

Khng c khoan l trn m. Ch s dng m bo v u. Phi thay th cc m b hng hay c v b h. Dy gi trong m phi c duy tr tnh trng tt.


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Sau khi va p mnh trn v m, m phi c kim tra v thay th nu thycn thit.

Ti cc khu vc lao ng, mi nhn vin v khch tham quan phi i m boh.Tt c cc c nhn phi i m bo h trong nhng khu vc c nguy c gy

chn thng u. Khng c php s dng nhng m thng thng, nn nhm,st cng v m cng khng c kh nng bo v u.M bo h khng c bin dng, sn hoc dnh cc ho cht.Nu xy ra nh

vy th phi thay nn khc ngay lp tc.4. Bo v mt.

Khi khng c kh nng loi b hay kim sot c cc mi nguyhim chomt, phi cp cc trang thit b bo v mt cho ngi lao ng. Knh bo v gnkm tm chn cung cp s bo v y khi a s cc mu bi bay t nhng aim lm vic pha trc ngi lm vic.

eo knh bo v c tm chn c coi l mc bo v ti thiu.

Knh bo v khng c thit k hay ch nh dng bo v chng cc ming rivn c nng lng gy nh hng mc trung bnh hoc cao. Ti ni cng vici hi mc bo v ln hn phi trang b loi knh trn c gng rng, tm chemt hay m trm u.

Cc trang thit b bo v mt b sung/tu chn s phi eo khi thc hin ccnhim v di y:

- Mi: Tm che ton b v knh gng to bo v mt- Hn: Mt n hn, m hn, knh bo v- Ct kh: Knh ct c chng-

S dng ho cht: Knh bo v c gng to v tm che mt khi c yu cu.- Hot ng trong mi trng bi: Knh bo v m st mtKhi phi bo v khi nh sng chi ca mt tri hay nh chi t tia x nhn thy

c, phi cung cp trang thit b bo v mt c lp mt knh rm mu nh. Nuyu cu bo v chng li tia cc tm hay tia hng ngoi, tia laser phi s dng loi

bo v c bit ng yu cu.Nhng khu vc yu cu phi eo phng tin bo v mt phi c bin bo phhp.Mi nhn vin v khch tham quan phi eo phng tin bov mt nhng khuvc nu trn.

5. Bo v tay.Trang b bo v tay c thdng gng tay hoc gng tay di v phi c

s dng nhng khu vc c nguy c gy chn thng tay.

Phi eo gng tay cao su chng ha cht khi tip xc vi cc sn phm du,xt, axt, ho cht v cht ha tan mnh.


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Phi eo gng tay da bo v tay khi thc hin cc cng vic nhit cao,ma st ln hoc vt liu c b mt g gh sc nhn, khi cm dy cp, nhng ch gng tay c th b ko v cun vo thit b my ang quay. Cc gng tay cao succh in c s dng khi thc hin cc cng vic v in.

Trang thit b bo v tay cn c cung cp y . Loi gng tay s dngcho cng vic s tu thuc vo loi vt liu hay thit b c cm.

Lm vic bnh thng - Gng vi hay daHn - Gng daBo v chng nng - Gng da hay trng lp cch nhitHo cht - Gng cao su nitrile hoc vi bc PVCBo v chng cnhsc

- Gng c m lng bn tay bng cao su tng hp hoc dachrome.

6. Bo v chn.Giy hoc ng bo h l nhng th bt buc ti cc khu vc lm vic caCng ty. Giy bo h phi l loi c mi thp bo v bn chn, c khnng chngtrt v phi c s dng cc ni lm vic, cng trng, khu vc sn xut vnhng ni c nguy c gy thng tn n chn. Khi lm vic khu vc m t hocc th bt th phi s dng ng bo h khng s dng giy, ng bo h khngcn khnng bo v.

Phi s dng giy, ng bo hng kch cv buc cht ph hp.Cc loi

giy, ng bo v hng phi thay th ngay.

Mi c nhn v khch tham quan u phi i giy hoc ng bo v ti cc khu vcbt buc.

7. Qun o bo h.Qun o bo hlao ng phi lun c s dng khi lm vic. Qun o bo

hlao ng phi ph hp, ng quy nh v va vn cho ngi s dng.

Qun o bo hlao ng lun phi gi sch s, trnh dy bn bi du m,ho cht. Cc qun o vi bt phi c s dng khi thc hin cc cng vic viAxit hay cc ho cht c hi. Khng c mc cc qun o bo h rng hay rchkhi thc hin cc cng vic gn cc thit b quay.

Khng eo cc trang sc nh dy chuyn, nhn khi lm vic ti nhng nim chng c thgy vng v lm bthng ngi eo


18/63

..

1.1. S CP CU

S cp cu l s iu tr hoc h tr ban u cho mt nn nhn v bt c tn

thng hoc bnh t ngt cho ti khi n c hoc chuyn giao cho dch vchm sc y khoa chuyn nghip.

1.2. MC CH S CP CU

Bo tn mng sng nn nhn; Bo v ngi bt tnh; Gim au v ngn chn tnh trng din tin xu hn; Thc y s phc hi nhanh chng.

1.3. TNH HUNG NGUY CP

Pht hin tnh hung nguy cp l bc u tin quan trng trong vic s cpcu.Mt tnh hung nguy cp c th xy ra bt c lc no. Bn c th pht hin ratnh hung nguy cp bng cch lng nghe, quan st hay nhn bit cc du hiu sau:

Nhng m thanh khc thng nh ting la ht, ting rn, ting khc, tingknh v, ting thang ri, sp nh

Nhng du hiu khc thng: s vic trng c v khng bnh thng. Nhng mi l: khng th xc nh r mi g, cc mi nng nc khc thng. Nhng triu chng v biu hin khng bnh thng: nn nhn kh th, ni

nu li, m hi m khng c l do, mu da khc thng.

S cu vin cn phn bit gia du hiu v triu chng:Du hiu:l yu t khch quan do s cu vin quan st c.Triu trng:l yu t ch quan do bnh nhn miu t li.

1.4. PHN NG VI TNH HUNG NGUY CP

Vi nhng kin thc c bn v s cp cu c hun luyn, bn s bit cch trgip nn nhn trong tnh hung nguy cp.

Thc hin cc bin php an ton thch hp m bo an ton cho chnhbn, cho nn nhn v cho nhng ngi xung quanh. V d, nu nn nhnang trong khong khng gian hn ch, th bn khng nn vo khu vcny tr khi bn c hun luyn tr thnh mt i vin cu h. Khngkh nhng khu vc ny d b nhim nn ngi cu h phi mang b khth c nhn.

Ku gi s tr gip: tm cch thng bo cho ngi khc bit tai nn xyra bng cch thng bo hoc bo hiu cho cc bc s/y t, i y t cng cnghoc gi in thoi n s 115.


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Truyn t thng tin hiu qu: trn an ngi b nn, thu thp thng tin t nnnhn v k li cho nhn vin y t bit vic g xy ra.Thu xp, lnh nn cho nhng ngi xung quanh khu vc nh gip hs

tn khi khu vc nguy him, bo m an ton cho nn nhn.

CHNG I : AN TON VIN1. Tc hi ca dng in.

Khi tip xc vi dng c, thit bin, ai cng c th b nguy him do ingit.in git mc nh gy hong s, mc nng gy cht ngi.Conngi c th b nguy him bi:

- Tia hquang in;

- Dng in truyn qua ngi khi chm vo mch in

- Phng in t b phn mang in qua khng kh vo c thngi(nu ngi n qu gn cc b phn mang in p cao)

Tc hi:

* Tia hquang in: gy thng tch ngoi da: bng, chy, c khi ph hoic phn mm, gn v xng.

* Dng in truyn qua c thcon ngi gy ra tc ng:

- Nhit: t chy c th: mch mu, dy thn kinh, tim, no

- in phn: phn hu cc cht lng trong c th (mu)

- Sinh hc: gy co git c bp c bit c tim, phi; nu dng in truynqua no: ph hu trc tip h thn kinh T.


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- Cc b phn truyn ng ca cc kh cin.

- Cc kt cu bng kim loi ca trm bin th v ca cc thit b phn phi,v hp ni cp bng kim loi, cc v cp, cc ng thp ca cc dy dn in.

- Vt chng ngi, ro ngn cch bng li kim loi hoc bng li hoctm kim loi cc b phn ang c in v cc b phn khc c th xy ra c innh cc kt cu kim loi khc trn t cc thit bin.

- Cc ct kim loi v ct b tng ct thp ca ng dy dn in trnkhng, ni c nhiu ngi thng xuyn qua li.

Tit din ca dy ni t v cc ni t phi m bo n nh v nhit v phhp cc yu cu sau:

TT Loi vt liu Trong nh Ngoitri

Trong t

1 Thp trn, ng knh (mm) 6 6 8

2 Thp dt, tit din (mm2) v

phi c dy ti thiu (mm)

24

3

48

4

48

4

3 Thp gc, c dy ti thiu (mm) 3 4 44 Dy ng, ng knh (mm) 4 4 6

5 Dy nhm, ng knh (mm) 10 10 cm

Cc ni t phi chn su t 0,5 - 0,8m tnh t mt t n u cc hoc mtdt chn xung t.

Ch ni dy tip t v cc tip t phi c hn chc chn.Dy tip tbt vo v thit b, bt vo kt cu cng trnh hoc ni gia cc dy tip t vinhau c th bt bng bu lng hoc hn.Cm ni bng cch vn xon.

2.1.2. Trong h thng in c in p di 1000 vn (V) c trung tnh ngun nit trc tip.


22/63

Ni t c php s dng thay th cho ni khng cc im c kh nh,trn cc cng trng xy dng hoc cc xng thcng ... thng s dng ccmy in, cc thit bin di ng cm tay c cng sut nh. Nu ko "dy khng"n chdng in gp kh khn, khng kinh t th c th s dng bin php ni

t thay cho ni khng, vi iu kin phi m bo iu kin ct.

R ni t < 4 m

My in phi t nhng ni kh ro (tr cc my in c cu to cbit lm vic nhng ni m t) v phi dng bu lng bt cht vo b my.Hp u ni dy ca my phi c np bo v; cm ly np ra trong khi my anglm vic.

Khi xy ra tai nn hoc pht hin thy c nhng hin tng khng bnhthng nh: sau khi ng in m ng c khng quay, khi ang lm vic thy ckhi hoc to la trong my in, s vng quay b gim, ng thi my in bnng ln rt nhanh... th phi ct in ngay. Sau khi kim tra tm ra nguyn nhn vsa cha xong mi c ng in chy li.

Tu theo iu kin lm vic, tng thi gian phi c k hoch lm v sinhmy in nht l cc ng c in lm vic ni c nhiu bi.

Cc b phn hca trc v cc b phn quay ca my nh puli hp ni

trc... phi c che chn.

cc trm pht in v phn phi in cn phi c:

a/ Ton bcc s s dng in v dn in ca tt ccc ni ni vo.

b/ Qui trnh k thut vn hnh v s dng an ton cc thit bin.

c/ Cc s sch ghi chp cn thit nh s nht k cng tc...

d/ Cc dng c phng h cn thit nh gng tay cch in, thm cch in...e/ Km cch in, n chiu sng s c, nu khng c ngun in d phng

th c thdng n du, n pin nhng phi c sng cn thit.

g/ Dng c, thit b cha chy nh: xng, ct, bnh bt...

h/ Ni qui ra vo trm.


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Nu trong lc tin hnh cng vic m cng nhn c th chm vo cc bphn ang c in khc hoc c th xy ra c in th phi ct in c nhng bphn . Nu v l do no khng ct in c th phi ro chn sao cho ngilm vic v cng khng chm vo c.

Khi tin hnh cc cng vic trn phi eo gng tay cch in, i ng cchin, dng km cch in. Nu khng t c dy ni t di ng tm thi thngi tha hnh cng vic cn bt buc phi ng trn ghcch in v dng chtcch in lt gia cc tip im, kho...

Cc my in ang vn hnh, mun tin hnh bt k cng vic g trn n uphi ct in, tr cc vic nh vn li bulng my hoc b my....

Nhng ni c t thit bin nh: trm phn phi in, trm bm nc,trm xay xt.... phi t h thng chng st nh theo ng dy dn in votrm.

B phn ni t ca h thng chng st nn t ring bit vi b phn trungtnh ca mng in.

Nu nh trm khng c thit b chng st nh theo ng dy dn invo trm th khng nn dng dy dn in trn trn khng t trc tip t trm ra.

2.2. Bin php k thut an ton i vi ng dy dn inDy dn in t my pht in n bng in v t cu dao bng iu

khin n ng c in nn t ngm hoc dng dy cp bc cao su cch in tni. Dy in ngm phi t trong ng bo v bng kim loi. Nu dng cp bccao su cch in ni, th phi t sao cho khi thao tc my in ngi thkhngchm vo dy dn, v khng c ko l dy dn trn mt t, nht l cc li ili.

Dy dn in xuyn qua tng, mi nh phi c t trong ng nha hocng s bo v. Khng c nc ma ng li trong ng hoc chy theo ngvo nh.

Dy dn in i trong nh phi dng dy c bc cch in cht lng tt,khng c dng dy dn trn, tr nhng trng hp m quy trnh sn xut btbuc.


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26/63

Ngi ng quan st phi lun lun ch theo di ngi ang lm vic trncao, khng c bi ni khc...

Nu cng vic lm khng lm xong trong mt bui hay trong mt ngy th

phi ro v treo bin nguy him cht ngi, cm li gn hai u ng dy .Trc khi trli lm vic phi th li ng dy in v kim tra li cc bin phpbo m an ton.

Khi c ma bo, sm st hoc k ckhi c cn ging, ma nh, cm tinhnh bt k cng vic g trn ng dy in hoc ng di ng dy in.

Khi sa cha xong, mun ng in ng dy phi tho ht dy ni t ding tm thi, dy ngn mch, kim im sngi ph trch sa cha ngdy . Tuyt i cm ng in theo thi gian hn trc.

i vi cc ng dy in m cc trm chu trch nhim phn phi trctip n h tiu dng, v cc trm phn phi in khc, trc khi ng in chnhthc vo ng dy, phi ng th hai ln.Cch ng th hai ln l ng vo vct ra ngay.

ng dy in ngh lm vic trn mt thng, trc khi s dng li phi thcch in dy dn, kim tra li ng dy, mi ni v cc chi tit khc, khi thycn tt mi c ng in

H thng ng dy in cc trm dng in khi khng s dng na thphi ct ra khi ngun in; tt hn l nn gu dy ra khi cu dao chnh vtreo bin cm ni vo ti u dy .Nu khng s dng na m khng c ngitrng coi th phi tho dngay.

Phi thng xuyn kim tra, xem xt ng dy, nht l khi c ging bo,sm st. Ni dung xem xt:

+ Dy c bt, chy hoc b vng xung nhiu khng?+ S c b v, nt khng ?

+ Ct c bnghing, hoc chy b phn no khng ?

+ Dc ng dy c cnh cy chm, cy hoc sp vo ng dykhng ?


27/63

Khi xem xt, nu thy dy in bt, ct hoc c nguy c , th phict cngi canh gc, ro chn, treo bin bo hai u khu vc ro chn ngnkhng cho mi ngi qua li ch. Sau tin hnh sa cha theo th tc quynh trn.

Phi thng xuyn kim tra vic mc dy in v vic s dng in trongnh dn.

3. Bin php x l khi c tai nn in gitin git rt nguy him ti tnh mng. So vi cc loi tai nn bi cc yu t

nguy him khc, th tai nn do in cng thuc loi cao, c th gy cht ngitrong thi gian ngn v ngi b nn khng th cm nhn c mi nguy him edo mnh.

Phn tch din bin ca mt s v tai nn in git cht ngi trong nhngnm gn y cho thy: do khng c cp cu kp thi hoc cp cu khng ngcch m cho ngi bin git b thit mng. V dnh:

*Quy nh mc in v sa cha in phi ngt in v phi c 2 ngicng lm, nhng c lc ch c mt thin sa cha v do khng ct in nn khic s c khng c ai bit kp thi cu cha.

* C ngi bin git, y t ch tim mt mi trlc ri a i bnh vin ----> cht do khng c h hp nhn to kp thi.

*Bin php:

- Hun luyn: S nguy him ca dng, in v cch s cu ngi bingit; luyn tp cch cp cu ngi bin git;

- Tr sHTX phi c t thuc cp cu, bng hng dn cp cu tai nn inbng ch to, treo ni dc, d thy;

- Tuyn truyn, hun luyn s dng an ton in trong gia nh.

* Cht lng s cu tai nn in ph thuc nhiu vo s nhanh nhn, thovt v cu cha ng cch. Khi c tai nn in xy ra, phi nhanh chng tchngi b git ra khi ngun in v nhanh chng cu cha, khng lng ph thigian vo vic xem ngi cht cha.


28/63

Biu di y m t s qu gi ca tng pht, mi pht chm s cu l khnng cu sng gim xung, trong 5 pht u tin c vai tr quyt nh nht.

Thi gian (pht) 1 2 3 4 5

Khnng cu sng (%) 98 90 70 50 25

* Tch nn nhn khi ngun in

Khi dng in qua ngi ln ti mc cc c b co git mnh khng th t gra khi phn mang in, khng th ku cu c. Khi i hi ngi cu phi

nhanh chng tch nn nhn ra khi ngun in

*in p cao: Nht thit phi ct in cu dao trc , sau mi li gnv tin hnh s cu.

Ring thin c th :

(1) dng gng tay cch in, i ng cch in, dng so cch in c chtlng cch in ph hp vi cp in p ni ngi b nn tch dy in ra

khi ngi b nn;(2) Dng phng php ngn mch: nm cc vt kim loi ln cc dy dn

in trn, hoc dng dy kim loi c mt u c ni t, u kia nm ln dyin trn (y l cng vic kh khn, nguy him, ch c thin c luyn tpchu o mi lm )

Nu ngi b nn trn cao khi ct in phi btr ngi b nn ri.

* Mng H p:

(1) Ngt in bng cu dao, rt phch cm, ngt cng tc, rt cu ch

(2) Dng dao cc gkh cht t dy in

(3) Dng vi kh lt tay ko ngi b nn ra

(4) Dng so tre kh, gy kh gt dy in ra


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*Ch :

- Khng va chm vo cc phn dn in, nht l dy dn gn ngi b nn.

- Khng nm vo ngi b nn bng tay khng, hay tip xc vi c th trn ca

ngi b nn;

- Phi tranh th tng dy, tng ph

t, nhanh tr, sng to, tu tnh hnh thc t v dng cc trong tay x tr.

CHNG II: LM VIC TRN CAO

1. Cc khi nim

Trm lm vic nng h: (Elevating Work Platform - EWP) Thit b chuyn ng(t hnh nng h, xe c gii hoc xe ti ko) cung cpcc phng tin c lp vn ti khu vc lm vic.


30/63

Bung cng tc: (Workbox hoc Mancage) Trm lm vic c thit kv lp t c chng a cng nhn lm vic ln vxung bng cn cu, ti. Cc thit b phi c ngk v kim nh.

Gin gio (Scaffolding): Kt cu, bc hoc trm tm thi c lp t c bit h trcho con ngi, thit b hoc cc vt liu khctrong cng vic lm vic.

Ngi nng lc: Th lp gin gio c chng ch cngnhn.

2. Nguyn tc lm vic trn caoTt c mi ngi khi lm vic cao t 2m trln trong tnh trng c th

c nguy c ri ng u phi s dng cc thit b an ton chng ri c kimduyt (trang b bo h lao ng y v dy buc gim xc) gn vo im anton chc chn trn c cu.

Phng php trn p dng cho lp rp v tho dgin gio khi cng vicc tin hnh m khng c cc thanh ngng v lan can bo v. Phng php nyng thi cng c p dng cho cc khu vc khng c lan can, gin gio, libo v hoc c nhng khng m bo an ton hoc b tho di qua.

Mi dng c v thit b s dng trong khu vc lm vic nng h phi mbo an ton v trnh ri xung cc khu vc di.

Tt c li i b v b gin phi c bng ch dn ngay sau khi lp lan can.

Khi c ngi ang lm vic pha trn ng i chung, phi t cc bng,bin bo hiu trnh trng hp c ngi i vo khu vic nguy him. Nhngngi ang lm cc cng vic bn di cc khu vc ny phi thng bo nhng chonhng ngi lm vic pha trn v s c mt ca h.

Cc dng c v trang thit b chc chuyn ln hoc xung bng cu hoccn trc. Cc dng c v thit b nhhn c th chuyn ln xung bng dy cphoc thng, gu c m bo an ton. Cc dng cnng lng phi c bucko vo thn ca dng c, khng c ko bng dy ca dng c. Khng ctung, nm cc dng c tngi ny qua ngi khc. Khng c chuyn cc dng


31/63

c ln hoc xung cho n khi nhng ngi di c thng bo v khng c gti khu vc bn di.

3. phng ri ng

Phi s dng cc phng php phng ngi lm vic, dng c, thit bri khi lm vic trn cao. Bai an ton phi lun trong tnh trng tt, c kimtra thng xuyn trc khi s dng v c gn vo ai hng. Nhng ngi sdng bai an ton y phi qua kho o to nhn thc chung vai an tontrc khi s dng.

Cc yu t dn n trng hp ngi b ng bao gm (nhng khng gii hn):

Bt ngtng tc hoc gim tc Chuyn tsn ny n sn khc c b mt khc nhau B mt sn khng ti C khe mhoc l hng nhng khng c bin nhn bit hoc ngn nga Thay i cp gin gio Mt phanh, hm tay Mt sn trn trt i giy khng ph hp Trang thit b, dng c, rc bn gy cn trti ni lm vic Thang s dng khng ng

o qun bvng B mt sn chuyn ng Chiu sng khng ph hp iu kin thi thit km B vt khc va chm hoc ri trng Khng cung cp h thng thit b chng ri ng hoc s dng cc h thng

khng ng quy cch in git Bnh hng ca khi, ho cht, dc phm

4. Phng nga nguy himPhi tin hnh phn tch an ton cng vic (JSA) trc khi lm vic trn cao

loi b hoc kim sot cc mi nguy him c th c. Cn phi o to v phngnga ri ng.

Mt s ni dung cn xem xt khi tin hnh phn tch an ton cng vic (JSA):


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La chn, s dng, lp t, mang, bo dng v lu gi cc trang thit b anton chng ri ng mt cch thch hp.

Cc quy trnh trong trng hp khn cp nh cu nn, s c hoc bthng. An ton in H thng bo co mi nguy him/ s c.Phi xem xt cc vn khc bao gm chun b sn cc cu kin trn nn t trc

khi nng ln a vo v tr.

Lp cc dy cnh trc khi nng chng ln a vo v tr.

Khi c th s dng thc t mt b sn, gin gio tm thi hoc mt trmnng h s s dng t c cao v lm vic ti cao .

Khi thc t khng th s dng theo phng php trn th phi s dng h thng v

thit b chng ri ng chuyn dng v s dng neo chng ph hp.

YU CU CHUNG V GIN GIO

Tt c cc gin gio ti cng trng lm vic phi c xy dng ph hp vi yucu ca lut nh.

Yu cu ti thiu:

Vic lp gin gio phi c thc hin bi nhng ngi c chng ch/ bngcp vnng lc ph hp.

Tt c cc gin gio phi c lp t ph hp vi quy nh trong Quy trnhan ton thang v gin gio

Khi pht hin gin gio c bt k chi tit no b hng u khng c sdng. Chi tit b hng phi c treo thKhng s dng v phi c loib hoc chuyn ra khi cng trng ngay lp tc.

TRANG B QUN O BO H V DY BUC

Phi s dng trang b qun o bo h trn mi a im thi cng v loi cai eo hng trnh cc trng hp ri ng.

Qun o bo h phi c nh km dy buc hoc dy bo him lng.imneo l tng khng nn nm di im gn ca o bo h, tuy nhin, khng philc no cng thc hin c iu ny, nn c th s dng linh hot trong tngtrng hp c th.


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Mi thit b gn, kp s dng cng vi thit b chng ri ng phi thuc loikp (tc ng kp).

Dy buc phi phi hp vi thit b gim xc t ngt v c gn vi thit

b tc ng kp v c lp rp ph hp.Dy buc phi c di ph hp vinhim v cng vic c lin quan n nguy c ri ng t cao.

Dy buc tco khng c thit k chu ko lin tc nhng trnn hiuqu trong trng hp ri ng.Loi ny khng c s dng trong hot ng hm h thng. Dy buc t co ch nn s dng trong cc khu vc c nguy c ring t trn cao khong gia phng thng ng v 45 .

CHNG III: AN TON KHI VO KHU VC KHNGGIAN HN CH

1. Cc khi nimKhu vc khng gian hn chl khu vc c xc nh v c nhng c im

sau :

o Chu p sut kh quyn khi lm vico Khng c dung nh l ni lm vic thng xuyno i hi nhng phng tin bt buc phi c khi voo Mi trng khng kh thiu xio

H thng thng gi khng y hoc khng kh b nhim biCht gy nhim :Bi, khi, sng m, hi, kh gas hay cc cht khc c thgy hi

( bao gm : khi Cacbon, kh mtan, CO2 , xng, du)

Giy php lm vic trong khu vc khng gian hn ch: Giy php do ngicp php ban hnh cho php ngi lao ng thc hin cng vic theo nhnghng dn phng nga mt cch an ton trong phm vi c php.

Cn b cp giy php : Mt ngi c o to v c hiu bit v chuynmn c Gim c X nghip / D n y quyn trong vic cp giy php, cquyn cp Giy php lm vic v chu trch nhim ton bi vi vic kimtra khu vc, xc nh cc phng thc kim sot an ton cn c v ghi voGiy php lm vic.


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liu hay nhng cht d gy chy n, tip xc vi mi trng in th caohay mi trng b hin

- Khi bi : Do s thiu gi, thiu thng thong, bi c sinh ra trong qu trnhlm vic

- nh sng : ca thot him hay l khu vc lm vic qu km- Ri ro vc kh : Cc thit bc cu bn trong c th chuyn ng, hay

thit bri t trn cao xung- Mi trng lm vic khng n nh : Khng gian lm vic cha cc cht

dng bt nh xi mng, thch cao, thc phm

C th phn cc khu vc khng gian hn ch thnh cc loi chnh nh sau :

Loi 1

Khu vc khng gian hn ch loi mt c ri ro tim nng cao t nhiu chtgy nhim khc nhau khng c xc nh hay kim sot d dng. Nhng iukin sau c th c trong loi mt :

Cc cht gy nhim mc cao nht Cc cht gy nhim khng c xc nh nhng b kh nghi Khng c khnng thng gi Khng c khnng bo m vic cch ly hon ton Si li v / hoc ng i li kh khn hay nguy him

Cc bin php kim tra nng cc cht d chy n phi c thc hini vi loi ny.Ngi c php thc hin cng vic trong khu vc khng gianhn ch loi mt phi eo Bnh dng kh.Ngi cnh gii bn ngoi cng phitrang bBnh dng kh bn mnh nhm mc ch cu gip lc xy ra s c.

Loi 2

Khu vc khng gian hn ch loi hai c ri ro tim nng cao t cc cht gy nhim c nhn bit.Khng gian hn ch loi hai khng c php ra vothng xuyn mc d cc iu kin c th kim sot c trc khi vo.

Nhng iu kin sau c th c trong loi hai :

Kh gas d chy n c bit n


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Cc ngun cht gy nhim c th kim sot c C th kim sot c hay don cc dng cht lng vo S thng gi km S ra vo b hn ch.

Cc bin php kim tra nng cc cht d chy n phi c thc hini vi loi ny.Ngi c php thc hin cng vic trong khu vc khng gianhn ch loi mt phi eo Bnh dng kh.Ngi cnh gii bn ngoi cng phitrang bBnh dng kh bn mnh nhm mc ch cu gip lc xy ra s c. Cctrang b an ton bo hlao ng phi c s dng bt klc no m bo vicvo khng gian hn ch loi hai mt cch an ton.

Loi 3:

Khu vc khng gian hn ch loi ba thng c cch ly t cc ngunri ro tim tng.Cc khu vc khng gian hn chny c i li thng xuyndi cc iu kin c kim sot. Nhng iu kin sau c th c trong loi 3 :

Cc cht gy nhim c cch ly Vic pht thi cc cht gy nhim c kim sot Cc iu kin i li thch hp nh sng Khi thc hin cng vic phi tin hnh gim st lin tc trong khu vc

khng gian hn ch loi 3 v phi s dng trang b an ton bo hlao ng.Loi 4:

Khu vc loi 4 c tim nng ri ro kh quyn rt thp. Vic i vo v lmvic trong khu vc khng gian hn ch phi c thc hin ph hp cc quy trnhan ton ca Cng ty. Thng thng cc khu vc khng gian hn ch loi bn c :

Li ra vo khng b hn ch Thng gi tt Don v kim sot c cc cht gy nhim vi ri ro thp nh sng ttNgi gim st c trch nhim m bo rng khng khkhu vc kn loi ny

khng th xy ra tnh trng b gy nhim hay thiu kh xy.


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Bn cht cng vic c thc hin Cc vt cn trong khu vc kn cng nh kch cv v tr ca cc li ra vo Sngi i vo khu vc khng gian hn ch

Cn c mt sngi bn ngoi khu vc khng gian hn ch bo v

thit b cn thit cho cng vic khu vc khng gian hn chcng nh m botrao i thng tin thun li v/hoc theo di ngi thc hin cng vic trong khuvc kn v thc hin cc quy trnh cu gip mt cch ng n nu cn thit.

4. Bin php phng.Li vo trong khu vc khng gian hn ch phi c chiu sng tt v ng

quy nh.

Trc khi c php vo khu vc khng gian hn ch phi xc minh c th

mang theo thit b thvo c khng.Trong mi trng hp cc thit b hi sc cp cu phi c t ca i

vo khu vc kn v sn sng s dng

Slng ngi vo khu vc khng gian hn ch phi c hn ch, ch chophp nhng ngi tht cn thit vo lm vic v m bo c th cu thot h khic tnh hung khn cp xy ra.

Phi c t nht mt ngi cnh gii ti ca ra vo trong sut thi gian c

ngi lm trong khu vc kn. Sn sng cc trang thit b cu ngi b nn trongkhu vc kn (Bnh kh th, dy ai eo cho ngi c cu nn, thit b 3 chnth dy cu nn, gung quay chng ri, n pin...) phng trng hp s c.

Phi c mt h thng thng tin lin lc ph hp ng tin cy v cchnh nhng ngi tham gia lm vic trong khu vc kim tra m bo mingi trong khu vc khng gian hn chu c th lin lc vi ngi ng cnhgii ca ra vo.

Vic thng gi phi lin tc trong thi gian c ngi lm khu vc khnggian hn ch.Trong trng hp h thng thng gi b hng, mi ngi lm victrong khu vc kn phi ri khi ngay lp tc.


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Khng kh phi c kim tra mt cch nh k trong khi c ngi lm vickhu vc khng gian hn ch v mi ngi phi c hng dn ri khi khuvc kn nu thy tnh hnh trnn xu hn.

Nu thy kh khn hoc nguy him th phi dng ngay cng vic trong khuvc khng gian hn chv ngi lm trong khu vc phi ra ngoi c thkim tra li tnh hung.

Nu ngi lm vic trong khu vc kn cm thy c nguy him th ngi phi dng tn hiu quy nh bo cho ngi cnh gii li vo bit v lp tcri khi khu vc

5. Cch lyPhi c s cho php ca ngi c thm quyn trc khi cch ly bt k h

thng hay my mc thit b no.

Vic cch ly ngun nc, cht thi, my mc ang hot ng, in nng haybt c ngun nng lng no khc l cn thit v c th to ra mi nguy hi trongqu trnh lm vic khu vc khng gian hn ch.

Cn b cp giy php phi thc hin cc bc mt cch tch cc m bo:

Phng nga vic a thm bt c nguyn vt liu no nh nc, cht thi

hay cht gy nhim

Ngt my v kho my hay ngt my v treo th ngng s dng i vi van,my mc, thit b c cc b phn chuyn ng, hoc nu c th thc hin c haibin php

Cch ly tt c cc ngun nng lng cho d chng c bn ngoi nhng ckhnng gy nh hng n khng gian kn (v d: cc phng tin lm lnh haysi nng)

Bt cmy mc no cng chc vn hnh li sau khi c s xc nhn cangi c php rng tt c mi ngi ri khi khu vc kn v cng vic hon tt.

3. Cng vic cn giy php lm vic.a. Cng vic lin quan ti cht phng x.


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Giy php tin hnh cng vic phng x s c cn b k thut v phngx yu cu v c xc nhn ca cn b ph trch phng x d n hoc nhn vinan ton phng x.

Sau khi giy php tin hnh cng vic phng x (mu giy qui nh ti phlc 3) c xc nhn, th giy php s c trnh ti ph trch an ton Xnghip/D n, hoc ngi i din c ph chun trc khi tin hnh cngvic phng x.

Ph trch k thut v cng vic phng x hoc ngi i din s chu trchnhim thng bo trc cho cc b phn lin quan khc bit c th v ngy, gi vv tr bt u tin hnh cng vic phng x.

Giy php s ch c gi i sau khi ph trch an ton d n hoc ngi idin kim tra li v xc nhn rng tt c cc kin ngh v bin php phng nga anton c tun th y bi ngi thc hin cng vic phng x.

Nu c bt k s thay i no trong k hoch hoc nu s ph chun khng

thc hin c cng vic phng x nh d kin cng vy, ph trch k thut vcng vic phng x hoc ngi i din s thng bo cho b phn qun l an tonv tt c cc b phn lin quan v nhng thay i .b. Vo khu vc khng gian hn ch.

Trc khi cho php ngi vo khu vc khng gian hn ch, phi tin hnhkim tra nng kh d chy, khoxy v s tn ti ca mt s cht c hi cho sckho.

Cn b gim st ph trch cng vic s thng bo cho b phn qun l anton chi tit khu vc khng gian hn ch, ni cn tin hnh cng vic.

Cn b gim st ph trch cng vic vit giy php vo khu vc khng gianhn ch theo mu v trnh b phn qun l an ton ph duyt.

Trch nhim ca cn b gim st m bo rng khng ngi no vo trongkhu vc khng gian hn ch trc khi kim tra nng kh d chy v nng oxy c xc nhn ph hp tin hnh cng vic.

Li vo khng gian hn ch phi c t bin bo thch hp vi dy chngcnh bo t tm nhn ph hp hoc t bin Khng vo.

H thng thng gi bt buc phi c b tr ngay lp tc sau khi m mingcng/li vo khu vc khng gian hn ch c m, v b tr thit b sao cho khngcn tr li ra vo.

Cn b gim st cng vic s i cng v gip nhn vin an ton cphn cng kim tra nng kh d chy, nng kh oxy. Cn b gim st s chra v tr chnh xc khu vckhng gian hn ch cn vo.

Nhn vin an ton s tin hnh kim tra nng cc kh theo qui nh xemkhng kh trong khu vc khng gian hn ch c m bo an ton cho ngi vo mkhng cn s dng mt n phng c hoc my dng kh.


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Nu khng kh trongkhu vc khng gian hn ch cn tn ti nhng nguyhim th h thng thng gi bt buc phi tip tc hot ng v b tr tng thmmy cho ti khi khng kh bn trong c xem xt an ton vo. Kim tra cckh qui nh khc cng phi tin hnh nh vy nh vy.

Nu khng kh trong khu vc khng gian hn ch vn cn tn ti nhngnguy him khi vo th tt c cc bc thc hin trn s c lp li cho ti khikhng kh c xc nhn l an ton vo.

Nhn vin an ton ch ph duyt giy php vo khu vc khng gian hn chsau khi chng minh y rng tt c cc qui nh phng nga an ton cthc hin y

Thi hn hiu lc ca giy php vo khu vc khng gian hn ch s cghi r trong giy php.

Mi ln khu vc khng gian hn ch c kim tra v ph chun an ton vo thi trc ca li vo treo bng kt qu kim tra khng kh, khng kh s c

kim tra nh k v lin tc cp nht kt qu ln bng.Khi c bt k s thay i no ca hon cnh so vi thi im kim tra th

ngay lp tc giy php hin ti s mt hiu lcv mt giy php mi phi c sdng.

Ngi ng trng bn ngoi s yu cu mi ngi ri khi khu vc khnggian hn ch trong trng hp c s c khn cp.c. Ty ra ho cht.

Giy php tin hnh cng vic ty ra phi c ph duyt trc khi tinhnh cng vic. Cng nhn tin hnh cng vic ty ra s c ch dn an tontrong s dng, vn chuyn, bo qun v hnh ng trong trng hp c s c khncp.

Phi trang b cho cng nhn trang thit b bo v c nhn ph hp theo quinh ca X nghip.

Phi lp hng ro cch ly ngn chn nhng ngi khng c nhim v oc vo v t nhng bin thng bo thch hp xung quanh khu vc ty ra hocht.

Ngi gim st cng vic ty ra ho cht s trnh giy php tin hnhcng vic ty ra ho cht cho nhn vin an ton sau khi lp xong.

Nhn vin an ton s kim tra khu vc tin hnh ty ra m bo rng tt

c nhng yu cu trong giy php c tin hnh thch hp.Nu cc yu cu trong giy php c thc hin y th nhn vin an

ton gi giy php ti cc b phn lin quan, nu c yu cu no cha c thchin th nhn vin an ton ch cho ngi gim st hon thnh cc yu cu .d. Cng vic vn hnh v s dng thit b in.


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Giy php tin hnh cng vic vn hnh v s dng thit b in s cngi tin hnh cng vic lp v c xc nhn ca nhn vin k thut ph trch vin.

Sau khi vic lp giy php c hon thnh th s c trnh ti cn b qunl an ton hoc ngi i din c ph duyt trc khi cng vic v in ctin hnh.

Cn b k thut ph trch cng vic vn hnh v s dng thit b in hocngi i din s chu trch nhim thng bo cho cc b phn khc c th ngy,gi v v tr trc khi tin hnh cng vic vin.

Giy php s ch c gi i sau khi ph trch an ton d n hoc ngi idin kim tra li v xc nhn rng tt c cc kin ngh v bin php phng nga anton c tun th y bi ngi thc hin cng vic v in.

Nu c bt k s thay i no trong k hoch hoc nu s ph chun khngthc hin c cng vic v in nh d kin cng vy, ph trch k thut cng

vic v in hoc ngi i din s thng bo cho b phn qun l an ton v tt ccc b phn lin quan v nhng thay i .h. Giy php vt nng.

Giy php cu vt nng nhm m bo rng cc cn cu v tt c cc thitb nng lin quan s dng nng vt c tm vi vt qu 50m hoc cc cu tngc kim tra v c iu kin thch hp vi mc tng xng ca ngi c bngcp v cung cp cc thit b ph hp tin hnh cng vic.

Trc khi tin hnh cng vic, ngi s dng phi trnh giy php yu cuti cc b phn lin quan nh l k s ph trch vic cu, b phn qun l vt t,

b phn qun l an ton m bo rng tt c c kim tra trc khi nng.Cc b phn lin quan, khi nhn yu cu cn tin hnh kim tra v m bo

rng tt c cc iu kin sn sng cho hot ng nng.Giy php s ch c gi i sau khi ph trch an ton d n hoc ngi i

din kim tra li v xc nhn rng tt c cc kin ngh v bin php phng nga anton c tun th y bi ngi thc hin cng vic nng.

Giy php c gi li b phn qun l an ton ngay sau khi kt thc cngvic.e. Giy php th p sut cao.

Giy php th p sut cao nhm m bo rng tt c cc thit b th p sut

v hot ng th trong khong gii hn an ton gim ti a nhng nguy c tai nncho ngi hoc nguy him cho thit b.

K s, gim st ph trch tin hnh cng vic th p sut cao phi lp yucu giy php vi nhng thng tin chi tit t m v trnh b phn qun l an ton.

Khi giy php lm vic c trnh ln, nhn vin ph trch an ton phi tinhnh kim tra khu vc th p sut theo nhng yu cu trong giy php m bo


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rng cch ly khu vc th bng vic chng dy khu vc v t nhng bin bocn thit.

Sau khi giy php c kim tra v c ph chun, giy php s c giti cc b phn lin quan v dn gn bng thng bo.

Khu vc th p sut cao lun lun c gim st, ngn chn ngi khng cnhim v khng c vo.

CHNG IV: P SUT THP

IV. AN TON HO CHTTrong nhng nm gn y, vn c quan tm ngy cng nhiu l nh

hng ca ha cht n sc khe con ngi, c bit l ngi lao ng.

Nhiu ha cht tng c coi l an ton nhng nay c xc nh lc lin quan n bnh tt, t mn nga nhn suy yu sc khe lu di v ungth. Do vy cn thit phi quan tm ti tt c cc ha cht.

1. S c hi ca ha chtCc yu t quyt nh mc c hi ca ha cht, bao gm c tnh, c

tnh vt l ca ha cht, trng thi tip xc, ng xm nhp vo c th v tnh mncm ca c nhn v tc hi tng hp ca cc yu t ny.

1.1. ng xm nhp ca ha cht vo c thcon ngi

Qua ng h hp

H thng h hp bao gm ng h hp trn (mi, mm, hng); ng th(kh qun, ph qun, cung phi) v vng trao i kh (ph nang), ni xy tkhng kh vo mu v ioxit cacbon t mu khuych tn vo khng kh.

Hp th ha cht qua da

Mt trong nhng ng xm nhp ca ha cht vo c thl qua da. dyca da cng vi s m hi v t chc mlp di da c tc dng nh mthng ro bo v chng li vic ha cht xm nhp vo c th v gy cc tnthng cho da.

Ha cht dy dnh trn da c th c cc phn ng sau:
http://e/HOAN/Web%20OSH%20(F)/WebSO&H/Hoachat_chuong1.htm%23+%20%20S%E1%BB%B1%20%20%C4%91%E1%BB%99c%20h%E1%BA%A1i%20c%E1%BB%A7a%20ho%C3%A1%20ch%E1%BA%A5thttp://e/HOAN/Web%20OSH%20(F)/WebSO&H/Hoachat_chuong1.htm%23+%20%20S%E1%BB%B1%20%20%C4%91%E1%BB%99c%20h%E1%BA%A1i%20c%E1%BB%A7a%20ho%C3%A1%20ch%E1%BA%A5thttp://e/HOAN/Web%20OSH%20(F)/WebSO&H/Hoachat_chuong1.htm%23+%20%20S%E1%BB%B1%20%20%C4%91%E1%BB%99c%20h%E1%BA%A1i%20c%E1%BB%A7a%20ho%C3%A1%20ch%E1%BA%A5thttp://e/HOAN/Web%20OSH%20(F)/WebSO&H/Hoachat_chuong1.htm%23+%20%20S%E1%BB%B1%20%20%C4%91%E1%BB%99c%20h%E1%BA%A1i%20c%E1%BB%A7a%20ho%C3%A1%20ch%E1%BA%A5t


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ngn, mt s s mt mi khin ta khng cm nhn c na v d dng b nhimc (v d H2S).Mt shi, kh c khng c mi v li khng gy tc ng kchthch vi ng h hp.y l loi rt nguy him, bi l ta khng th pht hinc bng trc gic ngay c khi chng vt qu tiu chun v sinh cho php.

1.3. Nng v thi gian tip xc

V nguyn tc, tc hi ca ha cht i vi c th ph thuc vo lng hacht hp thu. Trong trng hp hp thu qua ng h hp, lng hp thu phthuc chnh vo nng ca ha cht trong khng kh v thi gian tip xc. Thngthng, khi tip xc trong thi gian ngn nhng vi nng ha cht cao c thgy ra nhng nh hng cp tnh (nhim c cp), trong khi tip xc trong thigian di nhng vi nng thp s xy ra hai xu hng: hoc l c th chu ng

c, hoc l ha cht c tch lu vi khi lng ln hn, li nh hng mntnh.

1.4. Tnh mn cm ca ngi tip xc

C s khc nhau ln trong phn ng ca mi ngi khi tip xc vi hacht.Tip xc vi cng mt lng trong cng mt thi gian mt vi ngi bnhhng trm trng, mt vi ngi bnh hng nh, c th c mt sngi nhnbn ngoi khng thy c biu hin g.

Phn ng ca tng c th ph thuc vo la tui, gii tnh v tnh trng sckhe... Th d: tr em nhy cm hn ngi ln; bo thai thng rt nhy cm viha cht... Do vi mi nguy c tim n, cn xc nh cc bin php cn trngkhc nhau vi cc i tng c th.

2. Tc hi ca ha cht i vi c th con nguiNh gii thch trn, nhng nh hng ca ha cht c th l cp tnh

hoc mn tnh ty thuc vo nng v thi gian tip xc. Ha cht cng gy ra

nhng phn ng khc nhau do kiu v dng tip xc khc nhau.Theo tnh cht tc ng ca ha cht trn c thcon ngi c th phn loi

theo cc nhm sau y:

- Kch thch gy kh chu.

- Gy dng.
http://e/HOAN/Web%20OSH%20(F)/WebSO&H/Hoachat_chuong1.htm%23+%20%20T%C3%A1c%20h%E1%BA%A1i%20c%E1%BB%A7a%20ho%C3%A1%20ch%E1%BA%A5t%20%C4%91%E1%BB%91i%20v%E1%BB%9Bi%20c%C6%A1%20th%E1%BB%83%20ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dihttp://e/HOAN/Web%20OSH%20(F)/WebSO&H/Hoachat_chuong1.htm%23+%20%20T%C3%A1c%20h%E1%BA%A1i%20c%E1%BB%A7a%20ho%C3%A1%20ch%E1%BA%A5t%20%C4%91%E1%BB%91i%20v%E1%BB%9Bi%20c%C6%A1%20th%E1%BB%83%20ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dihttp://e/HOAN/Web%20OSH%20(F)/WebSO&H/Hoachat_chuong1.htm%23+%20%20T%C3%A1c%20h%E1%BA%A1i%20c%E1%BB%A7a%20ho%C3%A1%20ch%E1%BA%A5t%20%C4%91%E1%BB%91i%20v%E1%BB%9Bi%20c%C6%A1%20th%E1%BB%83%20ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di


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- Gy ngt.

- Gy m v gy t.

- Tc ng n h thng cc c quan chc nng.

- Gy ung th.

- H bo thai.

- nh hng n cc th htng lai (t bin gien).

- Bnh bi phi.

2.1. Kch thch

Tc ng kch thch ca ha cht y c ngha l lm cho tnh trng phnc th tip xc vi ha cht b xu i.Cc phn ca c ththng btc ng nyl da, mt v ng h hp.

Kch thch i vi da

Khi mt ha cht tip xc vi da, c th chng s lm bin i cc lp bov khin cho da b kh, x x v xt.Tnh trng ny c gi l vim da (hnh5).C rt nhiu ha cht gy vim da.

Kch thch i vi mt

Ha cht nhim vo mt c thgy tc ng t kh chu nh, tm thi tithng tt lu di.Mc thng tt ph thuc vo lng, c tnh ca ha chtv c cc bin php cp cu. Cc cht gy kch thch i vi mt thng l: axt,kim v cc dung mi.

Kch thch i vi ng h hpCc cht ha tan nh: amoniac, fomandehit, sunfur, axt v kim dng

m sng, kh hoc hi khi tip xc vi ng h hp trn (mi v hng) s gy racm gic bng rt; chng c hp thu v s m t ca ng mi hng. C gngtrnh ht phi hi ha cht khi lmvic, c bit khi dng cc dng c nh bnh

phun, xt ..Mt vi cht kch thch nh sunfua ioxt, Clo v bi than... tc ng dc

theo ng th gy ra vim ph qun, i khi gy tn thng trm trng ng thv m phi.


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Cc ha cht t tan trong nc s xm nhp vo vng trao i kh. Cc chtny t xut hin ni lm vic song nhng tn thng m chng gy ra i vingi lao ng th rt nghim trng. Phn ng ca ha cht vi m phi gy ra ph

phi (dch trong phi) v c th xut hin ngay lp tc hoc sau vi gi. Triuchng bt u vi vic rt kh chu trong phi, tip theo l ho, kh th, xanh tmv khc nhiu m. Cc ha cht ny thng l: ioxt nit, ozon, photgen...2.2. D ng

D ng c th xy ra khi c th tip xc trc tip vi ha cht. Ngi laong khi mi tip xc c th khng b d ng, nhng nu tip xc thng xuyn,ngay c vi lng nh th c th thng s phn ng v da hoc ng h hp s

b d ng.D ng da

Da b d ng c tnh trng ging nh vim da (mn nh hoc l phngnc).Hin tng ny c th khng xut hin ni tip xc m mt ni no

trn c th. Nhng cht gy d ng thng gp l nha epoxy, thuc nhum azo,dn xut nha than , axt cromic...D ng ng h hp

ng h hp nhy cm l cn nguyn ca bnh hen ngh nghip. Nhngtriu chng ca cn bnh ny l ho nhiu v m, kh th, th kh kh v ngn.Cc ha cht gy tc hi ny l: Toluen isoxianat, fomaldehit...

2.3. Gy ngtS ngt th l biu hin ca vic a khng xy vo cc t chc ca c

th. C hai dng: ngt th n thun v ngt th ha hc.Ngt th n thun

Cht gy ngt n thun thng dng kh nh: CO2, CH4 (m tan), N2,C2H6 ( tan), H2 ...; khi lng cc kh ny tng s lm gim t l xy trong khngkh v gy ngt th; nu khng c cp cu kp thi c th s dn n t vong.

Bnh thng khng khcha khong 21% xy, nu nng xy h xungdi 17% th khng p ng nhu cu ca cc t chc c th v xut hin cc

triu chng hoa mt, chng mt, bun nn v ri lon hnh vi. Tnh trng ny cth xy ra ni lm vic cht hp, di cc ging v trong cc hm l .Ngt th ha hc

Cht gy ngt ha hc ngn cn mu vn chuyn xy ti cc t chc ca cth.Mt trong nhng cht ny l oxt ccbon (gy cacboxyhemoglobin). Ch cn0,05% oxt ccbon trong khng kh l c th gim ng k kh nng mang xy

Ghi nh:Tip xc nhiu vi ha cht c thdn n dng.


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ca mu ti cc m ca c th. Cc cht khc nh hyro xianua, hoc hyrosunfua...cn tr kh nng tip nhn xy ca t bo, ngay c khi mu giu xy.2.4. Gy m v gy t

Tip xc vi nng cao mt trong cc ha cht nh: etanol, propanol(ancol bo), axeton v metyl-etyxeton (xeton bo), axetylen, hyrocacbon, etyl visopropyl ete... c th lm suy yu h thn kinh trung ng, gy ngt thm ch dnn t vong.

Nhng cht ny gy nh hng tng t nh say ru. Khi tip xc thngxuyn vi cc ha cht ny nng thp mt s ngi b nghin chng.2.5. Gy tc hi ti h thng cc c quan ca c th

C th con ngi c to nn bi nhiu h c quan. Nhim c h thnglin quan ti tc ng ca ha cht ti mt hoc nhiu c quan trong c th, lmnh hng ti ton b c th.nh hng ny khng tp trung mt im no hocvng no ca c th.

Ganmt trong nhng chc nng ca gan l lm sch cht c c trong mubng cch bin i chng thnh cht khng c v nhng cht c th ha tan trongnc trc khi bi tit ra ngoi. Tuy nhin, mt s ha cht li gy tn thng chogan. Ty thuc vo loi, liu lng v thi gian tip xc m c th dn ti hyhoi m gan, li hu qu x gan v gim chc nng gan. Cc dung mi: alcol,cacbon tetraclorua, tricloetylen, clorofom c th gy tn thng gan, dn n vimgan vi cc triu chng vng da, vng mt.

Thn l mt phn ca h tit niu, chc nng ca h tit niu l bi tit (othi) cc cht cn do c th sinh ra, duy tr s cn bng ca nc v mui, kimsot v duy tr nng axt trong mu. Cc ha cht cn tr thn o thi cht cgm etylen glycol, cacbon isunphua, cacbon tetraclorua, cabon isulphua.Cc hpcht khc nh cami, ch, nha thng, etanol, toluen, xylen... s lm hng dn chcnng ca thn.

H thn kinhc th b tn thng do tc ng ca cc ha cht nguy himnh:

- Tip xc lu di vi cc dung mi s dn ti cc triu chng mt mi, khng, au u v bun nn; nng hn s l ri lon vn ng, lit v suy tri gic.

- Tip xc vi hecxan, mangan v ch s lm tn thng h thn kinh ngoi vi, li hu qu lit r c tay.

- Tip xc vi cc hp cht c photphat hu c nh parathion c th gy suygim h thn kinh; cn vi cacbon isunfua c th dn n ri lon tm thn...

3. Cc bin php phng ngaMc ch chung ca vic kim sot ha cht l loi tr hoc lm gim ti

mc thp nht mi ri ro bi cc ha cht nguy him, cc sn phm t ha chtgy ra cho con ngi v mi trng. t c iu ny chin lc 4 im trong


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vic kim sot c p dng loi tr hoc lm gim kh nng tip xc vi ha chtc t ra.

Bn nguyn tc c bn ca hot ng kim sot1/Thay th: Loi b cc cht hoc cc qu trnh c hi, nguy him hoc thayth chng bng th khc t nguy him hn hoc khng cn nguy him na.2/ Quy nh khong cch hoc che chn gia ngi lao ng v ha cht nhmngn cch mi nguy c lin quan ti ha cht i vi ngi lao ng.3/ Thng gi: s dng h thng thng gi thch hp di chuyn hoc lm gimnng c hi trong khng kh chng hn nh khi, kh, bi, m.4/ Trang b phng tin bo v c nhn cho ngi lao ng nhm ngn nga victip xc trc tip vi ha cht

2.1. Kim sot h thng

Kim sot h thng l mt b phn ca chng trnh kim sot s tip xcvi ha cht xem xt, nh gi nhng hiu qu ca nhng bin php kim sotkhc trn c stp trung vo nhng bin php v nhng quy trnh qun l.

Ni dung kim sot tp trung vo nhng ni dung sau:

- Nhn din tt c cc ha cht nguy him ang s dng;- Dn nhn;- Cung cp v s dng cc ti liu an ton ha cht;- An ton ca kho;- Th tc vn chuyn an ton;- An ton trong qun l v s dng;- Bin php qun l cng vic;- Th tc loi b;- iu khin s tip xc;- Kim tra sc khe;- Lu gi hs;- Hun luyn v gio dc;

2.1.1. Nhn din ha cht

Nguyn tc c bn ca vic nhn din ha cht nguy him l bit nhngha cht g ang c s dng hoc sn xut; chng xm nhp vo c th bng
http://e/WebSO&H/Hoachat_chuong2.htm%23-%20Ki%E1%BB%83m%20so%C3%A1t%20h%E1%BB%87%20th%E1%BB%91ng%23-%20Ki%E1%BB%83m%20so%C3%A1t%20h%E1%BB%87%20th%E1%BB%91nghttp://e/WebSO&H/Hoachat_chuong2.htm%23-%20Ki%E1%BB%83m%20so%C3%A1t%20h%E1%BB%87%20th%E1%BB%91ng%23-%20Ki%E1%BB%83m%20so%C3%A1t%20h%E1%BB%87%20th%E1%BB%91nghttp://e/WebSO&H/Hoachat_chuong2.htm%23-%20Ki%E1%BB%83m%20so%C3%A1t%20h%E1%BB%87%20th%E1%BB%91ng%23-%20Ki%E1%BB%83m%20so%C3%A1t%20h%E1%BB%87%20th%E1%BB%91nghttp://e/WebSO&H/Hoachat_chuong2.htm%23-%20Ki%E1%BB%83m%20so%C3%A1t%20h%E1%BB%87%20th%E1%BB%91ng%23-%20Ki%E1%BB%83m%20so%C3%A1t%20h%E1%BB%87%20th%E1%BB%91nghttp://e/WebSO&H/Hoachat_chuong2.htm%23-%20Ki%E1%BB%83m%20so%C3%A1t%20h%E1%BB%87%20th%E1%BB%91ng%23-%20Ki%E1%BB%83m%20so%C3%A1t%20h%E1%BB%87%20th%E1%BB%91nghttp://e/WebSO&H/Hoachat_chuong2.htm%23-%20Ki%E1%BB%83m%20so%C3%A1t%20h%E1%BB%87%20th%E1%BB%91ng%23-%20Ki%E1%BB%83m%20so%C3%A1t%20h%E1%BB%87%20th%E1%BB%91nghttp://e/WebSO&H/Hoachat_chuong2.htm%23-%20Ki%E1%BB%83m%20so%C3%A1t%20h%E1%BB%87%20th%E1%BB%91ng%23-%20Ki%E1%BB%83m%20so%C3%A1t%20h%E1%BB%87%20th%E1%BB%91nghttp://e/WebSO&H/Hoachat_chuong2.htm%23-%20Ki%E1%BB%83m%20so%C3%A1t%20h%E1%BB%87%20th%E1%BB%91ng%23-%20Ki%E1%BB%83m%20so%C3%A1t%20h%E1%BB%87%20th%E1%BB%91ng


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cch no, gy tn thng v bnh tt g cho con ngi; chng gy hi nh th noi vi mi trng.

Thng tin ny c th thu thp qua nhn, cc ti liu v sn phm. Nhng

thng tin ch yu gm:- Hng dn cch s dng ha cht nh liu lng, s tng tc vi cc ha

cht khc;

- Ngy ht hn s dng ca ha cht;

- Nhng ch dn an ton cn thit nh mc qun o bo v, nhng iu cn philm khi xy ra s c.

- Nhng ch dn c bn viu kin lu gi thch hp, vic x l cc cht dtha v cc vt cha dng ht ha cht.

- Nhng ch dn v s cu v li khuyn i vi bc s nhm x l nhngtrng hp ngc, nhng bin php gii c c bit cho nhng sn phmc th.

- Nhng cnh bo nhm trnh tc hi i vi cc vt nui, sinh vt hoang d vmi trng.

2.1.2. Nhn dnMc ch ca nhn l truyn t thng tin vcc nguy c ca ha cht,

nhng ch dn an ton v cc bin php khn cp (Hnh).

*Nhn thng gm nhng thng tin sau:- c im nhn dng ca ha cht

- Biu tng cc nguy c

- Tn chung v tn thng mi ha cht- Tn v lng ca cc hot cht

- Cng dng ca sn phm

- Sng k ca sn phm nu nh n l sn phm cn phi c ng ktheo quy nh ca php lut


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- Tn v a ch ca ngi sn xut, ngi phn phi hoc cc i l

- Cc bin php lm vic an ton

- Bt c vn g do php lut quc gia yu cu chng hn nh phi c s

chng nhn ca c quan thm quyn theo quy nh ca cc iu lut c bit...

Nhng vt cha qu nh m nhn dn ln khng th bao gm y thngtin theo yu cu phi c tch dn c nh chc vo vt cha.

Mun s dng ha cht mt cch an ton th trc ht ngi s dng phic, hiu v tun th nhng ch dn ghi trn nhn. Nu khng hiu nhng ch dnth phi hi ngi c kinh nghim.Nu nhn qu nh v khng thc c thphi dng knh phng to hoc nhngi no tinh mt c gip.Nu nh nhn b

rch hoc b nhu nt phi yu cu ngi cung cp i vt cha khc c nhn hpphp.

Ha cht c thc rt t vt cha c dn nhn sang vtcha hoc thit bkhc. Khi , nhng ngi c trch nhim trong vic chuyn rt ha cht phi dnnhn chnh xc tt c cc vt cha.

Bt k mt ha cht no m khng c nhn th skhng c chuyn rt. Nhnmi t nht phi c cc ni dung sau:

- Cng dng, thnh phn v cc nguy c;

- Cch s dng sn phm an ton; v

- Cc bin php khn cp.

Ghi nh: Mi mt vt cha ha cht ti ni lm vic d ln hay nhu phi cnhn hp l

3.1.3. Bn d liu an ton ha cht

Vi mi ha cht nguy him c s dng trong doanh nghip phi lun csn nhng bn d liu v an ton ha cht. Trong , ti thiu phi c nhng thngtin c bn hng dn cch s dng ha cht an ton, t hiu qu; thng tin v ccbin php phng nga thch hp (gm c hng mc trang thit b bo v c nhn)v cc bin php khn cp.


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*Bn d liu an ton ha cht thng bao gm cc thng tin sau:

- Tn ca ha cht (km theo tn thng mi v tn thng gi nu c)

- Thnh phn ca ha cht

- Tn v a ch ca ngi cung cp hoc ni sn xut

- Cc nguy c c xc nh

- Nhng bin php s cu, nhng bin php phng chng chy, bin phpxl kh c

- Cch s dng v lu gi ha cht

- Kim sot s tip xc v bo v c nhn- Tnh cht vt l v tnh cht ha hc

- Thng tin vc hc

- Thng tin v sinh thi hc

- Thng tin v mua bn, vn chuyn

- Thng tin vcc quy nh ca php lut (cc quy inh v nhn, du...)

- Nhng thng tin khc (gm c ti liu tham kho).Ghi nh: Nu thiu bn d liu an ton ha cht, th phi yucu ngi cung cpp ng ngay lp tc.

Chng 15:

NH GI V XL AN TON CC CHT C KHNNG GYNGUY HIM NH MY LC DU

Gii thiu:

Du m c ngun gc t nhin , qu trnh lc du v ch bin n thngxuyn gp phi nhng tnh hung cc k nguy him. Nguy him nht phi kn l nhng him ho do la.Nhng bc c a ra sau y chnh l phng


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trnh n, v nu nh c nguy him do la gy ra th phi bit cch ngn chn v sl n vi phng php hiu qu nht.

Mc d nhng him ho do la gy ra lun l mi quan tm chnh trong qutrnh lc du, tuy nhin cc nguy him khc cng c a ra v cn c quan

tm. Mt trong s l x l cc cht c ho hc nguy him hay oc s dngtrong qu trnh lc du. Bn cnh cng a ra nhng sn phm c c th gynguy him cho cuc sng .ng k nht y chnh l hydrogen sulfide, l chtthng xuyn c tt c cc nh my lc du hin i.

chng ny chng ta gii quyt vn u tin l x cc cht c khnng gy him thng gp. chng tip theo s tip tc gii thiu v bn lun vnhng phng php an ton vi la c bn hay oc p dng trong qu trnh thitkv iu hnh nh my lc du.

15.1 Sl cc cht nguy him

Axit Hydrofloric khan

Axit hydrofloric (AHFs)c tinh c cao v l cht c khnng n mn,sau y a ra nhng tnh cht ni bt nht v phng php x l an ton vi axitny.

AHFs l cht khng mu, l cht lng linh ng si 67o F p sutthng, do cn c bnh cha. N cng c tnh ht m v vy c th kt hpvi hi trong khng kh to khi. Do thng phi c thit b d nhng ch hnhng thit b cha v thit b vn chuyn. Mt iu na, cn phi cn thn trnh

n nc trn vo b cha AHF.Pha long HF lun km theo s to nhit. mt stnh cht vt l ca AHF :

Hi AHF c nng thp trong khng kh cng c mi v v nh hng ncon ngi. c dng lng hay dng hi AHF khi ry vo tay hay mt u rt nguyhim.

Axit hydrofluoric c tnh n mn cao, n n mn c thu tinh, btng, v mts kim loi c bit nh gang v nhng hp kim c cha Si. Axit ny cng n mnc cc cht hu c nh da, cao su t nhin, g, tuy nhin n khng xc tin schy.

Mc d AHF khng chy, nhng th hin sn mn trn kim loi , kt qu lto ra hydro trong cc thit b cha v trong ng ng, c th to ra la v nguyc gy n cao.Nhng ngun dchy nn c a ra khi vng xung quanh ccthit b c cha acid hydrofluoric.

D c tnh n mn, AHF c thc x l an ton khi nhng nguy ckhi c t chc phng v kim tra cn thn. Di y m t nhng quy tc


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+ ng cao su

Khi ly mu hoc mcc thit b c cha HF hoc cc cht c khnng gynguy him tng t, ngi thc hnh cn c theo nhng vt sau:

- Dng c chm bng nha tng hp

- ng bng nha tng hp

- Knh v gng tay bo v bng nha bn

- o v m trm u.

Vn chuyn v ly AHF

AHF c vn chuyn trn cc thng hoc xe chc dung tch xp x t 5400n 25000 gallon.Thng phi dng kh nn vn chuyn mt lng ln AHF,i khi cn dng c cc thit bquay hay bm p sut.

Ly AHF t cc xe hoc thng cha gm 5 bc sau:1. Chn ni xe hoc thng cha ni ly sn fm.

2. Kt ni vi kh nn v cc thit b ly sn fm ti cc van .

3. Bt u a AHF ti b cha

4. Tho cc thit bbc 2

5. a xe hoc thng cha trli xe ch.

Thit b

Thp nh l vt liu hu hiu hn c cho vic tng tr v x l AHF nhit trn 150 F . Thp khng g loi 300 c th dng 200 F . Hp kim ng vinikel hoc thp nikel thch hp nhit cao. Nha Teflon c th bn vi minng ca HF vi nhit ln n 500 F

Vic la chn vt liu cho thit b cha AHF ph thuc rt nhiu vo tnhn mn, m, vn tc dng, tp cht. Mi trng hp khc nhau cn a ra xem xt nh gi trc khi la chn vt liu.

Thng cha

Dung tch ca h thng cha xp x khong 3/2 ln dung tch ln nht phng trnh trng hp tro cid cc phng tin vn chuyn.Thng thng hayla chn h thng cha ln nhiu hn h thng nh.iu ny hu ch khi c sgin nnhiu.

Nhng bn cha hnh trngang c sn xut theo tiu chun ASME hinhnh i vi cc thit b chu p sut hoc nhng tiu chun tng t ph hp viyu cu t ra.Yu cu cao hn na l b dy ca thnh bn khng sai s qu


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1/8 inch theo tiu chun ASME .Bn cha nn uc hn kp, cc mi hn phi mnv c nh du tin cho vic kim tra , thng dng tia X kim tra cc mihn.

Bn cha nn t v tr thch hp bn trn mt t, trn nn thp hoc

btng hnh yn nga l tt nht.Cc thit b an ton dng khi xy ra s c bt thng bn trong bn chu p

sut nn c mua nhng c s sn xut c cht lng cao, tng t nhASME.p sut lm vic ln nht h thng cha khng nn vt qu 2/3 p sutgy ca thit b an ton.H thng an ton lng chc nng cng c quan tm, nbao gm mt van hai chiu v nhng a gin on ngay sau van phng khi van bhng.

ng ng

Cc ng nn t nghing pha bn cha hoc ni tiu th .iu ny hn chc s tch t acid nhng ch thp. Nh trnh c cc nguy him khi cnsa cha. Cc van an ton c t cc vtr khc nhau trn ng dn trongtrng hp acid b gii hn gia hai van ng. Tt c nhng phn gtrn ng itrong ng phi c sn ph bng lp sn acid ch thnhn Mobil#220-Y-7 , khichuyn t mu da cam sang mu vng chng t c s hin din ca AHF lng hochi.

ng ng tni ly sn phm n bn cha cn c lp thm mt cngvan c th cho acid dng chy bt c lc no.on ny cng phi chc chnvi bn cha qu trnh hot ng c th rung nht l khi ly sn fm c s dngkh nn

Lp rp

Nhng khe ln ( 2ins trln) fi c hn an ton theo tiu chun ASME ,cng c th dng bng thp hn hi.Vi nhng khe nhhn c th dng vi thpnng .

Gasket:

Lm bng nha Teflon

VanCc van trn kn ca hng Jamesburry c cho l rt hiu qu vi cc thit

bc AHF.m van bng Teflon, thn v vnh lm bng thp khng g loi 316,hp kim thp khng g Durimer20, cng van nn c hnh ch O,S,hocY.

Bm

Cc loi bm quay , ly tm hoc bm p sut thng c s dng .Nguyn


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liu chnh cho cc bm ny l thp khng g 300, Durimet 20, hp kimHastelloy&Monel, Nikel...

Dng co mc

Nh sn xut ANF khuyn co nn s dng thit bo mc nam chm nh

Fischer & Model 13 C 2265 W.Thit b lc

Hai thit b lc c b tr song song cho php hon i khi thay i dngchy ca cid .Vt liu thng c s dng ch to loi thit bny cng gnging nhng vt liu miu t trn. Poly Propylen c thc s dng lm vtliu cho thit b lc AHF nu nhit di 200 F .

Khi mt thit b lc b hng cn c thay thngay, trc phi c rasch bng nc hoc cn thit bng dung dch sa.

An ton vngiAHF lng c th ngay lp tc gy ra nhng vt thng bng nghim trng khi

ry ln bt cni no trn c th.

Dung dch HF long ngay lp tc khng gy bng nhng ch ry ln da .Saumt vi gidung dch c th thm hon ton vo da gy nn ty v bng da.

Qun o bdnh lng nhHF cng c th gy ra cc nguy him nh trn.

Hi AHF c thgy nn xng ty v vim da.Nhng vt bng s xut hinsau vi gi.Tip xc nhiu vi hi HF nng cao gy nguy hi cho phi.

2. H2S

H2S trong nh my lc ha du thng c hnh thnh trong sut cc qutrnh desulfurizing lm ngt cc dng sn phm chng ct. H2S c mu v lkh c v c mi kh chu ging nh mi trng thi . N c th ha tan trongnc v trong disulfit cacbon. Bha tan trong nc n to thnh mt loi axityu. H2S d bt la v trong khng kh d c th chy ti SO2 v nc, trongiu kin thiu oxy n c th to thnh S c bn v nc. n c th to ra tphn ng kh H2 v S nng chy hoc vi sbay hi ca S hoc bng treating

sulfite kim loi (FeS..)vi mt axit.H2S phn ng vi hu ht cc ion kim loi to thnh dng sulfides . sulfides ca mt vi kim loi khng tan trong ncv c mu c trng c th gip ta nhn bit kim loi trong qu trnh phn tchha cht. H2S cng phn ng trc tip vi kim loi bc dng xm .trng thien xm ca Ag2S. mt phng php tm nng nh ca H2S l n trngiy lc c tm chi axetat. Giy tr thnh mu en ( nhm kt ta chisulfdes.Mc ca H2S l c o bng s khc nhau ca mu en ca giy ch axetat


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c so snh vi mu chun. thng s ha hc ca H2S c a ra trong bng15.3.

MC NGUY HIM V C HI CA H2S

Bng 15.4 ch ra mc c hi ca H2S 1ppm,hu ht mi ngi c th ngi c kh. mi mnh khng c ngha l

c nng cao v mi nhkhng c ngha l nng thp. mt ngi c th lmvic trong nng 10 ppm ca H2S trong 8 h. nu nng vt qu 10ppm trongmt giai on thi gian ngn sau thi gian phi c lm gim i .

Nng 15ppm c th chu ng c trong mt giai on ngn khng vtqu 15phut. C th khng c qu 4 ln 15ppm trong sthay i 8h vi mi lnthay i l 1h.

Nu nng ca H2S vt qu 20ppm , mt cng nhn phi eo cc thit bh hp cho php. Nu nng khng bit th cng nhn phi eo cc thit b hhp cho php n tn khi nng c xc nh

Nu tn ti nng 100ppm th c quan khu gic s mt khnng hay trln khng c cm gic gi trong 2 n 15 pht. H2S c th gy ra cm gic chy ti

mt,c hng, mi v phi(H2S kt hp vi alkali trong dung dch lng ti dngsulfde natri kim).

nng 500ppm,nn nhn s xut hin trng thi say v mt kh nngthng bng v nhn thc ca h. trong trong trng hp ny nn nhn c gng tiptc vi cng vic m hang lm n khi h bt gp kh. v l do ny, mt ngiphi bit mi ngi m h lm vic cng v c th kim tra mt cch khngthng xuyn thi quen ca cc ng nghip. r rng mi ngi di tc ng caru hoc bt k cht kch thch ti b lo khng bao gic cho php ti nilm vic c th cha kh chua. Mt nn nhn phi xem xt cn thn v c th yu

cu s tnh to. Mt nn nhn nn cn schm sc ca thuc v khong cho phpquay trli lm vic trong t nht l 8 h

700ppm nn nhn sri vo trng thi bt tnh mt cch nhanh chng, vc th pht trin cc cn tai bin ging nh cc loi gy ra chng ng kinh. Ssuy gim khnng kim sot tnh trng i v tiu tin c th l din ra. Ngng hhp v ci cht l kt qu tt yu , nu khng cu cha v lm hi sc mt cchnhanh chng. mt nng 1000ppm nn nhn c th b bt tnh ngay tc


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khc.NN NHN S KHNG CN TH MT CCH CH NG NUCUNG CP KHNG KH SCH. S HI SC NHN TO S CTIN HNH TRONG 3 PHT VI SC MT CA H2S QUN O BOV V AN TON C NHN

Nhiu bin php bo v c nhn khi H2S c tho lun trong muc 1 phatrn. Cn thit khi lm vic trong mt vng ni c hoc khng c mt ca H2S ,mt mt l thch hp phi lun c nu khng thc seo. Trong nhng vng hnchnh l nh cha bm hay my len kn ni m kim sot kh chua hoc ccdung dch kim tra skhng i ca nng H2S trong khng kh phi c tinhnh. iu ny sc hon thnh bng s phn tch khng kh tng vi mtn ph. Nhc im ca n l s dng cc phn tch thng thng dn ti giych axetat .trong tt c cc b phn phnh cc ta nh nn c cc l thng mtcch hp l s dng h thng qut thng kh.

CC VT LIU XY DNG TRONG BO DNG H2SKhng kh cha H2S v hon ton hoc hu ht oxy t do lm sn mn tng

ln nhanh chng ca thp nguyn cht bng s to thnh mt mng sulfide trn bmt ca n. Tc n mn trong H2 /H2S tng nh thnh phn ca H2S tng lnkhong 5% thtch , trong khi tng qu mc im ny nhn chung ch c mt nhhng nh ti sn mn . thp nguyn cht vi crom v nhm lm tng khnng bn ca H2S , trong khi nikel khng c nh hng c hi

Trng thi m hoc dung dch ca H2S c thgy ln vi n mn nh trongthp nguyn cht v to ra s nguy him ca sn mn nghim trng. sn mn

ny l khong 1nm/nm. Tc ny c thxem nh gim xung khong 0,1% /nm s dng thp nguyn cht c 18% crom v 9 % nikel. Cc bnh v ng nnphi lm gim mc ny xung.

NIT

1. Hiu bit chung v N2- N2 chim 78% trong khng kh chng ta th, do n khng

c xem nh khng c hi.

- Tuy nhin, N2 chan ton th nu c phi trn vi mtlngoxy thch hp.

- Ngoi ra N2 (vi lngoxy thp) khng b pht hin bng khugic.

- N2 c s dng thng mi dng tr v c bo qun trnhxa cc cht gy nhim (bao gm coxy), c thgy n mn thit

b, nguy c xy ra ho hon, hay c.


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- Oxy vi nng thp(nguyn nhn do stng lng N2) c thc nhng tc ng ti con ngi v c th dn n cht nu nng

thp di 10%

Nng oxy trong kh

quyn (%)

Hu qu c th c

20,9 Bnh thng

19.0 Mt snh hng sinh l hc

chi khng ng ch

16.0 Nhp th v mch tng, lm

gim kh nng suy ngh v

ch, lm gim tnh linh hot

ca cc b phn trn c th

nh chn, tay..14.0 Mt mi bt thng khi c

gng lm vic, tnh trng bn

chn, hot ng khng c linh

hot, gim kh nng

phnon suy xt.

12.5 Tnh trng gim kh nng

phnon, suy xt v s phi

hp hot ng rt km, suy hhp, dn n nhng tn

thng tim lu di, bun nn,

nn ma.


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- Nguyn nhn dn n cc tai nn lin quan n Nito:+ Khng pht hin c s thiu htoxy kh quyn trong cc khong

khng gian hp

+ Nhm ln khi s dng N2 thay cho kh th.

+Cng tc s cu, gii thot khng c chun b k.

+ Cc v tai nn ch yu xy ra trong qu trnh vn hnh, sa cha

trong cng nghip v qu trnh sn xut, mt s tai nn c th xy ra


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trong cc trng hp khc nh trong phng th nghim v cc trang

thit bc s dng trong y t.

- Cch phng chng v bin php x l trong trng hp tainn N2


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