anabysis for satisfaction
TRANSCRIPT
hal
y C
hild
hod
Res
earc
h Q
uart
erly
, 1,
167-
183
(19
86
)
Teac
her j
ob
Sat
isfa
ctio
n:
A F
ram
ewor
k fo
r An
aBys
is
The
topi
c of
job
sat
isfa
ctio
n is
one
thae
has
alw
ays
had
pers
onal
and
org
a-
niza
tiona
l rel
evan
ce t
o ed
ucat
ors.
But
rec
ent
repo
rts
of i
ncre
ased
occ
upa-
tio
nal
stre
ss a
nd b
urno
ut i
n ea
rly c
hild
hood
edu
catio
n in
dica
te t
hat
the
issu
e m
erits
incr
ease
d at
tent
ion.
Thi
s ar
ticle
fir
st p
rovi
des
a br
ief
over
view
of
som
e of
the
div
erse
app
roac
hes t
hat h
ave
evol
ved
to d
efin
e an
d m
easu
re
wor
k at
titud
es. I
t the
n pr
esen
ts a
con
cept
ual f
ram
ewor
k fo
r un
ders
tand
ing
how
the
man
y fa
cets
of
job
satis
fact
ion
inte
rrel
ate.
The
mod
el b
uild
s on
a
soci
al-e
colo
gica
l per
spec
tive
of h
uman
beh
avio
r an
d st
ress
es th
e dy
nam
ic,
inte
ract
ive
natu
re o
f pe
rson
-env
iron
men
t va
riab
les.
Job
sat
isfa
ctio
n is
one
of
the
mos
t w
idel
y re
sear
ched
top
ics
in p
sych
oPog
y.
Ove
r 4,
000
arti
cles
hav
e be
en w
ritt
en o
n th
e su
bjec
t. T
his
popu
lari
ty i
s no
t di
ffic
ult t
o u
nder
stan
d: T
he to
pic
has
stro
ng a
ppea
l bec
ause
it h
as im
med
iate
re
leva
nce
to o
ur o
wn
lives
. B
ecau
se w
e sp
end
so m
uch
of o
ur
tim
e in
wor
k en
viro
nmen
ts,
unde
rsta
ndin
g th
e fa
ctor
s in
volv
ed i
n ac
hiev
ing
fulf
illm
ent
can
cert
ainl
y af
fect
our
per
sona
l w
ell-
bein
g. B
ut t
he b
ulk
of t
he re
sear
ch o
n
the
issu
e ha
s fo
cuse
d o
n th
e qu
alit
y of
wor
k li
fe a
s it
rela
tes
to th
e w
orld
of
busi
ness
and
indu
stry
. Onl
y m
oder
ate
atte
ntio
n ha
s be
en p
aid
to th
e to
pic
as
it re
late
s to
teac
her
educ
atio
n, a
nd t
he u
niqu
e co
ncer
ns o
f ea
rly
chil
dhoo
d ed
ucat
ors
at t
he p
resc
hool
lev
el r
emai
n la
rgel
y un
expl
ored
. It
is
poss
ible
, ho
wev
er,
to d
raw
fro
m t
he v
ast
lite
ratu
re i
n th
e fi
elds
of
beha
vior
al p
sy-
chol
ogy
and
orga
niza
tion
al m
anag
emen
t to
dev
elop
a f
ram
ewor
k fo
r an
al-
yzin
g jo
b sa
tisf
acti
on a
s it
spe
cifi
cally
rel
ates
to
earl
y ch
ildh
ood
educ
atio
n.
The
con
cept
of
job
sati
sfac
tion
is
part
icul
arly
int
rigu
ing
beca
use,
by
defi
- ni
tion
, it
is
an e
nd i
n its
elf-
a po
sitiv
e ou
tcom
e th
ae i
s hi
ghly
val
ued.
But
th
e st
udy
of j
ob s
atis
fact
ion
also
take
s o
n s
peci
al s
igni
fica
nce
whe
n vi
ewed
fr
om a
n or
gani
zati
onal
sta
ndpo
int.
Eve
n th
ough
a d
irec
t ca
usal
lin
k be
- tw
een
teac
hers
' fe
elin
gs o
f sa
tisf
acti
on a
nd t
heir
pro
duct
ivit
y o
n th
e jo
b ha
s ye
t to
be
firm
ly e
stab
lish
ed,
man
y sc
hool
adm
inis
trat
ors
feel
tha
t jo
b sa
tis-
fa
ctio
n (a
nd p
arti
cula
rly
job
diss
atis
fica
tion
) ca
n ha
ve a
str
ong
impa
ct o
n
orga
niza
tion
al e
ffec
tive
ness
.
Cor
resp
onde
nce
and
requ
ests
for
rep
rint
s sh
ould
be
addr
esse
d to
Pau
la S
orde
-Blo
om,
EC
E,
Nat
iona
l C
olle
ge o
f E
duca
tion
, 24
80 S
heri
dan
Rd.
, E
vans
lon,
IL
602
01.
167
The
fac
tors
tha
t in
flue
nce
wor
k at
titu
des
take
on
an u
rgen
cy w
hen
we
read
sta
tist
ics
indi
cati
ng t
hat
staf
f tu
rnov
er i
n ch
ild
care
cen
ters
ave
rage
s 30
% a
yea
r, f
ar g
reat
er t
han
for
othe
r hu
man
ser
vice
pro
fess
ions
(Bur
eau
of
Lab
or S
tati
stic
s, 1
984)
. Chi
ld c
are
wor
k is
am
ong
the
coun
try'
s to
p 1
0 jo
b ca
tego
ries
hav
ing
the
high
est
turn
over
. T
his
high
rat
e pu
ts a
tre
men
dous
st
rain
on
prog
ram
s th
at m
ust
sear
ch o
ut a
nd r
etra
in n
ew s
taff
. L
ow m
oral
e,
stre
ss,
and
job
burn
out
are
not
unco
mm
on a
mon
g ea
rly
chil
dhoo
d te
ache
rs
(Mys
on,
1982
; Jo
rde,
198
2; M
asla
ch &
Pin
es,
1977
; W
hite
book
, H
owes
, D
arra
h, &
Fri
edm
an,
1982
). In
deed
, und
erst
andi
ng i
ssue
s re
late
d to
qua
lity
of
wor
k li
fe m
ay w
ell
have
a d
irec
t im
pact
on
orga
niza
tion
al s
urvi
val a
t the
pr
esch
ool
leve
l. K
now
ing
that
job
sati
sfac
tion
has
per
sona
l as
wel
l as
org
aniz
atio
nal
rele
- va
nce
does
not
mak
e th
e jo
b of
unt
angl
ing
the
netw
ork
of c
ompl
ex r
elat
ions
be
twee
n w
ork
and
wor
ker
any
easi
er f
or t
he s
ocia
l sc
ient
ist.
One
inh
eren
t di
ffic
ulty
is d
efin
ing
and
oper
atio
nali
zing
the
con
stru
ct.
Is jo
b sa
tisf
acti
on
the
abse
nce
of j
ob d
issa
tisf
acti
on?
Doe
s th
e ab
sens
e of
"sa
tisfi
ers"
in
the
en
viro
nmen
t cr
eate
dis
sati
sfac
tion
? A
ltho
ugh
ther
e is
con
side
rabl
e cs
nfu-
si
on i
n th
e li
tera
ture
as
to s
ourc
es o
f sa
tisf
acti
on a
nd t
he w
ays
sati
sfac
tion
ca
n be
st b
e m
easu
red,
gen
eral
agr
eem
ent
exis
ts t
hat
job
sati
sfac
tion
is
a "c
ompo
site
99 of
the
att
itud
es,
eval
uati
ons,
or
emot
iona
l re
spon
ses
an in
di-
vidu
al h
as a
bout
the
man
y fa
cets
of
a pa
rtic
ular
job
. T
his
arti
cle
prov
ides
a b
rief
ove
rvie
w o
f so
me
of t
he d
iver
se a
ppro
ache
s th
at h
ave
evol
ved
in a
n at
tem
pt t
o d
efin
e an
d m
easu
re w
ork
atti
tude
s an
d pr
esen
ts a
wor
king
mod
el,
a co
ncep
tual
fra
mew
ork,
to
ill
ustr
ate
how
the
m
any
vari
able
s of
job
sat
isfa
ctio
n in
terr
elat
e. T
he p
arad
igm
bui
lds
on
the
soci
al-e
colo
gica
l con
cept
uali
zati
on p
ropo
sed
by R
udol
f M
oos
(Moo
s, 1
979;
M
oos
& I
nsel
, 19
74).
Thi
s pe
rspe
ctiv
e st
ress
es t
he d
ynam
ic,
inte
ract
ive
natu
re o
f pe
rson
-env
iron
men
t va
riab
les.
Suc
h a
mod
el s
houl
d ha
ve h
euri
stic
va
lue
both
for
the
pre
serv
ice
trai
ning
of
earl
y ch
ildh
ood
teac
hers
and
for
th
e pr
ofes
sion
al d
evel
opm
ent
of p
ract
itio
ners
.
DE
FIN
ING
AN
D M
EA
SU
RIN
G J
OB
SA
TIS
FA
CT
ION
The
mos
t co
mm
on a
ppro
ach
to u
nder
stan
ding
job
sat
isfa
ctio
n ha
s be
en t
o ap
ply
the
prin
cipl
es o
f va
riou
s m
otiv
atio
n th
eori
es.
A q
uick
per
usal
of
the
lite
ratu
re o
n m
otiv
atio
n sh
ows
that
the
re i
s ce
rtai
nly
no s
hort
age
of e
xpla
- na
tion
s to
int
erpr
et h
uman
beh
avio
r in
wor
k se
ttin
gs (
Bec
k, 1
978;
War
r,
1976
). A
s ea
rly
as 1
935,
Hop
pock
app
lied
sur
vey
met
hods
and
att
itud
e sc
ales
to a
sses
s jo
b sa
tisf
acti
on in
tea
cher
s. H
is w
ork
typi
fies
wha
t ha
s be
en
calle
d th
e "t
radi
tion
al"
appr
oach
bec
ause
it e
volv
es o
ut o
f th
e as
sum
ptio
n th
at if
the
pre
senc
e of
a v
aria
ble
in t
he w
ork
envi
ronm
ent
lead
s to
sat
isfa
c-
tion
, th
en i
ts a
bsen
ce w
ill l
ead
to j
ob d
issa
tisf
acti
on.
Hop
pock
als
o as
ked
teac
hers
que
stio
ns a
bout
non
wor
k fa
ctor
s su
ch a
s th
eir
leve
l of
sati
sfac
tion
job
Sat
isfa
ctio
n 16
9
in t
heir
mar
riag
es a
nd i
n ot
her
rela
tion
ship
s. H
is f
indi
ngs
sugg
est t
hat
job
and
life
sat
isfa
ctio
n ar
e in
tric
atel
y re
late
d an
d th
at p
erso
nal
fact
ors
outs
ide
the
scho
ol o
ften
det
erm
ine
sati
sfac
tion
on
the
job.
H
erzb
erg
(194
6) q
uest
ione
d th
is t
radi
tion
al v
iew
, ar
guin
g th
at j
ob s
atis
- fa
ctio
n an
d di
ssat
isfa
ctio
n sh
ould
not
be
conc
eptu
aliz
ed a
s oc
curr
ing
on a
si
ngle
con
tinu
um.
He
put
fort
h a
two-
fact
or t
heor
y su
gges
ting
that
the
ca
uses
for
sat
isfa
ctio
n an
d fo
r di
ssat
isfa
ctio
n ar
e qu
ite
sepa
rate
. Acc
ordi
ng
to H
erzb
erg9
s vie
w,
"mot
ivat
ion9
' fa
ctor
s-in
clud
ing
achi
evem
ent,
reco
g-
niti
on, a
nd th
e in
trin
sic
natu
re o
f th
e jo
b its
elf-
are
asso
ciat
ed w
ith p
sych
o-
logi
cal g
row
th a
nd le
ad o
ne to
job
sati
sfac
tion
. "H
ygie
ne"
fact
ors,
on
the
othe
r ha
nd,
are
asso
ciat
ed w
ith t
he c
onte
xt o
f th
e jo
b. T
hese
inc
lude
suc
h th
ings
as
pay,
se
curi
ty,
supe
rvis
ion,
an
d ph
ysic
al
wor
king
co
ndit
ions
. W
hen
defi
cien
t, th
ese
hygi
ene
fact
ors
lead
to
dis
sati
sfac
tion
; ho
wev
er,
thei
r pr
esen
ce c
anno
t be
a s
ourc
e of
job
sat
isfa
ctio
n an
d m
otiv
atio
n.
Per
haps
the
mos
t w
ell-
know
n of
the
mot
ivat
ion
theo
ries
is
Mas
low
's ne
eds
hier
arch
y th
eory
(M
aslo
w,
1970
). M
aslo
w c
onte
nds
that
onl
y af
ter
basi
c ne
eds
such
as s
afet
y an
d se
curi
ty a
re fu
lfill
ed is
it p
ossi
ble
to p
ay a
tten
- ti
on t
o h
ighe
r or
der
need
s su
ch a
s se
lf-a
ctua
liza
tion
and
the
est
abli
shm
ent
of i
ndiv
idua
l w
orth
. M
aslo
w d
id n
ot d
evis
e hi
s th
eory
lo
acc
ount
spe
cifi
- ca
lly f
or jo
b sa
tisf
acti
on, b
ut h
is c
once
ptio
ns h
ave
been
use
d to
acc
ount
for
sa
tisf
acti
on i
n th
e st
rati
fica
tion
of
occu
pati
ons.
Gru
nebe
rg (
1979
) po
ints
ou
t th
e dr
awba
cks
of M
aslo
w9s
theo
ry, s
lati
ng t
hat,
as
intu
itiv
ely
appe
alin
g as
the
ide
a se
ems,
the
re i
s no
em
piri
cal
evid
ence
for
a h
iera
rchy
of
need
s.
An
addi
tion
al c
lust
er o
f th
eori
es a
lso
rela
tes
to te
ache
r jo
b sa
tisf
acti
on.
The
se-k
now
n as
equ
ity,
exp
ecta
tion
s, a
nd re
fere
nce
grou
p th
eori
es (
Ada
ms,
19
71; G
rune
berg
, 19
79)-
atte
mpt
to
acc
ount
for
the
pro
cess
by
whi
ch in
di-
vidu
als
deci
de w
heth
er t
he c
hara
cter
isti
cs o
f a
part
icul
ar j
ob a
re s
atis
fyin
g or
not
. Jo
b sa
tisf
acti
on i
s re
late
d to
the
perc
eive
d di
ffer
ence
s be
twee
n w
hat
is e
xpec
ted
or d
esir
ed a
s a
reas
onab
le r
etur
n fo
r ef
fort
and
wha
t is
act
uall
y re
ceiv
ed,
part
icul
arly
in c
ompa
riso
n w
ith o
ther
s ha
ving
sim
ilar
role
s.
Seve
ral
appr
oach
es h
ave
been
use
d fo
r m
easu
ring
lev
els
of t
each
er j
ob
sati
sfac
tion
. Wit
h sa
tisf
acti
on a
s th
e de
pend
ent v
aria
ble,
man
y st
udie
s ha
ve
focu
sed
on d
iffe
rent
indi
cato
rs to
mea
sure
rel
ativ
e st
reng
th o
f ca
reer
sat
isfa
c-
tion
or
the
diff
eren
ce b
etw
een
the
teac
her's
pre
sent
pos
ition
at h
is o
r he
r id
eal
job.
Cha
pman
(198
0) re
view
s th
ree
com
mon
mea
sure
men
ts:
(a) t
he d
iscr
ep-
ancy
bet
wee
n pe
ople
's ex
pect
atio
ns o
f re
war
d an
d th
eir
actu
al a
ccom
plis
h-
men
t; (
b) t
he r
elat
ive
freq
uenc
y of
sal
isfi
ers
and
diss
atis
fier
s fo
r di
ffer
ent
grou
ps o
f te
ache
rs;
and
(c) t
each
ers9
glob
al fe
elin
gs o
f fu
lfil
lmen
t on
Lik
ert-
ty
pe s
cale
s, w
itho
ut r
efer
ence
to
any
spec
ific
fac
et o
f th
e jo
b. T
he m
ost
wid
ely
used
ins
trum
ent
has
been
the
Job
Des
crip
tive
Inde
x de
velo
ped
by
Sm
ith,
Ken
dalP
, and
Hul
in (
1975
). T
his
inst
rum
ent
focu
ses
on f
ive
face
ts o
f sa
tisf
acti
on:
type
of
wor
k, p
ay,
oppo
rtun
itie
s fo
r pr
omot
ion,
sup
ervi
sion
, an
d re
lati
onsh
ip w
ith c
owor
kers
.
170
Jord
e-B
loom
One
of
the
shor
tcom
ings
of
muc
h of
the
res
earc
h do
ne o
n jo
b sa
tisf
ac-
tion
is t
hat
man
y st
udie
s ta
ke a
sta
tic
view
, loo
king
at a
teac
her
(or g
roup
of
teac
hers
) at
one
poi
nt i
n ti
me
rath
er t
han
exam
inin
g ho
w w
ork
valu
es a
nd
atti
tude
s ch
ange
ove
r th
e co
urse
of
a te
ache
r's c
aree
r. R
esea
rch
need
s to
in-
corp
orat
e th
is t
empo
ral
com
pone
nt.
Ano
ther
pro
blem
is
that
mos
t st
udie
s ha
ve r
elie
d on
sel
f-re
port
que
stio
nnai
res.
Tea
cher
s m
ay f
eel o
blig
ed t
o gi
ve
soci
ally
acc
epta
ble
rath
er t
han
trut
hful
res
pons
es t
o qu
esti
ons.
Tea
cher
s'
altr
uist
ic s
elf-
perc
epti
ons,
for
exa
mpl
e, m
ight
pro
mpt
them
to
give
less
than
ho
nest
res
pons
es t
o pr
obin
g qu
esti
ons
abou
t sa
lary
and
oth
er e
xtri
nsic
in-
cent
ives
(Se
rgio
vann
i, 19
80).
Cru
nebe
rg (
1979
) cau
tion
s th
at q
uest
ionn
aire
s sh
ould
be
rega
rded
as
inst
rum
ents
for
app
roxi
mat
ing
the
trut
h ra
ther
tha
n as
inf
alli
ble
mea
ns o
f m
easu
ring
att
itud
es.
Hn su
m,
theo
ries
of
mot
ivat
ion
may
be
help
ful
in c
lari
fyin
g th
e ne
eds,
dr
ives
, and
asp
irat
ions
of
the
'kol
lect
ive
iden
tity
" of
wor
kers
, but
job
sati
s-
fact
ion
ultim
atel
y re
sts
on th
e na
ture
of
the
indi
vidu
al's
val
ues
as w
ell a
s on
th
e na
ture
of
the
job
and
wor
k en
viro
nmen
t its
elf.
Any
mod
el o
f jo
b sa
tis-
fa
ctio
n m
ust c
aptu
re th
is d
ynam
ic in
tera
ctio
n be
twee
n w
ork
and
wor
ker.
Hn
esse
nce,
job
sat
isfa
ctio
n is
a c
ompl
ex,
flui
d re
lati
onsh
ip o
f m
utua
l in
flu-
en
ce;
peop
le c
reat
e th
eir
soci
al m
ilieu
and
are
in t
urn
crea
ted
by i
t.
A S
OC
IA L
-EC
OL
OG
ICA
L P
ER
SPE
CT
IVE
A s
ocia
l-ec
olog
ical
mod
el f
or u
nder
stan
ding
job
sat
isfa
ctio
n re
sts
on t
he
assu
mpt
ion
that
a t
each
er's
att
itud
es a
bout
wor
k ar
e hi
ghly
ind
ivid
uali
stic
an
d ca
nnot
eas
ily b
e ex
plai
ned
by b
road
gen
eral
izat
ions
abo
ut h
uman
be-
ha
vior
. Sa
tisf
acti
on i
n te
achi
ng d
epen
ds o
n th
e na
ture
of
the
indi
vidu
al's
va
lues
and
nee
ds a
s w
ell a
s on
the
natu
re o
f th
e jo
b. S
uch
a m
odel
hig
hlig
hts
the
"rec
ipro
cal
caus
atio
n9' o
f th
e va
riou
s di
men
sion
s. I
t al
so a
ccou
nts
for
the
cogn
itive
pro
cess
es a
nd c
opin
g re
spon
ses
that
peo
ple
use
to m
edia
te th
e de
man
ds o
f th
eir
wor
k en
viro
nmen
t. T
he p
ropo
siti
on t
hat
beha
vior
evo
lves
as
a fu
ncti
on o
f th
e in
terp
lay
be-
twee
n pe
rson
and
env
iron
men
t is
not
new
. T
his
asse
rtio
n w
as e
xpre
ssed
sy
mbo
lical
ly i
n K
urt
Lew
in's
(193
5) c
lass
ic e
quat
ion,
B =
f(P
,E).
Lew
in
stre
ssed
the
nee
d to
vie
w b
ehav
ior
(B) a
s an
out
com
e of
the
rela
tion
ship
be-
tw
een
the
pers
on (
P)
and
his
or h
er e
nvir
onm
ent
(E).
Yet
stu
dies
gro
win
g ou
t of
thi
s ps
ycho
logi
cal
trad
itio
n ha
ve n
ot g
iven
equ
al e
mph
asis
to
both
si
des
of t
he e
quat
ion
by i
nves
tiga
ting
the
per
son
and
the
envi
ronm
ent
as
wel
l as
the
dyn
amic
int
erac
tion
bet
wee
n th
e tw
o.
Rat
her,
stu
dies
hav
e te
nded
to
focu
s ei
ther
on
endu
ring
per
sona
lity
tra
its
as d
eter
min
ants
of
be-
havi
or o
r on
the
env
iron
men
tal
forc
es t
hat
shap
e hu
man
beh
avio
r.
It w
as t
he la
ck o
f at
tent
ion
to th
e in
terp
lay
betw
een
pers
on a
nd e
nvir
on-
men
t th
at l
ed R
udol
f M
oos
(197
4, 1
979)
to f
orm
ulat
e hi
s th
eory
of
soci
al
ecol
ogy.
Me
soug
ht td
det
erm
ine
why
indi
vidu
al b
ehav
ior
ofte
n di
ffer
s su
b-
Job S
atis
fact
ion
176
stan
tially
in d
iffe
rent
set
tings
or m
ilieu
s. M
oos
belie
ves
that
the
vari
ance
ac-
co
unte
d fo
r by
con
sist
ent d
iffe
renc
es a
mon
g se
tting
s an
d by
the
inte
ract
ion
betw
een
envi
ronm
enta
l an
d pe
rson
al c
hara
cter
istic
s is
gen
eral
ly a
s gr
eat
or
grea
ter
than
the
var
ianc
e ac
coun
ted
for
by c
onsi
sten
t di
ffer
ence
s am
ong
pers
ons.
M
oos'
con
cept
ualiz
atio
n ha
s be
en u
sed
pred
omin
antly
to
stud
y th
e so
cial
cl
imat
e of
dif
fere
nt e
nvir
onm
ents
and
not
spe
cifi
cally
as a
heu
rist
ic m
etho
d fo
r un
ders
tand
ing
teac
her
job
satis
fact
ion.
How
ever
, the
bas
ic e
lem
ents
in
his
mod
el p
rovi
de a
goo
d be
ginn
ing
for
anal
yzin
g th
e co
mpl
ex v
aria
bles
in-
volv
ed i
n as
sess
ing
job
satis
fact
ion.
Fig
ure
1 re
pres
ents
a r
efor
mul
atio
n of
M
oos9
soci
al-e
colo
gica
l m
odel
, mod
ifie
d to
illu
stra
te th
e im
port
ant d
imen
- si
ons
of j
ob s
atis
fact
ion.
T
his
pers
on-e
nvir
onm
ent,
inte
ract
ioni
st m
odel
inc
orpo
rate
s m
otiv
atio
n as
a t
hink
ing
proc
ess
that
med
iate
s be
twee
n in
divi
dual
and
env
iron
men
tal
cons
ider
atio
ns.
It re
cogn
izes
that
jobs
dif
fer
in th
eir
dem
ands
and
opp
ortu
- ni
ties
and
that
tea
cher
s di
ffer
in
thei
r ne
eds
and
abili
ties.
One
tea
cher
's
stre
ss is
ano
ther
's w
elco
med
cha
lleng
e. T
he m
odel
als
o re
cogn
izes
tha
t en
- vi
ronm
ents
sha
pe a
nd a
re s
hape
d by
hum
an b
ehav
ior;
its
mea
ning
is
as
vari
able
as
the
num
ber
of i
ndiv
idua
ls a
ffec
ted.
Thu
s, t
he v
ario
us c
om-
pone
nts
shou
ld b
e vi
ewed
not
as
inde
pend
ent
but
rath
er a
s sy
nerg
istic
. C
hang
e in
any
one
com
pone
nt m
ay w
ell
brin
g ab
out
chan
ge in
oth
ers.
C
ongr
uity
bet
wee
n th
e te
ache
r's n
eeds
and
the
dem
ands
of
the
wor
k en
- vi
ronm
ent
lead
s to
a s
tate
of
harm
ony
and
satis
fact
ion.
Dis
pari
ty l
eads
to
te
nsio
n an
d di
ssat
isfa
ctio
n. T
his
"goo
dnes
s of
fit"
co
ncep
t dr
aws
on t
he
wor
k of
sev
eral
theo
rist
s, m
ost
nota
bly
Hen
ry M
urra
y (1
951)
. St
ern
(197
0)
expa
nded
Mur
ray'
s ne
ed-p
ress
theo
ry a
nd l
ooke
d at
the
diff
eren
ce b
etw
een
anab
olic
pre
ss (
cond
uciv
e to
sel
f-en
hanc
ing
grow
th)
and
cata
bolic
pre
ss
physical setting
organizational structure
- expectations
- sociodemographic
characteristics
- personality traits
---
- skills, abilities,
stage in career cycle
- concomitant roles
Fig
ure
1.
A S
ocia
i-Eco
logi
cal
Mod
el o
f Tea
cher
Job
Sat
isfa
ctio
n
(ant
ithe
tica
l to
per
sona
l gr
owth
). T
he r
esea
rch
of B
ronf
renb
renn
er (
1979
6,
Fren
ch (
1982
), I
vanc
evic
h an
d M
atte
son
(198
41,
and
Ken
dall
(19
76)
also
pr
ovid
e su
ppor
t fo
r th
is t
heor
etic
al p
ersp
ecti
ve.
Env
konm
enta
l V
aria
bles
T
he e
nvir
onm
ent
of t
he e
arly
chi
ldho
od s
etti
ng in
a s
ocia
l-ec
olog
ical
co
n-
cept
uali
zati
on i
nclu
des
seve
ral
diff
eren
t di
men
sion
s. A
ll di
men
sion
s in
ter-
re
late
to c
reat
e th
e ec
olog
ical
cli
mat
e of
the
cen
ter,
and
the
clim
ate
or m
ilieu
is
uni
que
to t
hat
part
icul
ar c
ente
r.
The
Phy
sica
l Set
ting.
O
ver
the
year
s, a
vas
t li
tera
ture
in e
nvir
onm
enta
l ps
ycho
logy
has
em
phas
ized
the
sub
tle
yet
pow
erfu
l im
pact
of
our
phys
ical
su
rrou
ndin
gs.
Res
earc
hers
hav
e st
ress
ed t
hat
the
phys
ical
des
ign
of w
ork
envi
ronm
ents
can
infl
uenc
e ps
ycho
logi
cal a
nd p
hysi
olio
gica
l sta
tes
as w
ell a
s so
cial
beh
avio
r (B
arke
r, 1
968;
Hal
l, 1
966;
Som
mer
, 19
69; W
eins
tein
, 19
79).
E
nvir
onm
enta
l ps
ycho
logy
in
the
con
text
of
ear
ly c
hild
hood
edu
cati
on
look
s pr
edom
inan
tly
at s
elec
ted
envi
ronm
enta
l va
riab
les
(suc
h as
den
sity
- th
e nu
mbe
r of
chi
ldre
n pe
r ac
tivity
-noi
se
leve
l, ve
ntil
atio
n, l
ight
, co
lor,
fo
rm,
text
ure,
and
the
spa
tial
lay
out
of t
he f
acil
ity)
in
orde
r to
mea
sure
th
eir
effe
ct o
n ch
ildr
en's
beh
avio
r, t
he te
ache
r's l
evel
of
stre
ss,
or
teac
her-
ch
ild
inte
ract
ion
patt
erns
(G
ump,
194
8; P
hyfe
-Per
kins
, 19
80).
The
Org
aniz
6atio
nab
Stru
ctur
e.
Org
aniz
atio
nal
aspe
cts
of
the
earl
y ch
ildh
ood
wor
k en
viro
nmen
t cov
er a
ran
ge o
f ad
min
istr
ativ
e is
sues
rel
atin
g to
how
the
cen
ter
oper
ates
. The
se a
dmin
istr
ativ
e co
mpo
nent
s in
clud
e w
ritte
n an
d un
wri
tten
pol
icie
s, r
outi
ne p
roce
dure
s, s
alar
y st
ruct
ure,
job
sec
urit
y,
pay
and
rew
ard
syst
ems,
opp
ortu
niti
es f
or a
dvan
cem
ent,
sta
ff s
ize,
sta
ffin
g ra
tios
, av
aila
ble
supp
ort
serv
ices
, an
d th
e ce
nter
's f
orm
al a
nd i
nfor
mal
de
cisi
on-m
akin
g hi
erar
chy.
Eac
h ce
nter
, fo
r ex
ampl
e, d
iffe
rs i
n th
e de
gree
to
whi
ch i
t em
phas
izes
ord
er, c
onve
ys c
lear
exp
ecta
tion
s, m
aint
ains
con
trol
, an
d re
spon
ds t
o ch
ange
. O
rgan
izat
iona
l st
ruct
ure
is c
lose
ly t
ied
to t
he
lead
ersh
ip s
tyle
of
the
adm
inis
trat
or a
nd t
o t
he e
ffec
t th
at v
ario
us s
tyle
s ha
ve o
n te
ache
r pe
rfor
man
ce a
nd w
ork
atti
tude
s (C
ough
lan
& C
ooke
, 19
74;
Silv
er,
1984
).
The
lim
ited
am
ount
of
rese
arch
con
duct
ed o
n th
e co
rrel
ates
of
job
sati
s-
fact
ion
in t
he e
arly
chi
ldho
od w
ork
sett
ing
sugg
ests
tha
t th
ese
stru
ctur
al
com
pone
nts
may
pla
y a
crit
ical
rol
e in
sha
ping
wor
ker
atti
tude
s. S
taff
-chi
ld
rati
os,
hour
s of
dir
ect
cont
act
with
chi
ldre
n, b
reak
and
sub
stit
ute
poli
cies
, m
echa
nism
s fo
r in
put,
and
fle
xibi
lity
of c
ente
r po
licie
s ha
ve b
een
foun
d to
be
cor
rela
ted
with
sta
ff p
erce
ptio
ns o
f jo
b di
ssat
isfa
ctio
n an
d th
e te
nden
cy
to s
uffe
r bu
rnou
t (J
orde
, 19
82; M
asla
ch &
Pin
es,
1977
; Whi
tebo
ok e
t a!
., 19
82).
Add
itio
nal
rese
arch
is
need
ed t
o de
term
ine
the
stre
ngth
of
the
asso
- ci
atio
n be
twee
n va
riab
les
and
to d
isco
ver
any
poss
ible
cau
sal
conn
ecti
ons.
job
Sat
isfa
ctio
n 17
3
Tea
cher
's R
ole
and
Res
pons
ibili
ties,
M
ost
stud
ies
of t
each
er j
ob s
atis
- fa
ctio
n co
nsis
tent
ly r
evea
l th
at
the
psyc
hic
rew
ards
de
rive
d fr
om
the
teac
hing
task
and
the
plea
sure
of
wor
king
with
chi
ldre
n ar
e fa
r mor
e im
por-
ta
nt t
o te
ache
rs t
han
extr
insi
c re
war
ds (
Lor
tie,
197
5; S
ergi
ovan
ni,
1967
).
But
the
job
of t
each
ing
is a
com
plex
one
and
not
eas
ily d
efin
ed b
y a
set o
f sp
ecif
ic d
utie
s ch
arac
teri
stic
of
all t
each
ers
at th
e pr
esch
ool l
evel
. The
re a
re
ofte
n im
port
ant
diff
eren
ces
betw
een
wha
t on
e te
ache
r do
es in
one
set
ting
an
d w
hat
anot
her
does
in a
dif
fere
nt s
etti
ng.
As
a re
sult
, te
ache
rs9
on-t
he-
job
resp
onsi
bilit
ies
vary
in
sign
ific
ant
way
s.
To
be s
ure,
muc
h of
the
tea
cher
's r
ole
incl
udes
mun
dane
"ho
usek
eep-
in
g"
resp
onsi
bilit
ies
like
tak
ing
atte
ndan
ce,
mix
ing
pain
t, a
nd c
lean
ing
up
afte
r sn
ack.
But
tea
chin
g is
als
o co
mpl
icat
ed w
ork,
invo
lvin
g in
tens
e in
ter-
pe
rson
al i
nter
acti
ons
with
man
y st
uden
ts m
ore
or le
ss s
imul
tane
ousl
y. T
he
wor
k en
tail
s di
agno
sis,
eva
luat
ion,
int
erpr
etat
ion,
and
dec
isio
n m
akin
g.
Mso
, in
man
y pr
esch
ools
, te
achi
ng a
nd a
dmin
istr
ativ
e ro
les
ofte
n ov
erla
p,
with
di
rect
ors
spen
ding
a p
orti
on
of
thei
r ti
me
wor
king
di
rect
ly
with
ch
ildr
en i
n ad
diti
on t
o su
perv
isin
g ot
her
staf
f. I
t is
not
sur
pris
ing
that
con
- ce
rns
abou
t ro
le c
onfl
ict
and
role
am
bigu
ity
are
expr
esse
d by
man
y te
ache
rs
(Sch
wab
& Iw
anic
ki,
1982
). A
n an
alys
is o
f ro
le a
nd re
spon
sibi
liti
es in
clud
es
such
fac
tors
as
degr
ee o
f au
tono
my,
con
trol
, tas
k co
nten
t, ta
sk c
ompl
exit
y,
vari
ety,
and
cha
llen
ge (
Kah
n, 1
988)
.
%$c
ia&
Syst
em.
The
qu
alit
y of
in
terp
erso
nal
rela
tion
ship
s be
twee
n te
ache
rs a
nd a
dmin
istr
ator
s an
d th
e po
sitiv
e va
lue
and
reco
gnit
ion
that
te
ache
rs
rece
ive
from
th
eir
cote
ache
rs
are
part
icul
arly
im
port
ant
in
teac
her's
sel
f-re
port
s of
job
sati
sfac
tion
as
wel
l as
in th
eir
over
all e
ffec
tive
- ne
ss in
thei
r ro
le (
Cou
ghla
n &
Coo
ke,
1974
; Lit
tle,
198
2). B
ut th
e na
ture
of
the
teac
hing
exp
erie
nce
does
not
oft
en s
uppo
rt th
is k
ind
of c
olle
gial
ity.
In
man
y se
ttin
gs,
tim
e pr
essu
res
put
inte
ract
ions
bet
wee
n te
ache
rs a
t th
e m
argi
n of
the
ir d
aily
wor
k.
The
soc
ial
syst
em o
f th
e sc
hool
ref
ers
to m
ore
than
jus
t th
e ne
twor
k of
re
lati
onsh
ips
amon
g in
divi
dual
s, h
owev
er.
Moo
s an
d In
sel
(197
4) r
efer
to
the
"hum
an
aggr
egat
e"
as a
n im
port
ant
aspe
ct
of t
he e
nvir
onm
enta
l sy
stem
. Thi
s te
rm i
mpl
ies
that
the
char
acte
r of
the
env
iron
men
t de
pend
s in
pa
rt o
n th
e co
llect
ive
iden
tity
of
its
mem
bers
. T
he a
ggre
gate
cha
ract
eris
tics
in
clud
e pr
otot
ypic
al a
ge, a
bili
ty le
vel,
soci
oeco
nom
ic b
ackg
roun
d, a
nd le
vel
of e
duca
tion
al a
ttai
nmen
t. T
his
kind
of
grou
p id
enti
ty m
ay a
lso
infl
uenc
e gr
oup
effi
cacy
exp
ecta
tion
s (B
andu
ra,
1198
2; L
ittl
e, 1
982)
.
Per
sona
l V
aria
bles
Soci
odem
ogra
phic
Cha
ract
eris
tics.
T
each
ing
at th
e pr
esch
ool
leve
l has
al
way
s be
en a
pre
dom
inan
tly
fem
ale
occu
pati
on.
The
Nat
iona
l A
ssoc
iati
on
for
the
Edu
cati
on o
f Y
oung
Chi
ldre
n es
tim
ates
tha
t ap
prox
imat
ely
95%
of
all
chil
d ca
re w
orke
rs a
re w
omen
(N
AE
YC
, 19
86).
A m
ajor
ity
of t
he c
are-
gi
ving
wor
k fo
rce
is w
hite
and
und
er t
he a
ge o
f 35
(B
urea
u of
Lab
or S
tati
s-
tics,
198
4; J
orde
, 19
86).
It a
lso
appe
ars
that
the
soc
ioec
onom
ic b
ackg
roun
d of
wor
kers
var
ies
cons
ider
ably
. S
ome
wor
kers
who
se e
arly
chi
ldho
od te
ach-
in
g sa
lary
con
stit
utes
the
ir e
ntir
e ho
useh
old
inco
me
live
in n
ear-
pove
rty
cond
itio
ns.
Oth
er t
each
ers,
how
ever
, w
ork
part
-tim
e, a
nd t
heir
tea
chin
g sa
lari
es c
ontr
ibut
e to
onl
y pa
rt o
f th
eir
tota
l hou
seho
ld in
com
es.
In a
sur
vey
of o
ver
3,80
0 ea
rly
chil
dhoo
d w
orke
rs,
NA
EY
C (
1984
) fo
und
that
40%
of
all
resp
onde
nts
indi
cate
d th
at o
nly
one-
quar
ter
of t
heir
hou
seho
ld i
ncom
e ca
me
from
the
ir c
hild
car
e sa
lary
. C
onsi
dera
ble
rese
arch
has
bee
n co
nduc
ted
on
tHe
rela
tion
ship
bet
wee
n th
e va
riou
s so
ciod
erno
grap
hic
char
acte
rist
ics
of w
orke
rs i
n ot
her
occu
pa-
tion
s an
d th
eir
job
sati
sfac
tion
. T
he c
orre
lati
on b
etw
een
age
and
job
sati
s-
fact
ion
is a
n in
tere
stin
g on
e. H
erzb
erg
(196
6) f
ound
, fo
r ex
ampl
e, t
hat j
ob
sati
sfac
tion
sta
rts
high
, de
clin
es,
and
then
sta
rts
to im
prov
e ag
ain
with
in-
cr
easi
ng a
ge.
It w
ould
be
erro
neou
s to
dra
w b
road
con
clus
ions
fro
m t
hese
fi
ndin
gs,
how
ever
. T
he c
urvi
line
ar r
elat
ions
hip
Her
zber
g re
port
ed m
ay n
ot
be s
o m
uch
a fu
ncti
on o
f ag
e pe
r se
but
res
ult
from
the
incr
ease
d op
port
u-
nity
old
er w
orke
rs h
ave
to fi
nd jo
bs t
hat
mos
t su
it th
em.
Dis
sati
sfie
d te
ach-
er
s m
ay s
impl
y ch
oose
to
leav
e te
achi
ng r
athe
r th
an s
tay
in t
he p
rofe
ssio
n.
Per
sona
lity
Fac
tors
. P
erso
nali
ty f
acto
rs r
efer
to
thos
e as
pect
s of
the
in-
divi
dual
tea
cher
tha
t de
scri
be h
is o
r he
r pr
open
sity
to
beh
ave
in c
erta
in
way
s. T
his
incl
udes
att
itud
es a
nd v
alue
s, s
ensi
tiviti
es a
nd f
ears
, tim
e or
ien-
ta
tion
, ov
eral
l le
vel o
f se
lf-e
stee
m, a
nd s
o fo
rth.
Per
sona
lity
fac
tors
act
as
cond
itio
ning
var
iabl
es a
s w
ell
as d
eter
min
ants
of
diff
eren
tial
rea
ctio
ns t
o
job
cond
itio
ns (
Kah
n, 1
981)
. O
ne p
erso
nali
ty t
ypol
ogy
that
has
rec
eive
d co
nsid
erab
le a
tten
tion
wit
h re
spec
t to
its
appl
icab
ilit
y to
und
erst
andi
ng t
he n
atur
e of
peo
ple
who
hav
e be
com
e te
ache
rs i
s ba
sed
on th
e w
ork
of C
arl
Sung
. Mye
rs (
1980
) exp
ande
d Ju
ng's
ori
gina
l th
ree
dim
ensi
ons
of p
erso
nali
ty (
extr
aver
sion
/int
rove
rsh,
se
nsin
g/in
tuit
ion,
an
d th
inki
ng/f
eeli
ng)
by a
ddin
g a
four
th (
perc
eivi
ng/
judg
ing)
. T
he r
esul
t is
a t
ypol
ogy
that
inc
lude
s 16
dif
fere
nt p
erso
nali
ty
type
s, e
ach
inte
ract
ing
with
the
env
iron
men
t in
a d
isti
nctl
y di
ffer
ent
way
. T
he p
sych
omet
ric
inst
rum
ent
deve
lope
d by
Mye
rs (
the
Mye
rs-B
rigg
s T
ype
Indi
cato
r) h
as g
aine
d w
ide
popu
lari
ty a
s an
ass
essm
ent
tool
for
tea
cher
ca
reer
cou
nsel
ing
and
inse
avic
e st
aff
deve
lopm
ent
(Kei
rsey
& B
ates
, 19
78).
Skill
s, A
bilit
ies,
can
d St
age
in C
aree
r C
ycb.
In
rec
ent
year
s, t
here
has
be
en c
onvi
ncin
g ev
iden
ce th
at t
he m
easu
rabl
e ac
adem
ic q
uali
fica
tion
s of
in-
di
vidu
als
ente
ring
the
fiel
d of
teac
hing
as
wel
l as
of t
hose
sta
ying
in te
achi
ng
have
dec
lined
dra
mat
ical
ly (
Van
ce &
Sch
lech
ty,
1982
). T
here
is
a ce
rtai
n ir
ony
in t
hese
sta
tist
ics,
bec
ause
dur
ing
the
sam
e pe
riod
the
leve
l of
educ
a-
job
Sat
isfa
ctio
n 17
5
tion
al a
ttai
nmen
t re
flec
ted
in t
he d
egre
es h
eld
by t
each
ers
incr
ease
d (K
err,
19
83).
At
the
pres
choo
l le
vel,
this
tren
d ap
pear
s to
be
true
as
wel
l. T
he F
inal
R
epor
t of
the
Nat
iona
l D
ay C
are
Stu
dy (R
uopp
, Tra
vers
, Gla
ntz,
& C
oele
n,
3977
) fou
nd t
hat
only
54010 o
f ch
ild c
are
staf
f ha
d co
mpl
eted
som
e co
llege
w
ork.
Tha
t pe
rcen
tage
has
now
inc
reas
ed t
o 72
% (
NA
EY
C,
1986
). Ju
st h
ow in
telle
ctua
l ab
ilit
y an
d ac
adem
ic a
chie
vem
ent r
elat
e to
job
satis
- fa
ctio
n is
an
open
que
stio
n, h
owev
er.
It is
pos
sibl
e th
at v
aria
bles
suc
h as
in-
telli
genc
e an
d le
vel
of c
ogni
tive
com
plex
ity i
nflu
ence
a t
each
er's
abi
lity
to
use
info
rmat
ion.
Som
e re
sear
cher
s be
lieve
thi
s m
ay a
ffec
t th
e w
ay i
n w
hich
cl
assr
oom
teac
hing
act
iviti
es a
re o
rgan
ized
and
the
degr
ee o
f st
ress
teac
hers
ex
peri
ence
(F
ranz
& D
embo
, 19
84).
Cha
pman
and
Mut
ches
on (
1982
) inv
es-
tiga
ted
diff
eren
ces
in s
kills
and
abi
litie
s an
d ev
alua
ted
the
crit
eria
indi
vidu
al
teac
hers
use
to
judg
e su
cces
s in
thei
r pr
ofes
sion
al e
ndea
vors
. R
esul
ts o
f th
is
stud
y de
mon
stra
ted
that
tho
se w
ho d
id a
nd d
id n
ot l
eave
teac
hing
dif
fere
d si
gnif
ican
tly.
Job
sati
sfac
tion
is
also
clo
sely
rel
ated
to
whe
re i
ndiv
idua
ls a
re i
n th
eir
care
er c
ycle
. K
atz
(197
2), F
ulle
r (1
9691
, and
oth
ers
have
loo
ked
at th
e di
f-
fere
nt s
tage
s an
d co
rres
pond
ing
conc
erns
tha
e te
ache
rs h
ave
duri
ng t
heir
pr
ofes
sion
al d
evel
opm
ent.
Fro
m "
surv
ival
" to
"m
aste
ry"
leve
l, te
ache
rs9
anxi
etie
s an
d co
ncer
ns c
ente
r on
ver
y di
ffer
ent
need
s. M
cLea
n (1
979)
con
- cl
udes
tha
e pe
ople
exp
erie
nce
diff
eren
t ki
nds
of v
ulne
rabi
lity
to
occu
pa-
tion
al s
tres
s be
caus
e of
the
dif
fere
nt e
xpec
tati
ons
asso
ciat
ed w
ith e
ach
care
er p
hase
.
Con
com
itant
Rol
es.
Tea
cher
s' pr
ofes
sion
al l
ives
sho
uld
not
be v
iew
ed
sepa
rate
ly f
rom
thei
r liv
es o
utsi
de th
e sc
hool
set
ting.
Bla
se a
nd P
ajak
(19
85)
rem
ind
us t
hat
teac
hers
als
o pa
rtic
ipat
e in
oth
er s
yste
ms
of s
ocia
l rel
atio
ns
that
may
hav
e a
stro
ng i
nflu
ence
on
thei
r pe
rfor
man
ce i
n th
e cl
assr
oom
. Sa
tisf
acti
on w
ith l
ife
and
sati
sfac
tion
with
wor
k te
nd t
o g
o ha
nd i
n ha
nd.
Of
part
icul
ar i
mpo
rtan
ce i
s th
e ne
twor
k of
sup
port
ive
rela
tion
ship
s th
at
teac
hers
dev
elop
with
oth
ers.
The
se n
etw
orks
can
buf
fer
or m
odif
y so
me
of
the
stre
ssfu
l de
man
ds o
f th
e w
ork
role
and
its
con
sequ
ence
s on
the
in-
di
vidu
al.
Med
iatin
g V
aria
bles
: Cog
nitiv
e A
ppra
isal
P
erha
ps t
he m
ost
criti
cal
dim
ensi
on i
n th
e so
cial
-eco
logi
cal
para
digm
is
cogn
itive
app
rais
al.
Cog
nitiv
e ap
prai
sal
expl
ains
why
peo
ple
with
sim
ilar
abili
ties
and
trai
ning
rea
ct q
uite
dif
fere
ntly
to
the
sam
e w
ork
load
or
over
all
job
resp
onsi
bilit
ies.
AS
a ki
nd o
f fi
lter
for
inte
rpre
ting
the
env
iron
men
t, co
gniti
ve a
ppra
isal
is
the
pers
on's
perc
epti
on o
f th
e en
viro
nmen
t as
bei
ng
eith
er p
oten
tial
ly b
enef
icia
l, ha
rmfu
l, o
r ir
rele
vant
(M
oos,
197
9). I
n ot
her
wor
ds, i
t is
not o
bjec
tive
trut
h bu
t w
hat p
eopl
e be
lieve
to
be tr
ue th
at in
flu-
en
ces
beha
vior
. T
hree
asp
ects
of
cogn
itive
app
rais
al m
erit
spe
cial
att
enti
on.
Loc
us o
f C
ontr
ol.
Indi
vidu
als
reac
t di
ffer
entl
y to
eve
nts
that
the
y pe
r-
ceiv
e ca
n be
per
sona
lly
cont
roll
ed t
han
to th
ose
perc
eive
d no
t in
thei
r co
n-
trol
(G
atch
el,
1980
). A
rap
idly
gro
win
g li
tera
ture
has
sho
wn
that
per
ceiv
ed
cont
rol
sign
ific
antl
y af
fect
s se
lf-r
epor
t, ov
ert m
otor
res
pons
es,
and
phys
io-
logi
cal r
espo
nses
to
the
envi
ronm
ent
(Lef
cour
t, 1
982)
. As
the
soci
al le
arni
ng
theo
ry o
f R
otte
r (1
966)
sug
gest
s, i
nter
nal
cont
rol i
s ex
hibi
ted
by i
ndiv
idua
ls
who
bel
ieve
that
an
even
t or
outc
ome
is c
onti
ngen
t o
n th
eir
own
beha
vior
or
on r
elat
ivel
y pe
rman
ent
char
acte
rist
ics
such
as
abil
ity.
Th
e be
lief
that
an
even
t is
cau
sed
by f
acto
rs b
eyon
d th
e in
divi
dual
's c
ontr
ol (
e.g.
, lu
ck,
task
di
ffic
ulty
, or
the
inf
luen
ce o
f ot
hers
) ha
s be
en l
abel
ed e
xter
nal
cont
rol.
L
ocus
of
cont
rol
has
been
fou
nd t
o be
rel
ated
to
the
leve
l of
stre
ss te
ache
rs
expe
rien
ce (
Har
ris,
Hal
pin,
& H
alpi
n, 1
984)
.
Tea
cher
Exp
ecta
tions
. In
divi
dual
s ar
e at
trac
ted
to te
achi
ng f
or a
gre
at
vari
ety
of r
easo
ns,
but
it i
s th
e im
port
ance
or
vala
nce
atta
ched
to
tho
se
spec
ific
rea
sons
tha
t se
para
tes
teac
hers
' "c
olle
ctiv
e m
otiv
atio
n9' f
rom
ind
i-
vidu
al p
erce
ptio
ns o
f jo
b sa
tisf
acti
on. V
room
's (
1964
) nee
ds/f
ulfi
llm
ent
ex-
pect
ancy
the
ory
help
s ex
plai
n w
hy s
ome
teac
hers
, gi
ven
sim
ilar
inc
entiv
es
for
perf
orm
ance
, vie
w t
heir
res
pect
ive
sati
sfac
tion
leve
ls d
iffe
rent
ly.
Tea
ch-
er's
sal
arie
s pr
ovid
e a
good
exa
mpl
e. M
oney
as
a m
otiv
atio
nal
fact
or in
job
sati
sfac
tion
has
bee
n do
wnp
laye
d in
tea
cher
's s
elf-
repo
rts
and
falls
int
o th
e ca
tego
ry o
f ex
trin
sic
"hyg
iene
" fa
ctor
s, a
s de
tail
ed b
y H
erzb
erg
(196
6). B
ut
the
prob
lem
with
mon
ey is
tha
t it
mea
ns d
iffe
rent
thin
gs to
dif
fere
nt p
eopl
e.
To
som
e, i
t is
a p
ower
ful m
otiv
ator
, for
it
can
buy
stat
us a
nd s
ecur
ity.
For
ot
hers
, it
is a
leg
itim
ate
form
of
reco
gnit
ion.
Mon
ey a
lso
has
a sy
mbo
lic
valu
e be
yond
its
pur
chas
ing
valu
e be
caus
e it
is
an i
mpo
rtan
t in
dica
tor
sf
equi
ty (
Ser
giov
anni
, 19
80).
5ebf
;ger
cept
s of E
ffic
acy.
E
ffic
acy
expe
ctat
ions
ref
lect
a p
erso
n's
sub-
je
ctiv
e es
tim
atio
n th
at h
e or
she
has
the
cap
acit
y to
cop
e su
cces
sful
ly w
ith
diff
eren
t si
tuat
ions
(B
andu
ra,
1982
). S
elf-
effi
cacy
exp
ecta
tion
s in
flue
nce
thou
ght
patt
erns
, ac
tion
s, a
nd e
mot
iona
l ar
ousa
l. H
ow p
eopl
e ju
dge
thei
r ca
pabi
liti
es o
ften
det
erm
ines
thei
r m
otiv
atio
n an
d re
spon
se b
ehav
ior.
Sud
g-
men
ts o
f se
lf-e
ffic
acy
also
det
erm
ine
just
how
muc
h ef
fort
peo
ple
will
ex-
pe
nd a
nd h
ow l
ong
they
will
per
sist
in
the
face
of
obst
acle
s. S
elf-
effi
cacy
ha
s be
en s
how
n to
be
posi
tivel
y co
rrel
ated
with
bot
h pr
oduc
tivi
ty a
nd j
ob
sati
sfac
tion
(A
shto
n &
Web
b, 1
984;
Pas
se,
1984
).
Cop
brg
Res
porl
ses
Tea
cher
s re
spon
d to
the
var
ious
dem
ands
of
thei
r w
ork
envi
ronm
ent
in a
va
riet
y of
way
s. T
heir
cop
ing
resp
onse
s ca
n be
eit
her
posi
tive
or n
egat
ive.
In
orde
r to
typi
fy t
each
ers'
beh
avio
r, F
eitle
r an
d T
okar
(19
81) h
ave
deve
lope
d a
taxo
nom
y of
phy
sica
l an
d m
enta
l, a
s w
ell
as d
estr
ucti
ve a
nd s
uppo
rtiv
e,
copi
ng s
trat
egie
s. P
hysi
cal c
opin
g in
clud
es a
ctiv
ities
suc
h as
rela
xati
on e
xer-
job
Sat
isfa
ctio
n 17
7
cise
s, w
alki
ng,
jogg
ing,
or
enga
ging
in
othe
r fo
rms
of p
hysi
cal
exer
cise
. M
enta
l co
ping
inc
lude
s m
edit
atio
n, r
eadi
ng,
wat
chin
g te
levi
sion
, or
doi
ng
craf
ts a
nd e
ngag
ing
in h
obbi
es.
Des
truc
tive
cop
ing
incl
udes
eat
ing
exce
s-
sive
ly,
smok
ing,
dri
nkin
g, s
tayi
ng h
ome
from
wor
k, o
r w
ithd
raw
ing
from
co
ntac
t w
ith o
ther
s. S
uppo
rtiv
e co
ping
inc
lude
s ta
lkin
g w
ith f
rien
ds a
nd
coll
eagu
es, w
eigh
ing
alte
rnat
ives
, see
king
adv
ice,
tes
ting
new
beh
avio
rs,
or
mak
ing
chan
ges
to d
ecre
ase
the
stre
ssfu
lnes
s sf
env
iron
men
tal
stim
uli.
Oul
com
es
Out
com
es a
re a
ll th
e po
ssib
le c
onse
quen
ces
stem
min
g fr
om h
ow t
each
ers
resp
ond
to th
eir
role
and
res
pons
ibil
itie
s, g
iven
the
ir p
erso
nal
repe
rtoi
re o
f sk
ills
, abi
liti
es,
and
copi
ng s
trat
egie
s.
Org
aniz
atio
nal C
onse
quen
ces.
S
ome
outc
omes
aff
ect
the
orga
niza
tion
th
roug
h te
ache
r pr
oduc
tivi
ty, a
bsen
teei
sm,
and
empl
oyee
tur
nove
r. S
ever
al
stud
ies
have
bee
n co
nduc
ted
to i
nves
tigat
e th
e as
soci
atio
n be
twee
n ov
eral
l jo
b sa
tisf
acti
on a
nd te
ache
r m
oral
e, a
bsen
teei
sm, a
nd a
ttri
tion
(Cha
pman
&
Hut
ches
on,
1982
; Cha
pman
& k
owth
er,
1982
; Pet
tegr
ew &
Wol
f, 1
981)
. It
is n
ot s
urpr
isin
g th
at t
here
is
a co
nsis
tent
neg
ativ
e re
lati
onsh
ip b
etw
een
prob
abil
ity
of r
esig
natio
n an
d lo
w jo
b sa
tisf
acti
on, m
oral
e, a
nd c
omm
itm
ent
to t
he o
rgan
izat
ion.
Her
e ag
ain,
a c
ausa
l co
nnec
tion
wou
ld b
e di
ffic
ult
to
mak
e be
caus
e te
ache
rs a
lso
leav
e th
eir
posi
tion
s to
sta
rt f
amil
ies,
to
retu
rn
to s
choo
l, o
r fo
r a
vari
ety
of o
ther
rea
sons
not
rel
ated
to
dis
sati
sfac
tion
. A
mon
g ed
ucat
ors,
the
pre
vaili
ng a
ssum
ptio
n ha
s al
way
s be
en t
hat
high
er
leve
ls o
f jo
b sa
tisf
acti
on r
esul
t in
bet
ter
perf
orm
ance
on
the
job
. S
tudi
es
have
gen
erat
ed c
ontr
adic
tory
res
ults
reg
ardi
ng t
his
prop
osit
ion,
how
ever
. Hn
revi
ewin
g th
ese
stud
ies,
Cou
ghla
n an
d C
ooke
(19
74) c
oncl
ude
that
gen
- er
aliz
atio
ns a
re d
iffi
cult
to
dra
w b
ecau
se o
f th
e in
cons
iste
ncy
in i
ndic
ator
s us
ed t
o m
easu
re a
spec
ts o
f pr
oduc
tivi
ty a
nd s
atis
fact
ion.
Res
earc
h is
nee
ded
that
spe
cifi
cally
lo
oks
at t
he a
ssoc
iati
on b
etw
een
posi
tive
outc
omes
in
youn
g ch
ildr
en a
nd t
each
er w
ork
atti
tude
s at
the
ear
ly c
hild
hood
lev
el.
Pnsf
ivid
iual
Con
sequ
ence
s.
Out
com
es c
an a
lso
be i
ndiv
idua
l in
nat
ure,
af
fect
ing
a te
ache
r's p
sych
olog
ical
and
phy
sica
l w
ell-
bein
g. W
hen
a pe
rson
la
cks
the
abili
ty t
o m
eet t
he r
equi
rem
ents
of
a jo
b, o
r w
hen
the
oppo
rtun
itie
s an
d re
war
ds o
f th
at r
ole
are
too
mea
ger
to s
atis
fy n
eeds
, str
ess
is a
pre
dict
able
co
nseq
uenc
e. I
n bo
th c
ases
, de
man
d ex
ceed
s su
pply
, an
d th
e ob
ject
ive
fit
betw
een
the
pers
on a
nd t
he e
nvir
onm
ent
is l
ess
than
per
fect
. A
gro
win
g bo
dy o
f li
tera
ture
dem
onst
rate
s th
e ne
gati
ve c
onse
quen
ces
of w
ork
stre
ss o
n th
e te
ache
r's
phys
ical
and
psy
chol
ogic
al w
ell-
bein
g (C
oate
s &
Tho
rese
n,
1976
; Jor
de,
1982
; Mas
lach
& P
ines
, 19
77; K
yria
cou
& S
utcl
iffe
, 19
79).
But
te
ache
r an
xiet
y, s
tres
s, a
nd b
urno
ut a
re g
loba
l co
nstr
ucts
tha
t ha
ve b
een
oper
atio
nall
y de
fine
d in
a n
umbe
r of
way
s. F
urth
er r
esea
rch
is n
eede
d th
at
take
s a
perf
orm
ance
-ori
ente
d ap
proa
ch i
n di
rect
ly a
sses
sing
the
res
pons
e m
odes
in
whi
ch s
tres
s an
d an
xiet
y ar
e ty
pica
lly e
xper
ienc
ed.
IMP
LIC
A T
IQN
S O
F T
NE
MO
DE
FO
R R
ESE
A R
CH
ER
S A
ND
PR
A C
TIT
ION
ER
S
The
soc
ial-
ecol
ogic
al
mod
el o
f jo
b sa
tisf
acti
on d
escr
ibed
her
e pr
ovid
es a
dy
nam
ic,
inte
ract
iona
l vi
ew t
hat
emph
asiz
es th
e re
cipr
ocal
per
son-
envi
ron-
m
ent p
roce
sses
foun
d in
the
wor
kpla
ce.
As
pres
ente
d, t
he m
odel
has
heu
rist
ic
valu
e fo
r he
lpin
g ed
ucat
iona
l res
earc
hers
und
erst
and
the
com
plex
inte
rrel
a-
tion
ship
bet
wee
n w
orke
r an
d w
orkp
lace
. B
ut t
he m
odel
als
o ha
s im
port
ant
impl
icat
ions
for
tea
cher
edu
cato
rs a
nd e
arly
chi
ldho
od p
ract
itio
ners
. F
rom
a
prac
tica
l st
andp
oint
, th
e "g
oodn
ess
of f
it"
crit
eria
can
ser
ve a
s a
fram
e-
wor
k fo
r st
ruct
urin
g th
e pr
eser
vice
and
ins
ervi
ce p
rofe
ssio
nal
deve
lopm
ent
of c
hild
car
e w
orke
rs.
The
"go
odne
ss o
f fi
t" c
once
pt r
ests
on
the
assu
mpt
ion
that
ther
e ar
e tw
o ki
nds
of c
ongr
uenc
e be
twee
n th
e pe
rson
and
the
wor
k en
viro
nmen
t. T
he
firs
t ki
nd o
f fi
t (F
renc
h, R
oger
s, &
Cob
b, 1
974)
dea
ls w
ith h
ow th
e in
divi
d-
ual's
ski
lls a
nd a
bilit
ies
mat
ch t
he d
eman
ds a
nd r
equi
rem
ents
of
the
job.
T
his
pers
pect
ive
is p
arti
cula
rly
impo
rtan
t to
incl
ude
in p
rese
rvic
e tr
aini
ng.
Voc
atio
nal
coun
seli
ng t
hat
prov
ides
a r
ealis
tic a
sses
smen
t of
per
son-
envi
- ro
nmen
t va
riab
les
may
hel
p st
uden
ts a
chie
ve a
har
mon
ious
mat
ch.
Som
e st
uden
ts e
nter
ing
earl
y ch
ildh
ood
educ
atio
n ho
ld o
ccup
atio
nal
ster
eoty
pes
that
are
inco
rrec
t. T
each
er e
duca
tors
can
ass
ist
thes
e pr
ospe
ctiv
e ch
ild c
are
wor
kers
by
prov
idin
g op
port
unit
ies
for
in-d
epth
sel
f-as
sess
men
t to
hel
p th
em u
nder
stan
d ho
w t
heir
ind
ivid
ual
pref
eren
ces,
val
ues,
ski
lls,
att
itud
es,
and
pers
onal
ity
pred
ispo
siti
ons
may
be
bett
er s
uite
d fo
r so
me
wor
k en
viro
n-
men
ts th
an f
or o
ther
s. T
he w
ork
of J
ohn
Hol
land
(197
3) m
ay b
e pa
rtic
ular
ly
usef
ul i
n th
is r
egar
d. H
olla
nd's
Se
lf-D
irec
ted
Sea
rch,
a v
ocat
iona
l pr
efer
- en
ce m
easu
re,
assi
sts
indi
vidu
als
in m
atch
ing
pers
onal
ity
char
acte
rist
ics
and
wor
k en
viro
nmen
ts a
nd in
ant
icip
atin
g ce
rtai
n ou
tcom
es, s
uch
as v
ocat
iona
l ac
hiev
emen
t, co
mpe
tenc
e o
n th
e jo
b, a
nd s
ocia
l be
havi
or.
The
sec
ond
type
of
cong
ruen
ce (
Fre
nch,
198
2) is
the
deg
ree
to w
hich
the
w
ork
envi
ronm
ent
mee
ts t
he w
orke
r's n
eeds
. Fro
m th
e pe
rspe
ctiv
e of
ins
er-
vice
pro
fess
iona
l de
velo
pmen
t, pr
acti
tion
ers
can
use
the
"goo
dnes
s of
fit
" cr
iter
ia t
o st
ruct
ure
opti
mal
wor
k en
viro
nmen
ts t
hat
prom
ote
posi
tive
wor
k at
titu
des.
A s
ocia
l-ec
olog
ical
mod
el a
llow
s us
to
shif
t fr
om a
n ex
clus
ivel
y pe
rson
-cen
tere
d or
con
text
-cen
tere
d ex
plan
atio
n of
job
sat
isfa
ctio
n to
one
th
at r
ecog
nize
s th
e dy
nam
ic i
nter
play
bet
wee
n bo
th d
imen
sion
s. P
rogr
am
adm
inis
trat
ors
who
are
aw
are
of p
oten
tial
fit-
mis
fit
patt
erns
mig
ht c
on-
side
r ap
prop
riat
e ad
just
men
ts w
ithin
the
ir c
ontr
ol;
thes
e m
ight
con
cern
the
ph
ysic
al s
etti
ng,
the
orga
niza
tion
al s
truc
ture
, th
e as
sign
men
t of
rol
es a
nd
resp
onsi
bilit
ies,
and
the
inte
rper
sona
l re
lati
ons
amon
g st
aff.
Cer
tain
ly, s
uch
inte
rven
tion
req
uire
s ad
min
istr
ator
aw
aren
ess
of t
he f
acto
rs th
at, w
hile
pro
- m
otin
g po
siti
ve b
ehav
iors
and
att
itud
es, d
o n
ot c
ompr
omis
e pr
ogra
m g
oals
. Is
olat
ing
aspe
cts
of t
he i
nter
pers
onal
and
non
pers
onal
env
iron
men
t th
at
Job S
atis
kcfi
on
179
cont
ribu
te t
o fe
elin
gs o
f jo
b di
ssat
isfa
ctio
n an
d st
ress
is th
e fi
rst s
tep
in im
- pr
ovin
g w
orke
rs9
atti
tude
s.
McN
ergn
ey (
1980
) bel
ieve
s th
at e
duca
tors
hav
e ch
ampi
oned
the
indi
vid-
ua
l in
the
ir e
duca
tion
al r
heto
ric
but
have
sho
wn
only
min
imal
con
cern
for
te
ache
rs a
s in
divi
dual
s in
the
way
the
y st
ruct
ure
inse
rvic
e pr
ofes
sion
al d
e-
velo
pmen
t. A
ccor
ding
to
McN
ergn
ey,
pres
crip
tive
rem
edie
s fo
r en
hanc
ing
job
sati
sfac
tion
that
foc
us o
n "t
each
ers"
as
a g
roup
are
bou
nd t
o p
rove
dis
- ap
poin
ting
. Jo
b sa
tisf
acti
on m
ust
be a
ppro
ache
d fr
om t
he p
ersp
ectiv
e of
th
e in
divi
dual
tea
cher
. A
per
son'
s co
gnit
ive,
mot
ivat
iona
l, va
lue,
and
sen
- so
ry o
rien
tati
ons
shou
1d p
rovi
de t
he d
irec
tion
for
mat
chin
g en
viro
nmen
tal
supp
ort
to p
erso
nal
need
s (H
unt,
197
5).
An
inve
stig
atio
n of
the
lite
ratu
re o
n jo
b sa
tisf
acti
on re
veal
s a
num
ber
of
stud
ies
that
app
roac
h th
e co
nstr
uct
unid
imen
sion
ally
-tha
t is
, w
ith a
n em
- ph
asis
on
caus
al f
acto
rs a
ssoc
iate
d w
ith e
ithe
r in
divi
dual
or
envi
ronm
enta
l di
men
sion
s. I
t is
no
won
der
that
the
res
ults
acr
oss
stud
ies
have
bee
n in
con-
si
sten
t. If
the
kno
wle
dge
of t
each
er j
ob s
atis
fact
ion
is t
o be
exp
ande
d, r
e-
sear
cher
s m
ust
be s
ensi
tive
to t
he m
ulti
vari
ate
natu
re o
f te
ache
r at
titu
des
and
beha
vior
s.
Inve
stig
atin
g th
e in
tera
ctio
ns
and
com
plex
rel
atio
nshi
ps
amon
g an
d be
twee
n va
riab
les
may
pro
mot
e a
clea
r an
d co
nsis
tent
com
pre-
he
nsio
n of
the
intr
icat
e ba
lanc
e be
twee
n th
e in
divi
dual
and
the
wor
k co
ntex
t. T
wo
rece
nt s
tudi
es t
hat
take
a m
ulti
dim
ensi
onal
app
roac
h an
d lo
ok a
t th
e in
terp
lay
betw
een
indi
vidu
al n
eeds
and
env
iron
men
tal c
ondi
tion
s of
fer
som
e pr
elim
inar
y ev
iden
ce th
at in
divi
dual
dif
fere
nces
do
exi
st in
the
effe
cts
of c
ongr
uenc
e an
d in
cong
ruen
ce. A
rney
(19
84) c
ites
evid
ence
that
em
piri
cal
subs
tant
iati
on o
f th
e ef
fect
s of
per
son-
envi
ronm
ent
inte
ract
ion
on b
ehav
ior
is n
ot o
nly
poss
ible
but
can
exp
lain
mor
e be
havi
oral
var
ianc
e th
an e
ithe
r si
tuat
iona
l or
ind
ivid
ual
fact
ors
alon
e. S
he lo
oked
spe
cifi
cally
at
the
inte
r-
acti
ons
amon
g su
ch c
onte
xtua
l an
d pe
rson
alit
y va
riab
les
as i
nter
nal
and
exte
rnal
loc
us o
f co
ntro
l; o
rgan
izat
iona
l st
ruct
ure
(cen
tral
izat
ion,
for
mal
i-
zati
on, a
nd c
ompl
exit
y); a
nd p
erce
ived
rol
e am
bigu
ity
as th
ey r
elat
ed t
o jo
b st
ress
, con
clud
ing
that
str
ess
beha
vior
can
be
accu
rate
ly d
escr
ibed
as
a fu
nc-
tion
of
the
reci
proc
ity
betw
een
the
indi
vidu
al a
nd t
he s
itua
tion
. Iv
ance
vich
and
Mat
teso
n (1
984)
app
roac
hed
the
pers
on-e
nvir
onm
ent
conc
eptu
aliz
atio
n so
mew
hat
diff
eren
tly
by l
ooki
ng a
t sp
ecif
ic t
ypes
of
beha
vior
pat
tern
s (T
ype
A a
nd T
ype
B be
havi
ors)
and
spe
cifi
c ty
pes
of w
ork
envi
ronm
ents
(T
ype
A a
nd T
ype I% e
nvir
onm
ents
). T
heir
con
cept
uali
zati
on
is n
otew
orth
y be
caus
e it
mak
es a
n im
port
ant
diff
eren
tiat
ion
betw
een
the
envi
ronm
ent
as a
n ob
ject
ive
set
of e
vent
s an
d co
ndit
ions
and
the
wor
ker's
su
bjec
tive
int
erpr
etat
ion
of t
hose
eve
nts
and
cond
itio
ns.
Such
var
iabl
es a
s pe
rcei
ved
cont
roll
abil
ity,
tim
e pr
essu
re,
and
job
chal
leng
e de
fine
this
sub
- je
ctiv
e en
viro
nmen
t. T
hese
stu
dies
are
not
off
ered
as
uneq
uivo
cal
supp
ort
for
the
pers
on-
wor
k en
viro
nmen
t m
odel
, but
the
met
hodo
logi
cal
appr
oach
es th
ey e
mpl
oy
job
Sat
isfa
ctio
n 18
1
Cha
pman
, D
.W.
(198
0).
Car
eer
satis
fact
ion
of te
ache
rs. U
npub
lish
ed m
anus
crip
t, S
tate
Uni
- ve
rsity
of
New
Yor
k at
Alb
any,
Sch
ool
of E
duca
tion
. C
hapm
an,
D.,
& H
utch
eson
, S
. (19
82).
Att
riti
on f
rom
teac
hing
car
eers
. Am
eric
an E
duca
tiona
l R
esea
rch
Jou
rna
l, 19
, 93
-105
. C
hapm
an,
D.,
& L
owth
er,
M. (
1982
). T
each
ers'
sat
isfa
ctio
n w
ith t
each
ing.
Jo
urn
al o
fEdu
ca-
tio
na
l R
esea
rch,
4,
241-
247.
C
oate
s, T
., &
Tho
rese
n C
. (1
976)
. Tea
cher
anx
iety
: A
rev
iew
with
rec
omm
enda
tion
s. R
evie
w
of E
du
catio
na
l R
esea
rch,
2,
159-
184.
C
ough
lan,
P.J
., &
Coo
ke,
R.
(197
4). W
ork
atti
tude
s. I
n H
.J.
Wal
berg
(E
d.),
Eva
luat
ing
edu-
ca
tion
al p
erfo
rman
ce
(pp.
299
-317
). B
erke
ley,
CA
: M
cCut
chan
. F
eitl
er, F., &
Tok
ar, E
. (1
981,
Apr
il).
Tea
cher
stre
ss:
Sou
rces
, sym
pto
ms
an
djo
b sa
tisfa
ctio
n.
Pap
er p
rese
nted
at
the
annu
al m
eetin
g of
the
Am
eric
an E
duca
tion
al R
esea
rch
Ass
ocia
- ti
on,
Eos
Ang
eles
(E
RIC
Doc
umen
t R
epro
duct
ion
Serv
ice
No.
ED
204
857
) F
ranz
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, &
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bo,
N.
(198
4, A
pril)
. T
he
ro
le o
f te
ache
r st
ress
, co
gn
itive
co
mp
lexi
ty,
and
care
er m
atu
rity
in
tea
cher
soc
ializ
atio
n. P
aper
pre
sent
ed a
t th
e an
nual
mee
ting
of t
he
Am
eric
an E
duca
tion
al R
esea
rch
Ass
ocia
tion
, N
ew O
rlea
ns.
Fre
nch,
J.
(198
2).
Per
son-
role
fi
t. In
D.
Kat
z, R
. K
ahn,
& J
. A
dam
s (E
ds.)
, T
he
stu
dy o
J or
gani
zatio
ns (
pp.
444-
450)
. S
an F
ranc
isco
: Jo
ssey
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s.
Fre
nch,
J.R
., R
oger
s, W
., &
Cob
b, S
. (19
74).
Adj
ustm
ent
as p
erso
n-en
viro
nmen
t fi
t. In
G.V
. C
oelk
o, D
. H
ambu
rg, &
J.
Ada
ms
(Eds
.),
Co
pin
g a
nd
ad
ap
tatio
n (
pp.
316-
333)
. N
ew
Yor
k: B
asic
. F
ulle
r, F
.F.
(196
9). C
once
rns
of t
each
ers:
A d
evel
opm
enta
l con
cept
uali
zati
on.
Am
eri
can
Ed
u-
catio
na
l Res
earc
h Jo
urn
al,
6, 2
07-2
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Gat
chel
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980)
. Per
ceiv
ed c
ontr
ol:
A r
evie
w a
nd e
valu
atio
n of
the
rape
utic
im
plic
atio
ns.
In
A.
Bau
m &
J.
Sing
er (
Eds
.),
Adv
ance
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en
viro
nm
en
~a
lpsy
cho
log
y (Vol
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p. 1
-22)
. H
ills
dale
, N
J: E
rlba
um.
Gru
nebe
rg,
M.
(197
9).
Und
erst
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ng jo
b s
atis
fact
ion.
N
ew Y
ork:
Wile
y.
Gum
p, P
. (1
978)
. Sch
ool e
nvir
onm
ents
. In
I.
Alt
man
& J
. Woh
lwill
(IEds.),
Hu
ma
n b
ehav
ior
an
d e
nvir
onm
ent
(Vol
. 3,
pp.
151
-174
). N
ew Y
ork:
Ple
num
. H
all,
E.
(196
6).
Th
e h
idde
n di
men
sion
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arde
n C
ity,
NY
: D
oubl
eday
. H
arri
s, K
., H
alpi
n, G
., &
Hal
pin,
G.
(198
4, A
pril
). T
each
er c
hara
cter
istic
s as
rel
ated
to
fiv
e
dim
ensi
ons
of te
ache
r stre
ss, s
ex a
nd
age
. P
aper
pre
sent
ed a
t th
e an
nual
mee
ting
of t
he
Am
eric
an E
duca
tion
al R
esea
rch
Ass
ocia
tion
, N
ew O
rlea
ns.
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zber
g, F
. (1
966)
. W
ork
an
d t
he n
atur
e o
Jma
n.
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Yor
k: W
iley.
H
olla
nd,
J.L
. (19
73).
Ma
kin
g v
oca
lion
al c
hoic
es: A
the
ory
ofca
reer
s.
Eng
lew
ood
Clif
fs,
NJ:
P
rent
ice-
Hal
l.
Hop
pock
, R
. (1
935)
. Jo
b s
atis
fact
ion.
N
ew Y
ork:
Har
per
& R
ow.
Hun
t, D
.E.
(197
5).
Per
son-
envi
ronm
ent
inte
ract
ion.
R
evie
w o
f E
du
catio
na
l R
esar
ch,
45,
209-
230.
M
yson
, M. (1
982)
. "Pl
ayin
g w
ith k
ids
all d
ay":
Jo
b st
ress
in e
arly
chi
ldho
od e
duca
tion
. Y
oung
C
hild
ren
, 37
(2),
25-3
1.
Ivan
cevi
ch,
J.,
& M
atte
son,
M.
(198
4).
A t
ype
A-B
pe
rson
-wor
k en
viro
nmen
t in
tera
ctio
n m
odel
for
exa
min
ing
occu
pati
onal
str
ess
and
cons
eque
nces
. H
um
an
Rel
atio
ns,
37,
491-
513.
Jo
rde,
P. (
1982
). A
void
ing
bu
rno
ut
in e
arly
ch
ildh
oo
d e
duca
tion.
Was
hing
ton,
DC
: A
crop
olis
. Jo
rde,
P
. (1
986)
. E
arly
chi
ldho
od
educ
atio
n:
Issu
es a
nd t
rend
s.
Ed
uca
tion
al
Fo
rum
, 50
17
1-18
1.
Kah
n, R
. (1
981)
. W
ork
an
d h
ealth
. N
ew Y
ork:
Wile
y.
Kat
z, L
. (19
72).
Dev
elop
men
tal
stag
es o
f pr
esch
ool
teac
hers
. E
lem
enta
ry S
choo
l Jo
urn
al,
I,
50-5
4.
Kei
rsey
, D
., &
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es,
M.
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8). P
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ders
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me.
Del
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A:
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met
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Nem
esis
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dall
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The
per
son
and
the
situ
atio
n in
job
sati
sfac
tion
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P. W
arr
(Ed.
), P
erso
nal
goal
s a
nd
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esig
n (p
p. 1
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New
Yor
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iley.
K
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D.
(198
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Tea
chin
g co
mpe
tenc
e an
d te
ache
r ed
ucat
ion
in t
he U
nite
d S
tate
s. P
n L
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Shu
lman
& 6
. Sy
kes
(Eds
.),
Ha
nd
bo
ok
of te
achi
ng a
nd
po
licy
(pp.
126
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). N
ew
Yor
k: L
ongm
an.
Kyr
iaco
u, C
., &
Sut
clif
fe,
J. (
1979
). T
each
er s
tres
s an
d sa
tisf
acti
on. E
du
catio
na
l Res
earc
her,
21
(2),
89-
96.
Lef
cour
t, H
I. (1
982)
. L
ocu
s of
con
tro
l: C
urr
en
t tr
ends
in
the
ory
an
d r
esea
rch.
Hil
lsda
le,
NJ:
E
rlba
um.
Lew
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K.
(193
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A d
ynam
ic t
heor
y of
pers
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k: M
cGra
w H
ill.
Lig
htfo
ot,
S. (
1983
). T
he li
ves
of t
each
ers.
In
E.
Shu
lman
& 6. Syk
es (
Eds
.),
Ha
nd
bo
ok
of te
achi
ng a
nd
po
licy
(pp,
241
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). N
ew Y
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gman
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ittl
e, J
.W.
(198
2). N
orm
s of
col
legi
alit
y an
d ex
peri
men
tati
on:
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kpla
ce c
ondi
tion
s of s
choo
l su
cces
s. A
me
rica
n E
du
catio
na
l Res
earc
h Jo
urn
al,
19, 3
25-3
40.
Lor
tie,
D.
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ci~
oo
l~e
ach
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A
so
cio
log
ica
lstu
dy.
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nive
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eadi
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espo
ndin
g to
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ivid
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he b
urn-
out
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e in
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atin
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tera
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n T
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A:
Har
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vers
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Pres
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Mur
ray,
M., & A
tkin
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Gen
der d
iffe
renc
es in
cor
rela
tes
of jo
b sa
tisf
acti
on.
Can
a-
dia
n J
ou
rna
l of
Beh
avio
ral
Sci
ence
, 13
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52.
Mye
rs,
1. (
1980
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ifts
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ring.
P
alo
Alt
o, C
A:
Con
sult
ing
Psy
chol
ogis
ts P
ress
. N
atio
nal
Ass
ocia
tion
for
the
Edu
cati
on o
f Y
oung
Chi
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n. (
1984
). R
esul
ts o
f th
e N
AE
YC
sur
- ve
y of
chi
ld c
are
sala
ries
and
wor
king
con
diti
ons.
Y
oung
Ch
ildre
n, 39(1), 9
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N
atio
nal
Ass
ocia
tion
for
the
Edu
cati
on o
f Y
oung
Chi
ldre
n. (1
986)
. In
who
se h
ands
: A
dem
o-
gra
ph
ic fa
ctsh
eer
on
ch
ild c
are
pro
vid
ers
. W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C:
Aut
hor.
P
asse
, J. (
1984
, A
pril
). T
he
re
latio
nsh
ip b
etw
een
teac
her
mor
ale,
te
ache
r per
ceiv
ed e
ficac
y a
nd
stu
dent
ach
ieve
~ne
nt. P
aper
pre
sent
ed a
t th
e an
nual
mee
ting
of
the
Am
eric
an E
du-
cati
onal
Res
earc
h A
ssoc
iati
on,
New
Orl
eans
. P
ette
grew
, L
., $r
W
olf,
G.
(198
1).
Val
idat
ing
mea
sure
s of
tea
cher
str
ess.
Am
eri
can
Edu
ca-
tio
na
l Res
earc
h Jo
urn
al,
3, 3
73-3
96.
Phy
fe-P
erki
ns,
E.
(198
0).
Chi
ldre
n's
beha
vior
in
pres
choo
l se
ttin
gs:
A r
evie
w o
f re
sear
ch c
on-
cern
ing
the
infl
uenc
e of
the
phy
sica
l env
iron
men
t. I
n L
.G.
Kat
z (E
d.),
Cu
rre
nt t
opic
s in
ea
rly c
hild
ho
od
edu
catio
n (V
ol.
3, p
p. 9
1-12
6).
Nor
woo
d, N
J: A
blex
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uopp
, R
., T
rave
rs, J.,
Gla
ntz,
F.,
& C
oele
n, C
. (1
979)
. C
hild
ren
at
the
cen
ter.
Fin
al r
ep
ort
of
the
Na
tio
na
l Da
y C
are
Stu
dy.
Cam
brid
ge,
MA
: A
bt A
ssoc
iate
s.
Rot
ter,
J.
(196
6).
Gen
eral
ized
exp
ecta
ncie
s fo
r in
tern
al v
ersu
s ex
tern
al c
ontr
ol o
f re
info
rce-
m
ent.
Psy
chol
ogic
al M
onog
raph
s, 8
0.
Sch
wab
, W., &
Pw
anic
ki,
E. (
1982
). P
erce
ived
rol
e co
nfli
ct,
role
am
bigu
ity,
and
tea
cher
bur
n-
out.
Ed
uca
tion
al A
dm
inis
fra
tion
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