analisa operasional (gerakan kerja) -...
TRANSCRIPT
Analisa Operasional !(Gerakan Kerja)!
ANALISA DAN PENGUKURAN KERJA
Debrina Puspita Andriani e"Mail':'[email protected]'
Blog':'http://debrina.lecture.ub.ac.id/'
Jurusan'Teknik'Industri'
Semester'Gasal'2014/2015'
6
OU
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Studi&Gerakan&/&Mo#on%Study%
Methods%Study%
Studi&Ekonomi&Gerakan&
Methods(Study(
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! METHODS(STUDY(:(the(part(of(methods(engineering(normally(involving(an(examination(and(analysis(of(an(operation(or(a(work(cycle(broken(down(into(its(constituent(parts(to(improve(the(operation,(eliminate(unnecessary(steps,((and/(or(establish(and(record(in(detail(a(proposed(method(of(performance(
! WORK(MEASUREMENT(:(A(process(for(measuring(the(required(time(for(performing(a(given(task,(by(a(given(method,(by(a(trained(worker,(working(in(a(normal(pace.'
JOB(DESIGN(:((METHODS(STUDY(+(WORK(MEASUREMENT(
WORK(STUDY,(ANALYSIS,(DESIGN,(or(METHODS(ENGINEERING(
METHODS((STUDY(
WORK(MEASUREMENT(
Resulting(in(more((effective(use(of((
Manpower,(Material,(Machine,(and(Working(
environment(
Making(possible(improved(Planning(and(Control,(Manning((and(as(a(basis(for(Sound(Incentives(Schemes(
HIGH(PRODUCTIVITY(22/10/2014( www.debrina.lecture.ub.ac.id(5(
Langkah\langkah((Penelitian(Kerja(
Penelitian(Kerja(
PRINSIP2(PENGATURAN(METODE(KERJA(• (Ergonomi(• (Studi(gerakan(• (Ekonomi(gerakan(
TEKNIK2((PENGUKURAN(KERJA(• (Pengukuran(waktu(• (Pengukuran(tenaga(• (Pengukuran(dampak(((((((((psikologis(&(sosiologis(
Beberapa(alternatif(
sistem(kerja(yang(lebih(
baik(
Produktivitas(lebih(tinggi(
Alternatif(sistem(kerja(
terbaik(
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METHODS( STUDY(Adalah(kegiatan(pencatatan(secara(sistematis(dan(pemeriksaan(dengan(seksama(mengenai(cara(–(cara(yang(berlaku(atau(diusulkan(untuk(melaksanakan(kerja.(Sasaran(pokoknya(adalah(mencari,(mengembangkan,(dan(menerapkan(metode(kerja(yang(terbaik,(dengan(tujuan(akhir(waktu(penyelesaian(yang(lebih(cepat.((
Terdapat(4(macam(komponen(yang(harus(dipelajari(untuk(mendapatkan(metode(kerja(terbaik.(
" KOMPONEN(MANUSIA(:(bagaimana(posisi(pekerja(agar(mampu(menghasilkan(gerakan(nyaman.(
" KOMPONEN(MATERIAL(:(bagaimana(cara(menempatkan(material,(jenis(material(yang(mudah(diproses.(Contoh:(bahan(baku,(komponen,(parts,(limbah,(dll(
" KOMPONEN(MESIN:(bagaimana(desain(permesinan(dan/(atau(peralatan(kerja(lainnya,(apakah(telah(ergonomis?(
" KOMPONEN(LINGKUNGAN(KERJA(FISIK(:(bagaimana(kondisi(lingkungan(kerja(fisik(,(apakah(telah(ergonomis?'
METHODS-STUDY-
COMPONENTS-OF-METHODS-STUDY-
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LANGKAH\LANGKAH(M-E-T-H-O-D-S--S-T-U-D-Y-
IDENTIFIKASI'aktivitas'kerja'yang'
akan'ditelaah,'dan'
lakukan'analisis'
terhadap'komponen"
komponen'sistem'
kerjanya.'
Jadikan'pekerja'dan/
atau'supervisor'yang'
ada'sebagai'sumber'
INFORMASI'dan'libatkan'mereka'dalam'
proses'perubahan/
perbaikan'yang'akan'
dilakukan.'
Buat'ANALISA'dan'langkah/prosedur'kerja'
dengan'menggunakan'
“peta'kerja”'sebagai'
alat'untuk'melakukan'
analisa'yang''sistematis'
dan'logis.'
Buat'RANCANGAN'
langkah/metoda'kerja'
baru'dengan'
menerapkan'prinsip'"'
prinsip'ekonomi'
gerakan,'simplifikasi'
kerja,'dll.'
Buat'dalam'beberapa'
alternatif'dan'PILIH'
alternatif'yang'terbaik'
APLIKASI'rancangan'tata'cara'kerja'baru,'
dan'evaluasi.'
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WHEN
(&(WHER
E(?(
“BOTTLE(NECK”((!(idle,(late(
TARGET((tidak(terpenuhi(
Lingkungan(kerja(tidak(ENASE(
Peningkatan(PRODUKTIVITAS(
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Studi(Ekonomi(Gerakan(
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S(T(U(D(I(((E(K(O(N(O(M(I((G(E(R(A(K(A(N(
! Adalah'kondisi'pekerjaan'yang'memungkinkan'dilakukannya'
gerakan"gerakan'secara'ekonomis,'yaitu'dengan'eliminasi'
kegiatan,'kombinasi'gerakan/aktivitas'kerja,'dan'
penyederhanaan'kegiatan'dengan'memperhatikan'faktor"
faktor'sebagai'berikut:'
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PRINSIP(–(PRINSIP((EKONOMI(GERAKAN(
• Gunakan'dua'tangan'pada'saat'bekerja'
secara'serentak,'simetris;'mulai'dan'
mengakhiri'gerakan'pada'saat'yang'sama.'
• Gerakan'kontinyu'dan'membentuk'kurva'
akan'lebih'baik'dibandingkan'dengan'
gerakan'lurus,'patah'patah'dan'berubah'
arah'secara'tiba"tiba.'
• Atur'gerakan'kerja'dalam'suatu'irama'kerja'
yang'enak'dan'mudah.'Gerakan'harus'
diatur'dalam'urutan'yang'tepat'tanpa'harus'
banyak'“idle”.'Gerakan'kerja'satu'sedapat'
mungkin'berakhir'berdekatan'dengan'awal'
gerakan'berikutnya.'
• Posisi'siku'dan'lengan'sedekat'mungkin'
dekat'dengan'tubuh'[badan]'pada'saat'
bekerja.'Gerakan'kerja'jari"jari'tangan'akan'
lebih'menghemat'enersi'dibandingkan'
dengan'lengan'atau'gerakan'tubuh.'
Penggunaan(badan/anggota(tubuh(manusia(
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PRINSIP(–(PRINSIP((EKONOMI(GERAKAN(
• Hindari'tangan'untuk'berada'dalam'posisi'
statis,'untuk'itu'penggunaan'jigs,'fixture'
ataupun'clamp'akan'sangat'dianjurkan'untuk'
memegang'benda'kerja'dalam'waktu'yang'
relatif'tetap'dan'lama.'
• Eliminasi'gerakan'material(handling(ataupun'loading'/'unloading'dan'manfaatkan'
pengaruh'gravitasi'untuk'memindahkan'
material.'
• Atur'stasiun'kerja'sedemikan'rupa'sehingga'
gerakan"gerakan'kerja'tidak'harus'melawan'
gaya'gravitasi.'Atur'pula'letak'komponen,'
material,'peralatan'kerja'pada'posisi'tetap,'
teratur'sehingga'gampang'dicari'dan'
dijangkau.'
• Pilih'alternatif'yang'terbaik'untuk'posisi'kerja'
yang'harus'dilakukan'oleh'operator,'apakah'
kerja'harus'dilakukan'sambil'duduk,'berdiri,'
jongkok,'berbaring,'dan'sebagainya.'
Perancangan(alat\alat(dan(perlengkapan(kerja(
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PRINSIP(–(PRINSIP((EKONOMI(GERAKAN(
• Atur'ketinggian'tempat'kerja'dan'dimensi"
dimensi'kerja'lainnya'sesuai'dengan'ukuran'
tubuh'(anthropometri)'operator'sehingga'kerja'
dapat'dilakukan'secara'nyaman'dan'tidak'
melelahkan.'
• Gunakan'cara'kerja'yang'mampu'menghemat'
pemakaian'enerji'fisik'manusia.'Gunakan'
prinsip'mekanisasi'fasilitas'kerja'seperti'
penggunaan'power'tool,'material'handling'
equipment,'multi"purpose'tools,'dll.'
Implementasikan'konsep'“working'smarter'not'
harder”.'
• Rancang'dan'jaga'lingkungan'fisik'kerja'
(temperatur,'humidity,'noise,'lighting,'dll)'
yang'nyaman'dan'aman.''
• Atur'aktivitas'kerja'dengan'memberikan'skedul'
istirahat'untuk'melepaskan'lelah'dan'rasa'
bosan'secara'teratur.''
• Orderliness,'cleaness'and'good'house'keeping!'
Tempat(kerja(berlangsung('
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Studi(Gerakan(/((Motion-Study-
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Studi(Gerakan(/((Motion-Study-
Adalah'studi'tentang'gerakan"gerakan'yang'dilakukan'pekerja'
untuk'menyelesaikan'pekerjaannya'secara'efektif'dan'efisien.'
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Studi'Gerakan'
Visual'Motion'
Study'
Elemen'Gerakan'
THERBLIGS'
Micromotion'
Study'
NO( NAMA(THERBLIGS( LAMBANG( WARNA(
1( Mencari([Search]( Sh( Black(
2( Menemukan(([Find]( F( Gray(
3( Memilih([Select]( Sl( Gray,(Light(
4( Memegang([Grasp]( G( Lake(Red(
5( Memegang(untuk(Memakai([Hold]( H( Gold(Ochre(
6( Membawa(dengan(beban([Transport(Loaded]( TL( Green(
7( Menjangkau(/(membawa(tanpa(beban([Transport(Empty]( TE( Olive(Green(
8( Mengarahkan([Position]( P( Blue(
9( Merakit([Assemble]( A( Violet,(Heavy(
10( Memakai([Use]( U( Purple(
11( Mengurai(rakitan([Disassembly]( DA( Violet(
12( Memeriksa([Inspection]( I( Burn(Ochre(
13( Mengarahkan(awal([Pre\Position]( PP( Sky(Blue(
14( Melepas([Release(Load]( RL( Carmine(Red(
15( Keterlambatan(yang(tak(terhindarkan([Unavoidable(Delay]( UD( Yellow(Ochre(
16( Keterlambatan(yang(terhindarkan([Avoidable(Delay]( AD( Lemon(Yellow(
17( Merencanakan([Plan]( Pn( Brown(
18( Istirahat(untuk(Menghilangkan(Lelah([Rest(to(Overcome(Fatigue]( R( Orange(
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More'in':''http://gilbrethnetwork.tripod.com/therbligs.html'
'
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Elemen(Gerakan(Therbligs((1)(
S'E'A'R'C'H''
• The'Search'motion'starts'when'the'eyes'and/or'hand'start'to'seek'the'object'needed'
and'ends'just'as'the'object'is'located.'
F(I(N(D'
• If'there'is'an'enigma'in'the'Therblig'system,'Find'is'it.'Dr.'Barnes'eliminated'this'
Therblig,'explaining'that'it'was'a'mental'reaction,'at'the'end'of'the'Search'cycle.'
S(E(L(E(C(T'
• This'Therblig'may'be'considered'a'part'of'Search.'However,'through'usage'by'the'
Gilbreths,'it'was'found'to'indicate'locating'an'object'from'a'group'of'similar'objects.'
G'R'A'S'P'
• In'simplest'terms,'Grasp'is'when'the'worker's'hand'grabs'the'object.'The'Therblig'
ends'when'the'next'Therblig,'of'Use'or'Transport'Loaded,'begins.'
H(O(L(D'
• Dr.'Barnes'said'this'Therblig'was'"....the'retention'of'an'object'after'it'has'been'
grasped,'[with]'no'movement'of'the'object'taking'place.”'
REST(FOR(FATIGUE'
• This'Therblig'is'actually'a'lack'of'motion'and'is'only'found'where'the'rest'is'
prescribed'by'the'job'or'taken'by'the'worker.'
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Elemen(Gerakan(Therbligs((2)'
TRANSPORT(LOADED'
• This'Therblig'begins'after'Grasp'where'the'hand'is'doing'"work"'by'moving'the'weight'of'
an'object,'and'ends'when'just'before'the'Release'Load,'Use'or'Assemble'Therbligs.''
TRANSPORT(EMPTY'
• This'is'the'motion'of'moving'the'unloaded'hand'from'the'point'of'Release'Load,'
to'the'next'function'within'the'sequence.''
P(O(S(I(T(I(O(N'
• This'motion'is'the'act'of'placing'the'object'in'the'proper'orientation'for'Use.'
ASSEMBLE'
• This'Therblig'starts'when'two'or'more'parts'are'placed'together'(a'peg'into'a'hole)'and'
ends'when'either'the'assembled'object'is'Transport'Loaded'or'when'the'hand'reaches'for'
another'part'(Transport'Empty).'
U((S((E'
• This'Therblig'should'not'be'confused'with'Assemble.'Use'is'when'an'object'is'
being'operated'as'it'was'intended,'and'typically'denotes'a'tool.''
DISASSEMBLE'
• This'motion'is'essentially'the'opposite'of'Assemble,'depending'on'the'
circumstances.''
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Elemen(Gerakan(Therbligs((3)'
I'N'S'P'E'C'T'
• This'Therblig'involves'the'act'of'comparing'the'object'with'a'predetermined'
standard.''
PRE\POSITION'
• This'is'the'motion'of'replacing'an'item'in'the'proper'orientation'for'it's'next'Use.'
RELEASE(LOAD'• This'motion'involves'releasing'the'object'when'it'reaches'its'destination.'
UNAVOIDABLE'
DELAY'
• This'Therblig'is'measured'from'the'point'where'a'hand'is'inactive'to'the'point'where'
it'becomes'active'again,'with'another'Therblig.'
AVOIDABLE(DELAY'
• This'counterpart'to'Unavoidable'Delay,'involves'inactive'time'the'worker'encounters'
over'which'he/she'has'control.'
P((L((A((N'
• This'Therblig'is'a'mental'function,'which'may'occur'before'Assemble'(deciding'
which'part'goes'next)'or'prior'to'Inspection,'noting'which'flaws'to'look'for.''
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Klasifikasi(Elemen(Gerakan(Therbligs(((menurut(Shiego(Singo)'
Kelompok'Utama'(Objective'
Basic'Division)'
• Assemble'
• Disassemble'
• Use'
Kelompok'Penunjang'(Physical'
Basic'Division)'
• Reach'• Grasp'• Move'
• Release'Load'
EFFECTIVE(THERBLIGS(
INEFFECTIVE(THERBLIGS(
Kelompok'Pembantu''
(Mental'/'Semi"Mental'Basic'
Division)'
• Search'• Select'• Position'• Inspect'• Hold'• Preposition'
Kelompok'Gerakan'Elemen'
Luar'(Delay)'
• Unavoidable'delay'• Avoidable'delay'• Rest'to'overcome'fatigue'
• Plan''
M(I(C(R(O(M(O(T(I(O(N(((S(T(U(D(Y(
• is'the'study'of'the'fundamental'element'or'
subdivisions'of'an'operation'by'mean'of'a'
motion'picture'camera'and'a'timing'device'
which'accurately'indicates'the'time'
intervals'on'the'motion'picture'film'
• Micromotion'Study'provides'a'technique'
for'recording'and'timing'an'activity.'
• It'consists'of'taking'motion'picture'of'the'
operation'with'a'clock'in'the'picture'or'with'
a'motion'picture'camera'or'video'camera'
operating'at'constant'and'known'speed'
• Advantages'of'micromotion'studies'over'
direct'observation.'
• Greater'details'are'made'availalble'
• More'accurate'
• Easier'in'data'collection'
• Better'for'record'keeping''
• Help''in'work'study'personnel's'
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M(I(C(R(O(M(O(T(I(O(N(((S(T(U(D(Y(
• The'procedure'of'improving'methods'
consists'of':'
1. filming'the'operation'to'be'studied'
2. analyzing'the'film'
3. charting'the'results'of'the'analysis'(SIMO'Chart)'
4. developing'an'improved'method'through'the'problem'
solving'process''
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SIMO((Simultaneous(Motion)(Chart(
MEMOMOTION(STUDY(
! In'Micro"motion'Study,'the'speed'of'the'camera'used'ranges'
from'10'fps'or'100'frames'per'minute'(fpm).'But'faster'cameras'
may'be'used'to'study'very'fast'hand'motions'or'complex'
operations.'
! In'memomotion'study,'the'camera'speed'is'at'60'or'100'frames'per'
minute.'Introduced'by'Marvin'Mundel.'
! It'costs'less'than'micromotion'study'(only'costs'6%'of'the'cost'of'a'
micromotion'study.'
'
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