The international TV standards. . . . . . . . . . . . .. 111Basic TV standards. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 111Standards for monochrome television. . . . . . .. 112Basic standards for colour television 113Broadcasting of TV programs 114TV broadcasting standards 115Broadcasting of special services. . . . . . . . . . .. 115Digital coding of video and sound signals .... 116Satellite television and sound broadcasting. .. 116D2/C-MAC packet standard 118Table of countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 119Group delay .'..... 121Test lines/colour bar signals 123Waveform standards/weighting filter . . . . . . . .. 124Channel definitions (VHF, UHF) 125

AntiopeBBCCATVCBCCCETTCCIRCCITTCEPTDidonDINEBU (UER)EIAERPFCCFDM,TDMGOSTGPOIBAITU (UIT)KtKMAC, (C-)NTSCOIRTPALSABCSECAMTDFUER (EBU)UIT (ITU)WARC

Acquisition numerique et televisualisation d'images organisees en pages d'ecritureBritish Broadcasting CorporationCable TelevisionCanadian Broadcasting CorporationCentre Commun d'etudes de Telediffusion et TelecommunicationsComite Consultatif International des RadiocommunicationsComite Consultatif International de Telegraphique et TelephoniqueConference Europeenne des Administrations des Postes et des TelecommunicationsDiffusion de donnees (par paquets)Deutsches Institut fOr NormungEuropean Broadcasting UnionElectronic Industries AssociationEffective Radiated PowerFederal Communications CommissionFrequencyrrime Division MultiplexNormensystem der UdSSRGeneral Post OfficeIndependent Broadcasting AuthorityInternational Telecommunication UnionKommission fOr den Ausbau des technischen Kommunikationssystems(Combined) Multiplex Analogue ComponentNational Television System CommitteeOrganisation Internationale de Radiodiffusion-TelevisionPhase Alternating LineSouth African Broadcasting CorporationSequentielle a memoireTelediffusion de FranceUnion der Europaischen Rundfunkorganisationen, Union Europeenne de RadiodiffusionUnion Internationale des TelecommunicationsWorld Administration Radio Conference

10 international TV standards exist at present, all based onthe same principles:

• Physiology of vision

• Line scanning

• Field repetition

• Colour transmission as separate luminance and chromi-nance components

Vision characteristics

Mean resolution l' (angle of sight),Optimum angle for picture observation without fatigue of eyemuscles 10°,Optimum line number = observation angle = 10° = 600 lines,

'angle of sight 1'

Field frequency without motion blurred> 12/ s.Field frequency without flicker >50/s.

Number of lines per picture

Frames of 525 and 625 lines are still in use. Resolutionbeing too weak at 405 lines and the frequencies requiredbeing too high at 819 lines, these values have beensuperseded by 625 lines.

These apparently odd line numbers derive from the earlytimes of television and are due to the frequency divider andmultiplier techniques of the sync signal generators.

Field frequency

The crucial factors were the limit of flicker and the availableAC supply frequency (50 or 60 HZ), since the early scanners(Nipkow disc, Weiller wheel and film scanner) were all drivenby AC supply-operated synchronous motors. Hum barsresulting from inadequate filtering and other AC line-fre-quency pickup were thus negligible.

Field frequencies of 50 Hz and 60 Hz in conjunction with500 to 600 lines per frame led to a video frequency band ofmore than 10 kHz. This was not acceptable for the frequen-cy channels available for TV transmitters and also becauseof TV receiver technology and cost. An ingenious trick(F.Schrbter, 1927) cut the required frequency band down to

Line

3

Line 512345 Line

I---- --

half: interlaced scanning of a first field consisting of theodd lines and a second field consisting of the even lines(illustration below). Thus a frequency of 50 field/s (flicker)together with only 25 frames/s (frequeny band) was obtained.

Colour transmission

Three colour TV systems were developed independently ofeach other regarding the number of lines and field frequency:

NTSC 1948,PAL 1961,SECAM 1957.

The luminance signal is necessary for compatibility with theexisting monochrome TV receivers. The three primary sig-nals red/green/blue are transmitted in the form of colourdifference signals (with reduced bandwidth) relative to theluminance signal. Only two colour difference signals arenecessary (the third being produced by electronic calculationin the receiver).

The two colour difference signals modulate a colour subcar-rier - simultaneously with AM in the NTSC and PAL systemsand successively with FM in the SECAM system. The modu-lation frequency spectrum of the colour subcarrier is insertedin the frequency spectrum of the luminance signal at theupper end of the video frequency band (half-line or quarter-line offset).

Observation of international TV standards is necessary inview of

international exchange of programs,design of TV transmitters and transposers,production of TV receivers,design of video recorders,development of measuring instruments and systems.

(tables on the following pages)

Two basic standards have been adopted for the internationalexchange of TV programs:

FCC standardLines/frame 525Fields/s . . . . . . . . .. 60Colour system .. .. NTSCVideo bandwidth .. 4.2 MHzColour subcarrier . 3.58 MHz

CCIR standard62550PAUSECAM5/5.5/6 MHz4.43 MHz

The different video bandwidths of the CCIR standard are notso much due to field and line scanning procedures, but ratherto the bandwidth available in the TV transmitter channels(see broadcasting of TV programs, following next doublepage).

The main problem of standards conversion is the conver-sion of field frequency from 50 Hz to 60 Hz and vice versa.For this purpose, the picture information must be stored andthen scanned at the new frequency. The electro-opticalanalog standards converter uses the screen of a high-resolu-tion display tube of suitable persistence.

I\)

Standards for monochrome television OJ»(J)-

Standard B/G D/K H I K11) L M N ()CCIR OIRT Belgium UK FOPTA') France FCC South America (J)

Frequency VHF/UHF VHF/UHF UHF VHF/UHF VHF/UHF VHF/UHF VHF/UHF VHF/UHF ~Number of lines per frame 625 625 625 625 625 625 525 625 ZField frequency Hz 50 50 50 50 50 50 60 50 0Line frequency Hz 15625 15625 15625 15 625 15 625 15 625 15750 15 625 »Duration of line sync pulse lis 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7 5 (4.7)2) 5 JJDuration of line blanking pulse liS 12 12 12 12 12 12 10.8 (11)2) 10.9 0Front porch lis 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.9 (1.75)2) 1.9 (J)Field blanking interval Lines 25 25 25 25 25 25 19 to 21 19 to 25

Video bandwidth MHz 5 6 5 5.5 6 6 4.2 4.2

RF channel width MHz 7(B)/8(G) 8 8 8 8 8 6 6

Vision-sound carrier spacing MHz +5.5 +6.5 +5.5 +6 +6.5 ±6.5 +4.5 +4.5

+5.746)Width of vestigial sideband MHz 0.75 0.75 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 0.75 0.75

Spacing of vision carrier from

nearest edge of channel MHz +1.25 +1.25 +1.25 +1.25 +1.25 + 1.25 + 1.25 +1.25

RF sync level % 100 100 100 100 100 <6 100 100

RF blanking level % 733) 75 75 76 75 30 75 75

RF white level (residual carrier) % 10 12.5 10 20 10 100 (110)2) 10 10

Type of vision modulation C3F neg. C3F neg. C3F neg. C3F neg. C3F neg. C3F pos. C3F neg. C3F neg.

Type of sound modulation F3E F3E F3E F3E F3E A3E F3E F3EF3EH6)

Frequency deviation kHz ±50 ±50 ±50 ±50 ±50 - ±25 ±25

Preemphasis liS 50 50 50 50 50 - 75 75

Vision/sound power ratio 10:1 to 10:1 to 5:1 to 5:1 10:1 10:1 10:1 to 10:1 to

20:14) 5:1 10:1 5:15) 5:1

20:1:0.26)

0) Groupof territories representedby the FrenchOverseasPost and TelecommunicationAgency.

') Also designatedK'.2) Forcolour transmission according to NTSCor SECAM.') 73% insteadof nominal 75% applies for TV transmitters of high linearity

also in the sync range(burst, chrominancesignal).

.) 20:1in the FederalRepublicof Germanyas of April 1976for all TV trans-missionsof the three programs.

') 6.7:1and 2.9:1 in Japan.') Fordual·soundor stereo sound in the FederalRepublicof Germany

(at present in 2nd program).

SystemStandard

Luminance signal

Colour differencesignals(chrominancesignals)

Correction of colourdifference signals

Composite colourvideo signal

Type of modulation

Line frequency fH

Field frequency

Chrominancesubcarrier freq. fsc

Relationshipbetween fscand fHBandwidth 1deviationof colour differencesignal

Amplitude of chromi-nance subcarrier

Duration of burst

Phase of burst

NTSCM

E', = -0.27 (E' s-E' y)+ 0.74 (E'R-E'y)

E'Q=0.41 (E's-E'y)+ 0.48 (E'R-E'y)

E' y = 0.3 E'R+ 0.59 E' G + 0.114 E's

E'u = 0.493 (E' s-E' y)

15 625±0.016 Hz

50 Hz

4433618.75±5 Hz 14433618.75 ±1 Hz

15734.264 ± 005 Hz

59.94 Hz

3575611.49 ± 10Hz

f = (1135 + _1_). fsc 4 625 H

fsc + 5701 fsc + 10661-1300 kHz -1300 kHz

f = 909 . fsc 4 H

fsc+6001-1300kHz

EM = E'y + EM= E'y+ E'u sin wsct± E'vcos wsctE'I (cosOJsct+33°)

+ E'Q (sin wsct + 330)

Suppressed-carrier amplitude modulation of two subcarriers in quadrature

15734.264 ± 0.05 Hz

59.94 Hz

3579545 ± 10Hz

f = 455. fsc 2 H

9 ± 1 cycles

1800, relative to

(E's - E'y) axis

10 ± 1 cycles

+ 1350 for odd lines in 1st and 2nd fields-1350 for even lines in 1st and 2nd fields+ 1350 for even lines in 3rd and 4th fields-1350 for odd lines in 3rd and 4th fields

by E'v component of burst

15 625±0.016 Hz

50 Hz

3582056.25 ± 5 Hz

f - (917 1) fsc- 4+ 625 H

fsc + 6201-1300 kHz

SECAMD,K,K1

D""R = A·D' R

D""s = A·D's

D's = 1 .5 (E' s-E' y). fR1+J'-

85. fs1+J'-

255

EM = E'y + G·cos 2rr(foR + D'*RLlfoR}' t orE'y + G· cos 2rr(f oB + D'*B Ll foB} . t

G = Function of fa and fR,B; see Amplitude ofFM chrominance subcarrier

15625 ± 0016 Hz

50 Hz

fOR= 4 406 250 ± 2000 Hz (f = 4286 ± 20 kHz)fos= 4 250 000 ± 2 000 Hz 0

M /1+j-16F I Mo= 11.5%of F=~-~o 1 + j-1.26F luminance amplitude; fo fR.s

for lines D'R: + 350 kHz deviation at max. 540 mVfor lines D's: - 350 kHz deviation at max. 500 mV

The display is picked up like an open scene in the new stan-dard by a camera tube. A digital standards converter convertsthe picture signal information from analog into digital form,reads it into a digital memory, reads it out with a new scann-ing rate and reconverts it into analog form.

In the standards converter for colour television, theincoming signal must be divided into its luminance andchrominance components, decoded and remodulated ontothe other colour carrier. If only the colour system is to beconverted, e.g. PAL into SECAM, the number of lines and thefield frequency being equal, no picture memory is required. Itthen suffices to separate and transcode the chrominancesignal and to modulate the new carrier as required (trans-coder principle).

Broadcasting of TV programs

The public television service is operated by broadcastingpicture and sound from picture transmitters and associatedsound transmitters in three main frequency ranges in theVHF and UHF bands. By international ruling of the UIT/ITU,these ranges are exclusively allocated to television broad-casting. Subdivision into operating channels and theirassignment by location are also ruled by international re-gional agreement. The Stockholm Plan of 1961 is at presentvalid in Europe:

Band Frequency Channel Bandwidth

I (41)47 to 68 MHz 2 to 4 7 MHzII 87.5 (88) to VHF FM

108 MHz soundIII 174 to 223 (230) MHz 5 to 11 (12) 7 MHzIV 470 to 582 MHz 21 to 27 8 MHzV 582 to 790 (860) MHz 28 to 60 (69) 8 MHzVI 11.7 to 12.5 GHz satellite TVSpecialchannels 68 to 82 (89) MHz 2 (3)S channels 7 MHzDigitalsound 113 to 123 MHz S 2/3 5 MHz

[125 to 174 MHz S 4 to S 10 7 MHzCATV 230 to 300 MHz S 11 to S 20 7 MHz

Types of modulation

Vision: C3F (vestigial-sideband AM)vestigial-sideband ratios:0.75 MHz/4.2 MHz = 1:5.6,0.75 MHz/5.0 MHz = 1:6.7,1.25 MHz/5.5 MHz = 1:4.4.

The saving of frequency band is about 40%; polari-ty negative because of the susceptibility to interfer-ence of the synchronizing circuits of early TV re-ceivers (exception: positive modulation); residualcarrier with negative modulation: 10% (exception:20%).

Sound: F3E; FM for better separation from vision signal inthe receiver (exception: AM).

Sound carrier above vision carrier within RF channel,4 inversion at IF (exception: standard L in band I).

System parameters (for standards BIG)Channel 1 Channel 2

RF sound carrierFrequency fvision+5.5 MHz

(±500 Hz),eqvt. to 352 fH

Vision/sound powerratio 13 dBModulation FMFrequency deviation .. ::S±50 kHzPreemphasis 50 flsAF bandwidth 40 to 15000 Hz

Sound modulationMono. . . . . . . . . . . . . . mono

L + RStereo -2- = M

Dual sound mono

IdentificationPilot carrier frequency -

Modulation degree . -Identification frequency

mono -stereo -

dual sound -Frequency deviation oftransmitter carrier(due to pilot tone) -Synchronization -

fvision+5.7421875MHz (±500 HZ),eqvt. to 367.5 fH

20 dBFM::S±50 kHz50 fls40 to 15000 Hz

54.6875 kHz (±5Hz), eqvt. to 3.5 fHAM (with identifi-cation frequency)50%

none117.5 Hz eqvt to fHI133274.1 Hz eqvtto fH/57

±(2.5 kHz ±0.5 kHz)pilot carrier and identi-fication frequenciesphase-locked with fH

The two sound channels arrive from the studio via radio linkwith 15 kHz bandwidth at the TV transmitter. There matrixingis performed for compatibility; (L+ R)/2 for channel 1, R forchannel 2. An additional sound modulator is used tomodulate the second sound carrier with sound channel 2and with the AM-modulated pilot carrier.

The mode identification is transmitted in (data) line 16 (329)of a normal TV picture from the studio to the dual-soundcoder of the TV transmitter via the conventional TV lines (i.e.not the sound lines). From the 13 usable words of this dataline the first two bits of word 5 are prOVided for modeidentification in bi-phase code as follows:

Identification Bit 1 Bit 2

Stereo 1 0Mono 0 1Dual sound 1 1Fau~ 0 0

Typical characteristics of R&S TV transmitter systemsusing the dual-sound-carrier technique:

Spurious emissions >70 dB down in theadjacent channel

Crosstalk (selective measurement)Stereo (with deemphasis), 40 Hz 500 Hz 15 kHzdeviation 15 kHz/30 kHz ..... 43 dB 50 dB 54 dBChannel (without deemphasis),deviation 50 kHz 81 dB 90 dB 90 dB

Intercarrier SIN ratio (with deemphasis) measured to CCIRVol. X, Rec. 468-4

Vision modulation 10 to 75% .Test picture .Black picture .

44 dB50 dB50 dB

Visionlsound power ratio

3:1/4:1/5:1 110:1/20:1, depending on standard; 5:1 and 10:1are conventionally used; 20: 1 is used in the Federal Repub-lic of Germany, its advantage being energy savifJg and lowintermodulation distortion in TV transposers and TV transmit-ters with common vision-sound amplification and in cabletelevision; 20:1 :0.2 for dual-sound broadcasts in the FRG.

Depending on standard; conventional values are 6/7/8 MHz;the previous values 5 MHz and 14 MHz are no longer used.

Four broadcasting standards are in use at present (see alsostandards table for monochrome television):

Standard FCC CCIR BritishNumber of lines 525 625 625Field frequency 60 Hz 50 Hz 50 Hz

OIRT62550 Hz

Standard codeChannel widthVisionl soundcarier spacing

BIG I7/8 MHz 8 MHz

D/K8 MHz

M6 MHz

4.5 MHz 5.5 MHz, 6 MHz 6.5 MHz5.74MHz

Vestigial sideband 0.75 MHz 0.75 MHz 1.25 MHz 0.75 MHz(1.25 MHz)

45.75 MHz 38.9 MHz 39.5 MHz 38.9 MHz(38 MHz)10:1Visionl sound

ratio10:1,20:1,20:1 :0.2

The British modification I of the 625-line CCIR standard,being one of the last systems adopted, represents today thebest compromise:

• optimum utilization of 8-MHz channel width,

• increase of vestigial sideband from 0.75 MHz to 1.25MHz, as a result broadening of Nyquist slope from 1.5MHz to 2.5 MHz and reduction of group-delay error nearcarrier to about 60 ns (half-correction); precorrection inthe TV transmitter is thus not necessary in this part of thevideo band,

• bandwidth of upper sideband of chrominance signal in-creased from 0.57 MHz to 1.07 MHz, thus no "second"vestigial-sideband system is necessary for colour trans-mission,

• increase of residual carrier from 10% to 20% so thathighly saturated colours (yellow) with modulation of theTV transmitter to ultra-white are better reproduced, in-volving, however, a loss in useful-signal level of 1.5 dB,which can only be compensated for by a 40% increase oftransmitter power (eg from 10 kW to 14 kW).

The following text communication systems using televisionscreen display are now on trial worldwide:

Country Institute Year Via TV channel Via telephone line

FRG KtK 1976 Videotext BildschirmtextDIN- 1980 Teletext Leitungstextdesignation

UK Broadcast Interactiveteletext teletex

BBC 1972 CeefaxIBA 1973 OracleGPO 1975 Viewdata/Prestel

F TDF, } Antiope, } Antiope,CCETT Didon Titan

CON CBC Telidon(UIT/ CCITT, ] Broadcast ] InteractiveITU) CEPT videotext videotex

VideotextlTeletext Preliminary standard for the 625-linesystems B/G (Federal Republic of Germany) and I:

Clock frequencyHalf-amplitude

durationData signal

CodingCode

Words per line

Transmission timeper line

Wait time, max.average

Lines occupied

144.14 ns per bitH: 0.462 Vpp = 66% pictureL: 0 V (blanking level)8 bits/word incl. 1 parity bitNRZ (non return to zero)45; incl. 2 for clock run-in,1 for framing code, 2 for address code

45 words x 8 bits x 0.144 /1s = 51.89/1s(TV line without blanking interval: 52/1s)

24 text lines = 6 x 2. s = 024 s4 TV lines/picture 25 .

75 text pages x 0.24 s = 18 sapprox. 9 s1st field: 20/21, 2nd field: 333/334

BildschirmtextlViewdata Preliminary standard with textpage dialled from subscriber's telephone set and displayedon domestic TV receiver:

Text formatCoding

Data flowTransm issiontimeModulation .

in data channelin return channel

1 page of 24 lines of 40 characters10 bits/character (word), incl. 1 ea.parity, start and stop bit24 lines x 40 characters x 10 bits= 9600 bits/page1200 bitls9600 bits/page _ 8 /1200 bits/s - s page

F1 B (FSK)H: 1300 Hz, L: 2100 Hz,H: 390 Hz, L: 450 Hz

Digital coding of colour TV video signals andof sound signals

National and international organizations are attempting atpresent to establish a uniform digital coding standard or atleast an optimal compromise for the following fields:

studio,transmission andrecording.

For the digital TV studio the (Western European) EBU hasprepared the following coding standard for video signals:

• Component coding (Y signal and two colour-differencesignals);

• Sampling frequencies fsamplein the ratio 4:2:2 with 13.5MHz (3xfchrominance) for the luminance component and6.75 MHz for each chrominance component;

• Quantization q is 8 bits/amplitude value;

• Data flow/channel13.5x 106 values/sx8 bits/ amplitude value+ 2 (6.75x106 values/sx8 bits/amplitude value)= 108 Mbits/s.108 Mbits/ s + 2 x 54 Mbits/ s = 216 Mbits/ s.i.e. the required bandwidth is approximately 100 MHz.

This channel capacity can only be achieved with internalstudio links via coaxial cables or fibre optics.

In public communication networks of present-day technologythe limits per channel lie at the hierarchical step of 34 Mbits/sfor microwave links, later 140 Mbits/ s. Therefore greatattempts are made at reducing the bit- rate with the aim ofachieving satisfactory picture quality with 34 Mbits/ s perchannel.

Terrestrial TV transmitters and coaxial Cu-cable networksare completely unsuitable for transmissions. Satellites withcarrier frequencies of about 20 GHz and above may be used.

Recording of complete digital TV signals on magnetic tape isnot yet possible at present because of the high bit rates. TheTV signal components must be distributed to several parallelchannels. As compared to the previous analog methods, thequality has however been improved considerably.

The digital coding of sound signals for satellite soundbroadcasting and for the digital sound studio is moreelaborate with respect to quantizing than for video signals.

A quantization q of 16 bits/ amplitude value is required toobtain a quantizing signal-to-noise ratio S/ Nq of 98 dB[S/Nq = (6q + 2) dB].

The sampling frequency must follow the sampling theoremfsample2: 2xfmax (Kotelnikov 1928, Raabe 1936, Nyquist1941), where fmax is the maximum frequency of thebaseband.

• Planned sound coding standard:

fsample Quanti- Data flowlzation q channel

Direct satellite soundbroadcasting with 16stereo channels 32 kHz 16 bitsl 512 kbits/s

ampl. valueDigital sound studio up to 16 bitsl 768 kbits/s

6 48 kHz ampl. value

Satellite television and sound broadcastingCommunication services via satellite

1. Point-to-point transmissions for fixed services2. Program distribution for fixed services

(communication satellites)3. Satellite broadcasting for television and sound

(broadcasting satellites)

Characteristic data of broadcasting and communicationssatellites

Eutelsat I-F1(ECS 1, Spot West)

10.95 to 11.7 GHzFrequencydownlinkChannel numberChannel spacingChannel widthPolarization

TV-Sat D3, TDF-1(planned)

11.7 to 12.1 GHz12.1 to 12.5 GHz519.18 MHz27 MHzcircular

2 x 683.33 MHz83.33 MHzlinear horizontal (X)or vertical (Y)

Sense of rotation right-hand (1), left-hand (2)Type of modulation FM FMTransponder power 250 W (24 dBW) 20 W (13 dBW)Antenna gain 42 dB 32 dBERP 4000 kW (66 dBW) 32 kW (45 dBW)Power flux densityPFDoDiameter ofreceiving antenna 0.9 mGain 37 dBFigure of merit GfTof receiving equip-mentCarrier/noise ratioC/NVideo SIN ratio(weighted)Time of utilization ~99%Attenuationcaused by rain

1.8 m43 dB

3.7 m50 dB

>50 dB~99.9%

Planned channel occupancy of satellite services

The frequency allocation plan for the channels of satellitebroadcasting is the result of the World Administration RadioConference - Satellite Broadcasting WARC-SB 1977 in Genevaand laid down in the Final Acts WARC 77 by ITU/CCIR.

Broadcasting satellites in Europa

Number of countries 19 (channels: 5 each)Total number of planned channels 95Satellite positions 37° West - 1x occupied

31 ° West - 1x occupied19° West - 8x occupied7° West - 1x occupied1° West - 4x occupied5° East - 4x occupied

Frequency range 11.7 to 12.5 GHzChannel spacing 19.18 MHzChannel width 27 MHzNumber of channels 40

In spite of an overlapping range of 7.82 MHz, adjacent-channel operation is possible by means of polarization isola-tion (> 20 dB), since the polarization of the odd-numberedchannels of the satellites within one orbital group is- right-hand circular and that of the even-numbered channels left-hand circular.

Orbitpos.

Polari- Channel numberzation')

Germany, Fed. Rep. 19° West 2 2 6 10 14 18Austria 19° West 2 4 8 12 16 20Switzerland 19° West 2 22 26 30 34 38Italy 19° West 2 24 28 32 36 40

France 19° West 1 5 9 13 17Luxemburg 19° West 3 7 11 15 19Belgium 19° West 21 25 29 33 37Netherlands 19° West 23 27 31 35 39

Poland 1° West 2 1 5 9 13 17Czechoslovakia 1° West 2 3 7 11 15 19German Oem. Rep. 1° West 2 21 25 29 33 37

Finland 5° East 2 2 6 10 22 26Norway 5° East 2 14 18 38 28 32Sweden 5° East 2 4 8 34 30 40Denmark 5° East 2 24 28 32 36 40

Great Britain 31° West 4 8 12 16 20Yugoslavia 7° West 21 25 29 33 37Monaco 37° West 21 25 29 33 37Hungary 1° West 22 26 30 34 38

Channel frequencies of broadcasting satellites

Chan- Vision Chan- Vision Chan- Visionnel carrier nel carrier nel carrier

GHz GHz GHz

1 11.72748 14 11.97682 27 12.226162 11.74666 15 11.99600 28 12.245343 11.76584 16 12.01518 29 12.264524 11.78502 17 12.03436 30 12.283705 11.80420 18 12.05354 31 12.302886 11.82338 19 12.07272 32 12.322067 11.84256 20 12.09190 33 12.341248 11.86174 21 12.11108 34 12.360429 11.88092 22 12.13026 35 12.3796010 11.90010 23 12.14944 36 12.3987811 11.91928 24 12.16862 37 12.4179612 11.93846 25 12.18780 38 12.4371413 11.95764 26 12.20698 39 12.45632

40 12.47550

Communications (distribution) satellites

Eutelsat 1-F1 (ECS 1), Spot Westand Spot East, position ........ 13° EastECS 2 with similar data,position ..................... 7° EastNumber of countries .......... 7 (channels: 1 or 2 each)Available channels ............ 6 + 6Frequency range .............. 10.95 to 11.2 GHz,

11.45 to 11.7 GHzChannel spacing andchannel width ................ 83.333 MHz for bothChannel occupancy(see table right) ............... doublePolarization ..............•... linear horizontal (X)

or vertical (Y)

7

Chan- Polari-nel zation

VisioncarrierGHz

1X2X2)3X4X5X6X

10.9916711.0750011.1583311.4916711.5750011.65833

hori-zontal

ItalyGermany, Fed.Rep.NetherlandsFrance

7Y8Y9Y10Y11Y12Y

SwitzerlandLuxemburgBelgiumGermany, Fed.Rep.

verti-cal

10.9916711.0750011.1583311.4916711.5750011.65833

WestEastWestWestEast/AtlanticWest

WestEastWestWestAtlanticWest

Satellite sound broadcasting

In a TV channel of the broadcasting and distribution satel-lites, up to 16 high-quality stereo sound program channelsmay be accommodated in digital form. Signal-to-noise ratiosof 85 to 90 dB can be achieved by quantizing with 14 or16 bits/amplitude value.

The following communication satellites are presentlyoperating in the Ku-band (10.9 to 11.7 GHZ)3):

Satellite Position

Eutelsat 1-F1 13° East-F2 7° East

Intelsat V F2 1° WestF3 53° WestF4 34° WestF5 63° EastF6 18° WestF7 65° East

Telecom 1-F1 8° West-F2 5° West

Intelsat VA F10 25° WestF11 27.5° WestF12 60° West

Planned broadcasting satellitesTV-Sat 19° WestTDF 19° West

1) 1: right-hand circular, 2: left-hand circular.2) The Fed. Rep. of Germany uses channel 3 at present.

since channel 2 is not operative.') From Cable & Satellite Europe, October 1987.

Satellite colour TV transmission withD2/C-MAC packet signals

Advantage of planned C·MAC system The colour TVsystems NTSC, PAL and SECAM introduced for the trans-mission in frequency division multiplex (FDM) are bound upwith the reduced resolution capability and intermodulationeffects between luminance and chrominance signal. Theonly remedy would be the use of a colour TV transmissionsystem operating according to the time division multiplex(TOM) principle as intended for the transmission via (tele-vision) broadcasting satellites. With this system, theluminance signal and only one colour-difference signal (egU component) are completely separated and successivelytransmitted time-compressed in a line, followed by theluminance signal and colour-difference V component in thenext line; advantage: no colour subcarrier. Sync, sound anddata signals are additionally provided in each line (illustra-tion to the right).

Between the three signal components within the TV lineintervals are provided for clamping (level stabilization), fortransitions between the signals and for energy dispersal(to protect terrestrial systems such as microwave links inthe same frequency range).

Due to the high clock frequency of 20.25 MHz (see tableright), this system can not be distributed to normal cablesystems without recoding. The further developed D2·MACpacket system uses half (2) the bit rate, the bandwidthbeing thus reduced to 10.125 MHz and, due to the duobinarymodulation (D), further down to about 5.5 MHz, so that it isdistinctly below the required video bandwidth of 8.5 MHz.The signal can thus be transmitted in conventional cablesystems. Just like with the C-MAC packet, additional infor-mation can be transmitted along with the digital soundsignals (two stereo channels or four mono channels).

1 0.211s2 0.7 liS3 0.5 liS4 0.25 liS

Rise time of satellite energy-dispersal signal 25 HzClamping of colour·difference signalTransition of clamping to colour-difference signalTransition of colour-difference signal to luminancesignalTransition to end of luminance signalFall time of energy-dispersal signal

5 0.3 liS6 0.2 liS

MAC means

C means

Typeofsignal

multiplexed analogue component

combined FM transmission of visionsignals and digital sound signals with2-4 PSK at the RF

the combination of sync, sound and datasignals in digital form in a packet at thehead of a line

Compres-sionfactor

Reductionof requiredtime

Increaseofbandwidth

Luminancesignal YColour-differ-ence compo-nents U, VSync, sound,data signal

max. ±13.5 MHz20.25 MHz (= sampling frequencyof 13.5 MHz for digitized videosignals x compression factor 1.5)49.38 ns1296

Frequency deviationClock frequency .

Clock period .Clock pulses per line ..

1981 to 198219831984

Timeplex (predecessor of MAC),Technical University BraunschweigDevelopment of MAC, IBA LondonC-MAC packet, UER/EBUC-MAC packet accepted by Denmark,Finland, Great Britain, Norway andSweden; pending in Italy; the Swedishprograms SVT 1 and SVT 2 (broadcast viaIntelsat V F2) use at present C-MACD2-MAC packet is intended for use withthe broadcasting satellites TV-Sat (Fed.Rep. of Germany) and TDF (France).

COUNTRIES

Systems and standards used in various countriesStandard for AC supply

for monochrome and colour television and AC Country VHF UHF Colour Nom. voltage Freq.supply data v Hz

The information given in the following tables is based on: CentralAfrican Rep. K1 K1 SECAM 220/380 50

1. Green Book of CCIR, Volume XI-1, Broadcasting service Chad K1 K1 SECAM 220/380 50(television) XVlth Plenary Assembly Dubrovnik 1986, Chile M M NTSC 220/380 50Report 624-3, pp. 1 to 31, "Characteristics of televison ChinaSystems"; (People's Rep.) D D PAL 220/380 50

Colombia M M NTSC 120/208 602. Green Book of CCIR, Volume X/XI-2, Broadcasting 150/240

satellite service (sound and television) XVlth Plenary 220/380Assembly Dubrovnik 1986, Report 215-6, pp. 8 to 67, Congo K1 K1 SECAM 220/380 50

"Systems for broadcasting-satellite service" (sound and Costa Rica M M NTSC 240/400 60

television); Cuba M M NTSC 115/200 60Cyprus B G SECAM 240/415 50

3. Electric Current Abroad, common AC supply voltages Czechoslovakia D K SECAM 220/380 50and frequencies compiled by the US Department of DCommerce, edition Washington 1984;

4. Technical documentation issued by telecommunication Denmark withGreenland and

administrations and television and broadcasting organi- Faroes B G PAL 220/380 50zations. Djibouti K1 SECAM 220/380 50

Some of these documents have become obsolete, some Dominican

items of other documents are only expressions of intention.Republic M NTSC (127)/220') 60

An optimum compromise was aimed at in compiling the Efollowing table.

Ecuador M NTSC 120/208 60127/220

Egypt B G SECAM 220/380 50Equatorial

Standard for AC supply Guinea B PAL 220 50

Country VHF UHF Colour Nom. voltage Freq.Ethiopia B G PAL 220/380 50

V Hz FA Finland B G PAL 220/380 50

France L L SECAM 115/200 50Afghanistan D SECAM 220/380 60 127/220Albania B G PAL 220/380 50 220/380Algeria B G PAL 127/220 50 G

220/380 Gabon K1 K1 SECAM 220/380 50Angola I PAL 220/380 50 GermanArgentina N PAL 220/380 50 DemocraticAustralia B B PAL 240/415 50 Republic B G SECAM 220/380 50Austria B G PAL 220/380 50 Germany,

B Fed. Rep. of B G PAL 220/380 50Ghana B G PAL 230/400 50

Bahrein B G PAL 230/400 50/60 Gibraltar B G PAL 240/415 50Bangladesh B PAL 220/380 50 Great BritainBelgium B H PAL 127/220 50 and Northern

220/380 Ireland I PAL 240/415 50Benin K1 K1 SECAM 220/380 50 Greece B G SECAM 220/380 50Bermudas M NTSC 120/208 60 Guatemala M NTSC 240/415 60Bolivia M M NTSC 220/380 50 Guinea K1 K1 SECAM 220/380 50

230/400 HBotswana I I PAL 220/380 50Brazil M M PAL 127/220 60 Haiti M NTSC 120/208 60

220/380 Honduras M NTSC (127)/220') 60Brit. Virgin Hongkong I PAL 200/346 50Islands M NTSC 230/400 60 Hungary D K SECAM 220/380 50Brunei B PAL 230/400 50Bulgaria D K SECAM 220/380 50Burkina Faso K1 K1 SECAM 220/380 50Burma M NTSC 230/400 50 Iceland B G PAL 220/380 50

Burundi K1 K1 SECAM 220/380 50 India B PAL 230/400 50Indonesia B PAL 127/220 50

C Iran B G SECAM 220/380 50Iraq B G SECAM 220/380 50

Cameroon B G PAL 127/220 50 Ireland I I PAL 220/380 50220/380 Israel B G PAL 230/400 50230/400 Italy B G PAL 127/220 50

Canada M M NTSC 120/208 60 220/380347/600 Ivory Coast K1 K1 SECAM 220/380 50

1) Three.phase supply network without neutral conductor.

COUNTRIES

Standard for AC supply Standard for AC supplyCountry VHF UHF Colour Nom. voltage Freq. Country VHF UHF Colour Nom. voltage Freq.

V Hz V Hz

J Philippines M NTSC (127)/220') 60Poland D K SECAM 220/380 50

Jamaica N NTSC 220/380 50 Portugal B G PAL 220/380 50Japan M M NTSC (115)/2001) 50/60Jordan B G PAL 220/380 50 QK Qatar B G PAL 240/415 50

Kenya B G PAL 240/415 50 RKorea (North),Democrat. Rep. D K PAL 200/346 60 Romania D K PAL 220/380 50

220/380 Rwanda K1 K1 SECAM 220/380 50Korea (South),

SRep. M M NTSC 200/346 60220/380 Saint Christ.Kuweit B G PAL 240/415 50 and Nevis M NTSC 230/400 60

LSaudi Arabia B G SECAM 127/220 60

230/400Lebanon B G SECAM 110/190 50 Senegal K1 K1 SECAM 127/220 50

220/380 Sierra Leone B G PAL 230/400 50Lesotho I PAL 220/380 50 Singapore B G PAL 230/400 50Liberia B PAL 120/208 60 South Africa I I PAL 220/380 50Libya B G SECAM 127/220 50 240/415

230/400 250/433Luxemburg B G PAL 120/208 50 Spain B G PAL 127/220 50

L SECAM 220/380 220/380

M Sri Lanka B PAL 230/400 50Sudan B PAL 240/415 50

Madagascar K1 K1 SECAM 127/220 50 Surinam M NTSC 127/220 60220/380 230/400

Malawi B G PAL 230/400 50 Sweden B G PAL 220/380 50Malaysia B G PAL 230/400 50 Switzerland B G PAL 220/380 50Maldives B PAL 230/400 50 Syria B G PAL 220/380 50Mali B SECAM 220/380 50Malta B PAL 240/415 50 TMauretania B SECAM 220/380 50Mauritius B SECAM 230/400 50 Tanzania B PAL 230/400 50

Mexico M M NTSC 127/220 60 Thailand B G PAL 220/380 50

Monaco L G SECAM 127/220 50 Togo K1 K1 SECAM 127/220 50

G PAL 220/380 220/380

Mongolian Tunisia B G PAU 127/220 50

People's Rep. D K SECAM 220/380 50 SECAM 220/380

Montserrat M NTSC 230/400 60 Turkey B G PAL 220/380 50

Morocco B G SECAM 127/220 50 U220/380Mozambique B G PAL 220/380 50 Uganda B PAL 240/415 50

United Arab

N Emirates B G NTSC 220/380 50

Netherland 230/400

Antilles M NTSC 120/208 50/60 240/415

127/220 Uruguay N PAL (127)/220') 50

220/380 USA M M NTSC 117/200 60

Netherlands B G PAL 220/380 50USSR D K SECAM 220/380 50

New Zealand B G PAL 230/400 50 VNicaragua M NTSC 240/415 60Niger K1 K1 SECAM 220/380 50 Venezuela M M NTSC 240/415 60Nigeria B PAL 230/400 50 Vietnam D K SECAM 127/220 50Norway B G PAL 230/400 50 220/380

a yYemen (North),

Oman B G PAL 240/415 50 Arab Republic B PAL 220/380 50Yemen (South),p Democr.Rep. B PAL 230/400 50

PakistanYugoslavia B G PAL 220/380 50

B G PAL 230/400 50Panama M M NTSC (127)/220') 60 ZPapuaNew Guinea B G PAL 240/415 50 Zaire K1 K1 SECAM 220/380 50Paraguay N PAL 220/380 50 Zambia B PAL 220/380 50Peru M M NTSC (127)/220') 60 Zimbabwe B G PAL 230/400 50

10

') Three-phase supply network without neutral conductor.

Group-delay characteristics in TV systemsThe group-delay characteristics of TV systems are deter-mined by various amplitude/frequency responses within thetransmission path:

1. in cables of extensive length in studios, switchingcentres and distribution points,

2. in radio relay systems,

3. in TV transmitters, transposers and domestic receivers.

Group-delay errors of video cables and repeaters can beprecorrected just once with only small residual errors atthe professional side of the TV system, using well-knowntechniques, whilst correction of the errors in the TV trans-mitter/TV receiver subsystem requires much higher outlaybecause of the closer band limitation of radio transmissionand leads to higher cost because of the great number ofreceivers involved.

The group-delay error of a TV transmitter originates in thevestigial-sideband filter (IF-RF), in the video lowpass filter forlimitation of the out-of-band radiation (VF) and in the diplexercombining the vision and sound transmitters (RF). One-timecorrection to a residual error of 25 to 50 ns - corresponding toa quarter to a half picture element - is possible in modern TVtransmitters at reasonable expense.

The largest group-delay errors within the TV system occur inthe domestic receivers because of the required high selec-tivity (especially with the occupation of adjacent channels in afUlly developed cable television network of the future). Theseerrors are caused by

the Nyquist slope (approx. 180 ns at 0.75 MHz vestigalsideband, approx. 110 ns at 1.25 MHz vestigial sideband),

the sound-carrier attenuation (400 to 800 ns depending onSIN ratio),

the traps for adjacent vision and sound carriers.

Full group-delay correction would imply a prohibitive increasein the price of every individual receiver. The CCIR PlenaryAssembly in Warsaw 1956 therefore issued a Recommenda-tion proposing half correction by precorrection of the group-delay characteristic in the transmitter so that only half theerror takes effect on the screen.

With the introduction of colour television, a group-delayprecorrection of -170 ns between the luminance andchrominance signals was adopted on a quasi internationallevel for the standards M/N and B/G.

As group-delay measurements on TV transmitters are com-plex and require elaborate procedures, it has been laid downin Technical Specifications for Nyquist demodulators thatthey should be switchable to two group-delay characteris-tics:

1. maximally flat for measuring purposes,

2. compensatory for precorrection in the transmitter, usingthe demodulator as a standard reference receiver tosimulate the response of domestic receivers to the TVtransmitter.

The following tables indicate group-delay characteristics and - as far as known - their tolerance limits for Nyquist demodulators todifferent standards.

These specifications do not necessarily agree with those of the available R&S equipment (refer to relevant data sheet).

Group-delay characteristics of Nyquist demodulators for use as standard reference receivers;(half = half correction; full = full correction)

Standard B/G, half B/G, half B/G, half B/G, full B/G, fullPre-correction general Australia Denmark Norway Sweden (A)

Frequency Nominal Tolerance Nominal Tolerance Nominal Tolerance Nominal Tolerance Nominal ToleranceMHz ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns

0.1 0 Reference0 Reference0 Reference0 Reference0 Reference0.25 -5 ±12 -5 ±15 ±150.5 -71.0 -53 ±12 -20 -532.0 -90 ±12 -56 -752.25 -603.0 -75 ±12 -40 -75 0 ±153.5 03.6 +20 ±20 0 ±153.75 0 ±12 04.0 +90 +50 ±304.43 +170 ±25 +170 ±25 +170 +170 ±15 +175 ±204.8 +400 ±90 +230 +430 +350 ±100 +400 ±75

Standard D/K, half D/K, half D/K, half D/K, halfPre- OIRT,USSR CCIR Report 308 OIRT, TK-III-830, OIRT, TK-III-830,correction GOST 20532-75 Czechoslovakia Hungary

Frequency Nominal Tolerance Nominal Tolerance Nominal Tolerance Nominal ToleranceMHz ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns

0.1 0 Reference0 Reference0 Reference0 Reference0.25 -5 ±15 -5 ±12 ±10 ±100.5 -101.0 -40 -53 -40 -401.5 -702.0 -80 -87 -75 -75 ±103.0 -80 -85 -90 ±10 -90 ±154.0 -40 -50 -70 ±20 -70 ±204.43 0 ±15 0 ±125.0 +80 ±50 +90 ±30 0 ±30 0 ±305.5 +90 ±405.8 (+175)6.0 (+225)

Standard I, full I, full I, fullPre- BBC system SABC, TVT 191.5 SABC, TVT 12.2correction without receiver demodulator relay receiver

precorrection

Frequency Nominal Tolerance Nominal Tolerance Nominal ToleranceMHz ns ns ns ns ns ns

0.01 0 Reference0 Reference0.1 ±40 ±12 0 Reference0.2 I ±12<3.6 ±40

I>3.6 ±204.0 0 ±124.43 ±12 +40 ±204.8 0 ±50 +100 ±30<5.2 ±20>5.2 ±805.5 0 ±80

Standard L, full K1, full K', fullPre- TDF Tx. +demodul.correction

Frequency Nominal Tolerance Nominal Tolerance Nominal ToleranceMHz ns ns ns ns ns ns

0.1 0 Reference0 Reference0.2 ±15

I±15 0 Reference

2 I ±304 0 ±154.43 +15 ±30 ±304.6 0 ±154.8 +20 ±355.0 +57.5 ±42.5 +90 ±50 ±305.2 ±505.25 +100 ±42.5 +140 +00/-655.5 >+100 0 ±80

Standard I (left)

In Great Britain no group-delay characteristic forreceiver precorrection is specified for standard Iand therefore no compensatory characteristic forthe Nyquist demodulato:-. The first column of thetable gives the group-delay characteristic of theoverall system including the TV transmitter, meas-ured with a demodulator of constant group delay.

Standard L, K1, K' (below left)

Standards K1 and K' are used in formerly FrenchTerritories especially in central Africa. They arebased on standard L.

Standard M, full M, fullPre- FCC, EIA 1977 CBC 1976correction

Frequency Nominal Tolerance Nominal ToleranceMHz ns ns ns ns

0 0 ±25 0 ±250.1 Reference I Reference>0.1 ±25 0 ±25123 0 0 ±253.53 +170 ±25 +170 ±153.9 +264 ±2004.0 +293 ±504.18 +346 ±100

Sinewaves~ r~(0.2I ~MHz)I', ,I I 0.5 1.0 2.0 4.0 4.8 5.8

--- -, t"i (05) (1.5) (30) (4.43) (a) (0)\ , MHz MHz MHz MHz MHz MHz\ ,\ ,1/~ ~

- '-

5 6 11 13 15

V Subcarrier

1.00

0.86 r0.72

0.65

0.58

0.44

0.30

'1 14 17

CCIR insertion test signals for (from top to bottom) lines 17 and 18(in parentheses: frequencies of Insertion Signal Generator SPZFstandard model) of 1st field and lines 330 and 331 (with and withoutstaircase) of 2nd field

Top: EBU colour-bar signal with 100% saturation and 75% amplitude forstandard BIG, PAL

Centre: EBU colour-bar signal with 95% saturation and 100% amplitude forstandard I, PAL

Bottom: FCC/EIA colour-bar signal with 100% saturation and 75% am-plitude for standard M, NTSC

..,

U::\-oJ

r-'ut; I

Insertion test signals for standard M; on top for line 17 of 1st fieldand above for line 17 of 2nd field (corresponds to line 280 of picture)

0.668±0.33 0.608

±O.31

1 r--I II I

2250 I I_____________________________ L_J _

Yellow CyanGreen

White Magenta0.94 Red

1.0±O.23 0.84

1670 0.78 Blue1930 ±O.33

0.69±O.31

2840 ,0.31 0.63

7602400 ±0.33 0.53

Burst 1200 60° -'0.233000 104 3470

2560 13 Black ..,r135 I I225 I I________________________________ L...L_

EIA units\00

(714mV)

75While

75 67± 33 53

±471680

, r--I II II I

__________________________________ L_J __

WAVEFORM STANDARDS/WEIGHTING FILTER

Chroma noise results from amplitude (AM) and phase (cpM)variations of the chrominance signals in colour TV systems,because NTSC as well as PAL colour decoders respond toboth effects. AM and cpMnoise exist simultaneously and areequal in magnitude; since they are measured separately,each measured value must be 3 dB below the overall chromanoise power aimed at.

J__~_I I

I ~ Ii 1° I 03-0.1,,5

I IL .-.1

Characteristic of standard-inde-pendent weighting filter (for VideoNoise Meters UPSF and UPSF2) inconformity with CCIR Rec. 567 -16

MHz 5!-

Luminance componentChrominance componentSIN ratio

750/0-saturated red signal(PAL 625 lines, CCIR Rec. 471)157 mV picture664 mV (peak-to-peak)Vnaise (AM+'l'M) rms

(IEC-TCS 60 B)V chrom (peak-la-peak)

approx. 100 to 500 kHz

The tables present the definitions of channels for variouscountries, grouped by standards.

Right: Relation of vision, colour and sound carriers (Ve, ee, SC) and of vesti-gial sidebands (VSB) and upper sidebands (USB) within the channels of 6, 7and 8 MHz bandwidth for various standards

-20 dB

125-0750(O) ('1,25)

VSB USBl~-10 dB

M,N

-20 dB-16"y

.J 58 -42 -4 5 _4 75 MHz1·6J

J-10 dB

I_,13 dBcc ;.

16dB 1"443 -5 ·55 -5 75 MHz."

8 MHz

IVC

O(JB(synclevel)

VSB USB

'"-10 dB SC

IOdB

k L ccIi' 16d61

::;20 dB

Band Chan- Channelnel limits

MHz

Vision Soundcarrier carrierMHz MHz

Band Chan- Channelnel limits

MHz

Vision Soundcarrier carrierMHz MHz

Band Chan· Channelnel limits

MHz

Vision Soundcarrier carrierMHz MHz

Standard B (7 MHz), EuropeSpecial cable TV channels (CATV)