analysis hills like white elephants

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Hills Like White Elephants " Hills Like White Elephants " is a short story by Ernest Hemingway . It was first published in August 1927, in the literary magazine transition , then later in the 1927 short story collection Men Without Women . [1] Plot summary The story takes place at a train station in the Ebro River valley of Spain . This particular day is oppressively hot and dry, and the scenery in the valley is barren and ugly for the most part. The two main characters are a man (referred to only as "the American") and his female companion, whom he refers to as "Jig". While waiting for the train to Madrid , the American and the girl with him drink beer and a liquor called Anís del Toro , which the girl compares to liquorice . Their conversation is mundane at first, but quickly drifts to the subject of an operation the American is attempting to convince the girl to undergo. Though it is never made explicit in the text, it is made clear (through phrases of dialogue such as, "It's just to let the air in", and, "But I don't want anybody but you", among numerous context clues) that the girl is pregnant and the procedure in question is an abortion . After posing arguments to which the American is largely unresponsive, the girl assents to the operation, while saying: "I don't care about me." However, he then responds, "You've got to realize that I don't want you to do it if you don't want to." He continues, "I'm perfectly willing to go through with it if it means anything to you." She attempts to drop the subject, but the American persists as if still unsure of the girl's intentions and mental state. She insists, "Would you please please ... please stop talking?" He is silent a while, and repeats, "But I don't want you to," adding, "I don't care anything about it." She interjects, "I’ll scream." The barmaid comes out through the beaded curtains with two glasses of beer and puts them down on the felt pads. She notes, "The train comes in five minutes." The girl was distracted, but then smiles brightly at the woman and thanks her. The American leaves the table and carries their bags to the opposing platform, but there's still no sight of the train in the distance. He walks back through the station, and everyone else is still waiting reasonably for the train. Pausing at the bar, he drinks another Anis, alone, before rejoining the girl. He then asks her, "Do you feel better?" She again smiles at him, "I feel fine. There's nothing wrong with me. I feel fine." The story ends. Symbolism and setting The girl's reference to white elephants could be in regards to the baby. The American could see the baby as a white elephant and does not want to raise it because of the cost, while the girl could see the child as an extraordinary addition to her mundane life of drinking and mindless traveling. [2] "Hills Like White Elephants" shows Hemingway's use of iceberg theory or theory of omission: a message is presented through a story's subtext; for instance, in the story the word "abortion" is never mentioned, although the male character seems to be attempting to convince his girlfriend to have an abortion. [3] The symbolism of the hills and the big white elephant can be thought of as the images of a pregnant woman's swollen breasts and abdomen, and the prenatal dream of the mother of the future Buddha in which a white elephant appears in her (in this case, as a symbol of prestigious leadership.). [4] Apart from the hills, other parts of the setting provide symbolism which expresses the tension and conflict surrounding the couple. The train tracks form a dividing line between the barren expanse of

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Page 1: Analysis hills like white elephants

Hills Like White Elephants"Hills Like White Elephants" is a short story by Ernest Hemingway. It was first published in August 1927, in the literary magazine transition, then later in the 1927 short story collection Men Without

Women.[1]

Plot summary

The story takes place at a train station in the Ebro River valley of Spain. This particular day is

oppressively hot and dry, and the scenery in the valley is barren and ugly for the most part. The two

main characters are a man (referred to only as "the American") and his female companion, whom he

refers to as "Jig".

While waiting for the train to Madrid, the American and the girl with him drink beer and a liquor

called Anís del Toro, which the girl compares to liquorice. Their conversation is mundane at first, but

quickly drifts to the subject of an operation the American is attempting to convince the girl to undergo.

Though it is never made explicit in the text, it is made clear (through phrases of dialogue such as, "It's

just to let the air in", and, "But I don't want anybody but you", among numerous context clues) that the

girl is pregnant and the procedure in question is an abortion.

After posing arguments to which the American is largely unresponsive, the girl assents to the

operation, while saying: "I don't care about me." However, he then responds, "You've got to realize

that I don't want you to do it if you don't want to." He continues, "I'm perfectly willing to go through with

it if it means anything to you." She attempts to drop the subject, but the American persists as if still

unsure of the girl's intentions and mental state. She insists, "Would you please please ... please stop

talking?" He is silent a while, and repeats, "But I don't want you to," adding, "I don't care anything

about it." She interjects, "I’ll scream."

The barmaid comes out through the beaded curtains with two glasses of beer and puts them down on

the felt pads. She notes, "The train comes in five minutes." The girl was distracted, but then smiles

brightly at the woman and thanks her.

The American leaves the table and carries their bags to the opposing platform, but there's still no sight

of the train in the distance. He walks back through the station, and everyone else is still waiting

reasonably for the train. Pausing at the bar, he drinks another Anis, alone, before rejoining the girl. He

then asks her, "Do you feel better?" She again smiles at him, "I feel fine. There's nothing wrong with

me. I feel fine." The story ends.

Symbolism and setting

The girl's reference to white elephants could be in regards to the baby. The American could see the

baby as a white elephant and does not want to raise it because of the cost, while the girl could see the

child as an extraordinary addition to her mundane life of drinking and mindless traveling. [2] "Hills Like

White Elephants" shows Hemingway's use of iceberg theory or theory of omission: a message is

presented through a story's subtext; for instance, in the story the word "abortion" is never mentioned,

although the male character seems to be attempting to convince his girlfriend to have an abortion.[3] The symbolism of the hills and the big white elephant can be thought of as the images of a pregnant

woman's swollen breasts and abdomen, and the prenatal dream of the mother of the future Buddha in

which a white elephant appears in her (in this case, as a symbol of prestigious leadership.). [4]

Apart from the hills, other parts of the setting provide symbolism which expresses the tension and

conflict surrounding the couple. The train tracks form a dividing line between the barren expanse of

Page 2: Analysis hills like white elephants

land stretching toward the hills on one side and the green, fertile farmland on the other, symbolizing

the choice faced by each of the main characters and their differing interpretations of the dilemma of

pregnancy. The girl focuses on the landscape during the conversation, rarely making eye contact with

the American.[5]

Dialogue

"They look like white elephants," she said.

"I've never seen one," the man drank his beer.

"No, you wouldn't have."

"I might have," the man said. "Just because you say I wouldn't have doesn't prove anything."

The girl looked at the bead curtain. "They've painted something on it," she said. "What does it say?"

"Anis del Toro. It's a drink."

"Could we try it?"

The reader must interpret their dialogue and body language to infer their backgrounds and their

attitudes with respect to the situation at hand, and their attitudes toward one another. From the outset

of the story, the contentious nature of the couple's conversation indicates resentment and unease.

Some critics have written that the dialogue is a distillation of the contrasts between stereotypical male

and female relationship roles: in the excerpt above, for instance, the girl draws the comparison with

white elephants, but the hyper-rational male immediately denies it, dissolving the bit of poetry into

objective realism with "I've never seen one." By saying, "No, you wouldn't have" she implies he hadn't

had a child before, or hadn't allowed birth in the past. She also asks his permission to order a drink.

Throughout the story, the girl is distant; the American is rational.[6] While the American attempts to

frame the fetus as the source of the couple's discontent with life and one another, the tone and pattern

of dialogue indicate that there may be deeper problems with the relationship than the purely

circumstantial. This ambiguity leaves a good deal of room for interpretation; while most critics have

espoused relatively straightforward interpretations of the dialogue (with the girl as the dynamic

character, traveling reluctantly from rejection to acceptance of the idea of an abortion), a few have

argued for alternate scenarios based upon the same dialogue.[7]

Page 3: Analysis hills like white elephants

HILLS LIKE WHITE ELEPHANTS

Ernest Hemingway

Context

Ernest Miller Hemingway was born on July 21, 1899, the second of six children, and spent his early years in Oak Park, a suburb of Chicago. Both his mother and father were active members of the First Congregational Church and ran a strict household. All their children were required to abstain from any enjoyment on Sundays, for example, and were strictly punished for any disobedience. Hemingway later condemned them for their distinctly middle-class values and oppressive sense of morality.

Intelligent and an avid nature lover, Hemingway demonstrated a clear talent for writing from a

young age. In fact, he published his first literary work at age seventeen. His father encouraged

him to attend college after finishing high school, but Hemingway wanted to enter the army or

become a writer. When his father refused to allow him to enlist, Hemingway left home and began

reporting for the Kansas City Star.

Hemingway began to hone his now-famous literary style during his years as a reporter. His

editors instructed him to write short, factual sentences without too many negatives to deliver the

facts in his articles. He later incorporated this writing style into his own fiction writing. Hemingway

soon grew restless and left the Star to serve in the Red Cross, where he worked as an

ambulance driver in Europe during World War I. While recovering from a knee injury in a hospital

in Milan, he fell in love with a nurse named Agnes von Kurosky. Although their relationship didn’t

last, he based his novel A Farewell To Arms (1929) on their romance.

After returning to America and finding new work as a journalist, Hemingway met and married

Elizabeth Hadley Richardson. Soon after giving birth to their first child, however, the couple

divorced because of Hemingway’s affair with Pauline Pfeiffer. He subsequently married Pfeiffer

and had two more children, but he left her after twelve years to marry another mistress, Martha

Gellhorn. This third marriage lasted roughly ten years, but it dissolved like the others when he fell

in love with yet another mistress.

Hemingway published “Hills Like White Elephants” in 1927 in his critically acclaimed second

collection of short stories, Men Without Women. He wove many autobiographical elements into

the story, particularly his lifelong difficulty building meaningful relationships. The story’s numerous

allusions and sparse style are also typical of Hemingway’s writing.

Despite his success, Hemingway struggled with depression and alcoholism for most of his adult

life. Many critics claim that his writing deteriorated after World War II, when his mental and

Page 4: Analysis hills like white elephants

physical health took a turn for the worse. He died in the summer of 1961 from a self-inflicted

gunshot wound at age sixty-one.

Plot Overview

“Hills Like White Elephants” opens with a long description of the story’s setting in a train station surrounded by hills, fields, and trees in a valley in Spain. A man known simply as the American and his girlfriend sit at a table outside the station, waiting for a train to Madrid.

It is hot, and the man orders two beers. The girl remarks that the nearby hills look like white

elephants, to which the American responds that he’s never seen one. They order more drinks

and begin to bicker about the taste of the alcohol. The American chastises her and says that they

should try to enjoy themselves. The girl replies that she’s merely having fun and then retracts her

earlier comment by saying the hills don’t actually look like white elephants to her anymore.

They order more drinks, and the American mentions that he wants the girl, whom he calls “Jig,”

to have an operation, although he never actually specifies what kind of operation. He seems

agitated and tries to downplay the operation’s seriousness. He argues that the operation would

be simple, for example, but then says the procedure really isn’t even an operation at all.

The girl says nothing for a while, but then she asks what will happen after she’s had the

operation. The man answers that things will be fine afterward, just like they were before, and that

it will fix their problems. He says he has known a lot of people who have had the operation and

found happiness afterward. The girl dispassionately agrees with him. The American then claims

that he won’t force her to have the operation but thinks it’s the best course of action to take. She

tells him that she will have the operation as long as he’ll still love her and they’ll be able to live

happily together afterward.

The man then emphasizes how much he cares for the girl, but she claims not to care about what

happens to herself. The American weakly says that she shouldn’t have the operation if that’s

really the way she feels. The girl then walks over to the end of the station, looks at the scenery,

and wonders aloud whether they really could be happy if she has the operation. They argue for a

while until the girl gets tired and makes the American promise to stop talking.

The Spanish bartender brings two more beers and tells them that the train is coming in five

minutes. The girl smiles at the bartender but has to ask the American what she said because the

girl doesn’t speak Spanish. After finishing their drinks, the American carries their bags to the

platform and then walks back to the bar, noticing all the other people who are also waiting for the

train. He asks the girl whether she feels better. She says she feels fine and that there is nothing

wrong with her.

Page 5: Analysis hills like white elephants

Character List

The American - The male protagonist of the story. The American never reveals his name, nor does the girl ever directly address him by name. He is determined to convince the girl to have the operation but tries to appear as though he doesn’t care what she does. He remains disconnected from his surroundings, not really understanding or even listening to what the girl has to say.

The Girl - The female protagonist of the story. The American calls the girl “Jig” at one point in

the story but never mentions her real name. Unlike the American, the girl is less sure of what she

wants and appears reluctant to have the operation in question. She alternates between wanting

to talk about the operation and wanting to avoid the topic altogether.

Read an in-depth analysis of The Girl.

The Bartender - The woman serving drinks to the American man and the girl. The bartender

speaks only Spanish.

Analysis of Major Characters

The American

Throughout the story, the American behaves according to Hemingway’s rigid conception of

masculinity. Hemingway portrays the American as a rugged man’s man—knowledgeable, worldly,

and always in control of himself and the situation at hand. Even when vexed or confused, he

maintains his cool and feigns indifference, such as when he tells the girl he doesn’t care whether

she has the operation. He initially avoids discussion of their problems, but when pressured, he

tackles them head on by oversimplifying the operation and relentlessly pushing her to have it.

Thinking himself to be the more reasonable of the two, he patronizes the girl and fails to provide

the sympathy and understanding she needs during the crisis. Uncompromising, he seems to

identify more with the other passengers “waiting reasonably” at the station than with his own

girlfriend at the end of the story, which suggests that the two will go their separate ways.

The Girl

Compared to the American, Hemingway’s overly masculine character, the girl is less assertive and persuasive. Throughout the story, the girl appears helpless, confused, and indecisive. She changes her mind about the attractiveness of the surrounding hills, for example; claims to selflessly care only for the American; and seems uncertain about whether she wants to have the operation. In fact, the girl can’t even order drinks from the bartender on her own without having to rely on the man’s ability to speak Spanish. Ironically, the girl seems to understand that her relationship with the American has effectively ended, despite her professed desire to make him happy. She knows that even if she has the operation, their relationship won’t return to how it used to be. In many ways, the girl’s realization of this fact gives her power over the American, who never really understands why they still can’t have “the whole world” like they once did.

Page 6: Analysis hills like white elephants

Themes, Motifs, and Symbols

Themes

Talking versus Communicating

Although “Hills Like White Elephants” is primarily a conversation between the American man and

his girlfriend, neither of the speakers truly communicates with the other, highlighting the rift

between the two. Both talk, but neither listens or understands the other’s point of view. Frustrated

and placating, the American man will say almost anything to convince his girlfriend to have the

operation, which, although never mentioned by name, is understood to be an abortion. He tells

her he loves her, for example, and that everything between them will go back to the way it used

to be. The girl, meanwhile, waffles indecisively, at one point conceding that she’ll have the

abortion just to shut him up. When the man still persists, she finally begs him to “please, please,

please, please, please, please” stop talking, realizing the futility of their conversation. In fact, the

girl’s nickname, “Jig,” subtly indicates that the two characters merely dance around each other

and the issue at hand without ever saying anything meaningful. The girl’s inability to speak

Spanish with the bartender, moreover, not only illustrates her dependence on the American but

also the difficulty she has expressing herself to others.

Motifs

Drinking

Both the American man and the girl drink alcohol throughout their conversation to avoid each

other and the problems with their relationship. They start drinking large beers the moment they

arrive at the station as if hoping to fill their free time with anything but discussion. Then, as soon

as they begin talking about the hills that look like white elephants, the girl asks to order more

drinks to put off the inevitable conversation about the baby. Although they drink primarily to avoid

thinking about the pregnancy, readers sense that deeper problems exist in their relationship, of

which the baby is merely one. In fact, the girl herself implies this when she remarks that she and

the American man never do anything together except try new drinks, as if constantly looking for

new ways to avoid each other. By the end of their conversation, both drink alone—the girl at the

table and the man at the bar—suggesting that the two will end their relationship and go their

separate ways.

Symbols

White Elephants

A white elephant symbolizes something no one wants—in this story, the girl’s unborn child. The

girl’s comment in the beginning of the story that the surrounding hills look like white elephants

Page 7: Analysis hills like white elephants

initially seems to be a casual, offhand remark, but it actually serves as a segue for her and the

American to discuss their baby and the possibility of having an abortion. The girl later retracts

this comment with the observation that the hills don’t really look like white elephants, a subtle hint

that perhaps she wants to keep the baby after all—a hint the American misses. In fact, she even

says that the hills only seemed to look like white elephants at first glance, and that they’re

actually quite lovely. Comparing the hills—and, metaphorically, the baby—to elephants also

recalls the expression “the elephant in the room,” a euphemism for something painfully obvious

that no one wants to discuss.

Analysis

Setting

Hemingway sets “Hills Like White Elephants” at a train station to highlight the fact that the relationship between the American man and the girl is at a crossroads. Planted in the middle of a desolate valley, the station isn’t a final destination but merely a stopping point between Barcelona and Madrid. Travelers, including the main characters, must therefore decide where to go and, in this case, whether to go with each other and continue their relationship. Moreover, the contrast between the white hills and barren valley possibly highlights the dichotomy between life and death, fertility and sterility, and mirrors the choice the girl faces between having the baby or having the abortion. The girl seems torn between the two landscapes, not only commenting on the beauty of the hills but also physically walking to the end of the platform and gazing out at the brown emptiness around the station.

The Iceberg Theory and Hemingway’s Style

Many first-time readers read “Hills Like White Elephants” as nothing more than a casual

conversation between two people waiting for a train and therefore miss the unstated dramatic

tension lurking between each line. As a result, many people don’t realize that the two are actually

talking about having an abortion and going their separate ways, let alone why the story was so

revolutionary for its time. In accordance with his so-called Iceberg Theory, Hemingway stripped

everything but the bare essentials from his stories and novels, leaving readers to sift through the

remaining dialogue and bits of narrative on their own. Just as the visible tip of an iceberg hides a

far greater mass of ice underneath the ocean surface, so does Hemingway’s dialogue belie the

unstated tension between his characters. In fact, Hemingway firmly believed that perfect stories

conveyed far more through subtext than through the actual words written on the page. The more

a writer strips away, the more powerful the “iceberg,” or story, becomes.

Hemingway stripped so much from his stories that many of his contemporary critics complained

that his fiction was little more than snippets of dialogue strung together. Others have called his

writing overly masculine—there are no beautiful phrases or breathtaking passages, just the

sheer basics. In “Hills Like White Elephants,” for example, both the American man and the girl

Page 8: Analysis hills like white elephants

speak in short sentences and rarely utter more than a few words at a time. Hemingway also

avoids using dialogue tags, such as “he said” or “she said,” and skips any internal monologues.

These elements leave the characters’ thoughts and feelings completely up to the reader’s own

interpretations. Hemingway’s fans, however, have lauded his style for its simplicity, believing that

fewer misleading words paint a truer picture of what lies beneath.

Study Tools

Important Quotations Explained

1. “Yes,” said the girl. “Everything tastes like licorice. Especially all the things you’ve waited so

long for, like absinthe.”

Even though the girl had asked the American man to order the absinthe because she had never

tried it before, she immediately puts her glass back on the table after the first taste, surprised by

the drink’s sharp bite. She remarks that her drink tastes like licorice and then tries to subtly

broach the subject of her pregnancy again, because the American had ignored her earlier

comment that the nearby hills look like white elephants. Basically rehashing the adage “be

careful what you wish for because it may come true,” the girl recognizes the irony in not liking the

taste of the drink she’d asked the man to order for her, just as she presumably dislikes being

pregnant when she’d always wished for a baby. The man, however, perhaps senses the

underlying message of the girl’s seemingly casual remark and tells her to be quiet, prompting her

to once more bring up the subject of white elephants.

2. “But if I do it, then it will be nice again if I say things are like white elephants, and you’ll like it?”

By this point, midway through the story, the girl has already retracted her previous comment that

the surrounding hills look like white elephants, hinting that she wants to keep the baby instead of

having an abortion. The man had been upset at this, feigning indifference but pushing for the

abortion because he doesn’t want the child. Still hoping to save their broken relationship, the girl

asks her boyfriend whether things between them will return to the way they used to be if she

goes through with the abortion. Her indecision and desire to placate the man demonstrate her

dependence on him. At the same time, however, the mere fact that she asks the question may

imply that she believes that nothing can save their relationship.

How to Cite This SparkNote

Page 9: Analysis hills like white elephants

FULL BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATION

MLA

SparkNotes Editors. “SparkNote on Hills Like White Elephants.” SparkNotes.com. SparkNotes

LLC. 2007. Web. 1 Oct. 2013.

The Chicago Manual of Style

SparkNotes Editors. “SparkNote on Hills Like White Elephants.” SparkNotes LLC. 2007.

http://www.sparknotes.com/short-stories/hills-like-white-elephants/ (accessed October 1, 2013).

APA

SparkNotes Editors. (2007). SparkNote on Hills Like White Elephants. Retrieved October 1,

2013, from http://www.sparknotes.com/short-stories/hills-like-white-elephants/

IN TEXT CITATION

MLA

“Their conversation is awkward, especially when she mentions Wickham, a subject Darcy clearly

wishes to avoid” (SparkNotes Editors).

APA

“Their conversation is awkward, especially when she mentions Wickham, a subject Darcy clearly

wishes to avoid” (SparkNotes Editors, 2007).

FOOTNOTE

The Chicago Manual of Style

Chicago requires the use of footnotes, rather than parenthetical citations, in conjunction with a

list of works cited when dealing with literature.

1 SparkNotes Editors. “SparkNote on Hills Like White Elephants.” SparkNotes LLC. 2007.

http://www.sparknotes.com/short-stories/hills-like-white-elephants/ (accessed October 1, 2013).

Please be sure to cite your sources. For more information about what plagiarism is and how to

avoid it, please read our article on The Plagiarism Plague. If you have any questions regarding

how to use or include references to SparkNotes in your work, please tell us.

Page 10: Analysis hills like white elephants

Seperti Hills Putih Gajah

" Hills Anda suka Putih Gajah " adalah cerita pendek karya Ernest Hemingway . Ini pertama kali

diterbitkan pada bulan Agustus 1927, di majalah sastra transisi , kemudian di 1927 pendek

koleksi cerita Pria Tanpa Wanita . [ 1 ]

Ringkasan Plot

Cerita terjadi di sebuah stasiun kereta api di lembah Sungai Ebro Spanyol. Ini hari tertentu

adalah dengan panas dan kering , dan pemandangan di lembah yang tandus dan jelek untuk

sebagian besar . Dua karakter utama adalah seorang laki-laki ( disebut hanya sebagai " Amerika

" ) dan teman wanitanya , yang ia sebut sebagai " Jig " .

Sambil menunggu kereta ke Madrid , Amerika dan gadis dengan dia minum bir dan minuman

keras yang disebut anis del Toro , yang gadis itu membandingkan akar manis . Percakapan

mereka adalah biasa pada awalnya , tapi dengan cepat hanyut ke subjek dari operasi Amerika

berupaya untuk meyakinkan gadis itu untuk menjalani . Meskipun tidak pernah dibuat eksplisit

dalam teks , maka dibuat jelas (melalui frase dialog seperti , " Ini hanya untuk membiarkan udara

dalam" , dan , " Tapi aku tidak ingin ada tapi Anda " , di antara banyak petunjuk konteks ) bahwa

gadis itu hamil dan prosedur yang dimaksud adalah aborsi .

Setelah berpose argumen mana Amerika sebagian besar tidak responsif , gadis assents untuk

operasi , sambil mengatakan : " . Aku tidak peduli tentang saya " Namun, ia kemudian menjawab

, " Anda harus menyadari bahwa saya tidak ingin Anda lakukan jika Anda tidak ingin . " Dia

melanjutkan , " Saya sangat bersedia untuk pergi melalui dengan itu jika itu berarti apa-apa

padamu . " Dia mencoba untuk menjatuhkan subjek , tetapi Amerika tetap seolah-olah masih

tidak yakin niat gadis itu dan kondisi mental . Dia menegaskan , " Tolong jangan ... tolong

berhenti bicara ? " Dia diam beberapa saat , dan mengulangi , " Tapi aku tidak ingin kau , "

menambahkan , " Saya tidak peduli apa-apa tentang hal itu . " Dia menyela , " Aku akan

menjerit . "

Barmaid keluar melalui tirai manik-manik dengan dua gelas bir dan menempatkan mereka di

atas bantalan merasa . Dia mencatat , " Kereta datang dalam lima menit . " Gadis itu terganggu ,

tapi kemudian tersenyum cerah pada wanita itu dan berterima kasih .

The American meninggalkan meja dan membawa tas mereka ke platform lawan, tetapi masih

ada tidak ada pemandangan dari kereta di kejauhan . Dia berjalan kembali melalui stasiun , dan

semua orang masih menunggu cukup untuk kereta . Berhenti di bar , ia minum Anis lain ,

sendirian , sebelum bergabung kembali dengan gadis itu . Dia kemudian bertanya , "Apakah

Page 11: Analysis hills like white elephants

Anda merasa lebih baik ? " Dia lagi tersenyum padanya , "Saya merasa baik-baik saja . Tidak

ada yang salah dengan saya . Aku merasa baik-baik saja . " Cerita berakhir .

Simbolisme dan pengaturan

Referensi gadis itu untuk gajah putih bisa dalam hal bayi . Amerika bisa melihat bayi sebagai

gajah putih dan tidak ingin menaikkannya karena biaya , sementara gadis itu bisa melihat anak

sebagai tambahan luar biasa untuk kehidupan duniawi nya minum dan ceroboh bepergian . [ 2 ]

" Hills Anda suka Putih gajah " menunjukkan penggunaan Hemingway teori gunung es atau teori

kelalaian : pesan disajikan melalui tersirat sebuah cerita , misalnya , dalam cerita kata" aborsi

"tidak pernah disebutkan , meskipun karakter laki-laki tampaknya berusaha meyakinkan

pacarnya melakukan aborsi. [ 3 ] simbolisme bukit dan gajah putih yang besar dapat dianggap

sebagai gambar payudara bengkak wanita hamil dan perut , dan mimpi pralahir ibu dari Buddha

masa depan di mana gajah putih muncul dalam dirinya ( dalam hal ini , sebagai simbol

kepemimpinan bergengsi . ) . [ 4 ]

Terlepas dari bukit-bukit , bagian lain dari pengaturan menyediakan simbolisme yang

mengungkapkan ketegangan dan konflik seputar pasangan. Rel kereta api membentuk garis

pemisah antara hamparan tanah tandus yang membentang ke arah perbukitan di satu sisi dan

hijau , lahan pertanian subur di sisi lain , melambangkan pilihan yang dihadapi oleh masing-

masing karakter utama dan interpretasi yang berbeda tentang dilema kehamilan . Gadis itu

berfokus pada lanskap selama percakapan , jarang melakukan kontak mata dengan Amerika .

[ 5 ]

dialog

" Mereka tampak seperti gajah putih, " katanya .

" Aku belum pernah melihat satu, " pria itu meminum birnya .

" Tidak, Anda tidak akan memiliki . "

" Saya mungkin memiliki , " kata pria itu . " Hanya karena kau bilang aku tidak akan tidak

membuktikan apa-apa . "

Gadis itu menatap tirai manik . " Mereka telah melukis sesuatu di atasnya , " katanya . " Apa

katanya ? "

" Anis del Toro . Ini minuman . "

Page 12: Analysis hills like white elephants

" Bisakah kita mencobanya ? "

Pembaca harus menafsirkan dialog dan bahasa tubuh untuk menyimpulkan latar belakang

mereka dan sikap mereka terhadap situasi di tangan, dan sikap mereka terhadap satu sama

lain . Dari awal cerita, sifat kontroversial percakapan pasangan itu menunjukkan kebencian dan

kegelisahan . Beberapa kritikus telah menulis bahwa dialog adalah distilasi kontras antara

stereotip peran hubungan pria dan wanita : dalam kutipan di atas, misalnya , gadis itu menarik

dibandingkan dengan gajah putih, tapi laki-laki hiper - rasional segera membantah , melarutkan

sedikit puisi dalam realisme obyektif dengan " aku belum pernah melihat satu. " Dengan

mengatakan , " Tidak, Anda tidak akan memiliki " dia menyiratkan ia tidak memiliki anak

sebelumnya, atau tidak diperbolehkan lahir di masa lalu . Dia juga meminta izin untuk memesan

minuman . Sepanjang cerita , gadis itu jauh; Amerika rasional [ 6 ] Sementara upaya Amerika

untuk membingkai janin sebagai sumber dari pasangan puas dengan kehidupan dan satu sama

lain , nada dan pola dialog menunjukkan bahwa mungkin ada lebih . masalah dengan hubungan

daripada murni mendalam . Ambiguitas ini meninggalkan banyak ruang untuk interpretasi ,

sedangkan sebagian besar kritikus telah dianut interpretasi relatif mudah dari dialog ( dengan

gadis sebagai karakter dinamis, bepergian enggan dari penolakan terhadap penerimaan ide

aborsi ) , beberapa berpendapat untuk skenario alternatif berdasarkan dialog yang sama [ 7 ] .

Page 13: Analysis hills like white elephants

HILLS SEPERTI GAJAH PUTIH

Ernest Hemingway

konteks

Ernest Miller Hemingway lahir pada tanggal 21 Juli 1899, kedua dari enam bersaudara , dan

menghabiskan tahun-tahun awalnya di Oak Park , pinggiran Chicago . Kedua ibu dan ayahnya

adalah anggota aktif Gereja Congregational Pertama dan berlari rumah tangga yang ketat .

Semua anak-anak mereka diminta untuk menjauhkan diri dari kenikmatan apapun pada hari

Minggu , misalnya, dan ketat dihukum karena ketidaktaatan apapun. Hemingway kemudian

mengutuk mereka untuk nilai-nilai kelas menengah mereka jelas dan rasa menindas moralitas .

Cerdas dan pecinta alam avid , Hemingway menunjukkan bakat yang jelas untuk menulis dari

usia muda . Bahkan , ia menerbitkan karya sastra pertamanya pada usia tujuh belas tahun.

Ayahnya mendorong dia untuk menghadiri kuliah setelah lulus SMA , tapi Hemingway ingin

masuk tentara atau menjadi seorang penulis . Ketika ayahnya menolak untuk mengizinkan dia

untuk mendaftar , Hemingway meninggalkan rumah dan mulai pelaporan untuk Kansas City Star

.

Hemingway mulai mengasah gaya sastra kini terkenal selama bertahun-tahun sebagai reporter .

Editor Nya menyuruhnya untuk menulis singkat , kalimat faktual tanpa terlalu banyak negatif

untuk memberikan fakta dalam artikel-artikelnya . Dia kemudian dimasukkan ke dalam tulisan ini

gaya penulisan fiksi sendiri . Hemingway segera tumbuh gelisah dan meninggalkan Star untuk

melayani di Palang Merah , di mana ia bekerja sebagai sopir ambulans di Eropa selama Perang

Dunia I. Sementara pulih dari cedera lutut di sebuah rumah sakit di Milan , ia jatuh cinta dengan

seorang perawat bernama Agnes von Kurosky . Meskipun hubungan mereka tidak berlangsung ,

ia berdasarkan novelnya A Farewell Untuk Senjata ( 1929 ) pada percintaan mereka .

Setelah kembali ke Amerika dan mencari pekerjaan baru sebagai seorang jurnalis , Hemingway

bertemu dan menikahi Elizabeth Hadley Richardson . Segera setelah melahirkan anak pertama

mereka , namun, pasangan bercerai karena perselingkuhan Hemingway dengan Pauline

Pfeiffer . Dia kemudian menikah Pfeiffer dan memiliki dua anak lagi , tapi ia meninggalkan

setelah dua belas tahun menikah dengan nyonya lain , Martha Gellhorn . Ini pernikahan ketiga

berlangsung sekitar sepuluh tahun , tapi dibubarkan seperti yang lain ketika ia jatuh cinta dengan

belum nyonya lain.

Page 14: Analysis hills like white elephants

Hemingway diterbitkan " Hills Anda suka Putih Gajah " pada tahun 1927 dalam koleksi kritis

diakui kedua cerita pendek , Pria Tanpa Wanita . Dia menenun banyak elemen otobiografi ke

dalam cerita , terutama kesulitan seumur hidupnya membangun hubungan yang berarti . Banyak

sindiran cerita dan gaya jarang juga khas penulisan Hemingway .

Meskipun berhasil , Hemingway berjuang dengan depresi dan alkoholisme untuk sebagian besar

masa dewasanya . Banyak kritikus mengklaim bahwa tulisannya memburuk setelah Perang

Dunia II , ketika kesehatan mental dan fisiknya mengambil memburuk . Dia meninggal di musim

panas tahun 1961 akibat luka tembak diri ditimbulkan pada usia enam puluh satu .

Sekilas Plot

" Hills Anda suka Putih Gajah " dibuka dengan penjelasan panjang cerita dari pengaturan di

stasiun kereta api yang dikelilingi oleh bukit-bukit , ladang , dan pohon-pohon di sebuah lembah

di Spanyol . Seorang pria hanya dikenal sebagai Amerika dan duduk pacarnya di meja di luar

stasiun, menunggu kereta ke Madrid .

Hal ini panas , dan perintah dua orang bir . Gadis menyatakan bahwa bukit dekatnya terlihat

seperti gajah putih, dimana Amerika menjawab bahwa dia tidak pernah melihat satu. Mereka

memesan minuman dan mulai bertengkar tentang rasa alkohol . The American menyesah dia

dan mengatakan bahwa mereka harus mencoba untuk menikmati diri mereka sendiri . Balasan

gadis itu dia hanya bersenang-senang dan kemudian ditarik komentar sebelumnya dengan

mengatakan perbukitan tidak benar-benar terlihat seperti gajah putih untuk dia lagi .

Mereka memesan lebih minuman, dan Amerika menyebutkan bahwa dia ingin gadis itu, yang dia

sebut " Jig , " harus dioperasi , meskipun ia tidak pernah benar-benar menentukan jenis operasi

apa . Dia tampak gelisah dan mencoba untuk mengecilkan keseriusan operasi itu . Dia

berpendapat bahwa operasi akan sederhana , misalnya, tetapi kemudian mengatakan prosedur

benar-benar tidak bahkan operasi sama sekali.

Gadis itu mengatakan apa-apa untuk sementara waktu , tapi kemudian dia bertanya apa yang

akan terjadi setelah dia melakukan operasi. Jawaban orang itu bahwa hal-hal akan baik-baik

setelah itu, sama seperti mereka sebelumnya , dan bahwa hal itu akan memperbaiki masalah

mereka . Ia mengatakan ia telah dikenal banyak orang yang telah menjalani operasi dan

menemukan kebahagiaan sesudahnya . Gadis itu tanpa perasaan setuju dengan dia . Amerika

kemudian mengklaim bahwa ia tidak akan memaksa dia untuk menjalani operasi , tetapi berpikir

itu adalah tindakan terbaik untuk mengambil . Dia mengatakan kepadanya bahwa dia akan

memiliki operasi selama dia masih akan mencintainya dan mereka akan dapat hidup bahagia

bersama sesudahnya .

Page 15: Analysis hills like white elephants

Pria itu kemudian menekankan betapa dia peduli untuk gadis itu , tapi dia mengaku tidak peduli

tentang apa yang terjadi pada dirinya sendiri . The American lemah mengatakan bahwa dia tidak

seharusnya operasi jika itu benar-benar cara dia merasa . Gadis itu kemudian berjalan ke ujung

stasiun , melihat pemandangan , dan bertanya-tanya dengan suara keras apakah mereka benar-

benar bisa bahagia jika dia memiliki operasi . Mereka berpendapat untuk sementara waktu

sampai gadis itu merasa lelah dan membuat janji Amerika untuk berhenti berbicara .

Orang Spanyol Bartender membawa dua bir lebih dan mengatakan kepada mereka bahwa

kereta akan datang dalam lima menit . Gadis itu tersenyum pada bartender tetapi harus meminta

Amerika apa yang dia katakan karena gadis itu tidak berbicara bahasa Spanyol . Setelah

menyelesaikan minuman mereka , American membawa tas mereka ke platform dan kemudian

berjalan kembali ke bar , melihat semua orang lain yang juga menunggu kereta . Dia meminta

gadis apakah dia merasa lebih baik . Dia bilang dia merasa baik-baik saja dan bahwa tidak ada

yang salah dengan dirinya .

Daftar karakter

The American - Protagonis laki-laki dari cerita . Amerika tidak pernah mengungkapkan namanya ,

juga tidak pernah secara langsung gadis itu menyapanya dengan nama . Dia bertekad untuk

meyakinkan gadis itu untuk memiliki operasi tetapi berusaha tampil seolah-olah dia tidak peduli

apa yang dia lakukan . Dia tetap terputus dari lingkungannya , tidak benar-benar memahami

atau bahkan mendengarkan apa gadis itu telah mengatakan .

The Girl - Protagonis perempuan dari cerita . Amerika menyebut gadis itu " Jig " pada satu titik

dalam cerita tetapi tidak pernah menyebutkan nama aslinya. Berbeda dengan Amerika , gadis itu

kurang yakin apa yang dia inginkan dan tampaknya enggan untuk memiliki operasi yang

bersangkutan . Dia bergantian antara ingin berbicara tentang operasi dan ingin menghindari

topik sama sekali .

Membaca analisis mendalam dari Girl .

Bartender - Wanita menyajikan minuman kepada orang Amerika dan gadis itu . Bartender

berbicara hanya bahasa Spanyol .

Analisis karakter utama

The American

Sepanjang cerita, Amerika berperilaku sesuai dengan konsepsi kaku Hemingway maskulinitas .

Hemingway menggambarkan Amerika sebagai pria sejati manusia berpengetahuan , duniawi ,

Page 16: Analysis hills like white elephants

dan selalu mengontrol dirinya sendiri dan situasi yang dihadapi. Bahkan ketika kesal atau

bingung, ia mempertahankan ketidakpedulian dingin dan berpura-pura itu , seperti ketika ia

mengatakan gadis itu dia tidak peduli apakah dia memiliki operasi . Dia awalnya menghindari

diskusi tentang masalah mereka , tapi ketika ditekan , ia menangani mereka secara langsung

dengan menyederhanakan operasi dan terus-menerus mendorongnya untuk memilikinya .

Berpikir dirinya menjadi lebih masuk akal dari dua , ia patronizes gadis itu dan gagal untuk

memberikan simpati dan pengertian dia butuhkan selama krisis . Keras kepala , ia tampaknya

mengidentifikasi lebih dengan penumpang lain " menunggu cukup " di stasiun daripada dengan

pacarnya sendiri di akhir cerita , yang menunjukkan bahwa kedua akan berpisah .

Girl

Dibandingkan dengan Amerika , karakter terlalu maskulin Hemingway , gadis itu kurang tegas

dan persuasif . Sepanjang cerita , gadis itu tampak tak berdaya , bingung , dan ragu-ragu . Dia

berubah pikiran tentang daya tarik dari bukit-bukit sekitarnya , misalnya , mengaku tanpa pamrih

peduli hanya untuk Amerika, dan tampaknya yakin apakah dia ingin memiliki operasi . Bahkan ,

gadis itu bahkan tidak bisa memesan minuman dari bartender sendiri tanpa harus bergantung

pada kemampuan manusia untuk berbicara bahasa Spanyol . Ironisnya , gadis itu tampaknya

memahami bahwa hubungannya dengan Amerika telah secara efektif berakhir , meskipun

keinginan mengaku dia untuk membuatnya bahagia . Dia tahu bahwa bahkan jika dia memiliki

operasi , hubungan mereka tidak akan kembali ke bagaimana dulu. Dalam banyak hal , realisasi

gadis itu fakta ini memberikan kekuatannya atas Amerika , yang tidak pernah benar-benar

mengerti mengapa mereka masih tidak dapat memiliki " seluruh dunia " seperti yang pernah

mereka lakukan .

Tema , Motif , dan Simbol

tema

Berbicara dibandingkan Berkomunikasi

Meskipun " Hills Anda suka Putih Gajah " terutama percakapan antara pria Amerika dan

pacarnya , baik dari speaker yang benar-benar berkomunikasi dengan yang lain , menyoroti

keretakan antara keduanya. Keduanya bicara , tapi tidak mendengarkan atau memahami titik

lain pandang . Frustrasi dan menenangkan , orang Amerika akan mengatakan hampir apa saja

untuk meyakinkan pacarnya untuk memiliki operasi , yang , meskipun tidak pernah disebutkan

namanya , dipahami sebagai aborsi . Dia mengatakan padanya bahwa dia mencintainya ,

Page 17: Analysis hills like white elephants

misalnya, dan bahwa segala sesuatu di antara mereka akan kembali ke cara dulu. Gadis itu ,

sementara itu, wafel bimbang , pada satu titik mengakui bahwa dia akan melakukan aborsi

hanya untuk membungkamnya . Ketika pria itu masih tetap ada , dia akhirnya memohonnya

untuk " tolong, tolong , tolong, tolong , tolong, tolong " berhenti bicara , menyadari kesia-siaan

pembicaraan mereka . Bahkan , julukan gadis itu, " Jig , " halus menunjukkan bahwa dua

karakter hanya menari di sekitar satu sama lain dan masalah di tangan tanpa pernah

mengatakan sesuatu yang berarti . Ketidakmampuan gadis itu untuk berbicara bahasa Spanyol

dengan bartender , apalagi , tidak hanya menggambarkan ketergantungan nya di Amerika, tapi

juga kesulitan ia telah mengungkapkan dirinya kepada orang lain .

motif

minum

Kedua pria Amerika dan minum alkohol gadis seluruh percakapan mereka untuk menghindari

satu sama lain dan masalah dengan hubungan mereka . Mereka mulai minum bir besar saat

mereka tiba di stasiun seakan berharap untuk mengisi waktu luang mereka dengan apa pun

kecuali diskusi. Kemudian , segera setelah mereka mulai berbicara tentang bukit-bukit yang

terlihat seperti gajah putih, gadis itu meminta untuk memesan minuman lagi untuk menunda

pembicaraan tak terelakkan tentang bayi . Meskipun mereka minum terutama untuk menghindari

berpikir tentang kehamilan , pembaca merasa bahwa masalah yang lebih dalam ada di

hubungan mereka , dimana bayi hanyalah satu. Bahkan , gadis itu menyiratkan ini ketika ia

berkomentar bahwa dia dan orang Amerika tidak pernah melakukan sesuatu bersama-sama

kecuali mencoba minuman baru , seolah-olah terus mencari cara baru untuk menghindari satu

sama lain . Pada akhir pembicaraan mereka , baik minuman sendiri - gadis di meja dan pria di

bar - menunjukkan bahwa keduanya akan mengakhiri hubungan mereka dan berpisah .

simbol

Gajah Putih

Seekor gajah putih melambangkan sesuatu yang tidak ada yang mau - dalam cerita ini , janin

gadis itu . Komentar gadis di awal cerita bahwa bukit-bukit sekitarnya terlihat seperti gajah putih

awalnya tampaknya menjadi santai , komentar santai , tetapi sebenarnya berfungsi sebagai

Shalawat untuknya dan Amerika untuk membahas bayi mereka dan kemungkinan melakukan

aborsi . Gadis itu kemudian ditarik komentar ini dengan pengamatan bahwa bukit-bukit tidak

benar-benar terlihat seperti gajah putih, petunjuk halus bahwa mungkin dia ingin menjaga bayi

setelah semua - petunjuk misses Amerika . Bahkan, dia bahkan mengatakan bahwa bukit hanya

tampak terlihat seperti gajah putih pada pandangan pertama , dan bahwa mereka sebenarnya

Page 18: Analysis hills like white elephants

cukup indah. Membandingkan bukit - dan , secara metaforis , bayi - untuk gajah juga

mengingatkan pada ungkapan " gajah di dalam ruangan , " sebuah eufemisme untuk sesuatu

yang sangat jelas bahwa tidak ada yang mau membahas.

analisa

Mengatur

Hemingway set " Hills Anda suka Putih Gajah " di sebuah stasiun kereta api untuk menyoroti

fakta bahwa hubungan antara pria Amerika dan gadis itu di persimpangan jalan . Ditanam di

tengah-tengah lembah terpencil , stasiun bukanlah tujuan akhir melainkan hanya tempat

pemberhentian antara Barcelona dan Madrid . Oleh karena itu wisatawan , termasuk karakter

utama , harus memutuskan mana harus pergi dan , dalam kasus ini , apakah akan pergi dengan

satu sama lain dan melanjutkan hubungan mereka. Selain itu , kontras antara bukit putih dan

lembah tandus mungkin menyoroti dikotomi antara hidup dan mati , kesuburan dan kemandulan,

dan mencerminkan pilihan gadis itu menghadapi antara memiliki bayi atau memiliki aborsi .

Gadis itu tampaknya terpecah antara dua lanskap , tidak hanya mengomentari keindahan bukit

tetapi juga secara fisik berjalan ke ujung platform dan memandang keluar pada kekosongan

cokelat di sekitar stasiun .

The Iceberg Teori dan Gaya Hemingway

Banyak pembaca pertama kali membaca " Hills Anda suka Putih Gajah " sebagai tidak lebih dari

percakapan biasa antara dua orang menunggu kereta api dan karena itu kehilangan tak tertulis

ketegangan dramatis mengintai antara setiap baris . Akibatnya , banyak orang tidak menyadari

bahwa keduanya benar-benar berbicara tentang melakukan aborsi dan mereka berpisah ,

apalagi mengapa cerita itu begitu revolusioner karena waktu . Sesuai dengan nya disebut Teori

Iceberg , Hemingway dilucuti segala sesuatu tetapi telanjang penting dari cerita dan novel ,

meninggalkan pembaca untuk menyaring melalui dialog yang tersisa dan potongan narasi

sendiri . Sama seperti ujung gunung es terlihat menyembunyikan massa jauh lebih besar dari es

di bawah permukaan laut , sehingga tidak dialog Hemingway mendustakan ketegangan tak

tertulis antara tokoh-tokohnya . Bahkan , Hemingway sangat yakin bahwa cerita yang sempurna

disampaikan jauh lebih melalui tersirat daripada melalui kata-kata yang sebenarnya ditulis pada

halaman. Semakin banyak penulis strip pergi , semakin kuat " gunung es , " atau cerita ,

menjadi .

Hemingway dilucuti banyak dari cerita bahwa banyak kritikus kontemporer mengeluh bahwa fiksi

nya sedikit lebih dari potongan dialog dirangkai . Lain telah disebut tulisannya terlalu maskulin -

tidak ada frase indah atau bagian hati , hanya dasar-dasar belaka. Dalam " Hills Anda suka Putih

Page 19: Analysis hills like white elephants

Gajah, " misalnya , baik pria Amerika dan gadis itu berbicara dalam kalimat pendek dan jarang

mengucapkan lebih dari beberapa kata pada suatu waktu . Hemingway juga menghindari

menggunakan tag dialog , seperti " katanya " atau " katanya , " dan melompat setiap monolog

internal. Unsur-unsur meninggalkan pikiran dan perasaan karakter ' sepenuhnya terserah

interpretasi pembaca sendiri . Penggemar Hemingway , bagaimanapun, telah memuji gaya untuk

kesederhanaan , percaya bahwa kata-kata lebih sedikit menyesatkan melukis gambaran yang

lebih benar dari apa yang terletak di bawahnya.

Alat Belajar

Kutipan penting Dijelaskan

1 . " Ya , " kata gadis itu . " Semuanya terasa seperti licorice . Terutama semua hal yang Anda

sudah menunggu begitu lama untuk , seperti absinthe . "

Meskipun gadis itu telah meminta orang Amerika untuk memesan absinthe karena dia belum

pernah mencoba sebelumnya, dia segera menempatkan gelasnya kembali di atas meja setelah

rasa pertama , terkejut oleh gigitan tajam minuman itu . Dia berkomentar bahwa dia minum

rasanya seperti licorice dan kemudian mencoba untuk halus memulai pembicaraan tentang

kehamilannya lagi, karena Amerika telah mengabaikan komentar sebelumnya bahwa bukit

dekatnya terlihat seperti gajah putih. Pada dasarnya mengulangi pepatah " hati-hati apa yang

Anda inginkan karena dapat menjadi kenyataan , " gadis itu mengakui ironi dalam tidak

menyukai rasa minuman dia meminta orang untuk memesan untuknya , sama seperti dia

mungkin tidak suka menjadi hamil saat dia selalu berharap untuk bayi . Pria itu , bagaimanapun ,

mungkin indra pesan yang mendasari gadis itu pernyataan yang tampaknya santai dan

mengatakan kepadanya untuk diam , mendorong dia untuk sekali lagi membicarakan masalah

gajah putih.

2 . " Tapi kalau aku melakukannya , maka akan lebih baik lagi jika saya mengatakan hal-hal

seperti gajah putih, dan Anda akan menyukainya ? "

Pada titik ini , di tengah-tengah cerita , gadis itu telah menarik kembali komentarnya sebelumnya

bahwa bukit-bukit sekitarnya terlihat seperti gajah putih, mengisyaratkan bahwa dia ingin

menjaga bayi daripada harus aborsi . Pria itu telah marah ini , pura-pura tidak peduli tapi

mendorong untuk aborsi karena dia tidak ingin anak . Masih berharap untuk menyelamatkan

hubungan mereka rusak , gadis itu meminta pacarnya apakah hal-hal di antara mereka akan

kembali ke cara mereka dulu jika dia pergi melalui dengan aborsi . Keraguan dan keinginan

untuk menenangkan pria itu menunjukkan ketergantungan pada dirinya . Pada saat yang sama ,

Page 20: Analysis hills like white elephants

bagaimanapun , fakta bahwa dia mengajukan pertanyaan mungkin menyiratkan bahwa dia

percaya bahwa tidak ada yang bisa menyelamatkan hubungan mereka .

Cara Cite SparkNote ini

CITATION bibliografi LENGKAP

MLA

SparkNotes Editor . " SparkNote on Hills Anda suka Putih Gajah . " SparkNotes.com .

SparkNotes LLC . 2007. Web. 1 Oktober 2013 .

The Chicago Manual of Style

SparkNotes Editor . " SparkNote on Hills Anda suka Putih Gajah . " SparkNotes LLC . 2007.

http://www.sparknotes.com/short-stories/hills-like-white-elephants/ ( diakses tanggal 1 Oktober

2013 ) .

APA

SparkNotes Editor . ( 2007) . SparkNote on Hills Anda suka Putih Gajah . Diakses 1 Oktober

2013 , dari http://www.sparknotes.com/short-stories/hills-like-white-elephants/

DALAM TEKS CITATION

MLA

" Percakapan mereka canggung , terutama ketika dia menyebutkan Wickham , seorang Darcy

subjek jelas ingin menghindari " ( SparkNotes Editor ) .

APA

" Percakapan mereka canggung , terutama ketika dia menyebutkan Wickham , seorang Darcy

subjek jelas ingin menghindari " ( SparkNotes Editor , 2007 ) .

FOOTNOTE

The Chicago Manual of Style

Chicago memerlukan penggunaan catatan kaki , bukan kutipan kurung , dalam hubungannya

dengan daftar karya dikutip ketika berhadapan dengan literatur .

Page 21: Analysis hills like white elephants

1 SparkNotes Editor . " SparkNote on Hills Anda suka Putih Gajah . " SparkNotes LLC . 2007.

http://www.sparknotes.com/short-stories/hills-like-white-elephants/ ( diakses 1 Oktober 2013 ) .