ANALYSIS OF THE ROOF TYPES EFFECT ON ROOM COMFORT

FINAL PROJECT

submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

Bachelor of Mechanical Engineering Vocational Education

TIARA KLAUDIA H H

STUDENT ID NUMBER 15067022 / 2015

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING VOCATIONAL EDUCATION

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITAS NEGERI PADANG

2019

SUPERVISOR APPROVAL PAGE

FINAL PROJECT

Title : Analysis of The Roof Types Effect on Room Comfort

Name : Tiara Klaudia H H

Student ID No : 16067022/2015

Program Study : Mechanical Engineering Vocational Education

Department : Mechanical Engineering

Faculty : Engineering

Padang, 9 July 2019

Approved by:

Supervisor

Dr. Remon Lapisa, S.T, M.T., M.Sc.

Staf ID 197709182008121001

Head of Department

Dr. Ir. Arwizet, K. S.T., M.T.

Staf ID 196909201998021001

EXAMINERS COMMITTEE APPROVAL PAGE

Name : Tiara Klaudia H H

Student ID No : 16067022/2015

Declared passed after defending in front of the thesis examiner committes

Mechanical Engineering Vocational Education

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Faculty of Engineering

Universitas Negeri Padang

by title

Analysis of The Roof Types Effect on Room Comfort

Padang, July 2019

Examiners committee:

Signature

1. Chairman: Dr. Remon Lapisa, S.T, M.T., M.Sc..

2. Member 1: Prof. Dr. Suparno, M.Pd.

3. Member 2 : Dr. Refdinal, M.T.

DECLARATION

I hereby confirm that:

1. My final project, title “Analysis of The Roof Types Effect on Room

Comfort” is my own;

2. This final project is my original work from aspects of idea, formulation,

and research without other guidance, except from supervisor;

3. In this final project, no others works’ except for quotations and summaries

which have been duly acknowledge;

4. I made this statement in truth and if there is a deviation in this statement, I

am willing to accept academic punishment in the form of revocation of the

academic title that have been obtained, as well as other punishment in

accordance with the norms and legal provisions in force.

Padang, July 2019

STAMP

Tiara Klaudia H H

Student ID No : 16067022/2015

vii

ABSTRACT

Tiara Klaudia H H. 2019. “Analysis of The Roof Types Effect on Room

Comfort” ”. Final Project. Padang: Mechanical Engineering Vocational

Education, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of

Engineering Universitas Negeri Padang.

A cool room temperature is the main requirement in the thermal comfort

of a building. To obtain thermal comfort in buildings, Indonesians often use Air

Conditioning (AC) systems which have a negative impact on electricity

consumption and environmental pollution.

Therefore, it is necessary to find alternative solutions to ensure the thermal

comfort of the room without consuming excessive electrical energy by reducing

solar heat absorption on the roof of the building. The roof is the main component

of the building envelope which serves to protect the room from the heat of the

sun.

This study aims at analyzing the effects of various types of roofing

materials; palm fiber, zinc and bamboo to the comfort of the room. Temperature

measurements were carried out on three building prototypes with different roofing

materials by using a thermocouple integrated in a data logger. The results showed

that the palm fiber material gave better performance in reducing room

temperature.

viii

FOREWORD

Praise to Allah Subhanallahu Wata'ala by saying Alhamdulilah for all the

gifts that are always poured out to the author so that by His grace the author can

complete a research proposal with the title "ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECT OF

ROOF TYPES ON ROOM COMFORT". Salawat and greetings are always

bestowed on the Prophet Muhammad Salallahu 'Alaihi Wasalam by saying

Allahhumaa Sholli'Ala Sayyidina Muhammad, Wa'ala Ali Sayyidina Muhammad

who has brought mankind to the present era with sophisticated and modern

science.

During the writing of this research proposal the writer received a lot of

guidance, advice, motivation and assistance from various parties, either directly or

indirectly. For this reason, with all humility, the author would like to thank to:

1. Dr. Remon Lapisa, ST, MT, M.Sc. as the supervisor who provided

guidance and assistance in writing this research proposal.

2. Prof. Dr. Suparno, M.Pd. as Academic Advisor as well as Review Lecturer

I.

3. Dr. Refdinal, MT as Review Lecturer II.

4. Dr. Ir. Arwizet K., ST, MT As chairman of the Mechanical Engineering

Departement, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Negeri Padang.

5. Alm. Drs. Syahrul, M.Si. as the Secretary of the Mechanical Engineering

Department, Universitas Negeri Padang.

ix

6. Lecturers and administrative staff, Mechanical Engineering Department,

Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Negeri Padang.

7. All beloved family members, especially parents who have provided

encouragement and motivation for author both morally and materially.

8. Members of Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering,

Universitas Negeri Padang, especially for Yolanda Ferdani Melinton,

Denda Afri Juliadi, Meri Yolanda, Fadilla Azherda, Chlara Klaudia HH,

Nurfajri, Meiriza 'Asyara, Dayu Alfarid, Raffi Afifal, Iqbal QC, Yusra M.

Nur.

9. All parties who have assisted in the writing of this research proposal who

cannot author mention one by one.

Hopefully the help that has been given can be a good practice and get a

reward from Allah SWT, amiinn yaa robbal alaminn.

The author realizes that this proposal is still far from perfect, for that all

constructive criticism and suggestions, I really hope for the improvement of

writing in the future. Finally, the authors hope that this proposal can be useful for

readers and related components in education for the advancement of science.

Padang, June 2019

Author

x

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

TITLE PAGE .................................................................................................... i

SUPERVISOR APPROVAL PAGE ................................................................ ii

EXAMINERS COMMITTEE APPROVAL PAGE ...................................... iv

DECLARATION ............................................................................................... vi

ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................... vii

FOREWORD ..................................................................................................... viii

TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................. x

LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................ xiii

LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................... xiv

LIST OF GRAPHS ........................................................................................... xvi

LIST OF ATTACHMENTS ............................................................................. xvii

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

A. Background ....................................................................................... 1

B. Identification of Problems ................................................................. 3

C. Scope of Problems ............................................................................ 4

D. Research Questions ........................................................................... 4

E. Research Objectives .......................................................................... 4

F. Significant of Study .......................................................................... 5

CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW

A. Humid Tropical Climate in Indonesia ............................................... 6

B. Definition of Thermal Comfort ......................................................... 8

C. Thermal Comfort in Tropical Climates ............................................. 9

D. Factors Affecting Thermal Comfort.................................................. 10

E. Thermal Comfort Indicator ............................................................... 14

F. Heat Transfer Equation .................................................................... 15

G. Heat Transfer on Roofs ..................................................................... 17

H. Definition of a roof and its functions ................................................ 18

I. Roof Composer Components ............................................................ 18

J. Roof Shape Based on Slope .............................................................. 19

K. Roof Model ...................................................................................... 22

L. Roof Covering Material ................................................................... 29

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

A. Research Design ................................................................................ 35

B. Object of research ............................................................................. 35

C. Research Schedule and Place ............................................................ 37

D. Types and Sources of Data ................................................................ 37

E. Tools and Materials ........................................................................... 38

F. Method of Implementation ................................................................ 42

G. Data Collection Instruments .............................................................. 43

xi

H. Research procedure ........................................................................... 45

CHAPTER IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

A. Data Description ............................................................................... 49

B. Results of Data Analysis .................................................................. 51

CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

A. Conclusion ........................................................................................ 82

B. Suggestion ....................................................................................... 83

REFERENCES .................................................................................................. 84

ATTACHMENTS ............................................................................................. 85

xii

LIST OF TABLES

Table Page

Table 1. Characteristics of a Humid Tropical Climate ...................................... 7

Table 2. Air Temperature Standards .................................................................. 13

Table 3. Properties of Zinc (Zn) ......................................................................... 30

Table 4. Inside the Prototype Building .............................................................. 36

Table 5. Thermocoupel Handle Specifications .................................................. 39

Table 6. Tabulation of Temperature Testing Data on Roof Materials ............... 43

Table 7. Position Sensor ..................................................................................... 50

xiii

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page

Figure 1. Solar Radiation Incidence Calculation ............................................... 11

Figure 2. Schematic of Heat Transfer in the Wall Plane.................................... 15

Figure 3. Heat Transfer Process on the Roof ..................................................... 17

Figure 4. Flat Roof ............................................................................................. 23

Figure 5. Roof Back ........................................................................................... 23

Figure 6. Gable Roof .......................................................................................... 24

Figure 7. Tent Roof ............................................................................................ 24

Figure 8. Roof Shield ......................................................................................... 25

Figure 9. Combination Roof (Saddle and Shield) .............................................. 25

Figure 10. Mansard Roof .................................................................................... 26

Figure 11. Tower Roof ........................................................................................ 26

Figure 12. Pyramid Roof ..................................................................................... 27

Figure 13. Minangkabau Roof ............................................................................ 27

Figure 14. Joglo Roof .......................................................................................... 28

Figure 15. Dome Roof ........................................................................................ 28

Figure 16. Roof Saw ........................................................................................... 29

Figure 17. Buildings with Zinc Roofs ................................................................. 30

Figure 18. The Building with Ijuk Roof ............................................................. 32

Figure 19. The Building with Bamboo Roof ...................................................... 33

Figure 20. Inside View of the Prototype ............................................................. 35

Figure 21. Front View of the Prototype .............................................................. 36

Figure 22. Back View of the Prototype ............................................................... 37

Figure 23. Handheld Thermocouple ................................................................... 39

Figure 24. Thermocouple Type K ....................................................................... 40

Figure 25. Zinc Roof Prototype .......................................................................... 41

Figure 26. Palm Fiber Roof Prototype ................................................................ 41

Figure 27. Bamboo Roof Prototype .................................................................... 42

Figure 28. Prototype Making .............................................................................. 49

Figure 29. Position Sensor .................................................................................. 50

xiv

LIST OF GRAPHS

Graphs Page

Graphs 1. Upper and Lower Roof Temperatures during the Day ...................... 51

Graphs 2. Top and Bottom Roof Temperature at Night .................................... 55

Graphs 3. Attic Temperature during the day ...................................................... 58

Graphs 4. Attic Temperature at Night ................................................................ 60

Graphs 5. Room temperature during the day ..................................................... 62

Graphs 6. Room Temperature at Night .............................................................. 64

Graphs 7. Living Room Temperature during the day ........................................ 66

Graphs 8. Living Room Temperature at Night .................................................. 69

Graphs 9. (a) Room temperature for daytime palm (b) for room

temperature at night .......................................................................... 71

Graphs 10. (a) Bamboo Room Temperature During the Day

(b) Bamboo Room Temperature at Night ........................................ 73

Graphs 11. (a) Room Temperature Zinc During the Day

(b) Room Temperature Zinc at night................................................ 75

Graphs 12. (a) The temperature of the palm fiber living room during the day

(b) the temperature of the palm fiber living room at night............... 77

Graphs 13. (a) The temperature of the bamboo parlor during the day

(b) the temperature of the living room at night ................................ 79

Graphs 14. (a) The temperature of the living room zinc during the day

(b) the temperature of the living room at Night ............................... 81

xv

LIST OF ATTACHMENTS

Attachment Page

Attachment 1. Image of Prototype with Different Roof Types ........................... 87

Attachment 2. Temperature Sensor ..................................................................... 88

Attachment 3. Position of Sensor in Prototype ................................................... 89

Attachment 4. Research Data ............................................................................. 90

Attachment 5. Supervising Form ....................................................................... 100

Attachment 6. Research Documentations ........................................................... 102

1

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background

The hot air temperature turns out to make humans feel uncomfortable in

carrying out their activities. In daily activities, humans need thermal comfort.

Thermal comfort is an important element in building design. Thermal comfort

refers to comfortable room temperature conditions that can help the human body

maintain its ideal body temperature which is around 37 ̊C. Ideal body temperature

is needed so that the body's organs can function properly (Rilatupa, 2008).

Indonesia has a tropical climate with high humidity (up to 80%), and relatively

high temperatures up to 35 ̊C (Talarosa, 2005). While the comfortable air

temperature ranges from 22.5° C - 29° C with humidity ranging from 20% - 50%

(Lippsmeier, 1994). With these climatic conditions, it is necessary to create

comfortable thermal conditions in the room for activities.

The roof is one of the main components of a building. Currently, there are

various types of roof covering materials that can be used in buildings. One of the

choices of roofing materials or materials is the ability to withstand or absorb or

even reflect heat, because one of the main functions of the roof is to protect parts

of the building space from excessive solar heat.

Choosing the type of roof that is not suitable for tropical areas that are not

able to reflect heat can result in high temperatures in the room. This can cause

discomfort in the occupants. To create room comfort in Indonesia, buildings are

2

often equipped with Air Conditioning (AC) which increases the consumption of

electrical energy. The consumption of electrical energy in residential houses in the

tropics reaches 40% of the total national consumption (Eddy Prianto, 2012).

Meanwhile, to cool the room from the accumulated heat of indoor air using air

conditioning reaches 60% of the total energy (Satwiko, 2004). Where 80% of the

heat load in the house is influenced by its envelope design (wall and roof design),

in addition to other heat sources.

Several studies have been carried out on efforts to reduce heat from the

roof of buildings, such as those conducted by Eddy Prianto and Agung Dwiyanto

(2013), who conducted research on the profile of concrete roof coverings in the

efficiency of electrical energy consumption on a residential scale. This research

shows that the processing of the building envelope configuration (the choice of

roof covering) shows very significant results in reducing the heat of the exterior

air entering the room. Several other studies related to increasing the thermal

performance of buildings to obtain occupant comfort were carried out by

improving the building envelope, ventilation, materials etc. (Lapisa et al., 2019;

Lapisa et al., 2018; Romani et al., 2016). As it is known, the sun's heat falling on

the roof covering will be divided, that is, some can be reflected, and some will be

absorbed by the roof so that the space underneath becomes hot.

According to Satwiko (2004), there are five causes that can increase the

temperature in the room, namely:

1. The level of activity of the occupants in the room. The more active or

active someone's activities, the faster the room gets hot.

3

2. How much use of household electronic devices causes heat, such as irons,

stoves, televisions, refrigerators, lamps, etc.

3. Heat (hot) air from outside that enters the room.

4. Transfer of heat from building envelopes (walls and roofs) that are exposed

to direct sunlight.

5. Heat from direct sunlight that enters the room.

From the description above, heat enters the building through the

conduction process in building materials, especially through the roof. Buildings

cannot function properly if the indoor air is not conditioned to a comfortable

temperature for activities, therefore minimizing the heat that enters the building is

one way to create thermal comfort. Where the lower the external heat transfer that

enters the building, the lower the level of consumption of electrical energy used to

cool the room.

Based on the description above, the authors are interested in conducting

research to improve thermal comfort in the room through modification of the roof

material to reduce heat transfer from the roof to the room. With the title "Analysis

of the Effect of Roof Type Materials on Room Comfort".

B. Identification of Problems

Based on the background that have been stated above, several problems

can be identified as follows:

4

1. Hot air temperature makes people feel uncomfortable in carrying out their

activities, so it is necessary to find a solution for comfort without consuming

a lot of electrical energy.

2. It is necessary to test the effect of the thermal properties of the roofing

material.

C. Scope of Problems

Based on the identification of problems that have been described above,

this study is limited to the analysis of the effect of roof types, especially zinc,

bamboo and fibers on room comfort.

D. Research Questions

Based on the limitations of the problems above, in this study the following

problems can be formulated:

1. How do the types of roofs on zinc, bamboo and palm fibers affect the comfort

of the room?

2. Do you know the ability of roof covering materials in the form of zinc,

bamboo and palm fiber to withstand heat?

3. Which material is more effective at minimizing the heat entering the room?

E. Research Objectives

The objectives of this research are to:

5

1. Determine the effect of roof types on room comfort, especially zinc, bamboo

and palm fibers.

2. Analysis the ability of roof covering materials in the form of zinc, bamboo

and palm fibers to withstand heat.

3. Determine which type of roof is more effective in minimizing the heat

entering the room.

F. Significant of Study

1. This research is expected to provide information about the influence of roof

types, especially zinc, bamboo and fibers on room comfort.

2. This research is expected to provide information about the stability of zinc,

bamboo and palm fiber roof types in resisting heat.

3. This research is expected to provide information about roof covering

materials that are more effectively used in tropical climates to minimize heat

absorption in the room.

6

CHAPTER II

LITERATURE REVIEW

A. Humid Tropical Climate in Indonesia

The term Tropical comes from the word "tropikos" which is Ancient Greek

which means it is a turning line, which is 40% of the total surface area of the earth.

Earth's orbit is such that the sun has a maximum position at 23 ̊45 'North latitude and

23 ̊ 45’ South latitude throughout the year (Lippsmeier, 1997). According to

Lippsmeier, the coverage of tropical areas is the area located between the 20 ̊C

isotherm line in the North and South of the earth.

Tropical climate is divided into 4 types, namely tropical rainforest climate

with warm and rainy conditions throughout the year so that there are many dense

forests, tropical savanna climate with dry conditions so that there is rarely forest,

tropical steppe climate with drier conditions and tropical desert climate with the driest

conditions.

Humid tropical areas are characterized by a relatively high humidity of about

90%, high rainfall, and an average annual temperature of around 23 ̊C which can

increase to 38 ̊C in the summer, the difference between seasons is relatively small

with only a few rainy periods and periods. lots of rain accompanied by winds of 15

'south latitude. Indonesia is located on the equator, where in general the hottest areas

are the regions that receive a lot of solar radiation.

7

More specific information regarding the humid tropical climate is as follows:

Table 1. Characteristics of a humid tropical climate

No Parameter Score

1. Air Temperature

a. Maximum temperature

b. Minimum temperature

27°C - 32°C

20°C - 23°C

2. Average humidity 75% - 80%

3. Rainfall during the year 1,000 - 5,000 mm

4. Luminate the sky

a. Thin clouds

b. Thick clouds

7,000 kandela/m2

850 kandela/m2

5. Sky conditions with the number of

clouds

60% - 90%

6. Wind speed is average 2 - 4m/sec

( Soegijanto, 1999)

Furthermore, Lippsmeier stated that the climatic conditions that must be

considered and considered in building planning in the tropics are radiation and solar

heat, temperature, precipitation (rainfall), air humidity and air movement.

a. Solar radiation and heat, in the tropics solar radiation is categorized as high.

Partly reflected and partly scattered by the blanket of clouds, however, some of

the radiation that reaches the earth's surface has a large impact in affecting air

temperature.

b. Air temperature, there is fluctuation in daily and annual temperature differences.

The maximum mean annual temperature is 30.5⁰C. The annual average

temperature for the night is 25⁰C but generally ranges from 21-27⁰C. While

during the day it ranges from 27-32⁰C. sometimes more than 32⁰C.

8

c. Rainfall is very high for one year, generally becomes very high in certain years.

The annual rainfall ranges between 2000-5000 mm, in the rainy season it can

increase. Up to 500 mm in a month. Even during storms, it can reach 100 mm per

hour.

d. Humidity, known as RH (Relative Humidity), is generally about 75% average

humidity, but the humidity ranges from 55% to almost 100%. Absolute humidity

between 25-30 mb.

e. Air movement, generally low wind speed, but strong winds can occur during the

rainy season. The wind direction is usually only one or two.

B. Definition of Thermal Comfort

In the book by Ellswort Huntington (1951) entitled “Priciples of Human Geography”

states that climatic and environmental conditions that are not suitable for humans will

have an impact on productivity and health. The human body will respond to

conditions that occur in the environment, one of which is the thermal conditions of

the environment. The main responses to environmental thermal conditions are heat

and cold sensations (thermal sensation) and discomfort due to wet skin (sensible

perspiration).

The definition of thermal comfort according to several sources, among others:

a. Thermal comfort is a condition in which a constant thermal balance is created

between humans and their environment. Thermal comfort is the limits of climate

conditions that are considered comfortable and tolerable in buildings which

9

means the absence of sensation (hot or cold) of thermal discomfort (Givoni,

1998).

b. Thermal comfort is the condition for a person to feel comfortable in his

environment (Fanger, 1970).

c. Thermal comfort is a statement of satisfaction that is subjective and different for

each individual and depends on the prevailing environmental conditions at that

time (Moore, 1993).

From some of the experts’ opinions above regarding to the notion of thermal

comfort, it can be concluded that thermal comfort is a condition in which a person

feels comfortable with the temperature conditions of a room so that that person can

carry out his activities without being disturbed by external environmental conditions.

C. Thermal Comfort of Buildings in Tropical Climates

Buildings in tropical climatic conditions have a tendency to experience excess

heat due to heat from the surrounding environment, indoor heat in the building, and

human body heat itself. Therefore, a building must be designed to maximize comfort

by: (1) reducing the effects of heat from various sources such as solar radiation,

lamps, electronic equipment and so on and, (2) maximizing the dissipation of excess

unwanted heat through ventilation. Efforts to maintain thermal comfort can be

broadly divided into two types: (Ilman Basthian, 2015: 30.7)

1. Active cooling

10

Through the use of mechanical Air Conditioning (AC), it does not require a lot of

consideration in the design of openings, but requires high electrical power, especially

when using it for a long time there will be a significant increase in the consumption

of electrical energy.

2. Passive cooling

Utilizing all aspects that can cool room temperature passively for thermal comfort.

This effort is made to minimize the use of electrical energy, by optimizing the savings

of natural coolers that are more environmentally friendly. So that this approach has

been developed in an effort to achieve energy efficient thermal comfort.

D. Factors Affecting Thermal Comfort

According to Houghton and Yaglo ('Determining Lines of Equal Comfort':

1923) thermal comfort is influenced by factors of solar radiation, temperature,

humidity and air movement which is referred to as the effective temperature (TE).

1. Solar radiation

Solar radiation is one of the most influential factors in human life. Solar

radiation is the basic reference for determining all general characteristics of climate in

the world. Reflection on the earth's surface, reduced solar radiation by evaporation,

and radiation currents in the atmosphere are factors that can form a thermal balance

on the earth. Thermal radiation is heat radiating from an object. Thermal radiation

affects the room temperature of various heat sources in one environment.

11

Solar radiation is a radiant energy that comes from the thermos - nuclear

process that occurs in the sun. Solar radiation energy in the form of electromagnetic

waves and signals. The solar radiation spectrum itself consists of two types, namely,

short wavy rays including x rays, gamma rays, ultraviolet rays, and long wavy rays

such as infrared rays. Solar radiation emits ultraviolet light (6%), visible light (48%)

and infrared light which gives a very large heat effect (46%) (Baharudin, 2013).

Solar radiation outside the Earth's atmosphere is calculated using the Hsun

radiation power density at the sun's surface (5.961 x 107 W / m2), the radius of the

sun Rsun, and the distance between the earth and the sun. Solar radiation calculated

in the Earth's atmosphere is about 1.36 KW/m2. The geometric constants used in

calculating the incidence of solar radiation on earth are shown in the figure below

(Honsberg & Bowden).

Figure 1. Solar Radiation Incidence Calculation

(Honsberg & Bowden, 2019).

12

The effect of solar radiation is determined primarily by "duration, intensity

and angle of fall". These three factors need attention in building design (Lippsmeier,

1997).

a. Duration

The duration of the sun's exposure every day can be measured by the sun's

orogral "photographic and thermo electric". The maximum exposure time can reach

90% depending on the season, latitude, geographic location of observation and cloud

density. The tropics have a short period of morning and dusk or evening. The farther

from the equator, the longer the dim light. Meanwhile, daylight begins and ends when

the sun is 18⁰C below the equator.

b. Sun intensity

Different characters from variations in the atmosphere local conditions are

always different, even though they are at the same geographical location and altitude.

The amount of sun intensity is determined by:

1) Absolute radiation energy

2) Loss of energy in the atmosphere

3) The angle falls on the illuminated plane

4) Radiation spread

c. Falling Angle

The angle of fall is determined by the relevant position of the sun, the location

of the observation on earth and several things, such as:

13

1) The geographic latitude of the place of observation

2) Season

3) Daily exposure time, which is determined by the geographic longitude of the

observation place.

2. Air Temperature

The main factor that affects air temperature is the process of heating and

cooling the surface of the object/earth. The heat/cold that occurs in the air is the result

of contact of the air with a hot / cold surface. Furthermore, the air layer will heat/cool

the layer above it.

Table 2. Standard Air Temperature

Standard Air Temperature Information

SNI-03-

6572-2001

20.5 ̊C - 22.8 ̊C Comfortable cool

22.8 ̊C - 25.8 ̊C Optimal comfort

25.8 ̊C - 27.1 ̊C Warm comfortable

(SNI-03-6572-2001)

3. Humidity

Air humidity is the content of water vapor in the air. Sources of water vapor

include evaporation of sea water, wet surfaces, respiration from plants and also from

the human body. The humidity level will be different if the number of users in the

same place is different. Air humidity is also affected by wind. The more frequent and

14

stronger the wind, the lower the humidity in the air, because the wind carries and

distributes water vapor in the air.

4. Air Speed

Air velocity occurs due to the difference in air pressure in an area with the

surrounding area. Air flows from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure. In

the process of moving the air brings cold air temperature and water vapor. The

movement of air in space is influenced by the geometry and location of the openings

in the space relative to the direction of the wind.

E. Thermal Comfort Indicator

The thermal comfort of occupants is an important criterion in assessing the

thermal performance of buildings (Lapisa et al., 2017 : 210). In this study, thermal

comfort was assessed from three main indicators: (a) adaptive comfort as defined by

ISO EN 15251 (2007), (b) Discomfort Rate (DR) is the percentage of uncomfortable

temperature for one year and (c) ) thermal stress calculated from the Wet-Buld Globe

Temperature (Budd, 2008).

The thermal comfort of the building is categorized in level 2 as defined by

ISO EN 15251 (2007). The comfort limit can be calculated based on the following

formula:

TL, Up = 0.33 Torm + 18.8 + 2, for 10 ° C <Torm <10°C ................ (1)

TL, Low = 0.33 Torm + 18.8 - 2, for 15 ° C <Torm <10°C ............... (2)

Where: TL, Up = Upper limit of comfortable temperature (°C)

15

TL, Low = Lower limit of comfortable temperature (°C)

Torm = Average temperature of outer air (°C)

F. Heat Transfer Equation

Heat transfer is the science of predicting energy transfer that occurs due to

differences in temperature between objects or materials. The energy that moves is

called heat / heat. There are 3 (three) heat transfers in a material (Kreit, 1991).

1. Conduction heat transfer

Conduction heat transfer is a heat transfer mechanism that occurs with a flow

or propagation process from an object at a lower temperature or from one object to

another by direct contact, in other words, the process of molecular heat transfer by

means of moving molecules. Conduction heat transfer can take place in solids, liquids

and gases.

Figure 2. Schematic of Heat Transfer in the Wall Plane

16

In general, in the heat industry, heat is transferred from one place to another under the

following conditions: 1) temperature difference (T), 2) heat flow path distance (X)

and 3) heat transfer cross-sectional area (A). Heat energy transfers by conduction or

conducts and that the rate of heat transfer is proportional to the normal temperature

gradient:

Q = - kA ∂T / ∂x .. .. .. ... . .. . (3)

Where: Q = Heat flow rate (BTU / hour)

A = Heat transfer cross-sectional area

∂T = Difference in temperature (°F)

∂x = Distance across heat flow (ft)

K = thermal conductivity (BTU / Hour)

2. Convection Heat Transfer

Convection heat transfer is a heat transfer mechanism that occurs from one

object to another by means of the object itself.

Q = hx A x ∆T4 ...................... (4)

Where: h = heat transfer coefficient (BTU / hour ft² ° C)

A = heat transfer cross-sectional area (ft²)

∆T = difference in temperature (° f)

3. Radiation Heat Transfer

Radiant heat transfer is the transfer of heat from one object to another with the

help of electromagnetic waves, where this energy will be converted into heat if the

17

energy is absorbed by another object. To calculate the amount of heat emitted, the

formula can be used:

Q = e σ AT4 ..................... (5)

Where: Q = radiated heat (BTU / hour)

e = emissivity (0 to 1) taken from the emissivity table

A = heat transfer area (ft²)

σ = proportional constant (BTU / hour ft² ° C)

G. Heat Transfer on Roofs

Figure 3. The heat transfer process on the roof

(Lapisa, 2015).

The concept of heat absorption in the roofing material, namely solar radiation

(short waves) received by the roof material, will be partially absorbed by the roof

material and partly reflected. The heat transfer received by the roof is also influenced

by the surrounding environment, for example the reflection of light (long waves)

from the house around the building will partly be absorbed by the roof and partly

18

reflected. The heat absorbed by the roof will be passed on to the inside of the roofing

material. Then continue into the room. The heat that enters the room will move

throughout the room. Thus, making the room temperature increase. The heat that

enters the room is released at night and in the morning as the heat moves from high to

low temperatures. Meanwhile, the heat that is still on the roof surface will be released

slowly by the wind and evaporation help that occurs in the morning.

H. Definition of a roof and its functions

The roof is the part of the building that is located at the very top. The roof is

the crown of a house building. The roof covers the entire space underneath it, so it

will be protected from heat, rain, wind and wild animals.

The roof is part of the building structure that functions as a protection/cover for the

building from the hot sun and rain so as to provide comfort for building users.

The roof has the following functions:

a. Protect buildings from sunshine or weather

b. Prevent entry of dust or rainwater as well as natural air conditioning

c. Provide a cool, fresh and comfortable place

d. Protection for its residents

The roof structure generally consists of three main parts, namely: the roof covering

structure, the gording and the truss. The roof cover is supported by a roof truss

consisting of truss, gording, buss and battens. A good roof construction allows for

19

good air circulation. Roof structures are generally made by following or adapting to

the plan or overall shape of the building (house roof design).

I. Roof Composer Components

Three components of the roof:

1. Roof Structure

The roof structure is the part of the building that holds/flows loads from the

roof. The roof structure is divided into roof trusses and roof truss supports. The roof

frame functions to withstand the load of the covering material so that it is generally in

the form of a vertical and horizontal arrangement of blocks (of wood/bamboo/steel),

except for non-concrete roof structures. Based on this position, the terms gording,

rafters and battens emerge. The arrangement of the roof trusses can produce

indentations in the roof (inner/outer juraid) and create a certain shape.

The roof truss supports are wooden beams arranged in a triangle, with the

term truss. The truss is under the roof frame, its function is to support the roof frame.

In general, there are 4 types of roof structures, namely:

a. Wall structure (sopi-sopi) wooden frame

b. Easel and wooden frame

c. Conventional steel structure

d. Light steel structure

20

Roof and parts:

1) Inner jurai

The inner jurai is the sharp part of the roof from the roof line to the ridge and is

found at the meeting of two roof planes at the inward corner of the building.

2) Outer jurai

The outer jurai is the sharp part of the roof from the roof line to the ridge and is

located at the meeting of two roof planes at the outer corner of the building.

3) Ridge

Ridge is the top side of the roof, always in a flat state and generally determines

the direction of the building.

4) Gording

Roof beam as a fastener that connects the horses. Gording is also a holder for

rafters and inner jurai beams.

5) Rafter

Roof components that are located above the lining and become a holder for

battens.

6) Batten

Roof component that has the smallest profile in shape and size. Position across

the rafters. Battens serve as retaining roof coverings. Another function is to

regulate the spacing of each tile so that it is more "tied" in rapidity. The

distance between battens depends on the size of the tile to be used.

21

2. Roof Cover

The cover is the part that covers the roof as a whole, thus limiting us from the

outside. There are a variety of roof covering options with a choice of different shapes

and properties. Two main factors that must be considered in the selection are the

lightening factor of the material so as not to overload the building structure and the

factor of weathering durability (wind, heat, rain). Another factor is the suitability /

beauty of the home design. The size and design of the roof cover also has an

influence on the structure, for example the truss construction, the size of the battens,

and the angle of inclination.

3. Complementary Components

a. Gutter

The water channel on the roof serves to direct the water to fall to the ground. The

gutters are installed horizontally following the roof drain and then flowed down

through a vertical pipe.

b. Lisplang

Lisplang creates a rigid (sturdy, unchanging) formation from the arrangement of

the rafters. Lisplang serves to lock the arrangement of the rafters to keep them in

place. From an aesthetic point of view, the trim functions to cover the rafters that

are lined up under the roof tile / roof covering material.

22

J. Roof Shape Based on Slope

1. Flat Roof (Slope 0º - 4º)

Character:

a. Simple in terms of manufacture and appearance

b. Lower cost per m2 (more efficient use of materials)

c. The room tends to be hot because generally the flat roof uses metal material (it

has a low heat distribution so that the sun's heat is directly flowed into the room).

2. Sloping Roof (Roof height is equal to / more than half the width of the building)

Character:

a. Roof construction is more complicated

b. Requires a larger amount of material

c. The space below is cooler because of the cavities in it

d. The choice of various roof models (saddle, shield, cone, a combination of several

types.

K. Roof Model

The form or model of roof construction varies according to civilization and

technological developments and according to the architectural aspect. The shape of

the roof or roof model includes:

1. Flat Roof

Flat roofs are usually used for multi-storey buildings / houses. Balconies

whose materials are usually made of reinforced concrete, for terraces the material is

23

made of asbestos or thick steel. In order for the accommodated rainwater to flow, the

roof is slanted to one side with sufficient slope.

Figure 4. Flat Roof

2. Roof Back

The bribing model is commonly used for additional buildings, for example, a

hallway or overhang. But now the roof of this model is also used for modern homes.

Figure 5. Roof Back

3. Gable

The form of the roof is quite simple, because it is widely used for buildings or

houses by the community. The roof plane consists of two sides that meet at one

24

meeting line called the ridge. The angle of inclination of this roof is between 30⁰ -

45⁰.

Figure 6. Gable Roof

4. Tent roof

The tent roof model is installed on a building with the same length as the

width, so that the slope of the roof plane is the same. The shape of the tent roof

consists of four tapa fields that meet at one peak point, the meeting of the sloping

roof plane is a sloping ridge called a jurai.

Figure 7. Tent roof

5. Limas Roof (shield)

The pyramid-shaped roof consists of four roof planes, two planes meeting at

one ridge line and two planes meeting at the upper ridge line.

25

Figure 8. Roof Shield

This roof shape is a refinement of the gable form, which consists of two

sloping roof planes in the form of a trapezium. The two roof planes are triangular

with usually the same slope.

6. Combination Roof Forms (Saddle and Shield)

The form of this roof is a combination or combination of a saddle and shield

type roof (limasan). There are also those who call this type of roof a broken tent or

joglo roof.

Figure 9. Combination Roof (Saddle and Shield)

26

7. Mansard roof

The shape of this roof is as if it consists of two roofs that look tiered or

terraced. The mansard roof was rarely used for house building, because this roof was

built by the Dutch government when colonizing.

Figure 10. Mansard Roof

8. Tower Roof

The shape of the tower roof is the same as the tent roof, the difference is that

the turret is taller so that it looks taper. This roof is often found on church buildings

and on the roof of mosque minarets.

Figure 11. Roof Tower

27

9. Pyramid Roof

This roof model consists of more than four areas of the same shape. The shape

of the building plan can be in the form of a 5, 6, 8 and so on.

Figure 12. Pyramid Roof

10. Minangkabau roof

The roof of Minang Kabau seems to be in the form of a horn on the right and

left edges. This roof shape we often encounter in Sumatra.

Figure 13. Minangkabau roof

11. Joglo roof

28

The joglo roof model is almost the same as the pyramid roof arranged so that

the tap looks like a story. This roof is mostly in the area of Central Java and West

Java.

Figure 14. Joglo roof

12. Half Ball Roof (Dome)

The roof model is curved half a ball. This roof is widely used for building

mosques and churches.

Figure 15. Dome roof

29

13. Roof Saw

This saw roof model consists of two roof planes with different slopes. The

saw roof model can be used for factory buildings, warehouses and workshops.

Figure 16. Roof saw

L. Roof Covering Material

The roof is one of the most visible parts of the house that is most visible from

the outside and really determines the appearance of the house. In addition, the roof

plays a role in protecting the contents of the house from heat, cold, rain, wind and

other weather influences. There are many choices of materials for the roof of the

house. New products always appear to replace old ones with superior materials and

meet the demands of new building techniques and aesthetics. Each type of roof

covering material has its own advantages and disadvantages. Several types of roofing

materials are as follows:

1. Tin Roof

Zinc is one of the many building materials that is often used as a roof covering. The

angle of the roof is 20 ° - 25 °. Galvanized (plated) flat zinc size ranges from 915 mm

30

x 1830 mm with several kinds of thickness less than 1 mm. sizes less than 1 mm are

denoted by BWG. The size of galvanized corrugated zinc is usually around 760 mm x

1830 mm with several thicknesses, which are stated as BWG. Zinc has a profile width

of 76 mm; a profile height of 16 mm and the number of waves is ten.

Table 3. Properties of Zinc (Zn)

Properties at 20⁰C

ρ (kg/m2) Cp (kj/kg⁰C) K (W/m⁰C) a (m2/s) x 105

7,144 0.3843 112.2 4,106

( Heat transfer tenth edition)

Figure 17. Buildings with Zinc Roofs

This roof is made of thin steel sheet electrolyzed zinc. The goal is to make it

rust resistant. the word zinc comes from the coating material (zinc). This type will

last as long as this zinc layer has not been lost, which happened around the 30s. After

that the roof will start to leak if there are parts that are scattered with rust.

Advantages:

31

a. Light weight

b. the price is low

c. easy installation while saving costs.

Deficiency:

a. If the zinc is exposed to rainwater which contains lots of acid, the zinc will rust

more easily

b. Zinc makes a loud noise when it rains

c. Zinc does not have heat and cold insulation properties, meaning that if the air

outside is hot or cold, the room will feel hotter or cooler.

2. Ijuk roof

Ijuk is a type of roof made from palm trees, which grow between palm leaves.

The roof tilt angle is> 40 °. The palm fiber roof covering gives a natural and cool

impression to a building. A palm fiber roof can usually last for 15 to 80 years,

depending on local environmental conditions. The dimensions of the palm fiber roof

are thin sheets of fibers, which have a length that can be adjusted based on needs.

The fibers used as the roof are formed with ties 120 cm long and 6cm in

diameter. The bond is then clamped using a bamboo strip, then tied to the batten. The

layer of fibers used is at least 2 layers because the thicker the layer will make it last

longer. Palm fiber roofs are widely used in traditional houses, lesehan buildings,

making saung, making temples etc.

32

Figure 18. The Building with Ijuk Roof

The advantages of palm fiber roof:

a. Looks natural and gives a new impression

b. Its resistance is very long, it can reach 80 years

c. The material price is low

d. Provides a cool effect during the day and warm at night

e. Able to reduce heat so that it can make the room cool

f. Cannot be digested by organisms

Lack of palm fiber roof:

a. it is difficult to make a replacement

b. prone to leaking during heavy rain

c. fire hazard because it is a combustible material

33

3. Bamboo Roof

Bamboo is a type of grassy plant with dependent rhizomes, bamboo is one of

the fastest growing segmented plants, in a day bamboo can grow to be 60 cm long

and even more depending on the soil conditions where the bamboo tree grows.

Bamboo is also called reeds, aur, eru, and pring.

Figure 19. The Building with Bamboo Roof

Bamboo advantages:

a. Bamboo is stronger than concrete in structure

b. Has good fission and mechanical properties

c. Easy to shape

d. The fibers are elastic, optimally withstand tensile, compressive, shear and

bending loads

e. Apparently artistic

f. Relatively cheap

34

g. Environmentally friendly because it has a life cycle of less than 6 years

Weakness of Bamboo:

a. Vulnerable to weathering, rickety, not resistant to rain and fire

b. Prone to fungi, mildew, termites, powder and the like

c. Relatively short lifespan

d. In the process, there are several difficult things, such as joining techniques

between bamboos, or connecting with other materials.

In addition to these roof covering materials, there are many other types of roofing

materials that can be used such as: traditional clay tiles made of clay that are molded

and then burned, ceramic tiles made of ceramic originating from clay, concrete tiles

made from a mixture of cement and sand, shingle roof made of ironwood, thatch

made of leaves, asbestos, sheet metal roof tiles that are similar to zinc, aluminum is a

lightweight metal roof, polycarbonate roof, PVC (Polyvinyl chloride), asphalt and

concrete roof tiles (Prianto, 2013 : 24-25).

35

CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

A. Research Design

The type of research used is an experimental method, that is, this experiment

is carried out directly on the research subject as well as direct observation in the

field using a prototype with various types of roofing materials such as zinc roofs,

palm fiber roofs and bamboo roofs.

B. Research objects

The object of research studied is a building prototype that uses roofing

materials made of zinc roofs, palm fiber roofs and bamboo roofs as well as the

influence of thermal characteristics on room comfort which is influenced by these

materials by using the Ts220 type Handhel thermocoupel and Dekko

thermocoupel tools.

Figure 20. Inside View of the prototype

36

This prototype building has a rectangular shape with a size of 60.5cm x

32cm x 16cm, the walls are made of 8 cm Grc and the floor is made of ceramic 8

cm. The building consists of several parts, namely 4 bedrooms, living room,

kitchen and toilet.

Table 4. Inside of the Prototype Building

No. Zone Area cm

1 Room 1 12.5 cm x 13.5 cm

2 Room 2 12.5 cm x 13.5 cm

3 Room 3 13 cm x 13.5 cm

4 Room 4 16.3 cm x 13.5 cm

5 Living room 31.2 cm x 18.5 cm

6 Kitchen 29.3 cm x 18.5 cm

7 Toilet 7 cm x 9 cm

The front of this building has an area of 32cm x 16cm which consists of 5

windows, namely 3 windows in the room 1 and 2 on the left and right of the

entrance. The size of 3 windows is 7.5cm x 8cm, while for the size of 2 windows

and one door is 10cm x 10cm with a window height of 8cm.

Figure 21. Front view of the prototype

37

The back of this building has an area of 32cm x 16cm which consists

of one door and 5 windows, namely 2 windows in the 4th room and 3

windows in the kitchen section. The size of 2 windows is 5cm x 6cm and 3

windows are 7cm x 6cm. 3cm x 10cm door.

Figure 22. Back view of the prototype

C. Research Schedule and Place

1. Research schedule

The research schedule is carried out in a period of months (January - July

2019), starting from submitting titles, guidance, preparation of proposals, the

process of making prototypes, testing, to making reports.

2. Research Place

The place for this research is in the open yard of the Mechanical Engineering

Department, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Negeri Padang.

D. Types and Sources of Data

1. Type of Data

38

The type of data used in this study is primary data, which is data obtained

directly by researchers from the results of testing the effect of thermal

characteristics on room comfort using a prototype with several roofing materials,

zinc, palm fiber and bamboo. In addition, the method used is secondary data,

namely searches or literature studies from relevant research journals, articles,

documents, and textbooks related to this research study.

2. Data source

The data source of this test is to examine the heat effect of various roofing

materials on building comfort, especially on zinc, palm fiber and bamboo roofing

materials to create a comfortable indoor temperature which is carried out in the

Mechanical Engineering yard, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Negeri Padang.

E. Tools and Materials

1. Testing Tools

The tools used in this study were the Handheld Thermocouple Type T 220

and the Type K Thermocouple.

a. Handheld Termocouple Type T 220

S220-T2 / S220-T8 thermocouple temperature data logger is a kind of high

precision instrument. Supports 8 types of thermocouple (K, J, E, T, R, S, N, B),

including thermocouple temperature compensation function and can measure

temperatures from -200 to 1800℃.

39

Figure 23. Handheld Termocoupel

Table 5. Termocoupel Handle Specifications

Termocoupel Handheld

Model S220-T2 S220-T8

Temperature Accuracy ± 1 ° C ± 5 ‰ ± 1 ° C ± 5 ‰

Temperature

Measurement Range -200 ~ + 1800℃ -200 ~ + 1800℃

Sensor type External

thermocouple

External

thermocouple

Channel 2 8

Resolution 0.1 ° C 0.1 ° C

Automatic Recording

Capacity

8,6000 8,6000

Interval Log 2s ~ 24h 2s ~ 24h

Weight 320g 320g

Battery 2 months 2 months

Weight 9V Block Battery * 1 9V Block Battery

* 1

Dimensions 158mm * 95mm *

35mm

202mm * 165mm

* 58mm

LCD size 65mm * 53mm 79mm * 50mm

Accessories Battery, user manual,

USB cable, carry

case, software

Battery, user

manual, USB

cable, carry case,

software

(www. Huato. Cn / s220_T8. Hml)

40

b. Termocoupel Type K

Type K thermocouples usually work in most applications because they are

nickel based and have good corrosion resistance. This is the most common type of

sensor calibration providing the widest operating temperature range. Type K

thermocouples are widely used at temperatures up to 2300 ° F (1260°C). This type

of thermocouple must be protected with a metal or ceramic protective tube,

especially in reducing the atmosphere. Type K will generally last longer than

Type J because JP wire oxidizes quickly, especially at higher temperatures.

Figure 24. Thermocoupel Type K

It consists of a positive leg, which is about 90% nickel, 10% chromium

and a negative leg, which is about 95% nickel, 2% aluminum, 2% manganese and

1% silicon. Type K Thermocouple is the most commonly used multipurpose

thermocouple with a sensitivity of about 41μV / ° C, positive chrome compared to

alumel. A wide range of probes is available in -200 ° C to + 1260 ° C / -328 ° F to

+ 2300 ° F. One of the constituent metals of nickel is a magnet, the characteristic

of thermocouples made with magnetic materials is that they undergo a step change

in output when the material magnetic reaches its Cure point (approx. 354 ° C for a

type K thermocouple).

41

2. Roof Covering Material

In this study, researchers used several types of roof coverings in the form of:

a. Tin Roof

Figure 25. Zinc Roof Ptototype

The length of the tin roof used in this prototype is 69.5 cm with a height of

16 cm and a roof slope of 45°.

b. Ijuk roof

Figure 26. Palm Fiber Roof Prototype

The length of the palm fiber roof used in this prototype is 74.5 cm with a

height of 15 cm and a roof slope of 45°. The palm fiber roof used has 3 layers, this

is so that heat absorption in the room can be minimized.

42

c. Bamboo Roof

Figure 27. Bamboo Roof Prototype

The length of the bamboo roof used in this prototype is 70 cm with a

height of 16.5 cm and a roof slope of 45 °. The number of rows of bamboo used

was 24 bamboo slats.

F. Implementation Method

The principle of the measurement method that will be carried out in the

field is to examine the heat effects of a variety of roof covering building materials,

especially zinc, palm fiber and bamboo roofing materials. Observations were

made on the “house model” with a scale of 1:20, in the sense that the dimensions

and materials of the house used reel materials which were reduced in size from the

actual length, namely 12m in length. The model is placed in the yard of the

Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Negeri

Padang, which has been positioned for its height and location so that it is exposed

to direct sunlight from morning to evening, the house model can be rotated. The

43

research was conducted in the morning until noon (there is sunlight) and at night

(after sunset) for 24 hours with a time span of 10 minutes.

The research was conducted using the Thermocoupel Type Ts 220 and the

Type K Thermocoupel Handhel to measure the temperature of the outdoor and

indoor air. The heat effect of sunlight throughout the day will be observed from

the use of different roofing materials. The purpose of this measurement is to

obtain data about the thermal effect of sunlight on room temperature in creating

room comfort from a variety of roof coverings used.

G. Data Collection Instruments

The data collection instrument in this study was carried out through direct

observation in the field with the following research aspects:

1. Prepare the tables needed according to the research data and analyze them.

2. Fill out the prepared table according to the research data and analyze it.

3. Analysis of the heat propagation of various roofing materials on the effects

of indoor temperature.

Table 6. Tabulation of Temperature Testing Data on Roof Materials

Material Number Position Time Temperature (⁰C)

Morning Noon Night

Bamboo

Point 1 Roof Outer

Surface

Point 2

Inner

Surface of

the Roof

Point 3 Attic

Point 4 Room

Point 5 Living room

44

Palm

fibers

Point 1 Roof Outer

Surface

Point 2

Inner

Surface of

the Roof

Point 3 Attic

Point 4 Room

Point 5 Living room

Bamboo

Point 1 Roof Outer

Surface

Point 2

Inner

Surface of

the Roof

Point 3 Attic

Point 4 Room

Point 5 Living room

H. Research Procedures

1. The prototype is placed in an open courtyard which is exposed to direct sun.

2. Installation of measuring instruments on the prototype.

3. Data Retrieval and Data Analysis.

4. Conclusion.

5. Done.

49

CHAPTER IV

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

A. Data Description

This research was conducted to determine the effect of roof type on room

temperature comfort. In this study, three prototypes were used with different roofing

materials, namely palm fiber roof, bamboo roof and zinc roof.

Figure 28. Prototype Making

In taking the prototype data it is placed in the Garden of the Department of

Mechanical Engineering, FT-UNP, which is exposed to direct sunlight. The location

of the test data collection is included in the tropical rainy climate which has an

average rainfall of about 60 mm. Tropical rainforests do not have hot or cold

50

summers, this climate is usually warm and wet all year round and with heavy rainfall

and sustainable. Data collection was carried out for 24 hours with a time span every

10 minutes, this study lasted for 3 consecutive days in April. At the time of data

collection for each prototype, a thermometer consisting of five sensors is installed.

Table 7. Position Sensor

No. Sensor Name Keterang

1 Sensor 1 Roof Top

2 Sensor 2 Under the Roof

3 Sensor 3 Attic

4 Sensor 4 Room

5 Sensor 5 Living room

Figure 29. Position Sensor

51

B. Results of Data Analysis

1. Upper and Lower Roof Temperature

a. Daytime Temperature

Graph 1. Upper and Lower Roof Temperatures during the Day

52

Based on the test results during the day it was found that at 10:42 the

temperature of the roof of each material experienced a maximum temperature

increase, at that time the highest temperature of the roof was experienced by zinc

roofs because zinc roofs had properties that easily absorbed heat, then palm fiber

roofs and a bamboo roof. but at 11:22-12:22 the temperature of the roof suddenly

experienced a drastic decrease in temperature, this was because at that time the sun

was covered by clouds so that the heat received by the roof decreased, at that time the

temperature had decreased drastically is a zinc roof this is because zinc roofs are very

easy to release heat, so if there is a sudden change in outside temperature, the

temperature of the zinc roof will immediately experience the same thing.

At 12:32-16:02 the temperature of the roof of each material fluctuates, where

the temperature of the roof has increased and decreased suddenly this is because at

that time the weather changes, at that time there is hot and cloudy rain so that the

sun's heat received at that time decreases.

Based on the test results during the day, it was found that the temperature

conditions under the roof which always experienced the highest temperature of the

three roofing materials used were zinc roofs, because the top temperature of the zinc

roof also had the highest temperature so that the temperature from the top of the roof

was transferred to the bottom of the roof which resulted in the temperature below it.

increased, then palm fibers and bamboo roofs.

53

At 06:02 - 12:12 the temperature under the palm fiber roof is above the

temperature of the bamboo roof, but at 12:32 - 16:02 the temperature under the palm

fiber which was originally above the temperature of the bamboo roof instead turns to

the temperature of the bamboo roof above. the temperature of the palm fiber roof.

This condition is because at 06-02-12:12 the palm fiber roof exposed to the sun easily

absorbs the heat it receives because it has a black color which absorbs heat while

bamboo roofs are difficult to absorb heat because it comes from plants. Whereas at

12:32-16:02 the weather is erratic sometimes it rains and is cloudy so that the palm

fiber roof that is exposed to rain drops changes the temperature on the roof which also

affects the temperature below, while the bamboo roof when exposed to rain drops

immediately falls on the ground and does not too affect the temperature below.

Based on the graph obtained during the day, it shows that the temperature of

the roof, under the roof and the temperature of the outside environment has the same

tendency (pattern) where when the temperature of the outside environment increases,

the temperature above and below the roof also increases and when the temperature of

the outside environment increases. So, the temperature above the roof and under the

roof also decreased in temperature.

The temperature difference between the top of the zinc roof and the

temperature below the zinc roof has decreased by about 4°C. The difference in

temperature above and below the palm fiber roof has decreased by about 9°C and the

difference in temperature above and below the bamboo roof has decreased by about

54

5°C. So, it can be concluded that among the three roofing materials that are very

good at retaining heat during the day are palm fibers, because palm fibers can

maintain normal temperatures under the roof even in hot conditions.

55

b. Nighttime Temperature

Graph 2. Top and Bottom Roof Temperature at Night

56

Based on the test results at night, it was found that the highest roof

temperature was the bamboo roof, this was because the bamboo roof was very

difficult to release heat even though the surrounding temperature had a low

temperature. The highest temperature of the roof, followed by the palm fiber roof, is

caused by the black color of the fibers which slows down the heat release, then zinc

roofs, because zinc roofs are very easy to release heat or adjust to environmental

temperatures.

Based on the test results at night, it was found that the highest temperature

under the roof was the bamboo roof, this was caused by the upper temperature of the

bamboo which also experienced the highest heat so that it affected the temperature

below. Then the highest lower temperature after bamboo is the palm fiber roof,

because the temperature of the palm fiber roof also has a moderate temperature so

that the temperature below is the same. Furthermore, zinc roofing is because the

upper temperature of zinc also has the lowest temperature of the other materials so

that the lower temperature also has the lowest temperature among the others.

Based on the graph obtained at night, it shows that the temperature above the

roof, under the roof and the temperature of the outside environment has the same

tendency (pattern) where when the temperature of the outside environment increases,

the temperature above and below the roof also increases and when the temperature of

the outside environment increases. decreased, the temperature above the roof and

under the roof also decreased in temperature.

57

The temperature difference between the top of the zinc roof and the

temperature under the zinc roof has decreased by about 0.218°C. The difference in

temperature above and below the palm fiber roof has decreased by around 0.017°C

and the difference in temperature above and below the bamboo roof has decreased by

about 0.023°C. So, it can be concluded that among the three roofing materials that are

very good at maintaining normal room temperature is a palm fiber roof, which is

neither too hot nor too cold.

58

2. Attic Temperature

a. Daytime Temperature

Graph 3. Attic temperature during the day

59

Based on the test results during the day, it was found that at 10:42 the

temperature of the zinc attic had increased to the maximum, this condition was

caused by the temperature above and below the roof which also had high

temperatures so that it affected the attic temperature, as well as other materials. Then

at 11:22-12:22 the temperature of the zinc attic decreased drastically, this condition

was caused because the temperature of the roof and the temperature below had

decreased drastically because at that time the sun was covered by clouds so that it

also affected the attic temperature. The next highest attic temperature is the bamboo

roof, because the temperature above the roof and the bottom of the bamboo also has a

high temperature so that it affects the attic temperature and the next attic temperature

is palm fiber, this condition is due to the old palm fiber roof in transferring heat to the

bottom so that the attic roof remains in normal conditions.

At 13:32 - 16:02 the temperature of the attic fluctuates, where there is a

sudden increase and decrease in temperature, this condition is due to the condition of

the outside temperature which always changes due to the influence of both rainy and

cloudy weather which affects the attic temperature.

Based on the graph obtained during the day it shows that between the attic

temperature and the temperature of the outside environment has the same tendency

(pattern) where when the temperature of the outside environment increases, the attic

temperature also increases and when the temperature of the outside environment

decreases, the attic temperature also follows in decreases temperature.

60

b. Nighttime Temperature

Graph 4. Attic Temperature at Night

61

Based on the test results at night, it was found that the highest attic

temperature was the palm fiber attic, this condition was because the palm fiber roof

was very difficult to release the heat received during the day so that the heat was still

stored at night so that it affected the attic temperature. The highest attic temperature

after the fibers is the bamboo attic, because the temperature under the bamboo at

night is also high so that the temperature of the attic is also hot and the bamboo roof

is also difficult to release heat because it comes from plants. Furthermore, zinc roofs,

this condition is due to the lower temperature of zinc also has the lowest temperature

than other roofing materials and zinc roofs are also very easy to release heat and

adjust to environmental temperatures.

Based on the graph obtained at night it shows that between the attic

temperature and the temperature of the outside environment has the same tendency

(pattern) where when the temperature of the outside environment increases, the attic

temperature also increases and when the temperature of the outside environment

decreases, the attic temperature also follows in decreases temperature.

62

3. Room Temperature

a. Room temperature during the day

Graph 5. Room Temperature during the Day

63

Based on the test results during the day it was found that at 07:32 - 08:32 the

temperature of the palm fiber had increased by itself; this was because when sunlight

entered the palm fiber room, direct sunlight hit the sensor, causing an increase in

temperature. At 06:02 - 12:02 the palm fiber room temperature is higher than zinc

room temperature, this condition is due to the hot temperature at night is still stuck in

the palm fiber room, so when the sun just hits the room, the room temperature

increases. Meanwhile, the zinc room temperature is still in a normal state until the sun

is really hot, then the zinc room has increased in temperature. However, at 12:12 -

16:02 the palm fiber room which originally had the highest temperature from the zinc

room turned out to be the highest zinc room from the palm fiber room, This condition

is caused because when the sun hits the tin roof, the heat it receives is immediately

transferred to the bottom of the room, increasing the room temperature. Meanwhile,

the palm fiber itself is slow in transferring the heat it receives. For bamboo roofs, the

room temperature is always at the bottom of other materials, because bamboo roofs

are difficult to absorb heat and are also difficult to release heat because they come

from hollow plants.

Based on the graph obtained during the day it shows that between room

temperature and the outside environment temperature has the same tendency (pattern)

where when the outside environment temperature increases, the room temperature

also increases and when the outside environment temperature decreases, the room

temperature also follows in decreases temperature.

64

b. Nighttime Room Temperature

Graph 6. Room Temperature at Night

65

Based on the test results at night, it was found that from 18:32 - 05:52 the

highest room temperature was bamboo room temperature, this condition was caused

by the upper and lower temperatures of the bamboo roofs at night which had the

highest temperature than other roof temperatures so that it affected temperature the

room below. Furthermore, the highest room temperature is the palm fiber room

temperature, this is because the temperature of the palm fiber attic at night is high so

that the heat from the attic causes the room underneath to be high and the fibers are

also slow to release heat. The lowest room temperature is room temperature zinc, this

is because zinc roofs are very easy to release heat than other materials when the sun is

not there.

Based on the graph obtained during the day it shows that between room

temperature and the outside environment temperature has the same tendency (pattern)

where when the outside environment temperature increases, the room temperature

also increases and when the outside environment temperature decreases, the room

temperature also follows in decrease temperature.

66

4. Living Room Temperature

a. Daytime Living Room Temperature

Graph 7. Living Room Temperature during the Day

67

Based on the test results during the day, it was found that at 6:02 a.m. - 08:32

a.m. where the new sun appeared, the highest living room temperature was the palm

fiber living room, this was because the attic heat at night was still stored so that it

affected the heat of the living room below. But at 08:42 - 10:52 the sun began to heat

the living room of the palm fiber which was originally high turned into the

temperature of the zinc living room which was the highest of other materials, because

the zinc roof was very easy to absorb and transfer heat which made the temperature of

the living room below also increase. At 11:02 - 12:42 hours the temperature of the

living room of the three roofing materials decreased where the lowest position was on

the tin roof, this condition was due to the fact that at that time the sun was covered by

black clouds, so the heat received was not optimal.

At 12:52 - 16: 02, the heat in the living room zinc increases again from other

materials, because at that time the sun is no longer covered by black clouds, so that

the zinc roof can absorb heat and directly transfer it to the living room below. The

highest temperature of the living room next is the bamboo roof, this condition is

because the temperature of the bamboo attic at that time is high so that it affects the

temperature of the living room below and the lowest is the temperature of the guest

rung, because palm fiber is difficult to transfer the heat it receives to the bottom so it

affects the temperature of the living room .

From the graph obtained during the day, it shows that between the living room

temperature and the outside environment temperature has the same tendency (pattern)

where when the outside temperature increases, the living room temperature also

68

increases and when the outside environment temperature decreases, the room

temperature guests also in decrease temperature.

69

b. Nighttime Living Room Temperature

Graph 8. Living Room Temperature at Night

70

Based on the test results at night, it was found that the highest living room

temperature was the palm fiber guest room, this condition was caused by the

temperature of the palm fiber attic at night which was higher than other materials so

that the temperature of the living room below was also high. At 18:32 - 23:12 the

temperature of the bamboo living room is higher than the temperature of the zinc

living room, this condition is due to the temperature of the roof top, the temperature

under the roof and the temperature of the bamboo attic at night is higher than the zinc

roof so that the temperature of the living room the bamboo was also high. However,

at 23:22 - 05:52 the temperature of the bamboo and zinc living room is almost the

same, this condition is because the two materials are very easy to adjust the

temperature to the outside environment.

Based on the graph obtained during the day, it shows that between the living

room temperature and the outside environment temperature has the same tendency

(pattern) where when the outside temperature increases, the living room temperature

also increases and when the outside environment temperature decreases, the room

temperature guests also in decrease temperature.

71

5. Room temperature and outside environment temperature

a. Palm fiber room temperature and outdoor environment temperature

(a) (b)

Graph 9. (a) Room Temperature for Daytime Palm (b) for Room Temperature at Night

72

Based on the daytime and nighttime test results between the palm fiber

room and the temperature of the outside environment, the results show that the

palm fiber room temperature during the day is higher than the nighttime

temperature, where the temperature during the day can reach 37.5.°C while at

night it is only 28.6°C. For the outside environment temperature itself is higher

during the day than the ambient temperature at night, this is because during the

day there is no sunlight while at night there is no. The temperature of the outside

environment during the day can reach 41°C while at night it is only up to 28.4°C.

73

b. Bamboo Room Temperature and Outside Environment Temperature

(a) (b)

Graph 10. (a) Bamboo Room Temperature during the Day (b) Bamboo Room Temperature at night

74

Based on the daytime and nighttime test results between the bamboo room

and the outside environment temperature, it is found that the room temperature of

bamboo during the day is higher than the nighttime temperature, where the

temperature during the day can reach 37.5.°C while at night it is only 28.6°C. For

the outside environment temperature itself is higher during the day than the

ambient temperature at night, this is because during the day there is no sunlight

while at night there is no. The temperature of the outside environment during the

day can reach 39.5°C while at night it is only up to 28.6°C.

75

c. Zinc Room Temperature and Outside Environment Temperature

(a) (b)

Graph 11. (a) Room Temperature Zinc during the Day (b) Room Temperature Zinc at Night

76

Based on the daytime and nighttime test results between the zinc room and

the outside environment temperature, the results show that the zinc room

temperature during the day is higher than the nighttime temperature, where the

temperature during the day can reach 38°C while at night it is only 28.75°C. For

the outside environment temperature itself is higher during the day than the

ambient temperature at night, this is because during the day there is no sunlight

while at night there is no. The temperature of the outside environment during the

day can reach 41°C while at night it is only up to 28.4°C.

77

6. Living Room Temperature and Outside Environment Temperature

a. The temperature of the palm fiber living room and the temperature of the living room

(a) (b)

Graph 12. (a) The temperature of the Palm Fiber Living Room during the Day (b) The Temperature of the Palm Fiber living room at night

78

Based on the daytime and nighttime test results between the palm fiber

living room and the temperature of the outside environment, the results show that

the temperature of the palm fiber living room during the day is higher than the

nighttime temperature, where the temperature during the day can reach 36.5.°C

while at night it is only 28.45°C. For the outside environment temperature itself is

higher during the day than the ambient temperature at night, this is because during

the day there is no sunlight while at night there is no. The temperature of the

outside environment during the day can reach 35°C while at night it is only up to

28.4°C.

79

b. Bamboo Living Room Temperature and Outdoor Environment Temperature

(a) (b)

Graph 13. (a) The Temperature of the Bamboo Parlor during the Day (b) the Temperature of the Living Room at Night

80

Based on the daytime and nighttime test results between the bamboo living

room and the temperature of the outside environment, the results show that the

temperature of the bamboo living room during the day is higher than the nighttime

temperature, where the temperature during the day can reach 37.3°C while at

night it is only 28.63°C. For the outside environment temperature itself is higher

during the day than the ambient temperature at night, this is because during the

day there is no sunlight while at night there is no. The temperature of the outside

environment during the day can reach 36°C while at night it is only up to

28.45°C.

81

c. Zinc Living Room Temperature and Outside Environment

(a) (b)

Graph 14. (a) The Temperature of the Living Room Zinc during the Day (b) the Temperature of the Living Room at Night

82

Based on the daytime and nighttime test results between the zinc living room

and the temperature of the outside environment, it is found that the temperature of the

zinc living room during the day is higher than the nighttime temperature, where the

temperature during the day can reach 37.5.°C while at night it is only 28.75°C. For

the outside environment temperature itself is higher during the day than the ambient

temperature at night, this is because during the day there is no sunlight while at night

there is no. The temperature of the outside environment during the day can reach

36.5°C while at night it is only up to 28.6°C.

82

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

A. Conclusion

The test results of the prototype are as follows:

1. The type of roof that has the best room comfort during the day and at night is

the palm fiber roof, because during the day the roof is cool and at night is

warm. As for zinc roofs during the day the room is very hot and the nights are

cold, for bamboo roofs the comfort of the room is hot during the day and at

night is also hot.

2. The ability of the best type of roof to withstand heat is a palm fiber roof, where

when the sun hits the roof, the heat will be retained on the roof and not

transferred directly into the room. Zinc roofs retain heat very badly, because

when the sun hits the roof the heat is directly transferred into the room. As for

the bamboo roof, it is able to withstand moderate heat, when the heat hits the

hot roof it will be received and transferred slowly into the room.

3. The type of roof that is most effective in minimizing the heat entering the room

is the palm fiber roof. While the zinc roof, between the heat received and the

heat entering the room is the same. For bamboo roofs, the heat received and the

heat that enter the room is not much different.

83

B. Recommendations

In designing and making prototypes with some of these roofing materials, in

order to reduce the use of electricity consumption, there are several suggestions as

follows:

1. For further research, the design and manufacture of prototypes should use a

scale that is not too far from the actual size, so that when testing the results are

not too far from what is expected.

2. In conducting the test, you should pay attention to the location of the

temperature sensor at all times so that it remains in its original position, so that

the results are maximum.

3. When testing, look for the best weather, because changes in weather can affect

the results.

4. The results of the research carried out still do not meet the comfort criteria,

therefore it is recommended for further research to choose other types of roofs

that can meet the comfortable criteria for tropical climates.

5. For people who want to have an energy-efficient house with more efficient use

of electrical energy, choosing the type of roof for this house design can be used

as a consideration in choosing the type of roof to use.

84

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87

Attachment 1. Image of Prototype with Different Roof Types

Palm Fiber Roof Prototype Bamboo Roof Prototype

Zinc Roof Prototype Inside Prototype

88

Attachment 2. Temperature Sensor

Thermocouple Sensor A

Sensor B Sensor C

89

Attachment 3. Position of Sensor in Prototype

Roof Top Under the Roof and Attic

Bedroom Living Room

90

Attachment 4. Research Data

No.

Dat

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Wak

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Ata

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Baw

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Lo

ten

g I

juk

Kam

ar I

juk

Ru

ang

Tam

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Iju

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Ata

s B

amb

u

Baw

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amb

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Lo

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amb

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Kam

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amb

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Ru

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Bam

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Baw

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Kam

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an

1 31/05/

2019 16.0

2 33.88° c

31.37° c

32.56° c

32.50° c

31.69° c

34.31° c

32.00° c

32.75° c

32.94° c

32.19° c

32.19° c

31.69° c

32.38° c

32.94° c

32.69° c

30.40° c

2 31/05/

2019 15.5

2 36.75° c

32.06° c

33.19° c

33.69° c

32.38° c

36.00° c

33.50° c

33.94° c

34.31° c

33.25° c

35.25° c

33.38° c

34.50° c

34.81° c

33.56° c

31.50° c

3 31/05/

2019 15.4

2 40.13° c

32.88° c

33.75° c

34.38° c

32.88° c

37.25° c

35.06° c

34.44° c

35.25° c

33.94° c

43.31° c

37.13° c

37.50° c

35.88° c

34.19° c

32.50° c

4 31/05/

2019 15.3

2 42.44° c

33.00° c

33.81° c

34.69° c

32.88° c

37.19° c

35.69° c

34.19° c

35.31° c

33.81° c

43.63° c

36.31° c

36.94° c

35.75° c

33.63° c

33.10° c

5 31/05/

2019 15.2

2 43.25° c

32.75° c

33.63° c

34.00° c

32.63° c

35.88° c

34.31° c

33.31° c

34.13° c

33.00° c

44.00° c

37.63° c

36.25° c

34.44° c

32.81° c

32.30° c

6 31/05/

2019 15.1

2 35.81° c

32.06° c

33.56° c

33.56° c

32.63° c

34.81° c

32.88° c

33.13° c

33.44° c

32.63° c

33.81° c

32.88° c

33.19° c

33.56° c

33.00° c

31.10° c

7 31/05/

2019 15.0

2 39.44° c

32.94° c

34.13° c

34.56° c

33.25° c

36.31° c

33.63° c

33.63° c

34.31° c

33.25° c

38.63° c

36.88° c

35.63° c

34.63° c

33.56° c

32.30° c

8 31/05/

2019 14.5

2 38.81° c

33.13° c

34.56° c

34.94° c

33.50° c

37.19° c

34.00° c

34.19° c

34.94° c

33.56° c

36.81° c

34.38° c

35.19° c

35.31° c

34.25° c

32.60° c

9 31/05/

2019 14.4

2 40.00° c

34.50° c

35.94° c

35.75° c

34.50° c

38.00° c

34.81° c

35.13° c

35.75° c

34.25° c

41.13° c

36.88° c

37.63° c

36.50° c

34.81° c

33.10° c

10 31/05/

2019 14.3

2 42.69° c

34.31° c

35.50° c

36.81° c

34.13° c

39.94° c

36.31° c

35.81° c

36.81° c

34.63° c

41.13° c

35.13° c

37.50° c

37.44° c

34.75° c

34.80° c

91

11 31/05/

2019 14.2

2 48.69° c

34.94° c

35.50° c

36.88° c

34.38° c

43.81° c

37.44° c

35.88° c

36.94° c

35.06° c

48.19° c

41.63° c

40.00° c

37.56° c

35.25° c

37.60° c

12 31/05/

2019 14.1

2 47.63° c

34.50° c

35.19° c

36.88° c

34.06° c

42.81° c

36.50° c

35.44° c

36.81° c

34.63° c

47.06° c

41.50° c

39.19° c

37.31° c

34.88° c

37.20° c

13 31/05/

2019 14.0

2 47.56° c

34.75° c

35.50° c

35.81° c

34.13° c

41.56° c

36.31° c

35.31° c

36.00° c

34.56° c

48.56° c

42.94° c

39.88° c

36.13° c

34.63° c

36.60° c

14 31/05/

2019 13.5

2 39.31° c

32.88° c

34.38° c

35.94° c

33.50° c

38.56° c

33.31° c

34.31° c

35.94° c

33.69° c

38.00° c

35.50° c

34.94° c

35.94° c

34.25° c

32.80° c

15 31/05/

2019 13.4

2 42.56° c

33.88° c

35.25° c

37.56° c

34.19° c

42.13° c

35.75° c

36.00° c

37.44° c

34.81° c

38.69° c

34.81° c

36.75° c

37.75° c

35.38° c

35.80° c

16 31/05/

2019 13.3

2 51.69° c

35.88° c

36.56° c

37.94° c

35.06° c

45.88° c

39.75° c

37.94° c

37.94° c

36.06° c

50.75° c

45.63° c

42.44° c

38.69° c

36.38° c

38.30° c

17 31/05/

2019 13.2

2 54.31° c

36.25° c

36.69° c

37.88° c

34.94° c

46.25° c

40.19° c

38.00° c

37.75° c

35.94° c

53.31° c

45.56° c

42.56° c

38.31° c

35.88° c

39.40° c

18 31/05/

2019 13.1

2 53.13° c

35.69° c

35.69° c

37.06° c

34.06° c

44.50° c

38.13° c

36.25° c

37.06° c

34.69° c

54.25° c

46.69° c

42.38° c

37.69° c

33.94° c

37.90° c

19 31/05/

2019 13.0

2 47.44° c

33.75° c

34.06° c

35.69° c

32.94° c

41.25° c

34.88° c

34.31° c

35.63° c

33.38° c

47.81° c

43.50° c

38.38° c

36.31° c

33.25° c

34.50° c

20 31/05/

2019 12.5

2 43.81° c

33.94° c

34.56° c

35.38° c

33.13° c

41.19° c

35.69° c

35.00° c

35.38° c

33.56° c

42.13° c

38.00° c

37.25° c

36.19° c

33.38° c

35.00° c

21 31/05/

2019 12.4

2 51.56° c

34.94° c

34.94° c

35.31° c

33.19° c

42.81° c

36.38° c

34.81° c

35.19° c

33.38° c

53.44° c

44.56° c

40.06° c

36.19° c

32.81° c

37.60° c

22 31/05/

2019 12.3

2 45.00° c

33.44° c

33.44° c

33.63° c

32.13° c

38.56° c

34.00° c

33.13° c

33.56° c

32.19° c

47.06° c

42.88° c

37.50° c

33.94° c

31.94° c

33.60° c

23 31/05/

2019 12.2

2 40.94° c

32.69° c

32.94° c

33.56° c

31.81° c

37.25° c

32.75° c

32.38° c

33.38° c

31.81° c

40.81° c

36.38° c

34.50° c

33.63° c

31.75° c

32.50° c

24 31/05/

2019 12.1

2 39.19° c

32.75° c

33.06° c

32.81° c

31.87° c

35.88° c

32.06° c

32.25° c

32.63° c

31.69° c

39.25° c

35.88° c

34.13° c

32.81° c

31.62° c

31.60° c

92

25 31/05/

2019 12.0

2 37.44° c

33.13° c

33.63° c

33.06° c

32.13° c

34.75° c

32.19° c

32.63° c

32.63° c

31.81° c

36.69° c

34.00° c

33.50° c

32.94° c

31.62° c

30.60° c

26 31/05/

2019 11.5

2 37.25° c

32.69° c

33.31° c

32.50° c

32.06° c

35.56° c

32.38° c

32.63° c

32.13° c

31.94° c

34.50° c

33.56° c

32.88° c

32.38° c

31.87° c

30.90° c

27 31/05/

2019 11.4

2 39.25° c

32.50° c

33.06° c

33.75° c

32.06° c

36.88° c

32.19° c

32.63° c

33.38° c

32.06° c

37.06° c

34.06° c

33.19° c

33.69° c

32.00° c

31.30° c

28 31/05/

2019 11.3

2 40.69° c

32.50° c

33.06° c

34.50° c

32.13° c

37.31° c

31.81° c

32.63° c

33.81° c

32.13° c

40.56° c

34.94° c

33.06° c

34.00° c

32.00° c

31.50° c

29 31/05/

2019 11.2

2 37.38° c

32.50° c

33.69° c

34.31° c

32.56° c

37.00° c

32.25° c

33.38° c

33.56° c

32.69° c

34.44° c

33.00° c

33.06° c

34.31° c

32.50° c

31.10° c

30 31/05/

2019 11.1

2 40.38° c

33.69° c

34.75° c

36.75° c

33.50° c

40.06° c

33.69° c

35.00° c

35.25° c

33.75° c

36.63° c

34.31° c

35.31° c

36.13° c

33.19° c

32.70° c

31 31/05/

2019 11.0

2 47.00° c

35.44° c

36.19° c

38.44° c

34.44° c

45.44° c

36.50° c

37.13° c

37.06° c

35.00° c

41.06° c

38.13° c

39.13° c

38.31° c

34.31° c

35.80° c

32 31/05/

2019 10.5

2 57.13° c

37.19° c

36.69° c

40.50° c

35.06° c

50.38° c

38.13° c

37.75° c

39.13° c

35.50° c

58.50° c

51.69° c

43.63° c

40.19° c

35.75° c

38.00° c

33 31/05/

2019 10.4

2 54.56° c

36.25° c

35.94° c

40.00° c

34.44° c

49.00° c

36.31° c

36.56° c

38.44° c

34.81° c

54.19° c

46.63° c

40.38° c

39.94° c

34.31° c

37.10° c

34 31/05/

2019 10.3

2 56.25° c

36.19° c

35.69° c

41.06° c

34.44° c

49.56° c

36.13° c

36.31° c

39.25° c

34.69° c

57.06° c

49.50° c

41.75° c

41.06° c

34.88° c

37.10° c

35 31/05/

2019 10.2

2 55.38° c

36.25° c

35.75° c

40.25° c

34.38° c

49.13° c

35.56° c

36.13° c

38.81° c

34.63° c

56.75° c

47.13° c

41.19° c

40.75° c

34.63° c

37.40° c

36 31/05/

2019 10.1

2 56.25° c

36.00° c

35.19° c

40.81° c

34.06° c

48.56° c

35.00° c

35.44° c

39.56° c

34.19° c

58.38° c

49.19° c

41.75° c

41.13° c

34.63° c

37.00° c

37 31/05/

2019 10.0

2 50.13° c

34.06° c

33.81° c

38.94° c

33.06° c

45.13° c

33.44° c

34.25° c

37.44° c

33.44° c

52.19° c

43.75° c

37.94° c

38.75° c

33.38° c

34.70° c

38 31/05/

2019 09.5

2 48.25° c

33.88° c

34.00° c

39.81° c

33.31° c

45.25° c

34.13° c

34.81° c

38.00° c

33.88° c

44.19° c

39.00° c

37.50° c

39.50° c

33.69° c

35.20° c

93

39 31/05/

2019 09.4

2 53.44° c

35.00° c

34.56° c

39.69° c

33.81° c

47.13° c

34.56° c

34.94° c

38.13° c

34.00° c

53.25° c

43.25° c

38.88° c

39.81° c

33.75° c

36.50° c

40 31/05/

2019 09.3

2 48.25° c

33.88° c

33.44° c

39.69° c

33.06° c

44.25° c

33.19° c

34.13° c

38.25° c

33.38° c

46.38° c

40.88° c

37.81° c

39.75° c

33.56° c

34.70° c

41 31/05/

2019 09.2

2 50.56° c

33.38° c

32.75° c

39.94° c

32.56° c

44.75° c

32.75° c

33.31° c

38.69° c

32.94° c

51.94° c

43.06° c

37.44° c

39.88° c

32.94° c

34.70° c

42 31/05/

2019 09.1

2 50.63° c

33.31° c

32.63° c

39.06° c

32.38° c

44.19° c

32.88° c

33.06° c

38.06° c

32.50° c

53.63° c

43.31° c

37.38° c

39.19° c

32.69° c

34.80° c

43 31/05/

2019 09.0

2 48.81° c

33.00° c

32.25° c

37.75° c

32.00° c

42.38° c

32.44° c

32.50° c

36.81° c

31.75° c

51.63° c

42.56° c

36.69° c

37.31° c

32.19° c

34.10° c

44 31/05/

2019 08.5

2 46.06° c

32.56° c

31.50° c

34.94° c

31.12° c

39.44° c

31.62° c

31.37° c

33.94° c

30.62° c

50.00° c

44.06° c

35.63° c

34.44° c

31.31° c

32.90° c

45 31/05/

2019 08.4

2 36.88° c

30.50° c

30.19° c

32.06° c

29.87° c

33.50° c

29.87° c

29.87° c

31.25° c

29.31° c

35.63° c

34.00° c

31.44° c

31.19° c

29.50° c

29.80° c

46 31/05/

2019 08.3

2 36.19° c

30.12° c

29.87° c

31.69° c

29.50° c

32.69° c

29.37° c

29.37° c

30.50° c

28.81° c

36.44° c

33.94° c

31.06° c

30.00° c

29.06° c

29.40° c

47 31/05/

2019 08.2

2 37.06° c

30.06° c

29.69° c

32.25° c

29.44° c

32.63° c

29.19° c

29.12° c

30.25° c

28.50° c

36.25° c

34.00° c

31.06° c

29.31° c

28.87° c

29.50° c

48 31/05/

2019 08.1

2 37.19° c

29.81° c

29.44° c

31.87° c

29.06° c

31.25° c

28.81° c

28.56° c

29.06° c

27.87° c

37.38° c

36.38° c

30.62° c

28.62° c

28.44° c

29.50° c

49 31/05/

2019 08.0

2 38.38° c

29.69° c

29.00° c

33.13° c

28.81° c

29.37° c

28.56° c

28.25° c

28.25° c

27.56° c

31.31° c

31.25° c

29.44° c

28.56° c

28.37° c

29.50° c

50 31/05/

2019 07.5

2 37.81° c

28.56° c

28.12° c

31.87° c

27.87° c

28.50° c

27.75° c

27.44° c

27.75° c

27.00° c

31.12° c

31.31° c

29.06° c

27.81° c

27.81° c

28.20° c

51 31/05/

2019 07.4

2 32.38° c

27.62° c

27.12° c

28.19° c

27.06° c

27.87° c

27.00° c

26.75° c

27.37° c

26.37° c

31.81° c

31.25° c

28.31° c

27.00° c

27.06° c

27.00° c

52 31/05/

2019 07.3

2 27.75° c

26.69° c

26.37° c

26.25° c

26.31° c

27.00° c

26.31° c

26.12° c

26.37° c

25.94° c

28.50° c

29.06° c

27.00° c

26.12° c

26.19° c

26.00° c

94

53 31/05/

2019 07.2

2 26.56° c

26.06° c

26.00° c

25.69° c

25.94° c

26.06° c

25.81° c

25.75° c

26.00° c

25.62° c

27.12° c

27.56° c

26.31° c

25.62° c

25.75° c

25.50° c

54 31/05/

2019 07.1

2 25.69° c

25.69° c

25.75° c

25.37° c

25.75° c

25.56° c

25.50° c

25.50° c

25.69° c

25.50° c

26.06° c

26.69° c

25.87° c

25.31° c

25.50° c

25.30° c

55 31/05/

2019 07.0

2 25.25° c

25.56° c

25.69° c

25.31° c

25.69° c

25.31° c

25.37° c

25.37° c

25.56° c

25.44° c

25.62° c

26.25° c

25.69° c

25.19° c

25.37° c

25.10° c

56 31/05/

2019 06.5

2 24.87° c

25.37° c

25.56° c

25.19° c

25.62° c

25.00° c

25.19° c

25.31° c

25.44° c

25.44° c

25.25° c

25.94° c

25.50° c

25.06° c

25.31° c

24.90° c

57 31/05/

2019 06.4

2 24.06° c

25.12° c

25.44° c

25.06° c

25.50° c

24.56° c

24.94° c

25.19° c

25.31° c

25.37° c

24.75° c

25.56° c

25.25° c

24.94° c

25.19° c

25.00° c

58 31/05/

2019 06.3

2 23.69° c

25.00° c

25.37° c

25.12° c

25.50° c

24.50° c

24.94° c

25.25° c

25.44° c

25.37° c

24.12° c

25.00° c

25.12° c

24.56° c

25.00° c

25.10° c

59 31/05/

2019 06.2

2 23.69° c

25.06° c

25.56° c

25.25° c

25.56° c

24.75° c

25.00° c

25.44° c

25.56° c

25.56° c

23.81° c

24.75° c

25.25° c

24.19° c

25.25° c

25.20° c

60 31/05/

2019 06.1

2 24.75° c

25.56° c

25.87° c

25.31° c

25.62° c

25.44° c

25.94° c

25.69° c

25.81° c

25.81° c

24.50° c

25.44° c

25.56° c

24.00° c

25.94° c

26.00° c

61 31/05/

2019 06.0

2 25.44° c

25.75° c

26.00° c

25.31° c

26.00° c

25.75° c

25.94° c

25.75° c

25.87° c

25.81° c

25.19° c

25.50° c

25.62° c

25.44° c

25.81° c

26.30° c

62 31/05/

2019 05.5

2 25.44° c

25.75° c

25.94° c

25.31° c

26.00° c

25.81° c

25.94° c

25.69° c

25.87° c

25.81° c

25.12° c

25.44° c

25.56° c

25.44° c

25.81° c

26.30° c

63 31/05/

2019 05.4

2 25.50° c

25.69° c

25.87° c

25.37° c

26.00° c

25.81° c

25.87° c

25.69° c

25.94° c

25.81° c

25.19° c

25.37° c

25.50° c

25.44° c

25.75° c

26.40° c

64 31/05/

2019 05.3

2 25.50° c

25.56° c

25.87° c

25.44° c

25.94° c

25.87° c

25.81° c

25.69° c

26.00° c

25.75° c

25.19° c

25.37° c

25.50° c

25.44° c

25.81° c

26.30° c

65 31/05/

2019 05.2

2 25.56° c

25.75° c

26.00° c

25.50° c

26.19° c

25.87° c

26.06° c

25.81° c

26.00° c

26.00° c

25.31° c

25.56° c

25.62° c

25.50° c

26.00° c

26.40° c

66 31/05/

2019 05.1

2 25.62° c

25.87° c

26.12° c

25.62° c

26.31° c

25.87° c

26.12° c

25.94° c

26.00° c

26.12° c

25.31° c

25.69° c

25.81° c

25.62° c

26.06° c

26.50° c

95

67 31/05/

2019 05.0

2 25.75° c

25.94° c

26.25° c

25.81° c

26.37° c

26.00° c

26.19° c

26.06° c

26.12° c

26.19° c

25.50° c

25.81° c

25.87° c

25.69° c

26.19° c

26.60° c

68 31/05/

2019 04.5

2 25.81° c

26.00° c

26.31° c

25.81° c

26.37° c

26.06° c

26.25° c

26.12° c

26.12° c

26.25° c

25.50° c

25.87° c

25.94° c

25.69° c

26.19° c

26.60° c

69 31/05/

2019 04.4

2 25.87° c

26.06° c

26.37° c

25.87° c

26.44° c

26.12° c

26.31° c

26.12° c

26.25° c

26.25° c

25.56° c

25.94° c

26.00° c

25.81° c

26.25° c

26.60° c

70 31/05/

2019 04.3

2 25.87° c

26.12° c

26.44° c

25.87° c

26.44° c

26.12° c

26.37° c

26.19° c

26.25° c

26.31° c

25.62° c

25.94° c

26.06° c

25.81° c

26.31° c

26.60° c

71 31/05/

2019 04.2

2 25.94° c

26.12° c

26.44° c

25.94° c

26.50° c

26.19° c

26.44° c

26.25° c

26.31° c

26.25° c

25.62° c

26.00° c

26.06° c

25.87° c

26.31° c

26.70° c

72 31/05/

2019 04.1

2 26.00° c

26.12° c

26.50° c

26.00° c

26.50° c

26.25° c

26.44° c

26.31° c

26.31° c

26.37° c

25.69° c

26.00° c

26.12° c

25.94° c

26.31° c

26.80° c

73 31/05/

2019 04.0

2 26.00° c

26.19° c

26.50° c

26.00° c

26.56° c

26.31° c

26.50° c

26.31° c

26.44° c

26.37° c

25.69° c

26.06° c

26.12° c

25.94° c

26.37° c

26.80° c

74 31/05/

2019 03.5

2 26.12° c

26.19° c

26.56° c

26.12° c

26.62° c

26.37° c

26.56° c

26.37° c

26.50° c

26.44° c

25.81° c

26.12° c

26.19° c

26.12° c

26.44° c

26.80° c

75 31/05/

2019 03.4

2 26.25° c

26.25° c

26.56° c

26.25° c

26.62° c

26.44° c

26.56° c

26.37° c

26.56° c

26.44° c

25.94° c

26.19° c

26.25° c

26.19° c

26.44° c

26.90° c

76 31/05/

2019 03.3

2 26.25° c

26.25° c

26.56° c

26.25° c

26.50° c

26.44° c

26.50° c

26.37° c

26.50° c

26.44° c

25.94° c

26.19° c

26.25° c

26.25° c

26.44° c

27.00° c

77 31/05/

2019 03.2

2 26.31° c

26.25° c

26.62° c

26.25° c

26.69° c

26.50° c

26.62° c

26.44° c

26.62° c

26.50° c

26.00° c

26.25° c

26.31° c

26.25° c

26.50° c

27.00° c

78 31/05/

2019 03.1

2 26.37° c

26.31° c

26.62° c

26.25° c

26.69° c

26.56° c

26.62° c

26.44° c

26.62° c

26.50° c

26.12° c

26.25° c

26.31° c

26.25° c

26.50° c

27.10° c

79 31/05/

2019 03.0

2 26.31° c

26.31° c

26.62° c

26.31° c

26.69° c

26.56° c

26.62° c

26.44° c

26.62° c

26.50° c

26.06° c

26.25° c

26.31° c

26.25° c

26.50° c

27.00° c

80 31/05/

2019 02.5

2 26.37° c

26.37° c

26.62° c

26.37° c

26.56° c

26.62° c

26.56° c

26.44° c

26.69° c

26.50° c

26.12° c

26.19° c

26.37° c

26.37° c

26.50° c

27.00° c

96

81 31/05/

2019 02.4

2 26.44° c

26.37° c

26.69° c

26.37° c

26.75° c

26.62° c

26.69° c

26.56° c

26.69° c

26.62° c

26.19° c

26.37° c

26.44° c

26.31° c

26.62° c

27.10° c

82 31/05/

2019 02.3

2 26.50° c

26.37° c

26.75° c

26.44° c

26.81° c

26.69° c

26.75° c

26.56° c

26.81° c

26.62° c

26.19° c

26.44° c

26.37° c

26.37° c

26.62° c

27.10° c

83 31/05/

2019 02.2

2 26.50° c

26.37° c

26.75° c

26.37° c

26.81° c

26.69° c

26.75° c

26.56° c

26.81° c

26.62° c

26.19° c

26.37° c

26.37° c

26.37° c

26.62° c

27.10° c

84 31/05/

2019 02.1

2 26.50° c

26.44° c

26.81° c

26.44° c

26.81° c

26.75° c

26.81° c

26.62° c

26.87° c

26.69° c

26.19° c

26.44° c

26.44° c

26.44° c

26.62° c

27.20° c

85 31/05/

2019 02.0

2 26.62° c

26.50° c

26.87° c

26.62° c

26.81° c

26.87° c

26.81° c

26.69° c

26.87° c

26.69° c

26.25° c

26.44° c

26.50° c

26.50° c

26.62° c

27.20° c

86 31/05/

2019 01.5

2 26.62° c

26.50° c

26.87° c

26.56° c

26.81° c

26.87° c

26.81° c

26.69° c

26.94° c

26.69° c

26.25° c

26.37° c

26.50° c

26.56° c

26.69° c

27.10° c

87 31/05/

2019 01.4

2 26.62° c

26.62° c

26.94° c

26.56° c

26.94° c

26.81° c

26.87° c

26.75° c

26.94° c

26.75° c

26.31° c

26.50° c

26.56° c

26.56° c

26.75° c

27.20° c

88 31/05/

2019 01.3

2 26.62° c

26.56° c

26.94° c

26.56° c

26.87° c

26.81° c

26.87° c

26.75° c

26.94° c

26.75° c

26.25° c

26.50° c

26.56° c

26.56° c

26.81° c

27.20° c

89 31/05/

2019 01.2

2 26.69° c

26.56° c

26.94° c

26.62° c

26.94° c

26.87° c

26.94° c

26.75° c

26.94° c

26.81° c

26.37° c

26.56° c

26.56° c

26.62° c

26.75° c

27.30° c

90 31/05/

2019 01.1

2 26.69° c

26.56° c

26.94° c

26.62° c

26.94° c

26.87° c

26.94° c

26.75° c

27.00° c

26.81° c

26.37° c

26.56° c

26.56° c

26.56° c

26.81° c

27.30° c

91 31/05/

2019 01.0

2 26.69° c

26.56° c

26.94° c

26.69° c

26.94° c

26.87° c

26.94° c

26.75° c

27.00° c

26.81° c

26.37° c

26.56° c

26.56° c

26.56° c

26.81° c

27.30° c

92 31/05/

2019 00.5

2 26.75° c

26.62° c

27.00° c

26.75° c

27.00° c

26.94° c

27.00° c

26.81° c

27.06° c

26.81° c

26.37° c

26.56° c

26.62° c

26.69° c

26.81° c

27.40° c

93 31/05/

2019 00.4

2 26.81° c

26.62° c

27.06° c

26.75° c

26.94° c

27.00° c

27.00° c

26.81° c

27.12° c

26.81° c

26.44° c

26.62° c

26.62° c

26.69° c

26.87° c

27.40° c

94 31/05/

2019 00.3

2 26.87° c

26.75° c

27.12° c

26.75° c

27.00° c

27.06° c

27.12° c

26.87° c

27.06° c

26.87° c

26.50° c

26.69° c

26.69° c

26.75° c

26.87° c

27.40° c

97

95 31/05/

2019 00.2

2 26.94° c

26.81° c

27.12° c

26.81° c

27.06° c

27.19° c

27.12° c

26.87° c

27.12° c

26.87° c

26.62° c

26.69° c

26.75° c

26.81° c

26.87° c

27.40° c

96 31/05/

2019 00.1

2 26.94° c

26.75° c

27.19° c

26.81° c

27.06° c

27.19° c

27.12° c

26.94° c

27.19° c

26.94° c

26.56° c

26.62° c

26.69° c

26.81° c

26.94° c

27.40° c

97 31/05/

2019 00.0

2 26.94° c

26.81° c

27.19° c

26.75° c

27.06° c

27.19° c

27.12° c

26.94° c

27.12° c

26.94° c

26.56° c

26.69° c

26.69° c

26.81° c

26.94° c

27.40° c

98 30/05/

2019 23.5

2 26.94° c

26.81° c

27.19° c

26.75° c

27.12° c

27.19° c

27.12° c

26.94° c

27.12° c

26.94° c

26.69° c

26.69° c

26.75° c

26.81° c

26.94° c

27.40° c

99 30/05/

2019 23.4

2 26.94° c

26.81° c

27.19° c

26.69° c

27.06° c

27.19° c

27.06° c

26.87° c

27.12° c

26.87° c

26.69° c

26.69° c

26.69° c

26.69° c

26.87° c

27.40° c

100 30/05/

2019 23.3

2 26.94° c

26.81° c

27.19° c

26.75° c

27.00° c

27.19° c

27.06° c

26.87° c

27.19° c

26.87° c

26.50° c

26.62° c

26.69° c

26.69° c

26.87° c

27.40° c

101 30/05/

2019 23.2

2 26.94° c

26.94° c

27.31° c

26.69° c

27.19° c

27.19° c

27.19° c

27.00° c

27.12° c

27.00° c

26.50° c

26.75° c

26.81° c

26.62° c

27.00° c

27.40° c

102 30/05/

2019 23.1

2 26.94° c

26.94° c

27.31° c

26.75° c

27.19° c

27.19° c

27.19° c

27.00° c

27.19° c

27.00° c

26.50° c

26.69° c

26.81° c

26.75° c

26.94° c

27.40° c

103 30/05/

2019 23.0

2 27.00° c

26.87° c

27.25° c

26.81° c

27.00° c

27.19° c

27.12° c

26.94° c

27.19° c

26.94° c

26.50° c

26.62° c

26.75° c

26.75° c

26.94° c

27.40° c

104 30/05/

2019 22.5

2 26.87° c

27.00° c

27.37° c

26.69° c

27.25° c

27.12° c

27.25° c

27.06° c

27.12° c

27.06° c

26.44° c

26.69° c

26.81° c

26.69° c

27.00° c

27.40° c

105 30/05/

2019 22.4

2 26.87° c

27.00° c

27.44° c

26.75° c

27.25° c

27.19° c

27.25° c

27.06° c

27.19° c

27.06° c

26.44° c

26.69° c

26.81° c

26.75° c

27.00° c

27.40° c

106 30/05/

2019 22.3

2 26.94° c

27.00° c

27.44° c

26.81° c

27.31° c

27.19° c

27.31° c

27.12° c

27.25° c

27.12° c

26.50° c

26.75° c

26.87° c

26.75° c

27.06° c

27.50° c

107 30/05/

2019 22.2

2 27.00° c

27.00° c

27.44° c

26.87° c

27.31° c

27.19° c

27.25° c

27.12° c

27.31° c

27.06° c

26.50° c

26.75° c

26.87° c

26.81° c

27.00° c

27.50° c

108 30/05/

2019 22.1

2 27.00° c

27.00° c

27.44° c

26.94° c

27.25° c

27.31° c

27.25° c

27.12° c

27.31° c

27.06° c

26.50° c

26.75° c

26.87° c

26.87° c

27.00° c

27.60° c

98

109 30/05/

2019 22.0

2 27.06° c

27.00° c

27.44° c

27.00° c

27.25° c

27.31° c

27.25° c

27.06° c

27.44° c

27.06° c

26.56° c

26.69° c

26.87° c

26.87° c

27.00° c

27.50° c

110 30/05/

2019 21.5

2 27.12° c

27.19° c

27.62° c

27.06° c

27.37° c

27.25° c

27.37° c

27.25° c

27.37° c

27.25° c

26.62° c

26.87° c

27.00° c

26.87° c

27.12° c

27.60° c

111 30/05/

2019 21.4

2 27.12° c

27.19° c

27.56° c

27.00° c

27.37° c

27.25° c

27.37° c

27.25° c

27.37° c

27.19° c

26.62° c

26.94° c

27.00° c

26.87° c

27.12° c

27.60° c

112 30/05/

2019 21.3

2 27.06° c

27.19° c

27.62° c

27.00° c

27.44° c

27.31° c

27.44° c

27.25° c

27.37° c

27.25° c

26.56° c

26.81° c

27.00° c

26.87° c

27.19° c

27.60° c

113 30/05/

2019 21.2

2 27.19° c

27.19° c

27.69° c

27.12° c

27.44° c

27.37° c

27.44° c

27.31° c

27.44° c

27.25° c

26.69° c

26.87° c

27.06° c

27.00° c

27.19° c

27.60° c

114 30/05/

2019 21.1

2 27.19° c

27.25° c

27.69° c

27.12° c

27.50° c

27.31° c

27.50° c

27.31° c

27.44° c

27.31° c

26.69° c

27.00° c

27.12° c

26.94° c

27.25° c

27.70° c

115 30/05/

2019 21.0

2 27.25° c

27.25° c

27.69° c

27.12° c

27.37° c

27.37° c

27.44° c

27.31° c

27.50° c

27.31° c

26.69° c

27.00° c

27.12° c

27.06° c

27.25° c

27.80° c

116 30/05/

2019 20.5

2 27.31° c

27.31° c

27.69° c

27.19° c

27.50° c

27.44° c

27.50° c

27.31° c

27.56° c

27.31° c

26.81° c

27.06° c

27.19° c

27.06° c

27.25° c

27.70° c

117 30/05/

2019 20.4

2 27.31° c

27.31° c

27.69° c

27.19° c

27.50° c

27.44° c

27.44° c

27.31° c

27.56° c

27.25° c

26.75° c

27.00° c

27.12° c

27.06° c

27.19° c

27.70° c

118 30/05/

2019 20.3

2 27.31° c

27.25° c

27.75° c

27.19° c

27.37° c

27.44° c

27.44° c

27.31° c

27.50° c

27.25° c

26.75° c

27.00° c

27.12° c

27.06° c

27.19° c

27.80° c

119 30/05/

2019 20.2

2 27.31° c

27.25° c

27.75° c

27.19° c

27.44° c

27.50° c

27.44° c

27.37° c

27.56° c

27.31° c

26.75° c

27.00° c

27.12° c

27.06° c

27.19° c

27.80° c

120 30/05/

2019 20.1

2 27.31° c

27.25° c

27.75° c

27.19° c

27.37° c

27.56° c

27.44° c

27.31° c

27.56° c

27.25° c

26.75° c

26.94° c

27.06° c

27.06° c

27.19° c

27.70° c

121 30/05/

2019 20.0

2 27.25° c

27.31° c

27.81° c

27.06° c

27.44° c

27.56° c

27.44° c

27.31° c

27.50° c

27.31° c

26.75° c

26.87° c

27.06° c

27.06° c

27.25° c

27.70° c

122 30/05/

2019 19.5

2 27.25° c

27.31° c

27.75° c

27.12° c

27.44° c

27.44° c

27.44° c

27.31° c

27.50° c

27.31° c

26.69° c

26.87° c

27.06° c

27.06° c

27.19° c

27.80° c

99

123 30/05/

2019 19.4

2 27.25° c

27.31° c

27.81° c

27.19° c

27.44° c

27.44° c

27.44° c

27.37° c

27.50° c

27.37° c

26.69° c

26.94° c

27.12° c

27.12° c

27.31° c

27.80° c

124 30/05/

2019 19.3

2 27.31° c

27.31° c

27.75° c

27.25° c

27.37° c

27.50° c

27.44° c

27.44° c

27.50° c

27.37° c

26.62° c

26.94° c

27.19° c

27.12° c

27.37° c

27.80° c

125 30/05/

2019 19.2

2 27.31° c

27.56° c

28.12° c

27.12° c

27.69° c

27.69° c

27.62° c

27.56° c

27.62° c

27.50° c

26.75° c

27.00° c

27.25° c

27.12° c

27.44° c

27.70° c

126 30/05/

2019 19.1

2 27.31° c

27.62° c

28.19° c

27.12° c

27.75° c

27.81° c

27.69° c

27.62° c

27.69° c

27.62° c

26.69° c

26.94° c

27.31° c

27.19° c

27.50° c

27.70° c

127 30/05/

2019 19.0

2 27.50° c

27.56° c

28.19° c

27.31° c

27.69° c

28.00° c

27.62° c

27.62° c

27.81° c

27.56° c

26.69° c

26.81° c

27.19° c

27.37° c

27.50° c

27.80° c

128 30/05/

2019 18.5

2 27.69° c

27.87° c

28.50° c

27.56° c

28.06° c

28.19° c

28.00° c

27.94° c

28.00° c

27.94° c

26.94° c

27.06° c

27.50° c

27.69° c

27.81° c

28.00° c

129 30/05/

2019 18.4

2 27.94° c

28.12° c

28.69° c

27.81° c

28.31° c

28.50° c

28.19° c

28.19° c

28.31° c

28.25° c

27.12° c

27.25° c

27.75° c

28.06° c

28.06° c

28.10° c

130 30/05/

2019 18.3

2 28.31° c

28.12° c

28.75° c

28.37° c

28.44° c

28.81° c

28.31° c

28.37° c

28.69° c

28.50° c

27.37° c

27.62° c

28.06° c

28.44° c

28.44° c

28.50° c

Attachment 5. Supervising Form

102

Attachment 6. Research Documentations

Daytime

Nightime

103

104

105