an_analog control sytem
TRANSCRIPT
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UTOM TICCONTROL SYSTEM
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B SIC CONCEPTS Process Controls consists of two parts :
The Process
The Control E!ipments
The Control E!ipments broa"l# consists of
Meas!rement S#stem
Comparator
$ee"bac% &nit
Controller
$inal Controllin' Elements
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AUTO CONTROL TERMINOLOGY.
Measured value: The actual value of process
parameter measured ! a measur"#$ eleme#t.
%et &o"#t: The po"#t at 'h"ch the co#troller "s
ad(usted to re$ulate the process.
Co#troller: A dev"ce 'h"ch measure the value of a
var"ale a#d operate to correct or l"m"t the dev"at"o#
of measured value from a selected refere#ce.
)ev"at"o#: The departure from the des"red value .)ead a#d: The cha#$e throu$h 'h"ch the "#put to
a# "#strume#t ca# e var"ed '"thout "#"t"at"#$
"#strume#t respo#se.
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$inal control Element: Component of a control s#stemwhich "irectl# re'!late the "esire" process*
$ee" bac%: In a control loop, it is information abo!t thestat!s the controlle" variable which is compare" withthat which is "esire"*
Sensitivit#: The minim!m chan'e of inp!t to which thes#stem is capable to respon"*
Repeatabilit#* The closeness of a'reement amon' an!mber of consec!tive meas!rement of an o!tp!t for
the same val!e of the meas!re" si'nal* +!ntin' : scillation or c#clin' of a meas!re" variable
ca!se" b# the control s#stem*
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UTOM TIC CONTROLLERBLOCK DI GR M
Co#trollerComparator Actuator &rocess
*eedac+ Measureme#t
%et &o"#t
*eedac+
Error
,-
r
e
m
c
u
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B SIC CONTROLSCHEMES
n/off Control
Time Proportion Control
Proportional Control
Proportional/Inte'ral P/I Control Proportional 3erivative P/3 Control
Proportional/Inte'ral/3erivative PI3 Control
Ratio Control
Spilt Ran'e Control
Casca"e Control
$ee"/forwar" Control
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DV NCE CONTROLSCHEMES
M!lti/variable State Control*
Pro'ramme Control
5"aptive Control
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T7PE $ C8TR9 9PS
O&EN LOO& CONTROL %Y%TEM OLC%/
Ope# co#f"$urat"o#0 s!stem do #ot ta+e a#! feedac+ from
process. E1ample ru##"#$ a fa#0 pump0 ope#"#$ or clos"#$ a
valve2damper etc.
CLO%E) LOO& CONTROL %Y%TEM CLC%/
The s!stem has feed ac+ from the process. The co#trolled
var"ale "s co#sta#tl! measured0 a#d "f0 dev"at"o# from
prescr"ed set po"#t0 correct"ve act"o# "s appl"ed to the f"#al
eleme#t so as to retur# the co#trolled var"ale to the des"red
value.
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ON-O** CONTROL T3O &O%ITION CONTROL/
The co#trol mecha#"sm hav"#$ o#l! t'o d"screte values of
output0 full! ON or full! O**.
&RO&ORTIONAL CONTROL:
The co#troller output "s proport"o#al to the d"ffere#ce
et'ee#
the measured var"ale a#d set po"#t ".e. error s"$#al.
RE%ET OR INTEGRAL CONTROL:
Reset act"o# "s def"#ed as a co#troller respo#se0 'h"ch "s
proport"o#al to the e1te#t a#d durat"o# of the s"$#al
dev"at"o#.The reset act"o# "s used to$ether '"th proport"o#al act"o#
&,I/
RATE OR )E4IATION CONTROL:It "s def"#ed as the art of the co#troller res o#se 'h"ch "s
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ON-O** CONTROL OR T3O &O%ITION CONTROL
5eater Co#troller
Temp.
%e#sor
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%ET &OINT
Co#troller
Co#trol 4alveLevel Tra#sm"tter
IN
OUT
&I) LE4EL CONTROLLER
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CA%CA)E CONTROL:
Cascade co#trol "s a tech#"6ue that uses t'omeasureme#t a#d co#trol to ma#"pulate a s"#$le f"#al
co#trol eleme#t. Its purpose "s to prov"de "#creased
sta"l"t! of process co#trol. The relat"o#sh"p that e1"sts
et'ee# co#trollers "s referred to as a master-slave orpr"mar!-seco#dar! relat"o#sh"p. The master or pr"mar! "s
the co#troller of the var"ale 'hose value "s pr"mar!
"mporta#ce. The slave or seco#dar! co#troller has var"ale
'hose value "s "mporta#t o#l! as "t affects o# the pr"mar!
var"ale.
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Master Co#troller
%lave Co#troller
%team I#let
*eed 3ater
&roduct Out
Co#trol 4alve
*lo' Measureme#t
CA%A)E CONTROL
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U#co#trolled *lo'
Co#trolled *lo'
&ROCE%%
Co#trol 4alve
Rat"o
Co#troller
RATIO CONTROL
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*actors to e co#s"dered 'h"le
select"#$ su"tale co#trol s!stem.
3h"ch var"ale "s to e co#trolled7
3h"ch detect"o# method "s to e used.
Ra#$e of the pr"mar! measur"#$ u#"t.3here the measureme#t "s to e ta+e#.
3hat t!pe of f"#al co#trol eleme#t "s used7
The process la$.
5o' f"#e co#trol "s re6u"red5o' much s!stem cost versus s!stem eff"c"e#c!
e evaluated
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POWER PL NTUTO CONTROLLOOPS
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Presentation o!tline
5!to loop s#mbols$ee" water;"r!m level controls
$!rnace press!re ControlsP5 +E53ER PRESS&RE C8TR9SMill 5ir flow an" temp controlsComb!stion controls5ir flow controls
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UTO CONTROLTUNING
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COMPONENTS OF CONTROL LOOP
se#sor &rocess
%et po"#t
%&/
&rocess
value
&4/
*"#al
Co#trol
Eleme#t
)"stura#ce
Controller
/ Pr T
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LOOP TUNING 9P CRSS C&P9I8?
5ir $low S53C $!rnace Press!re
S+ Temp 3r!m 9evel
Mill air flow P5 hea"er press!re
+P+ .5 level +P+ -5 9evel
T&8I8? STR5TE?IES:
/ 5''ressive, best possible performance
/ Mo"erate, !st optim!m performance
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EX MPLES OF CONTROLLERS INPL NT
PRESS&RE$!rnace Press!re
?lan" Steam Press!re
P5 +ea"er Press!re
T!rbine Throttle Press!re
9E=E93r!m level
3eaerator 9evel
+otwell 9evel
+P+;9P+ 9evel
$9A
Total 5ir $low
CEP Min Recirc $low
Mill 5ir $low
?SC Min $low
TEMPER5T&RE
S+ Temp
R+ Temp
Mill ;9 Temp
+P>P Temp
SPEE3
T!rbine, >$P, I3 $an
3I$$ PRESS
S53C, $RS/3P
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CONTROL SYSTEM
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CONTROL SYSTEM
PROGRAMMING & MMIPIS M & S
CONFIGURATION SYSTEM CLOCK
SG- C&I BOP- C&I TG- C&I
SYSTEM SYSTEM SYSTEM
3CS
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SG-C&I SYSTEM
C8SISTS $ : >&R8ER M585?EME8T S7STEM>MS,
ST >9AER C8TR9 S7STEM S>C,
SEC835R7 5IR 35MPER C8TR9 S7STEM
S53C,
5&DI9I5R7 PR3S C8TR9S 5PR3S
$R >MS, S5$ET7 S7STEMF +5R3A5RE IS
SPECI$IE3, i*e* T+E +5R3A5RE , A+IC+ MEETS T+E
REG&IREME8T $ RE9E=58T 8$P5 583 =3E
ST5835R3SH
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SG-C&I SYSTEM TRIP9E RE3&8358T C8$I?&R5TI8 $R T+E
$&R85CE 2 &T $ ( PRTECTI8 M$T PRTI8$ >&R8ER M585?EME8T S7STEM>MS
$R S>C,S53C,5PR3S,MI99 I9 E9E=*
SEG&E8CE, I8TER9C@ 583 PRTECTI8,C8$I?&R5TI8 SIMI95R T 9CS;C9CS*
$R MI99 I9 E9E=* 9?ICS, S5$ET7 S7STEM
+5R3A5RE 5S PER ST5835R3 S+599 >E &SE3*
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TG-C&I SYSTEMC8SISTS $ :/
T&R>I8E PRTECTI8 S7STEM TPS, 5&TM5TIC T&R>I8E R&8/&P S7STEM5TRS,
5&TM5TIC T&R>I8E TESTI8? S7STEM5TT,
E9ECTR/ +73R5&9IC T&R>I8E C8TR9S7STEM E+TC $RM5I8 >$P T&R>I8E,
T&R>I8E STRESS C8TR9 S7STEM TSCS,
?9583 STE5M PRESS&RE C8TR9
?E8ER5TR SE59 I9, PRIM5R7 A5TER +73R?E8 C8TR9 S7STEM
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TG-C&I SYSTEM TRIP9E RE3&8358T R 2 D 100 J REPE5TE3 TAICE
C8$I?&R5TI8 $R T+E T&R>I8E PRTECTI8S7STEMTPS*
$R TPSS, S5$ET7 S7STEM +5R3A5RE ; $5I9/S5$E
+5R3A5RE S+599 >E &SE3 A+IC+ MEETS T+E
REG&IREME8T $ RE9E=58T 8$P5 583 =3E
ST5835R3SH
$R T+ERS, C8$I?&R5TI8 SIMI95R T
9CS;C9CS T >E &SE3
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BOP-C&I SYSTEM
C8SISTS $ PE8 9P C8TR9 S7STEM9CS 583 C9SE3 9P C8TR9 S7STEMC9CS
9CS /T+E SEG&E8CE C8TR9, I8TER9C@ $599 T+E P958T S7STEMS A+IC+ 5RE 8TC=ERE3 I8 T+E S?/CI 583 T?/CI* T+ISI8C9&3ES M5KR 5&DI9I5RIES 9I@E $3;I3;P5 $58S,
5IR/PRE+E5TER, >$P;CEP;CAP; >CAP ,3MCAP;C9CAP 583 E9ECTRIC59 >RE5@ERS*
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BOP-C&I SYSTEM C9CS /T+E M3&95TI8? C8TR9 $R =5RI&S
IMPRT58T P958T P5R5METERS, 9I@E $A $9A
3R&M 9E=E9, $&R85CE 3R5$T, CM>&STI8
C8TR9 $&E9 $9A 583 5IR $9A, P5 +3R
PRESS&RE C8TR9,3E5ER5TR ; +TAE99 ;
+E5TER 9E=E9 C8TR9S ETC*
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