anatomi organ endokrin 2013
TRANSCRIPT
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ANATOMI ORGAN ENDOKRIN
Anne Handrini DewiBagian Biomedika Kedokteran Gigi
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Sistema Endokrin & Homeostasis
Hormon lokal/sirkular berperan dalam menjaga homeostasis dg cara meregulasi aktivitas & perkembangan sel sel target di seluruh tubuh.
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Sistem endokrin :Sistem yg tdr dr kelenjar dan jaringan yg mensekresi hormon
Hormon :Senyawa kimia yg mempengaruhi aktivitas kelenjar dan jaringan yg lain
Kelenjar endokrin :Kelenjar tanpa pembuluh shg dsb klj buntuHsl sekresinya lgs masuk aliran darah utk didistribusi keseluruh bagian tubuh
Kelenjar eksokrin :Hsl sekresi masuk ke pembuluhnya sendiriMis. klj saliva mengirim saliva ke mulut mll pembuluh saliva
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Fungsi Hormon
Mengatur :• Keseimbangan metabolisme & energi• Komposisi kimiawi & volume cairan intersisial• Kontraksi otot jantung & otot polos• Sekresi glandula• Aktivitas imun• Pertumbuhan dan perkembangan tubuh• Ritme sistema reproduksi• Menentukan ritme circadian
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Kelenjar/Glandula
• Eksokrin:– Mempunyai ductus (saluran sekresi)– Contoh: kelenjar keringat, klj ludah, klj sebacea
• Endokrin:– Tidak mempunyai ductus– Produksi hormon
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Sistem Endokrin v.s. Sistem Saraf
• Fx: koordinasi dan regulasi aktivitas tubuh• Perantara kimia:
– Endokrin: hormon ditansportasikan oleh sistem sirkulasi sel target
– Saraf: neurotransmiter celah sinaptik sel target
• Efek:– Endokrin: lambat– Saraf: cepat
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Sistem Endokrin
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Sistem saraf
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Beda S. Nervous & S. Endokrin
Nervous System
Asetilkolin dilepas oleh neurotransmiterTarget : sel otot, sel glandula, neuron yang lainWaktu onset utk bereaksi : mili secondDurasi aksi : mili second* Berikatan dg receptor pd sel target
Endocrine System
Hormon dibawa o/pbl darah
Target : sel di seluruh tubuh
Waktu onset bereaksi : detik-jam-hariDurasi aksi : detik*Berikatan dg receptor pd sel target
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Glandula endokrin : pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pineal
Organ/jaringan yg mempunyai sel penghasil hormon : hypothalamus, thymus, pancreas, ovarium, testes, ginjal
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Circulating & Local HormonLocal Hormon :
Paracrine : beraksi pd sel tetanggaAutocrine : beraksi pd sel yg sama dg yang mensekresi hormon tsb
Circulating Hormon :Hormon yang berefk pd sel target yg jauh dari tempat
dikeluarkannya hormon
Chemical Classes Hormones:A. Lipid soluble hormon: steroid , thyroid , gas nitiric oxideB. Water soluble hormon : amine, peptide, eicosanoid
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REGULASI HORMON
1. Sinyal dari nervous system co : impuls saraf merangsang adrenal medullaris melepas epinephrine2. Perubahan kimiawi dalam darah co : level Ca darah meregulasi sekresi hr parathyroid3. Pengaruh dari hormon lain co : hr anterior hypofise memacu sekresi kortisol oleh adrenal cortex
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Thyroid gland Parathyroid glandtrachea
thymus
liver
Adrenal gland
uterus
ovary
testes
pituitary
hypothalamus
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Pharyngeal pouches
Esophagus
Hypothalamus
Neurohypophyseal bud
Hypophyseal (Rathke’s) Pouch
Stomodeum
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Respiratory diverticulum Thyroid diverticulum
Neurohypophyseal bud
Hypophyseal(Rathke’s) pouch
Mouth cavity mesenchyme
infundibuluminfundibulum
Pars intermediahypothalamus
infundibulum
Anterior pituitary
Posterior pituitary
Development of the pituitary gland between five and sixteen weeks
a 28-day embryo
Glands of the endocrine system develop from all three primary germ layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm.
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HYPOTAHALAMUS DAN
GLANDULA PITUITARY (HYPOPHYSIS)
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Hypothalamus (diencephalon)
• Bagian otak• Memelihara homeostasis
regulasi internal environment, mis:– Hormon Regulation– Temperatur– Water balance– Sekresi kelenjar pituitari
HyphothalamusSecretory cell
Hyphophyseal Portal vein
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The Pituitary Gland & its Hormone
Also calledthe HYPOPHYSIS
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- Klj pituitari (hipofisis) ; klj nahkoda ; master gland- Hormon yg disekrsk mengendalikan klj endokrin yg lain- Berupa titik imajiner tempat perpotongan 2 garis :
1 jari diantara 2 mata & 1 jari ke arah salah satu telinga
- LETAK :di dlm fossa pituitaria os sphenoidale, berupa plica duramater yg menutupi sellae tursika(di dasar otak & langsung berhub dg hipothalamus mllstruktur spt tangkai kecil/ infundibulum yg berupa seratsaraf dan pembuluh darah)
GLD PITUITARIA (Hypophisis Cerebri)
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Embriologis berasal dari :
minggu ke 3 stl fertilisasi---- tbt gld pituitary (hypofise) dr ECTODERM yg berkbg dari 2 daerah yg berbeda
NEUROHYPOPHYSEAL (posterior pituitary) :Derivat pertumbh keluar ECTODERM yg dsb NEUROHYPOPHYSEAL BUD, didasar hypothalamus
Neurohyphophyseal bud berlanjut membentuk INFUNDIBULUM (tangkai) yg menghub antara posterior pituitary dengan hypothalamus
ADENOHYPOPHYSEAL (anterior pituitary) :Derivat pertbn keluar dari ECTODERM yg berasal dari dasar mulut (STOMODEUM) yg disebut HYPOPHYSEAL (RATHKE’S) POUCH
Dalam perkembanngannya Rathke’s pouch ini akan memutuskan hub dg atap mulut
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Pharyngeal pouches
Esophagus
Hypothalamus
Neurohypophyseal bud
Hypophyseal (Rathke’s) Pouch
Stomodeum
1234
Respiratory diverticulum Thyroid diverticulum
Neurohypophyseal bud
Hypophyseal(Rathke’s) pouch
Mouth cavity mesenchyme
infundibuluminfundibulum
Pars intermediahypothalamus
infundibulum
Anterior pituitary
Posterior pituitary
Development of the pituitary gland between five and sixteen weeks
a 28-day embryo
Minggu ke 3 fertilisasi mulai tbt gld hypofise dr 2 daerah ectoderm yg berbeda
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BENTUK GLD PITUITARY (HYPOFISE) :Corpus kecil, ovoidDiameter anteroposterior dan transversal 1-1,5 cmBerat 0,5 grTerdiri atas 2 lobus (ant-post), scr anatomis & fungsional beda :- Anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis)
75% berat glandulaterdiri atas jaringan epitelialterdiri atas pars distalis (large) & pars tuberalis (sheath aroundinfundibulum)
- Posterior pituitary ( neurohyphophysis)terdiri atas jaringan neuralterdiri atas pars nervousa (large) & infundibulum
“ Pars intermedia” (atropi selama masa fetal)
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Hyphothalamic neuro secretory
Hyphophyseal portal veins
hypothalamus
Primary plexus ofhypophyseal portal system
EMINENCE MEDIANA
Secondary plexus hypophyseal portal system
Superior hypophyseal a.
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HYPOTHALAMUS
Primary plexus of hypophyseal portal system
Median eminence
Superior hypophyseal arteryinfundibulumPosterior hypophyseal
veins
POSTERIORPITUITARY
ANTERIOR PITUITARY
Hypophyseal portal veins
Spenoid bone
Capillary plexusof infundibular process
Hypophyseal fossa
Secondary plexus ofHypophyseal portalsystem
Anterior hypophysealveins
Inferior hypophyseal artery
(A.CAROTID INTERNA)
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Perbandingan Lobus anterior dan Lobus posterior
LOBUS ANTERIOR :- Adenohipofisis- Pars distalis, tuberalis,
intermedia- Sifatnya epiteloid- Embriologis :
dr kantong rathke sbg invaginasi pd epitel pharinx
- Mgd 5 mcm sel sekretorik- Diatur hypothlamus
releasing & inhibitory factor mll pbl porta
LOBUS POSTERIOR :- Neurohipofisis- T.d jar neural, berisi sel
neuroglia (pituicytus)- Embriologis dr:
penonjolan hypothalamus(shg byk tdp sel-sel glia)
- Diatur oleh sel-sel saraf dr hypothalamus
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Sel- sel sekretorik penghsl hormon (5 macam) :
1. Sel Somatotropik (30-40%) Growth hr
2. Sel Kortikotropik (20%) Adenocorticotropik hr
3. Sel Tirotropik (3-5%) Tiroid stimulating hr
4. Sel Gonadotropik (3-5%) Luteinizing hr & FSH
5. Sel Laktotropik (3-5%) Prolactin hr
Lobus anterior hypofisis (tropic hormone)
1 2 3 4 5
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Lobus anterior hyphofisis terdiri atas 3 bagian :Pars distalis, pars tuberalis dan pars intermedia
Tipe sel pada PARS DISTALIS adenohypofisis : Asidofil, Basofil, Chromofob
a. Sel ASIDOFIL
Mensekresi protein sederhanaAda 3 yaitu :
sel somatotropik, sel laktotropik, sel kortikotropik
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b. Sel BASOFIL
Mensekresi hormon glikoproteinTerpusat pada bagian tengah kelenjar
Ukuran > drpd asidofilAda 2 jenis : sel gonadotropik & sel tirotropik
c. Sel CHROMOFOB Tipe sel dalam fase non sekretorik
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Tipe sel pada PARS INTERMEDIA :Byk sel B yg mgd alfa & beta endorphinSel sekretorik menghasilkan Melanosit Stimulating Hormon
Tipe sel pada PARS TUBERALIS :
Sel-sel yg tidak berdiferensiasi dgn sedikit tipe alfa dan beta
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Catatan :•Semua hormon adenohypofisis bekerja pd TARGET GLAND kecuali Growth hr dan MSH yg bekerja pada TARGET CELL
*Vertbr tk rendah (amfibi, ikan, reptil) lobus intermedia berkembang mengeluarkan MSH mengatur warna kulit dg mengontrol penyebaran granula berpigmen melanin
*Pd mns lob.intermedia rudimenter sekresi MSH sedikit >>berperan dlm mempengaruhi eksitabilitas sistem saraf meningkatkan daya ingat dan kemampuan belajar <<berperan dlm menentukan jml melanin pd kulit msg-msg ras
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Lobus posterior hypophysisNeurohypophysis (Neuro=nerve, hypophysis=undergrowth)
Berisi axon & axon terminals >10.000 hypothalamic neurosecretory cellsCell bodies dr neurosecretory cells adl nucleus paraventrikular (hr oxcytosin)dan nucleus supraopticus (ADH/ Vasopressin) Pd axon terminalnya tdp sel neuroglia (pituicytes)Vaskularisasi : arteria hypophyseal inferior cab dr arteria carotis interna
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Neurosecretory cells
Opticchiasma
Axon terminal
Posterior pituitary
infundibulum
Axon of neurosecretory cells
Anteriorpituitary
Eminence mediana
Hypothalamic releasing& inhibiting hormon
Sekresi OT & ADH
Sekresi TROPIC hr
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Neurohypophysis
HORMONE & TARGET TISSUES CONTROL OF SECRETION• Neurosecretory cells of
hypothalamus secrete OT in response to uterine distention and stimulation of nipples
• Neurosecretory cells of hypothalamus secrete ADH in response to elevated blood osmotic pressure, dehydration loss of blood volume, pain, or stress; low blood osmotic pressure, high blood volume, and alcohol inhibit ADH secretion
Oxytocin(OT)
uterus Mamary glands
ADH
kidney Sudorifera (sweet) gland
arteriole
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1. Chiasma opticum : diatas gld pituitary, bag dpn diaphragma sellae
2. Arteria Carotis interna : dilateral sinus venosus cavernosus
3. Sinus Sphenoidale : dibawah glandula
4. Fissura Orbitalis Superior : dianterolateral gld
Bangunan penting yg berhub dg gld pituitaria :
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Hypofisis mdpt suplai darah dr 2 klp pbl drh yg berasal dari
Arteria Carotis interna yaitu :• a. hypophysialis superior kiri & kanan :
mensuplai eminensia mediana dan tangkai neural• a. hypophysialis inferior kiri dan kanan:
mensuplai neurohypofisis dan sebagian kecil ketangkai neural (infundibulum)
Suplai darah :
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INERVASI : Persarafan lobus anterior berasal dari plexus carotis yang berjalan bersama dengan cabang arteriolar
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Pengaruh hormon-hormon tsb thd pertumbuhan :- Merangsang hiperplasi dan hipertrofi jaringan- Berpengaruh terutama pd ms antara stl lahir sd pubertas- Pd ms kanak2X tjd perub. Fisik (BB>,TB>,Gigi>)- Pd pubertas pematangan klj kelamin, pertbh alat-alat
genetalia, pertbhn seks sekunder, pertbn yg > cepat- Peran hormon thd pertbh antagonistik satu dg yl co. GH,H.tiroid, Androgen,Estrogen mempercpt
pertbhn dan perkmbgn somatik
Pengaruh hormon-hormon hypofisis thd pertumbuhan dan perkembangan gigi
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GLANDULA THYROIDEA
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Glandula Thyroidea
Bentuknya seperti kupu-kupuGlandula tanpa ductus yang terbesarBerbtk “H”, t.d lobus dexter & sinister dikedua sisi pars cervikalis trachea yg dihubungan oleh bangunan yg dsb isthmus 50% gld thyroid mempunyai lobus ketiga yg kecil dsb lobus pyramidalis (perpanjangan dari isthmus)Berat glandula thyroid sebesar 30g
-Produk sekresi disimpan dalam jumlah besar didlm koloid ekstraseluler-Produk hormon brp glikoprotein-tiroglobulin, BM 660.000-Tdr atas vesikel kecil yg dikllg epitelium cuboideum, berisi cairan koloidal.
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The Endocrine Glands & their Hormones
Thyroid Gland
-Produces 3 main hormones
-Triiodothyronine (T3)-Thyroxine (T4)
Regulate body metabolism and areimportant in bone growth and maturationof the brain-Congenital lack of thyroid hormones:
Cretinism.-Calcitonin
Acts by reducing calcium levels
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trachea
Thyroid gland
Left lateral lobeRight lateral lobe
isthmus
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Hyoid boneSuperior thyroid arterySuperior thyroid veinThyroid cartilage of larynxInternal jugular vein
LEFT LATERAL LOBE of thyroid gldCommon carotid arteryISTHMUS of thyroid glandVagus (X) nerveTrachea
RIGHT LATERAL LOBEOF THYROID GLAND
Inferior thyroid artery
Parafollicular (C) cell
folicullar cellThyroid folicle
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Letak anatomis :
Di anteroinferior leher, tepat dibawah os hyoideum, dibwh kedua sisi larynx, dianterior trachea, pada level vertebrae C5-T1Bersandar di sbl dalam m. sternothyroid & m. sternohyoid
Tdr dr 2 lobus lateral yang besar, kdg ada lobus pyramidalisYg menghubungkan kedua lobus melewat trachea adalah masa kecil jar.gldyg dsb ‘isthmus’ Isthmus menghub ant kedua lobi & lobus pyramidalis, pd garis median (di anterior cincin trachea ke 2 dan 3)
Lobus pyramidalis kdg-kdg berhub dg os hyoideum mll m.Levator glandula thyroideus
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Katup atas glandula dibatasi disuperior oleh origom.sternothyroideus pd linea oblique cartilago thyroidea
Tiap lobus lateralis tinggi vertikalnya 2 inci, meluas dr titiktengah cartilago thyroidea ke annulus trachea ke 5 atau ke 6Tiap lobus dpt dianggap mpy perm anterior, lateral, posterior dan medial
Glandula thyroid dikelilingi lapisan dari dalam keluar :
1. Capsula jr fibrosa yg halus (dsb capsula sejati), diikat pada cart cricoid & cincin trachea superior oleh jar connective padat2. Diluar caps sejati, gld dikllg oleh lapisan dr fascia profunda dr leher (bag dr fascia pravertebralis), dsb capsula palsu Diantara keduanya tdp plexus arteri & lympatica Fs capsula : menahan gld pd posisinya
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Bangunan yang berhubungan :- Perm anterolat : Tertutup cutis jar subcutaneus laps fascia cervicalis profunda & pretrachea - m.sternocleidomastoideus
- m. sternothyroideus - m. sternohyoideus
- Perm post : berhub dg a.carotis comunis (dlm selubung caroticus) dan truncus n.sympaticus.- Perm medial berhub dr atas kebwh dengan cart thyroidea, bag lateral membrana cricothyroidea, m.cricothyroideus & dinding samping trachea.- Tepi posteromedial : pd lobus lat sinistra berkontak dengan oesophagus - Perm lateral :Ke2 lobus berhub erat dg n.laryngeus reccurens dan a.thyroidea inferior
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Embriologis :Gld berkembang sbg pertumbh midventral ENDODERM selama mg ke 4 dsb “thyroid diverticulum” yg akan berdiferensiasi mjd 2 lobus kanan kiri dan isthmus.Ductus thyroglossus (tali epithelium) akan tumbuh kebawah dan akan bergab dg derivat kantung phyaringeal ke 4. Ductus menghilang stl gld berkembang
Ujung proximal ductus mjd for caecum lidahUjung distal ductus lobus pyramidalis
Gld thyroidea accesoria pulau2x jar thyroid pd grs median dispjg tempat ductus thyroglossusDijumpai di : dsr lingua, thyroidea lingualis, atau pd grs medianleher. Jk mbt saccus + cairan kista thyroglossus
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Anatomi fisiologisnya :
Gld thyroideus t.d folikel2X tertutup yg penuh bhn sekretorik (koloid).Lobus lobuli (dibagi oleh jar pengikat) t.d folikel- dinding sel kuboid (sel principal)- didlm koloid sel koloid
Koloid didlm folikel mgd hormon dlm btk thyreoglobulinDiant folikel tdp srbt2X retikulin, pblh kapiler, pblh lympa &srbt saraf.
Hormon yg aktif masuk kedlm darah : thyroksin mengaturkecepatan metabolisme basal
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Gld. Thyroidea difiksasi ke larynx & trachea oleh :Lig. Gld. thyroidea medianumLig. Gld. thyroidea laterale
Suplai darah :-a.thyroidea sup. (cab. a.carotis ext.)-a.thyroidea inf. (cab. truncuns thyrocervicalis)-a.thyroidea ima isthmusDrainase vena :-v.thyroidea sup. & vv. thyroidea mediale ke v. jugularis interna-v.thyroidea inf. ke vv. branchiocephalicae
Inervasi :Dr cab glandular ke-3 ganglion cervicale truncus sympaticusSerabut simpaticus dr ke3 ganglion cervicale berjln menuju glandula dispjg a.thyroidea superior & inferior. (sifat : vasomotor—kontriksi pembuluh darah)
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Prosedur pembedahan :
a.thyroidea sup berhub dn vena pd 2,5 cm terakhir diatasglandula sedangkan a.thyroidea inf berhub erat dgn ganglioncervicale media & n.laryngeus reccurens terletak didekat aspekposterior glandula.
Pd prosedur pembedahan arteri hrs dipotong kdg2X terdpt resiko rusaknya n.laryngeus reccurens yg akan mempengaruhi suara yang dikeluarkan.
Pd tracheostomi : isthmus (yg terletak didpn trachea, diatas annulus 2 dan 3, tepi bwh cartilago cricoidea) dijaga spy tdkterpotong menghindari perdarahan hebat (krn a.thyr imaadlh pblh tunggal yg naik didpn trachea memvask isthmus)
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Sekresi tyroxin berkurang dpt tjd cretinisme, ditandaidg keterbelakangan mental dan fisik.
Sekresi thyroxin yg berlebihan hipertiroidisme, akantjd penyakit graves, ditandai dg bertambahnya aktivitasmetabolisme dan menonjolnya bola mata krn meningkatnyajml jar lemak pd bag post orbita.Tanda klinis ini bersama dg pembesaran gld (goiter) mybbkpeny yg dsb jg eksopthalmik goiterPembesaran gld (goiter) akan menekan trachea atau nervuslaryngeus recurrens.Gejala klinis : stridor (suara respirasi yg tinggi), dipsnea (sulit bernafas), dan disfagia(sulit menelan).
Aktivitas gld thyroid dikontrol oleh hormon tiroid (TSH) dariAdenohypofisis.
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Pembengkakan gld thyroidea ol aktv gld >>/ tumor
Gld yg membengkak dpt menekan struktur penting dlm jarlunak leher tms a. carotis interna dan vena jugularis.Pembengkakan akan tjd pd grs median dibag bwh leher,tepat diatas sternum dan ujung medial clavikula krndaerah tsb kurang tahan thd pembesaran subcutaneus
Tiroidektomi utk tumor atau hipertiroidisme dilakk dg mempertimbangkan anatomi regio sktrnya :n.Laryngeus recurens, a.thyroidea inferior, n.laryngeus extdan a. thyroidea superior
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GLANDULA PARATHYROID
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Parathyroid glands(behind thyroid gland)
Capsule : parathyroidthyroid
Chief cellOxyphil cell
Parathyroid gland
Folicular cellParafolicular cell
Thyroid gland
Blood vessel
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GLANDULA PARATHYROIDEALetak :Tepat di belakang klj thyroidea, letak dicranial dan caudal•1 klj di kutub atas gld parathyroidea sup. berhub. dg tepi posteromedial bag tengah lobus lateralis gld thyroidea•1 klj di kutub bawah gld parathyroidea inf. letak lebih bervariasi
Bentuk :Gbr.an makroskopik : lemak coklat kehitamanJmlhnya 2 pasang, diameter 5 mm, Berat 0,4 grBesar tiap klj p=6 mm, l=3 mm, t=2 mm
Embriologis :Gld parathyr. sup. dari kantong pharynx 4Gld parathyr. inf. Dari kantng pharynx 3
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The Endocrine Glands & their Hormones
Parathyroid Gland
-Parathyroid Hormone
Raises Blood Calcium
(antagonize Calcitonin)
This hormone acts on bone, kidneyand the gut
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Ada 2 macam sel :• Sel principal sel poligonal kecil, inti vesikuler sitoplasma
pucat, agak asidofilik, mgd glycogen dan tetesan-2 lemak(=chiefcell sekresi utama)
• Sel oksifil/ acidophil lobi besar dgn granulae acidophil (mitokondria, disertai krista yg banyak) di dlm sitoplasma, nucleus & sitoplasma lebih tua.
Fungsi :Mensekresi parathormon utk mengatur konsentrasi ion Cadi dlm c.i. ektrasel dgn cara :-Resorbsi kalsium dari usus-Eksresi fosfat oleh ginjal-Resorbsi kalsium dari tulang>> Ca darah meningkat (dr tlg & gigi) osteoporosis,kista tlg, penumpukan Ca dlm ginjal<< Ca darah turunparatiroidektomi Ca darah turun tetani (kejang otot)
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GLANDULA ADRENAL
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- Glandula Adrenal jml sepasang, bersandar pada ginjal di ruang retroperitoneal- Bentuknya piramidal datar,- Tinggi 3-5cm, lebar 2-3cm, tebal <1cm- Selama periode embrionik gld ini berdiffr mjd 2 : 1. Bag besar : Adrenal Cortex (80-90%), lebih di tepi 2. Bag kecil : Adrenal Medulla , di central- Glandula diselimuti o/ Connective Tissue Capsula- Glandula mpy “highly vascularized”
kidney
Adrenal glandula
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embriologis
Cortex adrenal & medula adrenal berkembang selama minggu ke 5 dari 2 daerah yg berbeda:
Cortex Adrenal :Dr derivat MESODERM
Medulla Adrenal :Derivat dari ectoderm yang berasal dari NEURAL CREST
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Right superior suprarenal arteries
Right ADRENAL GLAND
Inferior phrenic arteries
Left ADRENAL GLAND
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Cortex AdrenalTdr atas 3 zone:1. Zone Glomerulosa (sebelah luar) dibwh kapsul Sekresi hr mineralocorticoids berefek homeostasis2. Zone Fasciculata (sebelah tengah) Sekr hr glucocorticoids berefek homeostasis glukosa 3. Zone Reticularis (sebelah dalam) Sekrs steroid hr androgen berefk u/maskulinitas
1
2
3CapsulaAdrenal cortexAdrenal medulla
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Adrenal medulla
Modifkasi dari ganglion simpatetik dr Sistem Saraf OtonomBerkembang dr jar embrionik yg sama dg ganglion simpatik tp axon selnya sedikit & berkumpul dkt pb darah besar
Selnya lebih memprod hormon d/p neurotransmitterSel penghsl hrm : Cromaffin cell. Diinervasi o/ sympatetic preganglionik neuron shg release hormonnya sgt cepat
Hormon yg dihslk : epinephrin(adrenalin) 80% & nor epinephrin (nor adrenalin) 20%
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PANCREATIC ISLETS
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PancreasKidney Common hepatic artery
Abdominal aortaCeliac trunkSplenic artery
spleen
Tail of pancreasBody of pancreasInferior pancreatic arterySuperior mesenteric arteryInferior pancreaticoduodenal artery
Head of pancreas
Gastroduodenal artery
Dorsal pancreatitic artery
Anterior pancreaticoduodenal artery
Duodenum of small intestine
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embriologi
Pancreas berkembang selama mg ke 5-7 dari 2 pertumb keluar ENDODERM yg mrpk bag dr foregut (nantinya akan menjadi duodenum)Kedua bagian tsb berfusi menjadi PANCREAS
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duodenum
pancreas
Blood capillary
Exocrine acini
Alpha cell (secretes glucagon)
Beta cell (secretes insulin)
Delta cell (secretes somatostatin)
F cell (secretes pancreatitic polypeptid)
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OVARIES DAN TESTES
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Gonads adl organ yg memproduksi gametes (sperma dan oosit)
OVARIUM:Sepasang , bentuk oval, berlokasi pd cavitas pelvisMemproduksi hr estrogen (estradiol & estrone) & progesteronMemproduksi Inhibin , protein hormon yg menginhibit FSHSelama hamil, ovarium & placenta menghsl hormon Relaxine (RLX)--- membantu kelahiran & flexibilitas simphysis pubis saat hamil
TESTES :Bentuk oval dan bersandar di scrotumMenghasilkan hormon testosteron---menstimulasi penurunan testes seblm lahir, mengatur produksi sperma, menstimulasi perkemb sex sekunder (kumis & suara)Memproduksi Inhibin , prot hormon yg menginhibit FSH
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Ovarium & Testes
OVARIAN HORMONES• Estrogens and
progesterone: • Relaxin• Inhibin
TESTISCULAR HORMONES
• Testosterone• Inhibin
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PINEAL GLAND
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The Endocrine Glands & their HormonesPineal Gland
-Main hormone secretedMELATONIN
Mammals : Regulate reproductive activity in response to environmental light cyclese.g. Some mammals mate in summer (lot of light), while others mate in winter (low light).
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CORPUS PINEALE (EPIFISIS CEREBRI)Letak :Terikat pada bagian tengah atap ventriculus otak ke III, merupakan bagian dari epithalamus, berada diantara 2 colliculi superior
Bentuk :Kecil, Kerucut,gepeng, menonjol kebelakang dr regio ventriculus IIITertutup oleh capsula yg dibentuk oleh pia materUkuran P=5-8mm, L=3-5mmBerat=0.1-0,2g, warna merah kelabuAda 2 jenis sel : pinealosit (secretory cell) dan astrosit (neuroglia)
Sekresinya : hr melatonin
Embriologi : berkembang mg ke 7 sbg pertumbuhan keluar antara thalamus & colliculi pd otak tengah (ECTODERM yg berhub dg dienchepalon)
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Sel-sel corpus pineale :1. Sel Pinealosit Sitoplasma basofilik, inti besar tdk teratur, lobulus & anak inti jelas2. Sel astrosit Inti panjang, terpulas lebih gelap, tdp diantara chorda pinea losit dan didaerah perivaskuler
Corpus pineale tertutup pia mater yg mbt capsula halus bagi organ-organ yg terbagi dlm lobulus-lobulus yg sulit dibedakan
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FUNGSI :Berperan penting dlm pengaturan fs seksual dan reproduksi
Mekanisme kerja :1. Klj ini diatur oleh jml chy atau pola wkt yg dilihat oleh mata setiap hari.2. Klj ini mensekresi melatonin dan bbrp bhn serupa yg semua nya masuk baik mll darah atau cairan ventriculus III ke klj hypofisis ant utk menurunkan sekresi gonadotorpin
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HISTOFISIOLOGIS :
Kelenjar pineal mengikuti bioritmik sirkadian , berespon thdrangsangan visual eksterna (cahaya) yg disambungkan kekelenjar oleh saraf simpatis shg dpt mensekresi melatonindan bbrp peptida.
Jml molekul-molekul hormon yg dibebaskan dlm darah akanmeningkat terutama pd malam hari. Selanjutnya sekresi kljpineal akan mempengaruhi aktivitas sekresi trtm hr gonade
O.k.i klj pineal dianggap sbg transducer neuroendokrinYg mengubah masukan saraf kedlm keluaran hormon
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Suplai Darah :Klj pineal divaskulrss ol a.pineal cab dr a.choroidal dexterdan sinister
Inervasi :Saat masuk klj pineal saraf tdk diselubungi oleh myelinAkson tanpa myelin berakhir pd bbrp pinealosit dan bbrpmbt sinapsis.Byk tdp vesikel-vesikel kecil yg mgd norepineprin didlm ujung sarafTerdpt serotonin didlm pinealosit dan uj saraf simpatis
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THYMUS
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Thymus Gland
-Thymosin : Stimulates the production of Lymphocytes
-Thymostatin : Inhibits the production of Lymphocytes
Thymus : Important for the neonatalproduction of antibodies
Thymus : Gland being at the centerof endocrine, neural, and immunesystems
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The thymus is located behind the sternum between the lungs.hormones produced by the thymus—thymosin, thymic humoral factor (THF), thymic factor (TF), and thymopoietin—promotethe maturation of T cells (a type of white blood cell that destroysmicrobes and foreign substances) and may retard the aging process
Embriologi :Tymus tumbuh selama minggu ke 5 dari ENDODERM kantong pharyngeal ke 3
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SELAMAT BELAJAR