Anatomical Terms and Anatomical Terms and Reference PointsReference Points

Mr. FluckMr. Fluck

Athletic TrainingAthletic Training

Terms #1 worksheetTerms #1 worksheet

Why do we use these terms?Why do we use these terms?

Medical languageMedical language Common language Common language

and way of describing and way of describing the body between the body between medical professionalsmedical professionals

Anatomical positionAnatomical position

Anatomical Starting Anatomical Starting pointpoint

Unless another Unless another position is specifically position is specifically mentionedmentioned

Planes of the bodyPlanes of the body

Sagital PlaneSagital Plane – invisible line that divides the – invisible line that divides the body into equal right and left halvesbody into equal right and left halves

Transverse (horizontal) PlaneTransverse (horizontal) Plane – Invisible line – Invisible line that divides the body into equal top and bottom that divides the body into equal top and bottom halveshalves

Coronal (frontal) PlaneCoronal (frontal) Plane – Invisible line that – Invisible line that divides the body into equal front and back divides the body into equal front and back halveshalves

Center of gravityCenter of gravity - exists at the intersection of - exists at the intersection of all three planesall three planes

The Planes of the bodyThe Planes of the body

Flexion / ExtensionFlexion / Extension

Flexion Flexion - Decreasing - Decreasing the angle of a jointthe angle of a joint

Extension Extension Increasing the angle Increasing the angle of a jointof a joint

Supination / PronationSupination / Pronation

SupinationSupination – Turning – Turning the palms upwardthe palms upward

PronationPronation – Turning – Turning the palms downwardthe palms downward

CircumductionCircumduction

Moving an Moving an appendage in a cone appendage in a cone like motionlike motion

Adduction / AbductionAdduction / Abduction

Add vs. AbdAdd vs. Abd A B ductionA B duction

AdductionAdduction - to move a - to move a body part closer to the body part closer to the Sagital PlaneSagital Plane

AbductionAbduction – to move a – to move a body part away from the body part away from the Sagital PlaneSagital Plane

Jumping JacksJumping Jacks

Horizontal Abd and AdductionHorizontal Abd and Adduction

Moving a limb either Moving a limb either toward or away from toward or away from the Sagital Plane the Sagital Plane while the limb while the limb remains parallel to the remains parallel to the transverse Planetransverse Plane

MedialMedial

Closer to the Sagital PlaneCloser to the Sagital Plane The “inside”The “inside” Usually used to refer to a location of Usually used to refer to a location of

something on the bodysomething on the body The athlete presents with a bruise on the The athlete presents with a bruise on the

medial side of the thighmedial side of the thigh

LateralLateral

Further away from the Sagital PlaneFurther away from the Sagital Plane The “outside”The “outside” Usually used to refer to a location of Usually used to refer to a location of

something on the bodysomething on the body The player was weight bearing and was The player was weight bearing and was

struck in the lateral side of the kneestruck in the lateral side of the knee

DistalDistal

Something that is further from the middle Something that is further from the middle of the body or something is further from of the body or something is further from the middle of the body than something the middle of the body than something elseelse

““further away ”further away ” Distal – sounds like distanceDistal – sounds like distance The fracture occurred in the distal 1/3 of The fracture occurred in the distal 1/3 of

the Femurthe Femur

ProximalProximal

Something that is closer to the middle of Something that is closer to the middle of the body or something is closer to the the body or something is closer to the middle of the body than something elsemiddle of the body than something else

““closer”closer” Proximal – sounds like proximityProximal – sounds like proximity Proximal IP JointProximal IP Joint The fracture occurred in the distal 1/3 of The fracture occurred in the distal 1/3 of

the Femurthe Femur

Anatomical Reference PointsAnatomical Reference Points

Inversion / EversionInversion / Eversion InversionInversion – turning – turning

the sole of the foot the sole of the foot inwardinward One of the most One of the most

common common mechanisms for mechanisms for injury in sportsinjury in sports

Ligaments stronger Ligaments stronger on medial sideon medial side

Eversion Eversion - turning - turning the sole of the foot the sole of the foot outwardoutward

Dorsiflexion / PlantarflexionDorsiflexion / Plantarflexion

Only occurs at the Only occurs at the ankleankle

Plantarflexion – Plantarflexion – pointing the toes/foot pointing the toes/foot downwarddownward ““plant” your footplant” your foot

Dorsiflexion – pulling Dorsiflexion – pulling the toes/foot upwardsthe toes/foot upwards

Acute InjuriesAcute Injuries Occur suddenly during activityOccur suddenly during activity ““Mack truck syndrome”Mack truck syndrome” Sprains, Strains, Fracture, Contusions, etc.Sprains, Strains, Fracture, Contusions, etc. Signs and symptoms can include:Signs and symptoms can include:

sudden, severe pain sudden, severe pain swelling swelling inability to place weight on a lower limb inability to place weight on a lower limb extreme tenderness in an upper limb extreme tenderness in an upper limb inability to move a joint through full range of motion inability to move a joint through full range of motion extreme limb weakness extreme limb weakness visible dislocation / break of a bonevisible dislocation / break of a bone

Chronic InjuriesChronic Injuries

Injuries that occur over timeInjuries that occur over time Usually result from overusing one area of the Usually result from overusing one area of the

body while playing a sport or exercising over body while playing a sport or exercising over a long period a long period

““itis” – inflammation ofitis” – inflammation of Tendonitis, bursitis, arthritis, shin splints, Tendonitis, bursitis, arthritis, shin splints,

stress fracturesstress fractures Signs and symptoms may includeSigns and symptoms may include

• pain when performing activities pain when performing activities • a dull ache when at rest a dull ache when at rest • swelling swelling

Congenital Congenital

Condition existing: Condition existing: At birthAt birth Before birthBefore birth Or in the 1Or in the 1stst month month

Can be caused by a number of factors:Can be caused by a number of factors: Genetic abnormalities, intrauterine environment, Genetic abnormalities, intrauterine environment,

infection, etc.infection, etc.

Inferior / SuperiorInferior / Superior

InferiorInferior – Below or bottom – Below or bottom The laceration is on the inferior part of the footThe laceration is on the inferior part of the foot The athlete was struck 3 inches inferior to the The athlete was struck 3 inches inferior to the

patellapatella

Superior Superior – Above or top– Above or top The athlete mad contact with the superior The athlete mad contact with the superior

aspect of his helmetaspect of his helmet

AnteriorAnterior

You may also use You may also use ventralventral

Front or in front ofFront or in front of Something could be Something could be

anterior to something anterior to something elseelse

Could be an anterior Could be an anterior view of somethingview of something

• A view from the frontA view from the front

PosteriorPosterior

Could also use dorsalCould also use dorsal Dorsal finDorsal fin

Back or behind Back or behind somethingsomething Something could be Something could be

posterior to something posterior to something elseelse

Could be a posterior Could be a posterior view of somethingview of something

• A view from the backA view from the back

Sprain Sprain

Stretch or tear of Stretch or tear of a ligamenta ligament

LigamentLigament connect bone to connect bone to bonebone

Usually due to Usually due to forced excessive forced excessive movementsmovements

StrainStrain

Stretch or tear of a muscle or tendonStretch or tear of a muscle or tendon Muscle – contractile fiber that produces Muscle – contractile fiber that produces

movementmovement Tendon – connect bone to muscleTendon – connect bone to muscle Usually occurs due to muscular imbalance Usually occurs due to muscular imbalance

or inflexibility or inflexibility ““pulled” musclepulled” muscle

Grading system for Sprains and Grading system for Sprains and StrainsStrains

Grade 1 – overstretchGrade 1 – overstretch MicrotearsMicrotears

Grade 2 – partial tearGrade 2 – partial tear Grade 3 – complete tearGrade 3 – complete tear

Dislocation / SubluxationDislocation / Subluxation

DislocationDislocation- bone comes out of the joint - bone comes out of the joint and stays outand stays out

Subluxation – bone comes out of the joint Subluxation – bone comes out of the joint but the body reduced the joint itselfbut the body reduced the joint itself ““pops out but pops right back in”pops out but pops right back in”

Closed Chain vs. Open ChainClosed Chain vs. Open Chain

Closed Chain Position – Feet are always Closed Chain Position – Feet are always in contact with the groundin contact with the ground Bike, elliptical trainer, cross-country skiingBike, elliptical trainer, cross-country skiing Compression forces = GOOD!Compression forces = GOOD!

Open Chain Position – feet come off of the Open Chain Position – feet come off of the groundground Running / joggingRunning / jogging Shearing forces = BAD!Shearing forces = BAD!

JointsJoints Synovial Joints: Most commonSynovial Joints: Most common

““Moveable”Moveable” Filled with Synovial FluidFilled with Synovial Fluid

Gliding jointGliding joint

Two flat surfaces that Two flat surfaces that glide over one glide over one anotheranother Tarsals and carpalsTarsals and carpals

Hinge JointHinge Joint

Allows movement in Allows movement in one plane onlyone plane only

UniaxialUniaxial IP (InterphalangealIP (Interphalangeal))

joints, ulnohumeral joints, ulnohumeral joint (elbow)joint (elbow)

Pivot JointPivot Joint

Allow one movement Allow one movement (rotation, pronation, (rotation, pronation, supination)supination) NeckNeck

Radius rotates on Radius rotates on ulna to allow ulna to allow pronation and pronation and supinationsupination radio-ulnar jointradio-ulnar joint

Condylar jointCondylar joint

Allows one primary Allows one primary movement with small movement with small amounts of amounts of movement in another movement in another plane plane

Knee joint, Knee joint, Tempromandibular Tempromandibular jointjoint

Ellipsoid JointEllipsoid Joint

Allows movement in Allows movement in two planestwo planes

BiaxialBiaxial Interphalangeal jointsInterphalangeal joints A modified ball-and-A modified ball-and-

socket joint in which socket joint in which the joint surfaces are the joint surfaces are elongated or ellipsoidalelongated or ellipsoidal

Saddle JointSaddle Joint

Found in the thumbFound in the thumb Carpometacarpal jointCarpometacarpal joint

Allows two plane of Allows two plane of movementmovement

Sternoclavicular JointSternoclavicular Joint

The Ball and Socket JointThe Ball and Socket Joint

Allows movement in Allows movement in three planesthree planes

Hip and shoulderHip and shoulder