Anatomy & Physiology

Advanced Biology

Mrs. Layton-Krout

A & P

Anatomy - study of structure

Physiology - study of function

Structure is always related to function

Levels of Organization

Atom

Chemical – Molecule

– Macromolecules

– Organelle

Cellular

Tissue

Organ

Organ System

Organism

Characteristics of Life = Metabolism

• Movement: internal or gross

• Responsiveness : rxn to internal or external change

• Growth: increase in size w/o change in shape

• Reproduction: new organisms or new cells

• Respiration: use of O2; removal of CO2

• Digestion: breakdown of food into simpler forms

• Absorption: movement of substances through membranes & into fluids

• Circulation: movement within body fluids

• Assimilation: changing nutrients into chemically different forms

• Excretion: removal of metabolic wastes

Organism Requirements

Water: required for metabolic rxns, transport of substances, temperature regulation

Food: nutrients needed to supply energy & raw materials for building new living matter

Oxygen: releases energy from nutrients

Heat: byproduct of metabolism; rate of rxns

Pressure: force that facilitates movement of air or fluids (atmospheric & hydrostatic)

Homeostasis

condition in which the body’s internal environment remains within certain physiological limits

– Ex: Temperature 98.6°F

Receptors

Set Point

Effectors

Feedback Loop

– Negative

– Positive

Negative Feedback Loop – change from a set point

is detected & the body acts to return to the set point Ex. Temp 98.6°F or 37°C

Positive feedback is a self-amplifying cycle in which a physiological change leads to even greater change in the same direction. Ex. oxytocin is secreted in small amounts at the beginning of labor.

These small amounts cause more &more oxytocin to be released, causing uterine contractions throughout labor. Only when the baby is expelled does the feedback system shut down.

Anatomical Position

The subject stands erect facing the observer, with feet flat on the floor, arms at sides & palms turned forward

Relative Positions (1) add to your list

Supine = on back

Prone = on belly

Relative Positions (2)

Superior –

– Toward the head or upper part of a structure

Inferior –

– Away from the head or lower part of a structure

Relative Positions (3)

Anterior

– Nearer to or at the front of the body

Posterior

- Nearer to or at the back of the body

Relative Positions (4)

Medial

– Nearer to the midline

Lateral

– Towards the sides /farther from the midline

Intermediate

– Between two structures

Relative Positions (5)

Proximal

– Nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk, towards the point of origin

Distal

– Farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk, away from the point of origin

Relative Positions (6)

Superficial

– Toward the surface of the body

Deep

– Away from the surface of the body

Relative Positions (7) add these

Ipsilateral

– On the same side of the body

Contralateral

– On the opposite side of the body

Human / Cat Clarifications

Anterior = front, Ventral = belly

– mean the same in humans but in the cat anterior is forward and ventral faces the ground

Posterior = rear/behind, Dorsal = back

– mean the same in humans but in the cat posterior is rear and dorsal faces up

Cranial = toward the head

– which is Superior in humans, but superior is dorsal in cats

Caudal = towards the tail

– which is Inferior in humans, but inferior is ventral in cats

Directional Terms

Review

Planes/Body Sections (1)

Plane: an imaginary flat surface

Planes/Body Sections (2)

Sagittal - Vertical plane dividing the body/organ into left & right halves

– Midsagittal – Median/midline, equal sides

– Parasagittal - Unequal sides

Planes/Body Sections (3)

Transverse - Cross sectional or horizontal plane dividing the body/organ into superior (top) and inferior (bottom) portions

Planes/Body Sections (4)

Coronal/ Frontal - Divides the body/organ into anterior (front) & posterior (back) portions

Planes/Body Sections (5) add this

Oblique - Passes through the body/organ at an angle btwn transverse & sagittal or frontal planes

Body Cavities (1)

Confined spaces containing internal organs

– protect, separate & support the organs

2 Main Cavities

– Dorsal & Ventral

Each are divided in to smaller cavities

Viscera = organs within these cavities

Body Cavities (2)

Dorsal - back

– Cranial - the cranial bones & the brain

– Spinal (Vertebral Canal) – located inside the vertebral column & contains the spinal cord

Body Cavities (3)

Ventral - front

– Thoracic - Superior portion, heart & lungs

Pleural - 2, surround the lungs, fluid filled

Mediastinum - everything except the lungs

– Pericardial - covers the heart

– Abdominopelvic - Inferior portion

Abdominal - Superior portion

– liver, spleen, stomach etc.

Pelvic - Inferior portion

– Urinary bladder, reproductive organs, lower intestines etc.

Membranes

Serous membranes – thin slippery tissue lining the walls of the ventral cavity double layered – Visceral layer – lines the organs

– Parietal layer – outer membrane Pericardium – serous membrane around the heart

Pleural membrane - surrounds lungs

Peritoneum –lines the abdominopelvic cavity Mesentery – holds visceral organs of abdominopelvic cavity in place

Serous Membranes

1-14

The efforts of all systems must be coordinated for the animal to survive. Any organism is a coordinated living whole greater than the sum of its parts.

Major Body Systems Integument – body covering

Skeletal – support & movement

Muscular – support & movement

Nervous – integration & coordination

Endocrine – integration & coordination

Digestive– absorption & excretion

Respiratory - absorption & excretion

Circulatory - transport

Lymphatic/Immune – transport & immunity

Urinary - absorption & excretion

Reproductive - reproduction

Abdominal Cavity

RUQ LUQ

RLQ LLQ

Quadrants Nine regions