Anatomy & Physiology Unit 1: Intro to Anatomy Cheat Sheetby julescrisfulla via cheatography.com/122651/cs/25356/

Anatomy vs. Physiology

anatomy: structure of an organism (whatdoes it look like?)

physio logy: function of an organism (whatdoes it do?)

Human Body Systems

digestive immune

circul atory integu mentary

nervous lymphatic

excretory reprod uctive

respir atory endocrine

skeletal muscular

Excretory System

anatomy: physio logy:

kidneys 1) removes waste productsfrom cellular metabolism (urea,water, carbon dioxide)

ureters 2) filters blood

bladder

urethra

lungs

skin (sweat glands)

liver (produces urea)

Excretory System Image

Skeletal System

anatomy: physio logy:

bones 1) protects organs

cartilage 2) provides shape, support

ligaments 3) stores materials (fats,minerals)

4) produces blood cells

5) allows movement

Skeletal System Image

Endocrine System

anatomy: physio logy:

glands(producehormones)

1) regulates body activitiesusing hormones. slowresponse, long lasting

~hypot halamus

~pituitary

~thyroid

~thymus

~adrenal

~pancreas

~ovaries

~testes

Endocrine System Image

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Anatomy & Physiology Unit 1: Intro to Anatomy Cheat Sheetby julescrisfulla via cheatography.com/122651/cs/25356/

Reprod uctive System

anatomy: physio logy:

ovaries(produceeggs)

1) allows organisms toreproduce which prevents theirspecies from becoming extinct

testes (produce sperm)

Reprod uctive System Image

Negative Feedback

when the effect or(s) activated by the controlcenter oppose or eliminate stimulus

ex) blood sugar regulation

Negative Feedback Image (Blood SugarRegula tion)

Regional Terms: Posterior View

cephalic:head

otic: ear occipital:back ofhead orbase ofskull

acromial:point ofshoulder

vertebral: spinalcolumn

scapular:shoulderblade

lumbar:loin

brachial: arm olecranal:back ofelbow

dorsum /do rsal:back

manus: hand sacral:betweenhips

gluteal:buttock

perineal: regionbetween anusand externalgenitalia

femoral:thigh

popliteal:back ofknee

sural: calf calcaneal:heel

plantar: sole

Regional Terms: Posterior View Image

Inferior (Orien tation and Direct ionalTerm)

also known as caudal

away from the head end or toward the lowerpart of a structure or the body; below

ex) the navel is inferior to the breastbone

Inferior (Orien tation and Direct ionalTerm) Image

Interm ediate (Orien tation and Direct ionalTerm)

between a more medial and a more lateralstructure

ex) the armpit is interm ediate between thebreastbone and shoulder

Interm ediate (Orien tation and Direct ionalTerm) Im

Superf icial (Orien tation and Direct ionalTerm)

toward or at the body surface

ex) the skin is superf icial to the skeleton

Superf icial (Orien tation and Direct ionalTerm) Img

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Deep (Orien tation and Direct ional Term)

away from the body surface; more internal

ex) the lungs are deep to the rib cage

Deep (Orien tation and Direct ional Term)Image

Abdomi nop elvic Quadrants Image

CT

full name:

computed tomography

how does it work?

different tissues absorb the electr oma ‐gnetic radiation in various amount

what does it show?

shows cross sectional pictures of thebody region scanned

CT (cont)

when is it used?

used to evaluate brain and abdominalproblems without the need of explor atorysurgery

CT Image

MRI

full name:

magnetic resonance imaging

how does it work?

magnetic energy causes the spin ofhydrogen molecules, and their energy isenhanced by radio waves; when theradio waves are turned off, energy isreleased and translated by a computerinto a visual image

what does it show?

dense structures do not show and softtissue, like the the brain, can beevaluated

when is it used?

to evaluate soft tissue, brain, interv ert ‐ebral pads and cartilage to detectdegene rative disease

MRI Image

Levels of Organi zation

atoms -> molecules -> macrom ole cules ->organelles -> cells -> tissues -> organs ->organ systems -> organism

8 Necessary Life Functions (Human)

1) maintain bounda ries: inside is separatefrom the outside

2) movement: whole body and cellular level

3) respon siv ene ss/ irr ita bility: sense andrespond to changes in the enviro nment

4) digestion: breaking down food tonutrients

5) metabo lism: breaking down and buildingmolecules for energy

6) excretion: remove wastes from the body

7) reprod uction: cellular or organismal level

8) growth: cellular or organismal level

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Anatomy & Physiology Unit 1: Intro to Anatomy Cheat Sheetby julescrisfulla via cheatography.com/122651/cs/25356/

Circul atory System

anatomy: physio logy:

heart 1) transport materials to andfrom cells

veins

arteries

capill aries

blood

Circul atory System Image

Respir atory System

anatomy: physio logy:

nose 1) takes in oxygen and removescarbon dioxide and water

trachea

bronchi

bronch ioles

alveoli

lungs

Respir atory System Image

Immune System

anatomy: physio logy:

white bloodcells

1) fights off foreign invadersin the body

~T cells

~B cells (produce antibo dies)

~macro phages

skin

Immune System Image

Lymphatic System

anatomy: physio logy:

lymph (liquid part ofblood - plasma, whenit is in lymph vessels)

1) stores andcarries white bloodcells that fightdisease

Lymphatic System (cont)

lymphvessels

2) collects excess fluid andreturns it to blood (second circul ‐atory system - reaches placesother one can't - between cells)

lymph nodes

contain white blood cells

Lymphatic System Image

Positive Feedback

initial stimulus produces a response thatexagge rates or enhances its effects; lesscommon

ex) labor and delivery

Positive Feedback Image (Labor andDelivery)

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Anatomy & Physiology Unit 1: Intro to Anatomy Cheat Sheetby julescrisfulla via cheatography.com/122651/cs/25356/

The Language of Anatomy

special termin ology is used to preventmisund ers tan dings

exact terms are used for:

~position

~regions

~direction

~struc tures

Superior (Orien tation and Direct ionalTerm)

toward the head end or upper part of astructure of the body; above

ex) the forehead is superior to the nose

Superior (Orien tation and Direct ionalTerm) Image

Anterior (Orien tation and Direct ionalTerm)

also known as ventral

toward or at the front of the body; in front of

ex) the breastbone is anterior to the spine

Anterior (Orien tation and Direct ionalTerm) Image

Lateral (Orien tation and Direct ionalTerm)

away from the midline of the body; on theouter side of

ex) the arms are lateral to the chest

Lateral (Orien tation and Direct ionalTerm) Image

Distal (Orien tation and Direct ional Term)

farther from the origin of a body part or thepoint of attachment of a limb to the bodytrunk

ex) the knee is distal to the thigh

Distal (Orien tation and Direct ional Term)Image

Body Cavities

dorsal body cavity ventral body cavity

~cranial cavity(brain)

~thoracic cavity(lungs)

~spinal cavity(spinal cord)

~abdom ino pelviccavity

~~abdo minal cavity(abdomen)

~~pelvic cavity(pelvis)

Body Cavities Image

PET Scan

full name:

positron emission tomography

how does it work?

requires an injection of short- lived radioi ‐sotopes that have been tagged tobiological molecules (ie. glucose) inorder to view metabolic processes

what does it show?

provides insights into brain activity inpeople affected by mental illness,Alzhei mer's disease, and epilepsy

when is it used?

to diagnose areas of impairment in thebrain

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Anatomy & Physiology Unit 1: Intro to Anatomy Cheat Sheetby julescrisfulla via cheatography.com/122651/cs/25356/

PET Scan Image

fMRI

full name:

functional magnetic resonance imaging

how does it work?

follows blood flow in the brain in realtime

what does it show?

shows brain activity

when is it used?

to diagnose brain disease; can not beused in the presence of metal in thebody, pacema kers, and tooth fillings

fMRI Image

Digestive System

anatomy: physio logy:

mouth 1) take in food (inges tion)

esophagus 2) digest food into smallermolecules and absorbnutrients

smallintestine

3) remove undigested foodfrom body (feces)

large intestine

rectum

anus

salivary glands

pancreas

liver

gallbl adder

Digestive System Image

Nervous System

anatomy: physio logy:

brain 1) gathers and interpretsinform ation

spinalcord

2) responds to inform ation

nerves 3) helps maintain homeos tasis

hypoth alamus

Nervous System Image

Muscular System

anatomy: physio logy:

cardiacmuscle

1) allows for movement bycontra cting

smooth muscle

skeletal muscle

tendons

Muscular System Image

Integu mentary System

anatomy: physio logy:

skin 1) barrier against infection(first line of defense)

~epidermis 2) helps regulate bodytemper ature

~dermis 3) removes excretory waste(urea, water)

~~sweatgland

4) protects against sun's UVrays

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Anatomy & Physiology Unit 1: Intro to Anatomy Cheat Sheetby julescrisfulla via cheatography.com/122651/cs/25356/

Integu mentary System (cont)

~~seba ceousgland

5) produces vitaminD

~~hair follicle

~~blood vessels

~~nerves

Integu mentary System Image

Homeos tasis

" hom eo- " = same

" -st asi s" = standing or status

goal: to maintain a relatively constantinternal enviro nment

Positive Feedback vs. NegativeFeedback

Regional Terms: Anterior View

axial: head, neck, and trunk

append icular: appendages or limbs

nasal: nose oral:mouth

cervical:neck

frontal:forehead

orbital:eye

buccal:cheek

Regional Terms: Anterior View (cont)

mental: chin acromial:point ofshoulder

axillary:armpit

abdominal:abdomen

sternal:breastbone

thoracic:chest

mammary:breast

umbilical:naval (bellybutton)

brachial:arm

antecu bital:front ofelbow

antebr achial:forearm

carpal:wrist

pollex:thumb

palmar: palm digital:fingers

coxal: hip pelvic: pelvis inguinal:groin

pubic:genitalregion

femoral: thigh patellar:anteriorknee

crural: leg fibula r/p ero ‐neal: side ofleg

pedal: foot

tarsal: ankle digital: toes hallux: bigtoe

Regional Terms: Anterior View Image

Posterior (Orien tation and Direct ionalTerm)

also known as dorsal

toward or at the backside of the body;behind

ex) the heart is posterior to the breastbone

Posterior (Orien tation and Direct ionalTerm) Image

Medial (Orien tation and Direct ionalTerm)

toward or at the midline of the body; on theinner side of

ex) the heart is medial to the arm

Medial (Orien tation and Direct ionalTerm) Image

Proximal (Orien tation and Direct ionalTerm)

close to the origin of the body part or thepoint of attachment of a limb to the bodytrunk

ex) the elbow is proximal to the wrist (elbowis closer to shoulder or attachment point ofarm than wrist is)

Proximal (Orien tation and Direct ionalTerm) Image

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Anatomy & Physiology Unit 1: Intro to Anatomy Cheat Sheetby julescrisfulla via cheatography.com/122651/cs/25356/

Body Planes Image

Xray

full name:

radiograph

how does it work?

shadowy negative image of internalstructures produced by directing electr ‐oma gnetic waves of very shortwavelength at the body

what does it show?

best to visualize hard, body structuresand locate abnormally dense structures(tumors, tuberc ulosis nodules) in thelungs and breasts

when is it used?

to diagnose fractures and dense tumors

Xray Image

Ultrasound

full name:

ultras ono graphy

how does it work?

high frequency sound waves is itsenergy source; the sound waves gothrough the tissues without harmingthem, and the echoes are recorded

what does it show?

it shows visual images of body organs

when is it used?

preferred method for fetal evaluation

Ultrasound Image

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