anatomy and physiology - manatee school for the arts · mechanism: erythropoietin ... •this...
TRANSCRIPT
System overview: A.D.A.M. http://www.adaminsideout.com/default.aspx
Blood overview:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JRnaSfdjdl0
Blood has several functions, according to its components: red blood cells (rbc’s) carry oxygen, white blood cells (wbc’s) protect against/fight infection, and platelets promote clotting.
• Blood within an adult human is ~5-5.5 liters.
• Whole blood is heavier and more viscous than water.
• A hematocrit (HCT) is the percentage of blood cell volume (generally 45%).
• The majority of cells are rbc’s, then wbc’s, and platelets (considered fragments in the blood).
• 55% of blood is plasma, a watery substance mixed with amino acids, macromolecules, electrolytes, vitamins, hormones & wastes. This results in a straw colored fluid.
• The percentage of blood volume varies: body size, [fluid] and [electrolyte], and amount of adipose (fat).
http://www.nsbri.org/HumanPhysSpace/focus3/fig2.jpg
• Blood components can be
separated by centrifuging
them:
• plasma is the lightest (and
rests atop the rest), the buffy
coat is the middle layer of
cells containing wbc’s and
platelets while the bottom-
most layer contains the
rbc’s.
http://www.google.com/imgres
Blood Plasma:
• clear, straw colored fluid
• liquid portion of blood
• contains ~90% water & a
mix of dissolved chemicals
(macromolecules, vitamins,
electrolytes & wastes)
• proteins are the most
abundant of the dissolved
substances in plasma
http://www.google.com/imgres
• There are 3 groups of proteins: albumins, globulins, and fibrinogen.
• albumins: smallest but majority of the plasma proteins (by weight); regulate the movement of water controlling blood volume & controlling b.p.
• globulins: transport lipids &fat soluble vitamins; 3 types: alpha, beta, gamma
• fibrinogen: largest but least of plasma proteins; functions in blood coagulation (clumping)
Red Blood Cells:
• a.k.a. erythrocytes
• concave disks (look like
donuts with no hole).
http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/images/rbc.jpg
http://www.google.com/imgres
• Transports gases, like O2
• Mature rbc’s lack nuclei
(no longer divide or
produce proteins)
• Contains a protein,
hemoglobin (~1/3 of the rbc)
which is the reason rbc’s are
red
• When O2 binds with
hemoglobin, blood is bright
red; when rbc’s are O2
deficient, blood is dark (but
STILL RED).
• The average life span of a
rbc is ~120 days; however,
the blood cell count is stable.
http://www.google.com/imgres
• One test performed on blood is a red blood cell count (a.k.a RBCC or RCC).
• Used in discovering illness: change in # of rbc’s affects the amount of O2 being carried; therefore, affecting the health of an individual.
• Rbc’s are broken down by macrophages in the liver & spleen.
• When rbc’s are broken down, heme (an iron-containing compound from hemoglobin) is released.
RBCC:
http://www.tpub.com/content/medical/14295/img/1429
5_275_2.jpg
http://www.monroecc.edu/depts/pstc/backup/heme.gif
• Rbc production is controlled by a negative feedback mechanism: erythropoietin (a hormone) regulates rbc formation.
• When O2 is deficient, the kidneys & liver release erythropoietin to make rbc’s.
• Rbc production requires: vitamin B12, folic acid, and iron.
• Anemia is a condition in which there are too few rbc’s or too little hemoglobin. This condition results in fatigue or lack of energy. Many women have this condition due to menstruation or pregnancy.
• Look up anemia online or in text to see types.
White Blood Cells: • a.k.a. leukocytes
• protect against disease, fight infection
• include 5 types which differ in size, cytoplasm, nuclei shape & staining characteristics.
• These are broken into 2 groups: granulocytes (leukocytes with granular cytoplasm) and agranulocytes (leukocytes without a granular cytoplasm).
http://www.google.com/imgres
Granulocytes
• are twice the size of a rbc
• contain granular cytoplasm
• are produced in the red bone marrow
• life span is ~12 hours
• include: Neutrophils, Basophils, and Eosinophils
Neutrophils • Contain fine cytoplasmic granules
• ~54-62% of wbc’s in an adult blood sample.
• contain lysosomes which perform phagocytosis (ingest
small particles); generally die b/c of the amount of toxins
ingested
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z_mXDvZQ6dU
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Segmented_ne
utrophils.jpg/786px-Segmented_neutrophils.jpg http://www.google.com/imgres
Eosinophils • uniformly sized cytoplasmic granules
• ~1-3% of wbc’s circulating.
• kill specific parasites, control allergic reactions & inflammation & are weakly phagocytic
http://www.jameswpattersonmd.com/images/pages/churg_strauss_
eosinophils.jpg http://www.google.com/imgres
Basophils • irregularly shaped
cytoplasmic granules
• less than 1% of circulating wbc’s.
• prevent blood clots by releasing heparin (a blood thinner) and play a major role in allergic reactions by releasing histamine (increases blood flow to injured tissues)
http://cellbio.utmb.edu/microanatomy/blood/basophil.JPG
Agranulocytes
• no cytoplasmic granules
• include 2 types of wbc’s: Monocytes & Lymphocytes
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BDr44vLNnPY
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qvGVoxdy-yM&spfreload=1
Monocytes • life span ~weeks or months
• nuclei vary in shape
• largest of wbc’s (2-3X larger than rbc’s)
• account for ~3-9% circulating wbc’s
• produced in the red bone marrow
• contain lysosomes which perform phagocytosis, engulfing large
particles. Generally die b/c of the amount of toxic material ingested
http://faculty.une.edu/com/abell/histo/monocyte.jpg http://www.google.com/imgres
Lymphocytes • life span ~years
• nuclei is large & round
• slightly larger than rbc’s
• ~25-33% of circulating wbc’s
• produced in the red bone
marrow & lymphatic system
organs
• produce antibodies providing
immunity.
http://www.unis.org/UNIScienceNet/RBCs+Lymphocytes.jpg
http://www.google.com/imgres
Brief Summary
• There are 5 types of White Blood cells in circulation.
• From the majority of cells to the least amount of cells in
circulation: Neutrophils (N) Lymphocytes (L)
Monocytes (M) Eosinophils (E) Basophils (B)
• An acronym: Never Let My Eggs Break!
White Blood Cells:
• A white blood cell count (WBCC) is a diagnostic test that measures the amount of wbc’s in a sample of blood.
• Generally, a differential WBCC (DIFF) is performed. This is a test that provides the percentages of wbc’s (types of leukocytes in a sample of blood).
• Wbc’s are able to leave the blood & move by amoeboid motion (self-propulsion)
Blood Platelets:
• a.k.a. thrombocytes
• considered cell fragments (incomplete cells)
• formed in the red bone marrow from megakaryocytes (shatters like a plate, forming platelets)
• lack nuclei (cannot produce
proteins or divide)
• life span ~10 days
• aid in blood clot formation
http://www.google.com/imgres
http://www.google.com/imgres
Hematopoiesis:
• This is a.k.a. blood cell formation
• Occurs in red bone marrow
• Erythropoietin (hormone) controls rbc production.
• Thrombopoietin (hormone) controls thrombocyte
production.
• Interleukins & colony stimulating factors (CSFs) control
wbc production.
Hemostasis
• This is the stoppage of bleeding.
• When a blood vessel (bv) is cut, blood flows. Almost immediately, a bv spasm, a.k.a. a vasospasm, occurs. This is the constriction of a bv by the smooth muscles contracting, slowing blood flow.
• This occurs in 3 steps: vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, and coagulation.
• A platelet plug is a clump of platelets that stick to the collagen in connective tissue (that has been cut) and to each other.
• This generally controls blood loss (in small breaks). Otherwise, a clot must form to stop bleeding.
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/images/ency/fullsize/19462.jpg
http://www.google.com/imgres
Blood Coagulation • This causes a blood clot and is the result of clotting factors
(biochemicals that help or inhibit the formation of a clot).
• In normal bodies, anticoagulants do not allow blood to clot.
• However, when a clot forms (called formation), fibrinogen forms fibrin (insoluble threads of protein).
• A blood clot forms from a series of events: prothrombin (a normal component of plasma produced in the liver) is converted to thrombin in the presence of Ca++.
• Thrombin then triggers a series of reactions that convert fibrinogen into fibrin, causing a blood clot.
• Fibrin causes a meshwork of threads that trap platelets & blood cells, forming a mass that stops blood flow.
• Fibrin threads are eventually dissolved and the injury is healed.
• This is how bruises (hematomas) are healed. Hematomas are caused by blood leaks within a damaged tissue.
http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=98328&rendTypeId=4
• If a clot has filled a large area (large blood vessels), it is usually surgically removed.
• Blood clots can form abnormally: this is called a
thrombus.
• If the clot dislodges from the bv, it is called an embolus.
Emboli may block blood flow in another bv and may be fatal.
http://www.orlandoregional.org/StaywellImages/82812.jpg http://images.webmd.com/images/hw/media69/medical/hw/h5
551195.jpg
How a wound heals itself: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TLVwELDMDWs
• Coronary thrombosis is a blood clot forming in the heart while a cerebral thrombosis is a blood clot forming in the brain.
• These kill the tissues in the area, called an infarction, and can be fatal.
• Infarctions can result in heart attacks and strokes.
• A pulmonary embolism is a traveling embolus that blocks a bv of the lungs.
• Treatment of these are usually plasminogen activators that break up clots.
http://www.google.com/imgres
Blood Groups • Agglutination: after a
transfusion of blood, a
clump of rbc’s form. This is
a result of antigens (surface
molecules on rbc’s) and
antibodies (proteins within
the plasma).
• There are 2 groups of
antigens: ABO group and Rh
group.
http://www.google.com/imgres
ABO group • This is the presence or absence of antigens on the
surface of rbc’s.
• These antigens are A, B, or A and B.
• These are a direct result of the person’s blood type,
which is inherited.
• If a person has antigen A, then he has type A
blood; if a person has antigen B, then he has type B
blood; if a person has both antigens A and B, then
that person has type AB blood; if a person lacks
antigens, then the person has type O blood.
• If the person has type A blood, they have anti-B; this means
that the have antibodies against antigen B. What is the
significance of this? A person with type A blood cannot
receive type AB or type B blood receive type A or type O
blood.
Blood Type Antigen Antibody Transfuse
A A anti-B A; O
B B anti-A B; O
AB A & B none A; B; AB; O
O none anti-A &B O
Rh Blood Group
• This was named after the Rhesus monkey. These are antigens (factors) in human blood (as well as monkey blood).
• These antigens are inherited as well.
• When blood types are said to be Rh negative (Rh-), there are no Rh antigens while if the blood type is said to be Rh positive (Rh+), there is at least 1 type of Rh antigen.
http://www.pennhealth.com/health_info/pregnancy/graphics/images/en/19789.jpg
Rh Incompatibility:
BRIEF EXPLANATORY ANIMATION: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wELlHczKYIo
BLOOD TYPE INCOMPATIBILITY
https://www.google.com/#q=problems+wit
h+blood+type+in+pregnancy
http://www.parenting.com/pregnancy/comp
lications/what-being-rh-negative-means-
your-pregnancy
• O-positive: 38 percent • O-negative: 7 percent • A-positive: 34 percent • A-negative: 6 percent • B-positive: 9 percent • B-negative: 2 percent • AB-positive: 3 percent • AB-negative: 1 percent
- See more at: http://www.livescience.com/36559-common-blood-type-donation.html#sthash.0Znz8gyg.dpuf
MOST COMMON
BLOOD TYPES IN
THE UNITED STATES