anatomy boards questionsaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa

8/11/2019 Anatomy Boards Questionsaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa

1/74

1

Anatomy Boards Questions:

2004

1.

Tendonwhat kind of fiberso dense CT - organized

dense regular CT is found in muscles, tendons, etc

o Dense irregular CT This is found in the dermis! (not the epidermis)

o Loose

Aka areolar CTfound in lamina propria

2. Where does the middle cardiac veins empty into?

coronary sinus

Anterior cardiac vein drains directly into the right atrium whereas all others draininto the coronary sinus. All of the others include: small, great, oblique, and middle

cardiac veins. Coronary sinusdrains most of blood from the heart wall, opens into the right

atrium between the inferior vena cava and the atrioventricular orifice. It is acontinuation of the great cardiac vein. Small and middle cardiac vein are tributaries

to coronary sinus

The great cardiac vein runs in front alongside the anterior. The middle cardiac veinruns in with the posterior artery.

3. What is found in the villi of intestines?

Lamina propria

Other options: Submucosa

Villi: have lacteals, and that it is in the lamina propria and not in the submucosal. Inpast years, the villi has characterized the small intestine

4. Where is fat found?

Submucosa

CT layers

Dermis

5. Which immune structure is most isolated from blood

thymuscuz of t cell maturation

Adult thymus is isolated from parenchymablood thymus barrier. Barrier non-

existant in child Spleen, thymus, palatine and pharyngeal tonsils DO NOT have numerous afferent

vessels entering them as do lymph nodes

other options: spleen, lymph node, palatine tonsil

6. What kind of collagen do you find in dentin?

Type I collagen


2/74

2

Types of Cartilage:

Hyaline cartilage (most common): contains many closely packed fine collagenousfibers. Covers and protects bone; precursor to bone and where strong support is

needed but some flexibility is desirable. Makes up the costal cartilages, the

cartilaginous rings of the trachea, joints, nose, and the main support of the bronchial

wall Fibrocartilage: most closely resembles dnse, irregular, CT (consists of dense matrix

of collagenous fibers) Withstands tension and compression. Found in

intervertebral discs (vertebra) knee joint, TMJ, and syphysis pubis

Elastic cartilage: similar to hyaline cartilage but the ifbers are not as closely packed.

More importantly, elastic cartilage contains many elastic fibers (elastin). Forms the

external ear and is also found in the epiglottis, the auditory meatus and the larynx

7. What organic substance is most common found in dentin

The answer should be TYPE I COLLAGEN!

In dentincollagen

cementumcollagen and praline enamelNO COLLAGEN! Only protein, and its rich in PROLINE!

8. What diffuses across membranes easily except?

Na

Glucose also requires GLUT transporters, and secondary active transport, but Na+

is least diffusible.

Other options: Na, Ethanol

O2, CO2 both diffuse across easily. Na and glucose both need an active primarytransport, while ethanal is polar and does not cross as easily

9.

What is only found in pancreas centro acini

other options: serous acini, zymogenenzyme precursors, not sure answer

Pancreaseboth exocrine and endocrineposterior to abdominal wall.Retroperitoneal organ, except for small portion of tail which lies in the lienorenal

ligament. Head and neck neslt in the curve of the duodenum, body is behindstomach tail extends to spleen.

Endocrine (Islets of Langerhanscells of pancreas)

Alpha cellsglucagon

Betainsulin, carb metabs

Deltasomatostatin which acts locally within the islets of Langerhans to depressthe secretion of both insulin and glucagon

Exocrine

Acinar cellspancreatic juices including lipases, carbohydrases and proteases todigest fats, carbs, and proteins

10.How does stomach take in more food

receptive relaxation


3/74

3

gastrin

not sure answer

11.Which structure and tissue is matched correctly

know the type of epith in kidney (simple cuboidal in the tubules) and bladder

(transitional) gallbladder-simple columnar thin loop

thick loop

bowmans capsule

bladder

12.Know what the renal papilla empties into

minor calyx

Internal features of kidney:

Cortex: outer layer (glomeruli are located here)

Medulla (inner layer, consists of renal pyramids)

Renal columns: found between pyramids. Cortical tissue

Renal papilla: apex of pyramids, here the collecting ducts pour into minor calyces

Minor calyces: unit to form major calyces, which then unit to form renal pelvis

13.Where do you find oxyphil cells?

Parathyroid gland

Oxyphil cells have no known function. Chief cells of the PT gland secrete PTH

14.What vein joins the facial vein to the cavernous plexus?

Ophthalmic v.

Cavernous sinus: created by superior and inferior ophthalmic vein, the cerebral veins, and thesphenoparietal sinus.

Located on either side of the sella turcica of sphenoid bone in middle crainialfossa.

Empty by way of superior petrosal sinuses into the transverse sinuses whichbecome the sigmoid sinuses. Then empty to jugular foramen by becoming theinternal jugular vein.

These veins do not have valves and so can also drain anteriorly into

ophthalmic vein

15.

Where is the ulnar n. most likely to get damaged? At the elbow

Other choices : wrist, hands

Brachial plexus (C5C8 and T1)

Formed in the posterior triangle of the neck

Extends into the axilla supplying nerves to the upper limbe

Has three cords:

Posterior (axillary and radial nerves are main branches)


4/74

4

Lateral (musculocutaneous nerve is main branch)

Medial (ulnar nerve is main branch)

- Median nerveforms its two heads (medial and

lateral from the medial and lateral cords)

Surgical neck of the humerus: axillary midshaft of humerus: radial. Dislocate

shoulder, The radial nerve is most commonly injured in a mid-humeral shaft fracture, because

it runs in the radial (spiral) groove of the humerus

16.What artery first branches off of the subclavian a?

vertebral a.

17.What does the sigmoid sinus empty into?

Internal jugular v

Internal jugular originates when sigmoid passes through the jugular foramen

18.Which vessel does a berry aneurysm damage?

Middle cerebral artery

Linticulostriate arteriesarteries of stroke penetrate basal nuclei and arebranches of middle cerebral (largest of internal carotid arteries)

Aneurysm in anterior communicating is most common place for it to occur

19.What do you not see in the carotid triangle?

Superficial temporal artery

Components of the carotid triangle include carotid arteries, internal jugular vein,vagus nerve

Superficial temporal vein: drains the scalp and side of head, descending anterior to

the ear and plunges into the substances of the parotid gland

It is not a part of any of the triangles, but does join with the maxillary vein tobecome the retromandibular

20.What is not found in the parotid gland?

Facial artery

Components found in the parotid gland include: external carotid artery, facial nerve,superficial temporal vein, auriculotemporal nerve, etc.

21.What innervates the lower lip and the labial mucosa?

Mental n.

It would have to be a division of V3, VII does musculature, not the labial mucosa,so this seems right

22.What innervates the mucosa over the sublingual glands?

Lingual n. (not sure)

the deep lingual artery supplies it and the lingual nerve innervates it????


5/74

5

23.What innervates the buccal mucosa and the gingival over the mand molars?

Buccal nerve. (V3)

Not the long buccal nerve from facial VII

24.When you stick out your tongue and it deviates to the left which muscle is injured?

Left genioglossus If the genioglossus muscle is paralyzed the tongue has a tendency to fall back and

obstruct the oropharyngeal airway with risk of suffocation

All structures deviate to the side of the injury with the exception of the uvula withdeviates to the opposite side.

25.Which tract of the corticobulbar only innervates to the contralateral side of the face?

VII, only the lower half of the face below eyebrowsfor superior.

Corticobulbar is bilateral for everything except for facial andhypoglossus???

Other options: Hypoglossal n. (not sure)

26.What does the internal thoracic artery become?

Musculophrenic and superior epigastrica

Internal thoracicarises from first part of Subclavian artery and descends BEHIND

the first six costal cartilages just lateral to the sternum

Two terminal arteries of internal thoracic artery are superior artery (enters rectussheath and supplies the rectus muscle as far as the umbilicus) and the

musculophrenic arter (supplies the diaphragm and lower intercostal spaces

anteriorly)

27.The sympathetic system does not do which of the following?

Direct blood to the skin.

Sympathetic division: prepares body for intense physical activity in emergencies(fight or flight) through adrenergic effects.

HR blood glucose rises,

blood diverted to skeletal muscles.

Pupils dilate, bronchioles dilate,

and the adrenal medulla releases Epi and NE

28.What does sympathetic system have the most control over?

The vessels of the skin Vasomotor sympathetic fibers are thought to end on blood vessels

29.Where is the origin of the medial pterygoid muscle?

Pyramid part of the palatine bone

These arent the answers

Lateral of lateral plate

Medial of medial plate


6/74

6

Medial pterygoid Origin: Lateralpterygoid plate and

tuberosity of maxilla

Insertion: Medialsurface of angle of

mandible

Elevates mandible andmoves mandible

laterally

30.

Where does the hamulus connect to? Medial pterygoid plate

the tensor veli palatine attaches to it

The medial pterygoid plate forms the posterior limit of the lateral wall of the nasalcavity and ends inferiorly as a hamulus. A small, slender hook that acts as a pulley

for the tensor veli palatine tendon to change its dirction of pull from vertical to

horizontal thereby tensing the soft palate

31.What do you find in the pterygoid palatine fossa?

V2

Pterygopalatine fossa communicates laterally with infratemporal fossa by way of

pterygopalatine (pterygomaxillary) fissure pterygopalatine fissurecommunicates

medially with nasal cavity through sphenopalatine foramen,

posteriorly through sphenopalaitne foramen,

posteriorly with the cranial cavity through the foramen rotundum,

32.If you cut midsaggitally, what do you NOT cut through?

Arytenoids

Otheranswers: Cricoid, 2nd

trachea, thyroid

33.What innervates the inner larynx?

Recurrent laryngeal

I think she left out some of the question. If it refers to the any muscle of the larynxit would be the recurrent laryngeal, except the cricothyroid which is done by the

external laryngeal nerve

the recurrent laryngeal also does the cricopharyngeus as it comes out from under it

If the question is regarding sensory, as I think it is, then it depends on which part

The internal laryngeal nerve (along with superior laryngeal artery) pierce thethyrohyoid membrane and go to supply the larynx ABOVE the vocal folds

The recurrent laryngeal does it BELOW the vocal folds on its way up

34.Where does muscles of facial expression come from?

2nd

branchial arch

First arch cartilage (Meckels cartilage)

o closely related to the developing middle ear;

o becomes ossified to form the malleus and incus of middle ear

o Meckels cartilage characterized by being amodel for the mandible but

not participating in the formation of any part of the mandible


7/74

7

o Fate is dissolution with minor contributions to ossification

Second arch cartilage (Reicherts cartilage)o closely related to the development of the middle ear,

o becomes ossified to form the stapes of the middle ear and

o

the styloid process of the temporal bone Third arch cartilageossifies to form part of the hyoid bone

Fourth and sixth arch cartilagesfuse to form the laryngeal cartilages, exceptfor the epiglottis

Fifth arch is absent

35.What characterize the nonarticulating tissues of the TMJ

Fibrocartilage The correct answer should be periosteum. Articulating surfaces havefibrocartilage or fibrous connective tissue.

If the answer choice said fibrous CT thats what I would go with! Unless if its anelder, then it would be fibrocartilage

Some years it is specified as dense regular connective tissues

36.What cytoplasm covers myofibrils?

Sarcoplasm

Other options

o Epimysiumis the CT layer that envelopes the entire muscle

o Perimysium: continuation of the outer fascia, dividing the interior of the muscle

into bundles of muscle cells. The bundle of cells surrounded by each perimysium is called a

fasciculus

Endomysium: CT surrounding each muscle fiber

37.What is in side of myofibrils

sarcoplasm.: cytoplasm of muscle cells is called

Sarcoplasm of each muscle fiber contains many parallel, threadlike structures calledmyofibrils.

38.What fails to fuse in cleft lip

medial nasal and maxillary processes

Cleft palate is most common oral defect, palatal shelves dont fuse. Later the nasalseptum fuses to top of shelves

o

Cleft lip and palate: Isolated cleft lip: more common males Palate: more common in males Cleft lip is more common on left side

39.Where is the tympanic membrane

lateral of middle cavity


8/74


9/74

9

o Geniculate ganglion:

located within the facial canal (petrous portion of the temporal bones) and contains sensory neurons via the chorda typani of the facial nervethat innervate taste buds on the anterior two-thirds of the tongue

For taste! Solitary tract carries fibers of 7, 9 and 10!

Solitary tract: a slender, compact fiber bundle extending longitudinally through thedorsolateral region of the medullary tegmentum, surrounded by the nucleus of the

solitary tract, below the obex decussating over the canalis centralis, and descendingover some distance into the upper cervical segments of the spinal cord. It is

composed of primary sensory fibers that enter with the vagus, glossopharyngeal,

and facial nerves, and in part convey information from stretch receptors andchemoreceptors in the walls of the cardiovascular, respiratory, and intestinal tracts;

in rostral parts of the tract impulses are generated by the receptor cells of the taste

buds in the mucosa of the tongue. Its fibers are distributed to the nucleus of the

solitary tract.

45.

Where are the sensory neurons located in the spine? Dorsal root ganglion

The motor are found in the lateral horns

All spinal nerves are mixed:o Ventral roots contain motor neurons. Cell bodies are located in the spinal

cord

o Dorsal root contains axons of sensory neurons. Cell bodies are locatedoutside the spinal cord in dorsal root ganglia and arise from neural crest

cells

o The roots join to form mixed spinal nerves Posterior ramipass posteriorly to supply the skin and dep muscles

of the back Anterior ramisupply the rest of the body wall and the limbs Both are mixed nerves

46.What is a primary jaw closer

Masseter

the temporalis may be stronger, but only in the final parts of clothing, that lastcouple of cm, but the masseter does the bulk of the closing, so its the primary jawcloser in my mind

47.When you are in postural position and you close to ICP what muscle do you use

Temporalis See above

48.What ligament in TMJ prevents posterior and inferior displacement?

Temporomandibular ligament

The temperomandibular joint has an outer oblique portion which limits the extent ofjaw openings and initiates translation of the condyle down the articular eminence


10/74

10

49.Which of the following temporomandibular joint ligaments restricts the movement of the

disc away from the condyle during function?

Discal

50.

You find all of the following between the medial pterygoid muscle and the ramus except? Lingual artery

Things you would find: masseter artery, inf alv n., lingual nerve

51.What does ansa cervicalis innervate?

Infrahyoid muscles: except thyrohyoid which is C1

o depressors of larynx and hyoid after they have been drawn up with pharynx

to swallow (deglutition),

olie btw deep fascia and visceral fascia over the thyroid gland, trachea, and

esophagus,

oinnervated by ansa cervialis from C1,2,3.

52.What innervates levator palpebrae superioris muscle?

Oculomotor

Nerve Site of exit from skull Functions

Trigeminal

V1 ophthalmic Superior orbital fissure S = cornea, skin of nose,

forehead, scalp

V2 Maxillary Formane rotundum S = nasal cavity, palate, max.

teeth, skin of cheek, upper lip

V3 Mandibular Foramen ovale S = tongue, mand. Teeth,

mandibule, skin of chin, floor ofmouth, TMJM = muscles of mastication

Abducens Superior orbital fissure M = lateral rectus muscle of theeye

Oculomotor Superior orbital fissure M = levator palpebraesuperioris and most of the

external eye muscles

PS = ciliary muscle of the lens

and sphincter muscle of thepupil

Trochlear Superior orbital fissure M = superior oblique muscle ofthe eye

M = Motor S = sensory PS = parasympathetic

53.What nerve originates from the dorsal midbrain

trochlear

o Trochlear nerve IV:

o supplies the superior oblique muscle


11/74

11

o smallest cranial nerve

o only cranial nerve that emerges from dorsal aspect of the brainstem

54.Whats papilla of the tongue does not have taste buds

filliform.. . . .o

Taste buds:o Are associated with peg-like projections on the tongue mucosa called lingual papillae.

o Contain a cluster of 40 to 60 gustatory cells as well as many more supporting cells

o Each gustatory cell is innervated by a sensory neuron

o Kinds of Lingual papilla:

Filiform:

most numerous, small cones arranged in V shaped rows paralleling

the sulcus terminalis on the anterior two thirds of tongue.

Characterized by absence of taste budsand increased keratinzation

Fungiform:

knob-like in appearance, they are found on the tip and sides of the

tongue.

Most likely to be injured when someone bites their tongue

These taste are innervated by the facial nerve VII Circumvallate:

largest but fewest in number. Arranged in an inverted V shaped row

on the back of tongue.

Associated with the ducts of Von Ebners Glands.

Taste buds are inervated by the glossopharyngeal nerve IX

Foliate:

found on lateral margins as 3-4 vertical folds.

These taste buds are innervated by both the facial nerve and the

glosspharyngeal nerve

55.Which papilla do you find the most in ant 2/3?

Filiform

See above

56.What does CN 9 innervate?

Stylopharyngeus

o Glossopharyngeal nerve:

o Originates from the anterior surface of the medulla oblongata along withthe vagus nerve and spinal accessory nerve.

o Passes laterally in the posterior cranial fossa and leaves skull through the

jugular foramen

o Supply sensation to the pharynx and posterior third of tongue

o Cell bodies of these sensory neurons are located in the superior and

inferior ganglia of this nerve

o Descends through the upper part of neck along with the internal jugularvein and internal carotid artery to reach posterior border of the

stylogpharyngeus muscle to which it supplies somatic motor fibers

o Causes the gag reflex (innervates mucous membranes of the fauces)

57.What forms the ligamentum teres?


12/74

12

Umbilical vein

Ductus venosusligamentum venosumonly fetal vessel to carry oxygenrich blood and nutrients

Umbilical veinplacenta to liver, forms major portion of umbilical cord,nutrient rich blood from placenta to fetus, forms the round ligament of the

liverafter birth Foramen ovalopening btw right and left atria to shunt flood passed the

pulmonary circuitry, closes at birth and becomes thefossa ovalis, a depression

in the ineratrial septum

Ductus arteriosumbetween pulmonary trunk and aortic arch to bypasspulmonary circuitry, closes shortly after birth, atrophies, and becomes the

ligamentum arteriosum

Umbilical arteriesarise from internal iliac arteries ass/with umbilica cord,transports blood from fetus to placenta

58.What does the right ventricle pump blood into?

Pulmonary trunk

59.What does the submandibular gland duct empty from?

Sublingual caruncle

Whartons ducts: drains submandibular gland, arises from deep portion of gland andcrosses the lingual nerve in the region of the sublingual gland to terminate on the

sublingual caruncle (papilla) adjacent to the base to the base of the sublingualfrenulum

60.What separates the two sections within the TMJ

Articular disc (meniscus)

o

Consists of fibrocartilagenous tissue, which resembles dense, irregularconnective tissue. It is capable of providing smooth articulating surface

o Meniscus is a biconcave oval plate and divides the joint into superior andinferior spaces. The superior joint space is bounded by the articular fossa

and the articular eminence. The inferior joint space is bounded below by the

condyle Meniscus varies in thickness, the thinner, central intermedia zone

separate the thicker portions called the anterior and posterior bands.

(the posterior band is the thickest) Posteriorly the meniscus is continguous with the posterior

attachment tissues called the bilaminar zone which is vascular,

innervated tissue that plays an important role in allowing the condyleto move forward

61.What is the superior portion of the TMJ borders?

The mandibular fossa and the superior of the disc

62.Hyaline cartilage serves what function?


13/74

13

Serves as a covering for most joints, All of them, except the TMJ and the kneejoint, which are fibrous!

Articular cartilage: thin layer of hyaline cartilage that covers the smooth articularbone surfaces. No blood vessels or nerves (TMJ CONTAINS FIBROU-

CARTILATE NOT HYALINE CARTILAGE)

63.What forms the floor of the mouth

Mylohyoid

64.Which sheath is the submandibular and the parotid gland continuous with?

Deep cervical

Not sure some choices: Prevertebral, Buccopharyngeal, No clue and I dont haveinternet to look this up, but this is what I would put deep cervical, Neck muscles

65.What is not found in the posterior mediastinum

phrenic n.

It loops ABOVE the root of the lungs while the vagus goes under vagus?? Inferior mediastinum:

o Anterior mediastinum: part of the thymus gland, some lymph nodes,branches of the internal thoracic artery

o Middle: pericardium and heart, the phrenic nerve and its accompanying

vessels

o Posterior: descending (abdominal aorta, thoracic duct, esophagus, azygos

system of veins, vagus nerves, splancnice nerves, and many lymph nodes

66.What is found behind the arch of the azygos vein?

Right vagus nerve

This continues its way DEEP to the arch, thus its the answer! Other options:

Hemiazygos

- No this merges way before the arch of the azygou

Thoracic duct

- It wouldnt be this as the thoracic duct courses over to the left to get into the

superior mediastinum to get into the junction of the left internal jugular vein

and left Subclavian

67. What kind of epithelia is found in the maxillary sinus?

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epi:

Surface layer of mucous membrane of the nasopharynxo also lines the nasal cavity, the paranasal sinuses, the nsaopharynx, the trachea,

and the bronchial tree (except the lining of the respiratory bronchioles, which

lose their cilia and change to cuboidal and then to squamous)

68. Epaxial? Ramus comunicans, anterior body..Jared thinks it is ventral rami.. . Epaxial =

Above or behind any axis, such as the spinal axis or the axis of a limb


14/74


15/74

15

Inferior meatusreceives the opening of the nasolacrimal duct which drainslacrimal fluid from the surface of the eye into the meatus for evaporation

during respiration

74. Posterior border of pterygopalatine fossa?

Options: Pterygo process of sphenoid (and greater wing of sphenoid), verticalpalatine plate, or post max?

Pterygopalatine foss communicates laterally with infratemporal fossa by way ofpterygopalatine fissure

pterygopalatine fissurecommunicates

o medially with nasal cavity through sphenopalatine foramen,

o posteriorly through sphenopalaitne foramen,

o posteriorly with the cranial cavity through the foramen rotundum,

75. What does not open into the infratemporal fossa:

rotundom

Other options: Rotundom (V2), Ovale (V3), Ptergomax (pterygopalatine foramen),petrotympanic (chorda tympani)

Boundaries of Infratemporal fossa:

o Anterior wall: posterior surface of maxilla

o Posterior wall: tympanic part and styloid process of temporal bone

o Medial wall: lateral pterygoid plate of the sphenoid bone

o Lateral wall: ramus of the mandible

o Roof: infratemporal surface of the greater wing of the sphenoid bone.

contains foramen ovaletransmits V-3

o Floor: point where the medial pterygoid muscle inserts into the medial

aspect of the mandible near the angle

Contents of infratemporal fossa:o Lower portion of temporalis muscle

o Medial and lateral pterygoid

o Maxillary artery and most branches

o Pterygoid plexus of veins

o Mandibular nerve and branches

o Chorda typani

o Otic ganglion (PS ganglion associated with glossopharyngeal nerve)

76. What week do teeth start developing:

6 wks

77. Post pituitary arises from which structure?

Diencephalons

o Diencephalon, a major autonomic region of the forebrain, is almost completely

surrounded by the cerebral hemispheres of the telencephalon. Its chief

components include the thalamus, hypothalamus epithalamus, and pituitarygland. The third ventricle forms a midplane cavity within the diencephalons


16/74


17/74

17

Right atrium

Crista terminalis: vertical muscular ridge that runs along the right atrial wall from theopening of the SVC to the IVC. Provides origin fro the pectinate muscle. Represents

junction btw the sinus venosus and the heart in the developing embryo. Also

represented on the external surface of heart by the vertical groove called the sulcus

terminalis

86. Where does ductus arteriousus occur?

Between the pulmonary trunk and the aortic arch

Patent ductus arteriosus:

Lung resistance decreases and shunt becomes left to right with subsequentright ventriculal hypertrophy and failure

Associated with continuous machine-like murmur. Patency maintained byPGE synthesis and low O2 tension

Indomethacin is used to close patent ductus arteriosus, and PGE is used tokeep it open to sustain life in case of transposition of greater vessels

87. Thymus is associated with which of the following structures?

Hassals corpuscle

Thymus: no afferent lymphatics of lymphatic nodulesblood from the internalthoracic and inferior thyroid arteries, innervated by vagus and phrenic nerves. Has

double embryologic originlymphocytes derived from hematopoietic stem cells,

while Hassalls corpuscle epithelium derived from endoderm of THIRD pharyngealPOUCH with an unknown function

88. In which mediastinum is the thoracic duct located?

posterior mediastinum

Posterior: descending (thoracic aorta, thoracic duct, esophagus, azygos systemof veins, vagus nerves, splancnice nerves, and many lymph nodes

89. Ansa cervicalis innervates which of the following suprahyoid muscles?

geniohyoid

Suprahyoid muscles:

o Stylohyoid pulls hyoid superiorly and posteriorly during swallowing, fixes hydoid bone for infrahyoids

innervated by VII

o Digastric:

(anterior) Opens mouth by depressing mandible. Innervated byV3

(posterior) fixes hyoid for infrahyoid action. Innervated by VII

o Mylohyoid elevates hyoid,

raises floor of mouth for swallowing, depressed mandible when hyoid is fixed innervated by V3


18/74

18

o Geniohyoid

elevates tongue, depress mandible, works with mylohyoid innervated by ansa cervicalis, which is a loop formed by

branches from the cervical plexus (C1, C2, C3)

90. Know difference between skeletal, smooth, cardiac (at least 4 questions about!)

91. Contract lead to the shortening of which of the following areas?

I band shorten

92. Which muscle wraps around the hamulus?

Tensor veli palatine

Tensor veli plati: tenses the palate and opens the mouth of the auditory tube duringswallowing and yawning. Curves around the pterygoid hamulus. If hamulus was

fractured the actions of this muscle would be affected

The medial pterygoid plate forms the posterior limit of the lateral wall of the nasalcavity and ends inferiorly as a hamulus. A small, slender hook that acts as a pully

for the tensor veli palatine tendon to change its direction of pull from vertical tohorizontal therby tensing the soft palate

93. Where does the inferior head of the lateral pterygoid insert?

on condyle,

Other areas of insertion include: Neck of mandible (condyle) and articular disc

Origin Lateral pterygoid plate and the greater wing of the sphenoid bone

94. To which component of muscle does calcium bind to displacement of inhibitorbefore

contract Troponin C

Calcium binding to muscle

o Calcium binds to troponin C on the thin filaments, causing a conformational

change in troponin that permits the interaction between actin and myosin

o After calcium binds with troponin, tropomyosin moves from its blockingposition permitting actin and myosin to interact

o High energy myosin bin weakly to actin subunits, however, when inorganic

phosphate is released from the myosin, the mhyosins bind tightly to the actin

subunits.

o Energy stored in the high-energy myosin is discharged, and the myosin head

swivel, pulling on the thin filaments.o This repeated pulling of the thin filaments past the thick filaments toward

the centers of the sarcomeres draws the Z lines closer together, and the

muscle fiber shortens (contracts)

o This process is repeated as long as calcium ions are bound to troponin and

ATP is available.


19/74

19

o Once calcium ions are returned to the sarcoplasin reticulum, tropomyosin

moves back into its blocking position and prevents further interaction

between high-energy myosins and actin subunits

o Contraction ceases and the muscle fibers relax

95.

A successful IA injection only penetrates the buccinator muscleo During inferior alveolar nerve block injection, the needle passes through the

mucous membrane and the buccinator muscle and lies lateral to the medial

pterygoid If needle passes posteriorly at level of mandibular foramenpenetrate

parotid and have facial paralysis. If needle tip passes well below the foramen, you will penetrate the medial

pterygoid

96. In which bone does trigeminal ganglion lie in?

Sphenoid bone In the middle cranial fossa

97. Which nerve represents the terminal branch of the opthalmic nerve?

supraorbital n.

98. Which nerve innervates the buccinator muscle?

Facial nerve

Buccinator muscle:

o Innervated by the facial nerve:

o Origin:

Maxilla: Mandible Pterygomaxillary ligament Pterygomandibul[ar raphe: a thin, fibrous band running from the

hamulus of the medial pterygoid plate down to the mandible

o Inserts: orbiuclaris oris and skin at the angle of the mouth. It is tranversed

by the parotid duct

o Does not move jaw

o Proprioceptive fibers are derived from the buccal branch of V3

o Actions: Move boluses of food out of vestibule of mouth and back towards

molar teeth Tense the cheeks during blowing and whistling Assist with closure of mouth

o Facial and maxillary arteries supply blood

99. Which nerve provides sensory information about the buccinator muscle?

V3


20/74

20

100.Nucleus solitarius = taste (not inf. Salivatory nuc)

Superior salivatory nucleus: a group of preganglionic parasympathetic motorneurons situated rostrally and laterally to the inferior salivary nucleus it governs

secretion of the lacrimal, sublingual, and submaxillary glands by way of the facialnerve and the sphenopalatine and submandibular ganglia

Inferior salivatory nucleus: a group of preganglionic parasympathetic motorneurons situated rostrally and laterally to the inferior salivary nucleus it governs

secretion of the lacrimal, sublingual, and submaxillary glands by way of the facialnerve and the sphenopalatine and submandibular ganglia

101. From which nerve does the parotid gland receive parasympathetic innervation?

Auriculotemperal from otic ganglion, not submand ganglion

However, the PS comes from the lesser petrosal out of the VII from the middle ear

Otic ganglion:

o Small PS ganglion that functionally associated with the glossopharyngeal

nerve

o

Situated below foramen ovale and is medial to the mandibular nerveo Tympanic and lesser petrosal branches of the glossopharyneal nerve supply

pre-ganglionic parasympathetic secretomotor fibers

o Postganglionic fibers leave the ganglion and join the auriculotemporal nerveparotid

102. Hyoid bone arises from branchial arch?

Third arch cartilageossifies to form part of the hyoid bone

103. Which muscles is responsible for medial rotator of glenohumeral joint?

teres major

the pectoris major, latissiumus dorsi, and teres major all medially rotate the arm the teres minor rotates the arm laterally

104. Which nerve pierces throhyoid membrane?

Internal laryngeal:

travels withsuperior laryngeal arteryand pierces the thyrohyoid membrane.

Supplies mucous membranes of the larynx above the vocal folds withsensory sensation.

External laryngeal: travels withsuperior thyroid arteryand supplies thecricothyroid muscle

105.Smooth muscle property: muscarinic, nicotinic, and adrenergic effect muscarinic

106. Cerebral aqueduct is from which part of the brain?

midbrain

Four ventricles:

o Two lateral ventricles are hollow C shaped spaces within the right and left

cerebral hemispheres


21/74

21

o Third ventricle forms a median cavity within the diencephalong (forebrain)

the two interventricularforamina of Monroare oval openings which provide

communication between the third and lateral ventricles. The cerebralaqueduct in the midbrain connects the third and fourth ventricsl

o Fourth ventricle: located in the metencephalong (hindbrain). Contains two

openings in its walls called lateral apertures (foramina of Luschka) and asingle opening in its roof called the medial aperuture (foramen of Magendie)These apertures connect the ventricular system with the subarachnoid space.

After circulating throughout the subarachnoid space the CSF is returned to

the circulatory system by filtration through arachnoid villi that protrudemainly into the venous drainage sinuses of the cranial cavity

Obstruction of cerebral aqueductcause enlargement of the two lateral and thirdventricles (not the fourth) This is referred to as a non-communicating

hydrocephalus because the lateral ventricles are notin communication with the

subarachnoid space

107.

Emissary sinus drain dural sinuso Emissary veins connect the venous sinuses of the dura mater with the extracranial

veins (2000)

Veins of vein are direct tributaries to the dural sinuses (cerebral sinuses or thesinuses of dura mater)

Emissary veinsvalveless connect the dural sinuses with the veins of scalp.Found in foramen ovale is a means

108. Which anatomic structure is the last thing to disappear down respiratory tract?

Smooth muscle

It goes down all the way the alveolar ducts until right at the alveolus

Other options: cartilage, cilia, or SM- I think SM)

109. All glucose resorbed in proximal tubule

110. Attached gingival lack which of the following?

No submucosa in attached ging (given all the options are the lining mucosas)

Free gingival groove is the line of demarcation between the attached gingival andthe free gingival

111. Collateral ligaments (discal ligaments) hold disc in place with condylar movement

Articular disc seated on condyle and held in place by the collateral ligaments that are

attached to the medial and lateral poles of the condyles

112. Oblique make up most of PDL

Oblique fibers: insertions in cementum and extending apically in alveolus.Compose 1/3 or all fibers. Resist forces along the long axis of tooth, masticatory

forces. Found in middle third of tooth.


22/74

22

113. Diff b/w tuft, spindle, lamella, perikymata, in enamel

Enamel tufts: fan shaped, hpocalcified structures of enamel rods that proect from thedentinoenaml junction into the enamel proper (unknown function)

Enamel spindles: elongated odontoblastic processes (hair like) that traverse ht DEJfrom the underlying odontoblasts. May sere as pain receptors

Enamel lamellae: defects in the enamel resembling cracks or fractures which traversethe entire length of crown from surface ot DEJ. Contain mostly organic material and

may provie an area for decay (bacteria) to enter

114. Enamel rod parallel at heads, deviate by tails

115. Which of the following is not in pulp:

Cementoblasts

116. The dentin of the crown of a tooth and that of root differ in that the primary curvature of

the tubules decrease in the root dentin

117. The subclavian vein runs where in relation to the anterior scalene muscle

Anterior

Subclavian vein crosses the first rib anterior to the anterior scalene muscle; itstributaries are: external jugular on the left side at the angle of its junction with theinternal jugular vein It receives the thoracic duct. On the right side it receives right

lymphatic duct at the same location.

118. If bad sensory on face and cant close mouth and ringing in ear? Then damage to?

trigeminal and vestibulococh as exit brain stem?

119.Fracture of condyle inferior to pterygoid fovea, but mandible doesnt undergonecrosiswhy not?

Innervation from lat pterygoid art or from IA art

120. Superior orbital fissure b/w which 2 bones

lesser and greater wings of sphenoid

121. Which foreman doesntlie in middle cranial fossa

I thought jugular foreman

122. Which is a branch of 3rd

part of max art

either infraorbital, sphenopalatine is the other terminal branch

other option: ant deep temporal

123. Which nerve supplies erector spinae muscles in spine

Dorsal rami

124. Which nerve supplies posterior arm


23/74

23

radial.

Arm

125. Which part of brachial plexus runs in axillary sheath

cords and axillary vein

axillary sheath is a continuation of the prevertebral fascia and it goes between theanterior and middle scalene

126. Whats in carotid sheath?

Vagus

127. Which nerve supplies esophagus

phrenic

128. Which artery supplies parathyroids

inferior thyroid from thyrocervical

Parathyroido four superior (superior thyroid artery from external carotid) and inferior

(inferior thyroid artery from thryocervical trunk) pairs on posterior ofthyroid.

PTH regulates calcium and phosphate metabolism of body. ESSENTIALfor LIFE. Innervention by superior cervical ganglion

129. Which isntsupplied by 3 unpaired branches off aorta

adrenal glands

other options: appendix

other correct options: could be testicular, middle super renal, lumbar

130. Vagus supplies ascending colon (not the other parts distal to left colic flexure)

131. How does pterygopalatine fossa open into nasal cavity

sphenopalatine foreman

132. 2 questions about nerve of pterygoid canal

which is parasympathetic (deep petrosal) and something else

133. Where is cell body of nerve in pulp

trigememinal gang

134. Which nerve innervates buccal mucosa

long buccal from facial

buccal of V3 provides sensory

135. Which muscle plays an important role in moving mandibule but is not a muscle ofmastication


24/74

24

either mylohyoid or digastric

posterior digistric is responsible for the initial rotation of the condyle about its axis

136. Where does anterior jugular vein originate?

Submental

Other options: muscular or digastric triangle I think

137. What do parotid and pancreas have in common

serous cells

138. Whats unique about mixed glands?

Demilunes

139. Striated ducts have mitochondria in basement membrane folds

True

Striated ducts of the salivary glands are lined by a single layer of tall, columnar

epithelial cells with radially arranged mitochondria Composed of simple low columnar epithelium

140. Where are crypts of lieberkuhn located?

Lamina propria, mucosa only

Other option: submucosal

Colon epitheliumsimple columnar with microvillous border to increase surfacearea for absorption of water from lumen.

Goblet cells mucus lubricates dehydrating fecal mass.

CRYPTS OF LIEBERKUHN (intestinal glands) invade lamina propria (not thesame as goblet cells). No villa formed in large intestines

peyers patches are also located in submucosal, Aurbachs is between muscularisexternal (Myenteric), the other is supervicial at the border of the submucosal and

the internal cicrcualr.

Find mucous glands in submucosou. Brunners and esophageal.

141. Know the different types of CT

know where reticular fibers are (see question 1)

Principal fibers of the PDL demonstrate collagen fibers, NOT reticular or othertypes of fibers

142.

What is in tunica adventitia of medium sized artery made of? Collagen or reticular fibers

Reticular fibers stain different

143. Origin and insertion of spenomandibular ligament

Lingulais tongue shaped projection of bone that serves as the attachment for thesphenomandibular ligament


25/74

25

144.Nerve supply to facial mucosa of mandi. post teeth

Buccal of V3

145. Which artery of external carotid artery you can't find in carotid triangle

Superficial temporal

146. Histo. related to articular cartilage

147. Know where the Corticobulbar tract ends? Ask Jared

The muscle nucleus of the facial muscles

If ventral horn is option choose it, but it might also be the somatic muscle, or

something to do with the motor aspect of cranial nerves

Options: ie tectum (caliculi, superior and inferior are part mid brain. Superior: isvision, inferior is auditory).. something peduncle.. etc..

148.Nerve that innervates the mucosa of floor of mouth under floor of mouth, side of tongue?

Lingual nerve

149.Not invested by deep vertebral fascia?

Platysma

150. Know what structure lies immediately lateral to medial pterygoid

Lingual nerve IS NOT PRESENT

Inferior alveolar vein, artery and nerve and the lingual nerve are found in spacebetween the medial pterygoid muscle and the ramus of the mandible

151.Nuclei

mesenchephal: proprioception, solitarius (in medulla): taste VII, IX, and X (geniculate is in thalamus)

spinal: pain

principal (chief): normal touch

152. What crosses over the midline in the corticle bulber tract?

o CN VII, and XII

153. Facialparotid & submandibular

154. Origin of superior head of medial pterygoid muscle

Pyramid part of the palatine bone

155. Epithelium of masticatory mucosa of hard palate

Orthokeratinized

Parakeratinized is mainly for attached gingiva

Someone wore a malfitting denture. The change is from unkeratizine


26/74

26

156. What characteristics of articular cartilage:

vascular, blood supply, perio.., easily

157. What cranial nerve that crosses over the midline (CN6in the brain???)

VII and XII are the two that synapse on the corticobulbar

Facial is coricobulbar tract crosses over, but it depends V cross over after synapsing ipsilaterally in the pons

158. What innervates the epaxial portion of dermomyotome:

primary dorsal????

ventral rami , rami communicans (sympathetic that connect from spinal cord to thesympathetic trunk, sympathetic chain ganglia), 1 other

159. Somatic afferent cell bodies are found where

DRG

a.

Other options: Dorsal horn, Ventral horn, SC

160. What runs with azygos?

right vagus

161. Death from Hep C is:

Inhibition of urea synthesis

Proprioception goes straight to mesencephalic it is the only three neurons

1storder: trigeminal: 2ndcell body: Principal nucleus: regular touch, Spinal: pain in the brain stem,3

rdare in the thalamus 4

thorder are cortex.

2003

1. Jaw-jerk reflex goes through what ganglion?trigeminal, etc

2. Pterygoid plexus something about a specific vein.deep facial and maxillay

o Pterygoid plexus of veins surrounds the maxillary artery occupying the infratemporal fossa

associated with pterygoid muscles. Receives veins that correspond to the maxillary artery.

Terminates posteriorly in the maxillary vein and anteriorly in the pterygoid plexus drainsvia the deep facial vein into the facial vein

3. Nerve that innervates thumbmedian nerve

4. Nerve that innervates diaphragmphrenic n.


27/74

27

5. Fibers in pterygoid canal?parasympathetic & sympathetic

6. superior thyroid and external laryngeal run together

7. Retroperitoneal structurespancreas, spleen, ?

8. What causes formation of Protocord plate: ecto and endoderm

9. What makes anterior fauces?palatoglossus

10.What palatal muscle is not innervated by X?tensor levi palatini

11.What does ectomesenchyme give rise to?dentin, cementum, bone, alveolar process

12.bud stage, cap stage, bell stage

13.

Where do gomphosis (tooth in a socket) occur? Jaw, spine, etc

14. What lies in the deltopectoral triangle: basilica vein, cephalic

vein, musculotaneous nerve

15.Cigarette smoking does not contribute to the cancers in: larynx, stomach, esophagus, pancreas,

bladder, (the other it does not contribute to is colon)

16.Where are pituicytes: neurohypophysis

17.Nissl Substance - rER

18.Mucosa of the anterior 2/3 of tongue is from the: Rathke pouch, tuberculum impar (posterior

1/3), lateral lingual swelling

19.Salivary glands are located: circumvallate (von Ebners)

20.Taste buds: have a turnover rate of 30 days, are located on the ventral and dorsal surface of

tongue

21.The pterygopalatine fossa is bordered by:

o palatine (medial wall: opening to the sphenopalatine foramen to nasal cavity, with the same

artery and the nasopalatine nerve) and sphenoid (posterior wall: foramen rotundum tomiddle cranila cavity, pterygoid canal to foramen lacerum, and palaotvaginal canal to

choana; and the roof being formed by the greater wing and body)

22.Jaw reflex nerves located in Semilunar = Trigeminal ganglion

o Semilunar ganglion = gasserian ganglion: large, flattened, sensory ganglion of the

trigeminal nerve, lying close to the cavernous sinus in the middle cranial fossa


28/74

28

23.Bundle bone cementum (Sharpeys fibers)

24.Alpha 1 receptors vasoconstriction

25.IgG is activated where? Myoepithelial, Striated, etc

26.Superior part of carotid triangle Posterior belly of digastric muscle

27. Lateral border of retropharyngeal space Carotid sheath

28.Pterygoid Plexus and Maxillary vein drain into what? External Jugular vein, Retromandibular

vein

29. Abductor of vocal fold posterior cricoarytenoid

30. Damage to abducens nerve? right abductor of right eye; raise __ eye, lower eye

31.Nerve to thumb median

32. Sickle Cell Anemia? 33%, 61, 75, 78 oxygen carrying capacity

78% is the oxygen carrying capacity, or the oxygen content. Hematocrit in sickle cellanemia is 35%, you would divide it the normal of 45%

33.lingual artery relation to hyoglossus muscle deep (located btw the hyoglossus and

genioglossus)

34.which muscle depresses lateral borders of tongue? Genioglossus, hyoglossus, etc

35.which nerve fibers travel throughout the course of the lingual nerve to receive sensory input

from ant 2/3 of tongue? Chorda tympani

36.which vessel is outside the portal triangle? Portal v, central v,hepatic a, bile duct

37.the parotid duct pierces which muscle? Buccinator

38.If something enters lymph in GI area, where will it first reach bloodstream? Brachiocephalic v

39.Where are submucosal glands located? Duodenum(ie Brunners glands), stomach

40.Whats the fxn of gastroesophageal sphincter? Prevents reflux of stomach contents

41.L coronary artery exits the aorta where? Superior to aortic valve, inf to aortic valvecongenital

42.Malformation that causes shunting of blood from left pulmonary artery to aorta? Ductusarteriosus


29/74

29

43.Dermis has CT that is? Dense and regular (this is cornea and ligaments and tendons), dense

and irreg, reticular, areolar, loose

44.Haversian canals are oriented in which direction w/respect to long axis of long bone? Parallel,

perpend, oblique

45.Haversian canals? Communicate w/volkmanns canals

46.when odontoblastic processes disintegrate, they leave? Dead tracts

47.something about transeptal fibers of PDL

Transseptal fibers: extend from tooth to tooth, coronal to the alveolar crest and areaembedded in the cementum of adjacent teeth. Not found on the facial aspect, and have no

attachment to alveolar crestal bone. They maintain the integrity of the dental arches

(sometimes classified as principal fibers of the PDL)

48.

Epith cell rests derived from what? hertwigs epi root sheath

49.Enamel formation depends on? Stratum intermedium

50.the anterior 2/3 mucosa of tongue is derived from? Lateral lingual swellings

51.difference b/n coronal and root dentin? Granular layer of Tomes (its in root dentin)

52.What can be damaged when dissecting the parotid gland. facial n, retromd vein, ext carotid a,

superfic temp art, > auric n. branches, Mx arteries, auriculotemp

53.

H. pylori- #1 cause ofpeptic ulcer; #1 cause of chronic gastritis = chronic gastritis (chronicgastritis / ulcer)

54.know contents of deltopectoral trianglecephalic (or thoracoacromial a)for sure cephalic v

55.know origin and insertion of trapezius: spine of scapula;

56.kidney: whats incortex and pyramid: Medullalooprenal papilla minor calyx; renalpapilla = end of pyramid

57.contents of middle cranial fossa (II VI), pterygo fossa: rotundum, Medial perpendicular

of PALATINE Boneo Middle cranial fossa: formed by sphenoid, temporal, and parietal bones

Temporal lobes of cerebrum

Hypophysis cerebri (pituitary gland)

Optic and carotid canal

Superior orbital fissure

Trigeminal impression for trigeminal ganglion

Separate the middle ear cavity and sphenoid sinus


30/74

30

58.know hypobranchial / hypopharyngeal eminence = copula; 3rd

arch post 3rd

of tongue;

(middle cranial fossa) = copula = 3rd

pharyngeal arch

Posterior one-third of tongue is formed by two elevationsthe copula (from second arch)and the hypobranchial eminence (from the third arch)

59.what is gomphosus? Tooth and socket

60.ligamentum teres- remnant of umbilical vein; round ligament of liver; R lobephysically

bigger; Lfxnly

61.platysma innervated by facial nerve

62.pigmentation of oral mucosa: Addisons disease, pigmentation of mouth doesnt go away

63.whats secrete gastrin? Gastrin: enteroendocrine; ( H secr; tightens LES, relaxes pyloric

sphincter, outflow), in calcitonin

64.G cell; CCK: I cell; Secretin: S cell; Gastric inhib peptide: K cell (all in duodenum)

65.Acid / fatssecretin release / CCK which --| outflow (secretin bicarb, CCK glucagons;GIP insulin secr

Gastrin:

o Enteroendocrine cells (gastrin or G cells) of the pyloric glands of the stomach

mucosa secrete the hormone gastrin.

o Gastrin is absorbed in the blood and carried to the oxyntic glands (gastric glands)in the body of the stomach. There itstimulates the parietal cells to secrete HCL

o

relaxes the pyloric sphincter, activates the pyloric pump, and contracts theesophageal sphincter

66.pituicytespars nervosaPOST lobe; glial cells from the post pitutary

67.pericyte can fibroblast, M, SM (outside of post cap venule)

68.herring bodiesdilated end of nerve, they store oxytocin and prolactin in the posterior

pituitary, made in supraoptic and paraventricular and decent the

69.infratemporal fossamajor artery = maxillary artery

70.3 musc, 3 ns, IA, chorda tympani + Lingual; 2 vs: Mx artery

71.carotid sheath is lateral border of retropharyngeal space

72.retroperitoneal space = pancreas Rocker Kids Party Down c AC/DC Records (rec, kid, panc,

duod, ascending / descending colon; R


31/74

31

73.extractionsee nail hemorrhage = infective endocarditis (janeway lesions (palm - macule)

osler nodes (nodular)

74.OSHAprotect what? Pt, employees, health care workers

75.

third-order neuron for pain of face = thalamustrigem spinal thalamus cortex

76.herpes latency is where? Trigeminal ganglion

77.drainage of carcinoma of larynx = cervical nodes

78.opens the vocal cords = lat posterior cricoarytenoid, cricothyroid tenses; relaxes:

thyroarytenoid

79.greater palatine nerve innervates posterior hard palate

80.

lateral lingual swelling - ant 1/3 of tonguemucosa made from lat lingual swelling;overtakes; 1starch

81.lateral clefting cleft palate = intermaxillary and maxillary; all the way backlateral palatine /

Mx shelves

82. Edinger-westfall nucleus:preganglionic para motor neuronsCN III, ciliary gang

sphincter / ciliary muscle; destrxn dilation

83.sup / inf salivatory; dorsal motor nuc 4 vagus

84.N. to pterygoid = sympathetic and parasympathetic

85.J chain = secreted in mucosaIgAprotects IgA from cleavagesecretory portion

86.Mast cell content = histamine and Eosinophilic chemotactic factor

87.Extrapyramidal =postureGross mvmt; = extrafusal; posture / muscle spindle

88.Main component of enamel = 99% inorganic

89.WHAT INNERVATES THE PALMAR ASPECT OF THE THUMB (CUTANEOUS)?Median

90.Carpul tunnel:

Captain of the carpul tunnel: capatus, Three muscles go through it: flexor palmaris,digitorum profundus and superficialis (flexor policis longus?????), AND the median nerve.

91.INNERVATION OF LEFT FACE GOES TO RIGHT CORTEX (CROSSES OVER, EGDECUSSATES TO OPPOSITE SIDE)


32/74

32

92.THYROGLOSSAL DUCT REMNANT CAN CAUSE A MIDLINE CYST IN THE NECK.

Thyroglossal duct cyst

93.CARTILAGE IS AN AVASCULAR / non innervated TISSUE. Chondroitan sulfate / keratin

sulfate in cart / cornea;

94.heparin sulfate in Type IV collagen

95.Types of collagen????I: everywhere, bone, dentin, tendons

II:

III: reticular fiber

IV: basal lamina

96.WHAT PART OF TEMPORAL BONE CONTAINS THE INNER EAR? SQUAMOUS,

TYMPANIC OR PETROUS?

97.What is the superior border of the carotid triangle? Post digastric

98.What are the contents of the deltopectoral triangle? A: cephalic vein. Not basilic vein!

99.Which papillae of the tongue do not contain tastebuds? Valate (circumvallate), fungiform,foliate have; filiform dont

100. What structure is located immediately distal to the terminal bronchioles? A: respiratory

bronchioles.

101. 60% oxygen and 40% nitrous oxide gas mixture why will person stop breathing? B/c of

stimulation to carotid body b.c of increase oxygen. IXbody, by itself; IX / Xsinus (sumof ns)

102. REFLEX: Hering-BreuerLung stretch; X medula spinal cord; Frank-Starling = contractility; Bainbridge - HR; Haldane Reflex release O2higher affinity 4 CO2 --

hystheresisinhale / exhalediff path

103. ionotropiccontractility; chronotropicHR; Dromotropycondxn velocity

104.What must be cut in order to expose the submd duct from an intraoral approach.

Floor of mouth, mucous memb

105. What structures pierce the thryohyoid membrane? Int laryngeal n, Sup laryng art from sup

thyroid a


33/74

33

106. Know that central chemoreceptors are sensitive to carbon dioxide and not oxygen. CO2/ H+

ions

107. What nerve innervates omohyoid? Ansa cervicalis

108.

Embryogenesis of neural plate: PROCHORDAL PLATEprecursor to stomatodeum /buccopharyngeal memb

109. Deltopectoral region veincephalic v., basilic v., some other choices

Superficial Veins: The main superficial veins in this area are the cephalic and basilic veinsthat originate from the dorsal venous arch in the hand.

The cephalic veinascends in the superficial fascia along the lateral border of the wrist andalong the anterolateral surface of the forearm and arm. Superiorly the vein passes between

the deltoid and pectoralis major muscles and enters the deltopectoral triangle where it joins

the axillary vein.

The basilic veinruns in the superficial fascia on the medial side of the forearm and the

inferior part of the arm. It then passes deeply and runs superiorly into the axilla, where itjoins deep brachial veins to form the axillary vein.

The median cubital veinis the communication between the basilica and cephalic veins inthe anterior part of the elbow region (cubital fossa).

113. Where does syphilis aneurysm occur? Ascending aorta

Descending aorta, ascending aorta, right ventricle, left ventricle, circle of willis

Syphilitic aneurysmIn people with untreated syphilis, the infection can spread to theportion of the aorta nearest the heart (Ascending aorta?), producing a thoracic aortic

aneurysm 15 to 30 years after the first signs of syphilis.

114. Contents of infratemporal fossamaxillary a. Infratemporal fossa is deep and inferior to the zygomatic arch and posterior to the maxilla.

The boundaries of the fossa are:

o -Laterally: ramus of the mandible

o -Medically: lateral pterygoid plate

o -Anteriorly: maxilla

o -Posteriorly: condylar process of mandible and styloid process of temporal bone

o -Superiorly: inferior surface of greater wing of sphenoid

o -Inferiorly: where medial pterygoid attaches to mandible near its angle

Contents:

o -Inferior part of temporalis muscle

o

-Medial and lateral pterygoid muscleso -Maxillary artery

o -pterygoid venous plexus

o -mandibular, inferior alveolar, lingual, buccal nerves

o -chorda tympani

o -otic ganglion

115. Pterygopalatine fossaforamen rotundum


34/74

34

Pterygopalatine fossa: small pyramid of space inferior to the apex of the orbit.

Contents of the fossa:

o -terminal branches of maxillar artery

o -maxillary nerve (CN V2)- enters via the foramen rotundumand in fossa gives

rise to:

the zygomatic nerve -nerve of pterygoid canal -pterygopalatine ganglion

116. Blood supply to nosesphenopalatine a., PSA a., other choices

The blood supply of the medial and lateral walls of the nasal cavity is from:o -branches of the sphenopalatine artery

o -the anterior and posterior ethmoid arteries

o -the greater palatine artery

o -the superior labial artery

o -lateral nasal branches of the facial artery

117. What innervates posterior palatine?greater palatine. . . what about the lesser palatine,

which innervates mostly the soft palate?

The sensory nerves of the palate are branches of the pterygopalatine ganglion. The greater

palatine nervesupplies the gingivae, mucous membrane and glands of most of the hard

palate.

118. Whats common about salivary glands & myoepithelial cells?

Myoepithelial cells= contractile epithelial cells that are located on the surface of some of

the salivary gland acini to facilitate the flow of saliva out of each lumen into the connecting

ducts.

119. The presynaptic cell body of eye thing, where is it?Edenger-Wesphal nucleus

The preganglionic cell bodies of the oculomotor nerve (CN III) parasympathetics lie in theEdinger-Westphal Nucleus of the midbrain. The preganglionic fibers course ventrally in themidbrain with somatic fibers of the oculomotor nerve and emerge from the ventral aspect

of the midgrain within the oculomotor nerve. They join the inferior division of the

oculomotor nerve and enter the ciliary ganglion.

Edinger-Westphal nucleus = A small group of preganglionic parasympathetic motorneurons in the midline near the rostral pole of the oculomotor nucleus of the midbrain; the

axons of these motor neurons leave the brain with the oculomotor nerve and synapse on the

cells of the ciliary ganglion which in turn innervate the sphincter muscle of the pupil and

ciliary muscle. Destruction of this nucleus or its efferent fibres causes maximal paralyticdilation of the pupil; also demonstrated to project fibres to lower levels of the brainstem

and all spinal levels.

120.. What does the abducens n. do?abduct right eye, etc, etc

The abducens nerve(CN VI) innervates the Lateral Rectus muscle of the eye andparticipates in the abduction of the eyeball.


35/74

35

2002

1. What happens when you puncture your left lung?

-left lung collapses

-right lung collapses-both lungs collapse

2. During endochondral ossification, you see parallel rows of enlarged chondrocytes. What isoccurring there?

-hypertrophy and calcification

-proliferation

3. zygmaticotemporal and zygomaticofacial are branches of what nerve?

-v1

-v2according to BRS

-v3-facial

4. As a tooth undergoes attrition, it maintains contact with the opposing dentition. This is a result

of

-secondary dentin

-apical cementum-alveolar bone

-coronal enamel

-bundle bone

5. Know that calcitonin is made by parafollicular cells of thyroid

6. Which of the following can be used to differentiate between arch of aorta and brachial artery?-Tunica media

-tunica adventitia

-epithelium

7. Tap masseter?

-initiate stretch reflex

9. The thenar muscles are innervated by the

-radial-median-ulnar

-axillary

10. If you damage the coracoid process, which muscles are damaged?

-pec minor and short head of biceps brachii; could also have answered with thecoracobrachialis


36/74

36

11. Most inferior branch of external carotid

-superior thyroid

12. The inability to move the diaphragm because of a complete spinal section at

-C2-C6-C7

-C8

13. Spinal cord lesion at T2

-same side below T2 is affected

corticospinal-- motormedulla

spinothalamicpaint and temp: S.C

medial lemniscusproprioception: medulla

spino cerebral: unc. Proprio: same side???

14. What is an enamel spindle

-elongated odontoblastic process

15. Which muscles close the nasopharynx?

-tensor veli palatini and levator veli palatini; palatoglossal closes oropharynx

16. Which of the following bones is NOT part of the calavaria? (skull base)

-zygoma

-frontal-occipital

-temporal

-parietal

17. If there is a deficiency of sensation on the left side of the face where is the deficit in the brain?

-right parietal

18. Which pair of muscles are innervated by V?

-Medial and lateral pterygoid

19. Where is the cell body of a somatic afferent located?

-dorsal root ganglia

20. What type of muscle has intercalated discs?

-cardiac

21. If you touch a person's right cheek, which lobe gets stimulated?

-left parietal


37/74


38/74

38

10.Injection through greater palatine foramen into pterygopalatine fossa will cause what? Too

much could cause numbness to eye, nose and other facial structures???

11.What is the primary function of gastroesophagueal sphincter? Prevent reflux

12.

Basilar artery is formed by what? 2 vertebral arteries coming together

13.Intercostal arteries are between what muscles? Internal and innermost intercostal muscle

14.Nasopalatine nerve goes through what foramen? Incisive forament\

15.What artery supplies the upper lip? Superior labial artery of facial

16.What mastication muscle does not contract when mandible is elevated and closing?Temporalis? Myelohyoid

17.

What nucleus innervated the muscle derived from branchial arches? Nucleus ambiguous The neurons of the central nervous system that innervate muscles derived from branchialarches are found in nucleus ambiguous (CN 9 and 10)

18.Pain carried by glossopharyngeal nerve goes to what nucleus? Superior ganglion of IX

Pain fibers in the glossopharyngeal nerve synapse in the spinal nucleus of thetrigeminal nerve

19.What does long thoracic nerve innervate? Serratus anterior

20.The striated muscle of the tongue is derived from? First or second branchial arch, myotomes

21.Injury to spinal accessory nerve will lead to what? Inability to raise scapula. Accessoryinnervates the trapezius which elevates the scapula, draws head back, adducts scapula, braces

shoulder, and draws scapula down.

22.What is the epithelium of gallbladder? Simple columnar, Simple cuboidal, simple squamous,

ciliated pseudostratified squamous

23.Submucosal glands can be seen in what? Duodenum Brunners glands

24.What organs are retroperitoneal? Rocker Kids Party Down c AC/DC Records (rec, kid, panc,

duod, ascending / descending colon; R

25.What are the branches of Subclavian artery? Internal thoracic, vertebral, thyrocervical trunk

26.Spheno-occipital synchondrosis is what type of cartilage? Hyaline

27.TMJ is innervated by? Auriculotemporal, also sees messeteric and one other that I always

forget


39/74

39

28.Which muscle has tendon that wraps around pterygoid hamulus? Tensor veli palatine

29.If dentin formation occurs AFTER the breaking up of root sheath of Hertwig, what forms?

Lateral cannal???

Accessory root canals are formed by a break or perforation in the root sheathBEFORE the root dentin is depositedStraight from Decks

After first root dentin is deposited, the cervical portion of Hertwigs epithelial rootsheath breaks down and this new dentin comes in contact with the dental sac.

30.What is the component in enamel? Enamel spindle, tuft, lamelle, calcified rods. All of them

31.Buccinator muscle originates where? Buccopharyngeal raphe (pterygomandibular raphe), as

well as the maxilla, mandible, ptergomaxillary ligament

32.What veins drain into cavernous sinus? Ophthalmic artery (internal carotid), and CN VI

What goes through sinus and what is on the wall: oculomotor, abducens, trochlear, and ophthalmicnerve all lie in the wall of sinus.

33.Right lymphatic duct drain what structures? Right side of head and neck, right upper extremity

and right side of thorax

34.What is the pressure of large veins at right atrium? Lowest pressure, vena cava is 4 mm Hg,

atria must be lower

35.What is constant throughout the cardiovascular system? Endothelium, smooth muscle, vasavasorum

36.Skeletal muscle differs from cardiac muscle in what way? Skeletal muscle can hypertrophyso can cardiac, has shorter action potential,

37.Facial nerve exists where? Stylomastoid foramen

38.Where is the lumbar puncture usually done? L3L5

39.Which is NOT found in pulp cavity nerve fibers? lymphatics, blood vessels, cementoblasts

40.Which is derived from neural crest? Parasympathetic preganglionic cell bodies, sympathetic

preganglionic cell bodies, sypathethic postganglionic cell bodies (97 test)

41.Anterior pillar of fauces? Palatoglossus

42.All of the following are innervated by hypoglossal nerve except what? Palatoglossus

43.What is the depression on the upper lip called? Philtrum


40/74

40

44.What kind of fibers are found in large numbers in the middle third of the root? oblique

45.Which is not the reason pulp cavity gets smaller? Caries, thermal shock, normal mastication,age

46.

What is the dark band on skeletal muscle? Myosin

_______________question in more recent year

______________stuff to still go over

______________ not positive on the answer

2000

1. The mylohyoid is not considered a primary elevator of the mandible and the lateral pterygoid is

in rare instances.

2. The vertebral artery is most often a branch of the subclavian artery

3. The maxillary sinus and the nasal cavity is situated in the middle nasal meatus at the semilunar

hiatus

4. A branch of the ansa cervicalis supplies the innervation for the sternohyoid muscle

5. Principal fibers of the PDL demonstrate collagen fibers, NOT reticular or other types of fibers

6. Melanocytes migrate to the lamina propria of the oral mucosa from the neural crest

7. The left recurrent laryngeal nerve passes beneath the ligamentum arteriousum

8. Unilateral cleft lip results from the failure of the fusion/merging of the maxillary process and

medial nasal process

9. The pre-ameloblasts and pre-odontoblasts correspond best to the epidermis and dermis

10.LOCATIONS OF WHERE THE PAIN AND TEMPERATURE AS WELL AS THE

CONSCIOUS PROPRIOCEPTION travel in the spinal cord

11.There are no capillaries in the epidermis. However, there are eleiden, desmosomes, mitotic

cells, and free nerve endings

12.The secondary center of ossification is found in the epiphysis, not the epiphyseal plate, or the

diaphysis. Grows radially. The primary ossification is in the diaphysis


41/74

41

13.Lymph from the superior quadrant of the mammary gland drains first to the nodes that are

adjacent to the axillary veins

14.The teres major is responsible for the medial rotator at the gleno-humeral joint

15.Testosterone is elaborated from the sertoli cells. It is produced by the Leydig cells

16.The root sheath (Hertwig) must be broken for cementum to be deposited

17.Hassalls corpuscles are characteristic of the thymus

18.Which of the following histological describes oral mucosa found on the floor of the mouth:

nonkeratinized epithelium with a lamina propria and a submucosa

19.Muscle found in the wall of the arteriole has fibers with single, centrally placed nucleus

(smooth muscle)

20.The left coronary artery arises from the ascending aorta

21.The NUCLEOLUS is most directly involved in synthesis of ribosomal RNA

22.The lingual nerveis located directly on the lateral surface of the medial pterygoid

muscle

23.The carotid sheath contains the vagus nerve, the internal jugular vein, and the common carotid

artery, BUT NOT the ansa cervicalis

24.The oral part of the pharynx communicates directly with the oral cavity, the laryngopharynx,

and nasopharynx, NOT, the trachea, esophagus, maxillary sinus, larynx, tympanic membrane,

or nasal cavity

25.Foramen:

a. The mandibular nerve passes through the foramen ovale

b. The optic nerve passes through the optic canal

c. The maxillary artery passes through the infratemporal fossa

d. Middle meningeal artery passes through the foramen spinosum

26.The nerves of the anterior abdominal wall lie immediately deep to the internal oblique muscle

27.Glycocalyx are located extracellularly

a. At the apical surface, microvilliform finger-like processes called the brush border.

They have a core of microfilaments and a glycocalyx coat. Actin filaments anchor

the microvilli in the exoplasmic zone of the cell (cytoskeleton

b. On all cell surfaces recall there is a plasma membrane and on the outer surface of that

are carbohydrates and lipids called a glycocalyx. Plant cells have a thick cellulose


42/74

42

covering. Animals have a less rigid carbohydrate covering that is responsible for blood

grouping ABO antigens. Antigenicity is imparted by the glycocalyx. That

glycocalyx is particularly well developed in the intestinal absorptive cells of the kidney

where its components are involved in absorption.

28.Lysosomes, microtubules, tonofibrils, and karatohyalin granules are all located intracellularly

29.The sublingual caruncles are elevations that are located on both sides of the lingual frenum

30.The platysma is supplied by the facial nerve

31.The inferior parathyroid gland develops from the fourth pharyngeal arch

32.The retromandibular vein is formed within the parotid gland by the union of the superficial

temporal and maxillary veins

33.The greater splanchnic nerve consists of sympatheit fibers from vertebral spinal levels T5T9

34.The bifurcation of the trachea lies at the level of the sternal angle

35.Proprioceptive information related to muscles of mastication is conveyed by neurons located in

the mesencephalic nucleus of the trigeminal nerve

36.The articulating surface of the adult mandibular condyle is covered by collagenous connective

tissue

37.Fibrocartilage normally occurs in intervertebral discs

38.Touch receptors are most numerous per unit area in the tip of the tongue

39.The apical third of the root has the thickest layer of cementum

40.The esophagus has stratified squamous epithelium

41.In a histologic section through the epiphyseal plate of the femur of an 18 year old male, the

zone of hypertrophy and maturation show cartilage lacunae swollen and chondrocytes enlarged

42.In erythropoiesis, there is an increased cytoplasm acidophilia from the proerythroblasts

43.Initially the developing heart is between the prochordal plate and the notochord

44.Pharyngeal tonsils are characteristically covered by ciliated pseudostratified columnar

a. This is the distinguishing feature Histologically from the palatine tonsils

b.

Palantine tonsil has squamou

c. Tonsils are the only ones that dont have crypts

45.Urinary bladder differs from gallbladder in that urinary bladder is lined with transitional

epithelium and gallbladder is lined with simple columnar epithelium

46.Epithelium with microvilli is most often associated with absorption


43/74

43

47.The maxillary nerve passes through the foramen rotundum

48.An apical abscess of a mandibular second molar can reach the floor of the mouth by

contiguous spread due to the lingual attachment of the mylohyoid muscle

49.Apical granules in parenchymal cells of the salivary gland represent secretion precursors, not

large mitochondria or primary lysosomes

50.The ascending aorta differs from the superior vena cava in that the aorta has more elastic tissue

in the tunica media

51.Sharpeys fibersfrom the PDL insert into the bundle bone and the cementum, not the cortical

plates

52.The lingual nerve receives temperature sensation from the tip of the tongue

53.Enamel rods converge as they pass from the DEJ toward the surface in the area of fissures,

NOT incisal edges, or cervical lines

54.The V shaped demarcation that separates the anterior 2/3 of tongue from the posterior is the

sulcus terminalis

55.Meckels cartilage is responsible fro the directional growth of the mandible

56.Emissary veins connect the venous sinuses of the dura mater with the extracranial veins

57.Parietal cells produce gastric intrinsic factor

58.A deviation of the tongue, when protruded, away from the midline results from damage to the

CN XII

59.An outer fibrous coat and an inner osteogenic cellular layer is found in periosteum

60.The lingual nerve innervates the mucosa of the floor of the oral cavity

61.Free gingival groove is the line of demarcation between the attached gingival and the free

gingival

62.Blood vessels are not found in cementum, but cells, lacunae, canaliculi, and collagen fibers are

found in cementum

63.The maxillary artery is the major artery in the infratemporal fossa

64.The nasolacrimal duct drains into the inferior meatus

65.Postganglionic fibers from the pterygopalatine ganglion are not found in the parotid gland, but

are found in the lacrimal, palatal, nasal septal mucosa, and lateral nasal mucosa

66.The splenic artery is a branch of the celiac trunk


44/74


45/74

45

11.Muscles and their arches:

a. First: mastication

b. Second: facial expression

c. Third: stylopharyngeous, IX

d. Fifth: trapezius/SCM and CN XI

12.Bowmanscapsule has what type of epithelium has simple squamous and on the visceral it has

podocytes

13.An infection spreading by way of the lymphatic system from the vermiform appendix first

enters the blood stream at the junction of the internal jugular and subclavian veins

(brachiocephalic vein)

14.The internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve pierces the thyrohyoid membrane

15.Cells of the stratum granulosumin the keratinized portion of the oral mucosa are

characterized by the presence of numerous keratohyalin granules.

16.Preganglionic PS fibers that synapse in the pterygopalatine ganglion travel in the greater

petrosal nerve (which is from the facial)

17.The phrenic nerve provides the major sensory supply to the parietal pericarcium branches

18.The articular eminence represents the anterior boundary of the mandibular fossa of the

temporal bone

19.Microglia exhibit phagocytic activity in the central nervous system

20.The hypoglossal nerve travels from the carotid triangle into the submandibular triangle of the

neck

21.In the temperomandibular joint, a very dense collection of organized elastic fibers is found in

the posterior inferior lamina of the bilaminar zone

22.Stimulation of the lesser petrosal nerve in an adult causes secretion in the parotid gland

23.The greater petrosal nerve causes secretion in the lacrimal gland

24.The internal thoracic artery gives rise to the superior epigastric and musculophrenic

25.The branches of the maxillary artery supply:

a. Nasal septum: sphenopalatine/lateral nasal

b. Mandibular incisors: lingual artery

c. Hard and soft palate: greater palatine

d. Muscles of mastication: 2nd

segment of maxillary artery


46/74

46

e. BUT NOT supraorbital area: which is supplied by the ophthalmic of the internal carotid

26.The parotid and von Ebners are pure serous

27.The palatine is the only pure mucous

28.The following venous channels has direct connection with the pterygoid venous plexus:

a. Maxillary vein

b. Deep facial vein

c. Intraorbital vein

d. Posterior superior alveolar vein

e. BUT NOT the vertebral artery, nor internal carotid artery, which is represented by

superior ophthalmic

29.Buccal mucosa has nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelia

30.The frontal bone forms the roof of the orbit

31.Mature dental pulp contains loose connective tissue

32.Simple columnar epithelium is normally associated with the internal lining of the majority of

the gastrointestinal system

33.There is a distinct change in the type of surface epithelium at the junction of the stomach and

esophagus

34.In mammalian skeletal muscles, the T tubules are found at the junction of the A and I bands

35.The lingual raphe is not located at the boundary between the bodyand the root of the tongue

36.The thyrocervical trunk is comprised of the inferior thyroid, the transverse cervical artery and

the suprascapular artery

37.Lymphatic vessels in the upper limb follow veins

38.Basophils and mast cells each secrete heparin and histamine

39.Ameloblasts will form enamel if the stratum intermedium is present

40.The middle cardiac vein drains into the coronary sinus, which then drains into the right atrium

41.The presence of collagen fibers differentiates between cementum and enamel

42.Peritubular is the most highly mineralized type of dentin

43.The anterior pillar of the fauces is composed of the mucosal fold containing the palatoglossus

44.The retroperitoneal organs consists of the:


47/74

47

45.The oldest enamel in a fully erupted first molar is located at the DEJ under a cusp

46.In an adult, a Babinski sign indicates damage to the upper motor neurons

47.The posterior aspect of the condyle can be palpated by way of the external auditory meatus

48.During the life span of a multirooted tooth, dentin continues to form most rapidly on the roof

of the pulp chamber

49.The articular disc of the temporomandibular joint consists in dense fibrous connective tissue

containing some chondrocytes

50.Proteins for extracellular use can be synthesized from rough endoplasmic reticulum

51.Intelligence and sensory motor functions of a patient appear to be intact. However, the pt lacks

self discipline and is unable to plan for the future or to organize behaviors into logical

sequences. A lesion is most likely from the frontal lobe

52.The primary function of cementum is to serve as an attachment to the PDL

53.The posterior belly of the digastric is supplied by the facial nerve

54.Rupture of the middle meningeal artery is likely to lead to subduralhematoma

55.The mylohydoid ridge line is found on the body of the mandible

56.An abnormal increase in blood pressure in a healthy person will result in an increased number

of impulses traveling to the heart over the Vagus

57.During fetal development a shunt from the pulmonary artery leads to the aortic arch. This is

called ductus arteriosus58.The amount of fibrous CT increases in the pulp with age

59.The phrenic nerve is in direct contact with the prevertebral fascia (and anterior scalene)

(maybe infrahyoid fascia)

60.Cell bodies of neurons mediating proprioception from the face lie in the mesencephalic (jaw

jerk reflex)

61.Mucosa from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue develop primarily from the lateral lingual

swellings

62.Type II pneumocytes produce surfactant

63.Sphenomandibular ligament is the one most damaged following inferior alveolar nerve blocks

64.Endochondral ossification occurs in formation of the long bones

65.The junction of the tooth surface and the cervical epithelium is composed of basal lamina-like

structure


48/74

48

66.Upper motor neuron paralysis of the facial nerve most commonly affects the contralateral face

below the eyeballs.

a. Lower motor neurons would effect ipsilateral of the whole face

67.The pharynge

anatomy boards questionsaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa

Documents