Alfred H L ToruanM. Fatikh Nanda

Nugroho S. S

∞Kalvaria∞ Meningen ∞ Brain

∞ Spinal cord

BRAIN

The cranium (skull) is divided into two parts ¤ Neurocranium

¤ Viscerocranium . ►The neurocranium (cranial vault) is the

bony covering of the brain and its membranous coverings, the cranial meninges.

► The neurocranium is formed by a series of eight bones:

∂ four singular bones centered on the midline (frontal, ethmoidal, sphenoidal, and occipital).

∂ two sets of bones occurring as bilateral pairs (temporal and parietal).

The viscerocranium (facial skeleton) consists of the bones surrounding the mouth (upper

and lower jaws), nose/nasal cavity, and most of the orbits (eye sockets or orbital cavities). nasal conchae; and zygomatic, palatine, nasal, and lacrimal bones) .

The maxillae contribute the greatest part of the upper facial

skeleton, forming the skeleton of the upper jaw, which is fixed to the cranial base.

The mandible forms the skeleton of the lower jaw, which is movable

because it articulates with the cranial base at the temporomandibular joints (TMJs).

Several bones of the cranium (frontal, temporal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones) are pneumatized bones, which contain air spaces , presumably to decrease their weight. The total volume of the air spaces in these bones increases with age.

CRANIUM

Dome like roof

Primarily flat bones (frontal, temporal, and parietal) formed by intramembranous ossification .

CRANIAL BASE Primarily irregular

bones with substantial flat portions (sphenoidal, temporal) formed by endochondral ossification of cartilage

CRANIAL BASE

MeningensDuramaterArakhnoidmat

erPiamater

BRAIN a. Serebrum, b. Serebellum c. Batang otak.

Dienchephalon ☻Hiphothalamus

☻Epithalamus

☻Thalamus

Mesenchephalon Metenchepalon Myelechepalon

Ventrikel

Ventrikel LateralVebtrikel IIIAquaductus SilviusVentrikel IV

Cerebrospinal fluid

Ganglia BasalisPutamenNukleus amigdaloidNukleus KaudatusCapsula inter

Ganglia Basalis

PutamenNukleus amigdaloidNukleus KaudatusCapsula interna

VaskularisasiArteri A. Cerebri Anterior A. Cerebri Media A. Cerebri posterior

VENA

Central Nervous System

Spinalcord

Cerebellum

Spinal Cord

TENK KYU