anatomy from now to eternity. forebrain zdiencephalon yhypothalamus ythalamus ztelencephalon ylimbic...
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Anatomy From Now to Eternity
Forebrain
Diencephalon hypothalamus thalamus
Telencephalon limbic system basal ganglia cerebral cortex
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Hypothalamus
Controls autonomic nervous system body temperature circadian rhythms blood pressure
controls the endocrine system hormones produced by hypothalamus
controls pituitary gland controls hormonal release
Hypothalamus
Organizes behaviour related to survival of the species - the so-called four F’s:
•Fighting
•Feeding
•Fleeing
•Mating
Thalamus
Composed of numerous nucleiGateway to the cortex
all sensory info except olfactory controlling general excitability of the
cortex attention/blocking info during sleep
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Limbic System
Hippocampus learning and memory spatial navigation
Amygdala emotional memories classical learning
associating environmental stimuli with emotion (fear)interpreting emotions conveyed by facial expressions
Basal Ganglia
Consists of caudate nucleus, putamen and globus pallidus
input from cerebral cortexproject to motor centers of brainstemplanning and producing movement
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Frontal Lobe
Primary motor cortex contralateral connects to muscles in
different parts of the bodyMotor Association cortex
planning movements* Prefrontal cortex* Dorsolateral cortex* Orbitofrontal cortex
Parietal Lobe
Somatosensory cortex info from skin
touchtemperaturepressurepossibly pain (phantom limb)
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Parietal Lobe
Somatosensory cortex info from skin
touchtemperaturepressurepossibly pain (phantom limb)
posterior parietal lobe visually guided movements hemineglect
Temporal Lobes
Primary auditory cortexauditory comprehension
left hemisphere - language right hemisphere - sounds, melodies,
noises
Occipital Lobes
Primary visual cortexvisual association cortexpathway from visual to parietal cortex
visually guided movementspathway from visual to temporal
cortex object recognition
Cerebral Asymmetry
http://synapses.mcg.edu/anatomy/chemical/sv.htm
Kandel, E. et. al. (2000)
W. W. NortonGazzaniga & Heatherton
(2003)
Synaptic cleft
Axon of Cell #1
(presynaptic)
Dendrite of Cell #2
(postsynaptic)
Genetic Basis Neuronal Action
Acetylcholine Monoamines Amino Acids Peptides
Neurotransmitters Hormones
Genetics and Biological Foundations
Monoamines
“major functions are to regulate states of arousal and affect (feelings) and to motivate behaviour”
four monoamines epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine
& serotonin
Dopamine (DA)
main transmitter of rewardinvolved in motor control and planning may play huge role in addictions
cocaine blocks DA reuptake DA in synaptic cleft for longer therefore, binds with more receptors if in the synaptic cleft for longer, activates
more receptors heightened feeling of pleasure
Serotonin
Emotional statesimpulse controldreaminglow levels
sadness and anxiety agression food cravings
Serotonin
Drugs that block serotonin reuptake (so that serotonin remains in the system for longer) used to treat: depression obsessive-compulsive disorders eating disorders obesity