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A Flowering Plant’s

Magnum Opus

FruitsFruitsFruitsFruits� A fruit typically consists of a mature ovary but

can also include other flower partsMay be sweet ……but not necessarily

� Fruits protect seeds and aid in their dispersal.

� Mature fruits can be either:

I. Fleshy - eg: grapes, apricots, apples

II. Dry – eg: beans, grains, nuts

> Dehiscent – split at maturity

> Indehiscent – don’t split

Anatomy of a fruit

Seed

Endocarp – immediately around seed, may be hard & stony or papery.

Mesocarp – fleshy tissue (in fleshy fruits) between endo and exocarp.

Exocarp – Skin or rind of a fruit.

Pericarp – all three carpi regions collectively.

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Fruit adaptations help disperse seeds

Seeds can be carried by:> wind> water> animals

…………..to new locations

The The pproducts of successful roducts of successful

flower fertilizationflower fertilization

Seed Seed –– From the ovuleFrom the ovule

Seed Coat Seed Coat ––

From the Ovule WallFrom the Ovule Wall

Fruit Fruit –– From the OvaryFrom the Ovary

Simple Fruits

� Develops from a single carpel.OR

� May develop from several fused carpels. (Compound)

� Derived from one flower.

� Examples: Pea, lemon, beans, peanut.

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Aggregate Fruit

� Develops from many separate carpels.

� From one flower.

� Examples:

- raspberry

- blackberry

- strawberry

Multiple Fruits

� Develops from many carpels.

� Many flowers i.e. an inflorescence.

� Examples:

� Pineapple.

� Fig

� Osage orange

Accessory Fruit

� Develops from tissues other than the ovary.

� May be embedded in the fleshy receptacle.

� Examples:

- Apple (only core develops from ovary).

Elaboration on classifications

Drupe:

- simple, fleshy fruit.

- contains a single

seed.

- seed may be a stony

endocarp or pit.

Examples:

Apricots

Cherries

Peaches

Plums

Olives

Almonds

Coconut

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Elaboration on classifications

Pomes

-Simple fleshy fruits.

-Flesh comes from

enlarged receptacle that grows around the

ovary. Aka “core”

-Endocarp is papery.

Examples:

Apples

Pears

Elaboration on classifications

Berries

- Develop from

compound ovary.

-Usually contain more than one seed.

- Typically have a thin

skin and soft pericarp.

Examples:TomatoesGrapesPeppersBlueberriesPomegranatesAvocados*Dates** Exception of single seed.

Dry Fruits

Dehiscent

> Follicle (milkweed)

> Legume (beans)

> Siliques & silicles

(money plant)

> Capsules (poppy)

Indehiscent

> Achene (sunflower)

> Nuts (hazelnuts)

> Grain

> Samaras (maples)

> Schizocarp (carrot)

What influences fruit development?

� Hormone Clues� Maturation of the seeds contained within.� Environmental clues

Examples:- sunlight � sugar deposited into the

fruit.- water availability- pollinator availability- disease conditions e.g. mildew- onset of frost

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Other seed dispersal mechnisms

Kind hearts are the gardens

Kind thoughts are the roots

Kind words are the flowers

Kind deeds are the fruits.

- R.R. Doblin