Anatomy, Physiology and DiseaseAnatomy, Physiology and Disease Chapter 3Chapter 3

The Cells: The Raw Materials and The Cells: The Raw Materials and Building BlocksBuilding Blocks

Overview of CellsOverview of Cells

Cells are formedCells are formed from chemicals and structures from chemicals and structures Cells are foundCells are found in all living things in all living things Some nerve cellsSome nerve cells can be can be 2 feet long2 feet long or longer or longer Cells can be Cells can be flatflat, , roundround, , thread likethread like, or , or irregularly irregularly

shapedshaped 7.5 trillion cells7.5 trillion cells found in body work together to found in body work together to

allow for proper functioning of bodyallow for proper functioning of body

Figure 3-1 Figure 3-1 Various types of cells within the Various types of cells within the human bodyhuman body

Cell StructureCell Structure

Certain common traitsCertain common traits that almost all cells that almost all cells share:share: NucleusNucleus OrganellesOrganelles CytoplasmCytoplasm Cell membraneCell membrane

Figure 3-2 Cellular componentsFigure 3-2 Cellular components

Cell MembraneCell Membrane

Defined boundaryDefined boundary that possesses a definite shape that possesses a definite shape and actually holds cell contents together, acting and actually holds cell contents together, acting as protective coveringas protective covering

Allows materialAllows material in and out of cell in and out of cell Selectively permeableSelectively permeable because they choose what because they choose what

gets in or outgets in or out 3/10,000,0003/10,000,000 of an inch thick of an inch thick ExampleExample: : ElectrolytesElectrolytes

NaNa Sodium Sodium

K K Potassium Potassium ClCl Chloride Chloride Co2Co2 Carbon Dioxide Carbon Dioxide

Na & K PumpNa & K Pump

Figure 3-3 The cell membraneFigure 3-3 The cell membrane

Na & K PumpNa & K Pump

Transport MethodsTransport Methods

Moving things in and outMoving things in and out of cell can be done in of cell can be done in two broad ways:two broad ways: Passive transportPassive transport: requires no extra form of : requires no extra form of

energy to completeenergy to complete Active transportActive transport: requires some addition of : requires some addition of

energy to make it happenenergy to make it happen

Transport Methods (cont’d)Transport Methods (cont’d)

Passive transportPassive transport can be divided into four types: can be divided into four types: DiffusionDiffusion Osmosis Osmosis FiltrationFiltration Facilitated diffusionFacilitated diffusion

DiffusionDiffusion Most common form of passive transportMost common form of passive transport in which in which

substance of substance of higherhigher concentration travels to concentration travels to area of area of lesserlesser concentration concentration

ExamplesExamples:: Adding packet of powdered drink mix to Adding packet of powdered drink mix to

pitcher of waterpitcher of water Smell of classmate’s perfume filling roomSmell of classmate’s perfume filling room

Necessary to move oxygenNecessary to move oxygen from lungs to blood from lungs to blood stream, or carbon dioxide from blood stream to stream, or carbon dioxide from blood stream to lungslungs

Figure 3-4 Two examples of diffusion

OsmosisOsmosis Another form of diffusionAnother form of diffusion in which water travels in which water travels

through through selectively permeable membraneselectively permeable membrane to to equalize concentrations of a substanceequalize concentrations of a substance

Dissolved substanceDissolved substance called a called a solutesolute

Osmosis contOsmosis cont

Water tends to travel across a membraneWater tends to travel across a membrane to to equalizeequalize concentrations of a solute; ability of concentrations of a solute; ability of substance to substance to pull waterpull water toward area of toward area of higherhigher concentration called osmotic pressureconcentration called osmotic pressure

The greater concentration of soluteThe greater concentration of solute, the greater , the greater osmotic pressure, or pull, it exerts to bring in waterosmotic pressure, or pull, it exerts to bring in water

FiltrationFiltration

Differs from osmosisDiffers from osmosis in that in that pressure is appliedpressure is applied to to force waterforce water and its dissolved materials across and its dissolved materials across membranemembrane

Similar to rush of peopleSimilar to rush of people pushing through pushing through turnstile during rush hourturnstile during rush hour

ExampleExample: pumping of heart, which forces blood : pumping of heart, which forces blood flow into kidneys, where filtration takes placeflow into kidneys, where filtration takes place

Figure 3-6Figure 3-6 The process of The process of filtrationfiltration in the kidneys, where smaller in the kidneys, where smaller solutes such as the solutes such as the electrolytes sodium and potassium passelectrolytes sodium and potassium pass through through

the membrane, while the larger the membrane, while the larger blood protein and cellsblood protein and cells normally do not. normally do not.

Facilitated DiffusionFacilitated Diffusion

A variation of diffusionA variation of diffusion in which a substance is in which a substance is helpedhelped in moving across the membrane, similar to in moving across the membrane, similar to an an usherusher helping you to your seat helping you to your seat

Glucose is the substanceGlucose is the substance that is often passed into that is often passed into our bodiesour bodies

It can be imaginedIt can be imagined as moving into an already as moving into an already revolving door – once it steps into the door it is revolving door – once it steps into the door it is pushed along pushed along by by InsulinInsulin..

Pathology Connection: Pathology Connection: Cystic FibrosisCystic Fibrosis

Incurable, fatal genetic disease affecting Incurable, fatal genetic disease affecting 1/3000 Caucasian babies1/3000 Caucasian babies

Cystic Fibrosis (cont’d)Cystic Fibrosis (cont’d)

Etiology: Etiology: malformation in membrane channels malformation in membrane channels for for chloridechloride and and sodium ionssodium ions Sodium and chlorideSodium and chloride do not diffusedo not diffuse across cell across cell

membrane as they normally wouldmembrane as they normally would Fluid around cellsFluid around cells becomes extremely becomes extremely salty salty

due to excess sodium and chloridedue to excess sodium and chloride Results inResults in excessively excessively thick mucusthick mucus in in

respiratoryrespiratory, , digestivedigestive, and , and reproductivereproductive systems; mucus can cause systems; mucus can cause cloggingclogging in organs in organs

Cystic Fibrosis (cont’d)Cystic Fibrosis (cont’d)

S/SS/S may include may include Difficulty breathingDifficulty breathing (SOB) (SOB) Nutritional deficitsNutritional deficits due to decreased due to decreased

absorption of nutrientsabsorption of nutrients Increased risk of Increased risk of respiratory infectionrespiratory infection DiabetesDiabetes InfertilityInfertility (especially in males) (especially in males)

Cystic Fibrosis (cont’d)Cystic Fibrosis (cont’d)

RX:RX: No cureNo cure; treatments help extend and improve ; treatments help extend and improve

quality of life quality of life Nutritional supplementsNutritional supplements AntibioticsAntibiotics to prevent pneumonia to prevent pneumonia Mucus thinning drugs (Mucus thinning drugs (Mucomyst-AscetlsysteineMucomyst-Ascetlsysteine)) With treatment today, average life span of With treatment today, average life span of

patient is patient is 35 years35 years

Cystic Fibrosis (cont’d)Cystic Fibrosis (cont’d)

Diagnosis Diagnosis PrenatalPrenatal genetic testing genetic testing PostnatalPostnatal genetic testing genetic testing Testing pulmonary functionTesting pulmonary function Testing amount of Testing amount of sodium in sweatsodium in sweat

Pathology Connection: Pathology Connection: Diabetes MellitusDiabetes Mellitus

Lack of glucose transport into cellsLack of glucose transport into cells causes causes several problems several problems Lots of glucoseLots of glucose hangs around in bloodstream, hangs around in bloodstream,

causing big osmotic problems for cellscausing big osmotic problems for cells Cells can’t makeCells can’t make as much energy as they as much energy as they

need when glucose can’t need when glucose can’t bebe transported transported

Types of DMTypes of DM

Type I Type I results from the body's failure to produce results from the body's failure to produce insulin. insulin. 5-10%5-10% of diabetics have type I diabetes. of diabetics have type I diabetes. Must take insulin to Must take insulin to survivesurvive..

Type IIType II results from results from Insulin resistance, a , a condition in which cells condition in which cells failfail to use insulin to use insulin properly. properly. Most AmericansMost Americans who are diagnosed who are diagnosed with diabetes have type with diabetes have type 2 diabetes2 diabetes

GestationalGestational: Pregnant women who have never : Pregnant women who have never had diabetes before but who have high blood had diabetes before but who have high blood sugar (glucose) levels during pregnancy. Affects sugar (glucose) levels during pregnancy. Affects about about 4%4% of all pregnant women of all pregnant women

EndocytosisEndocytosis

Used by cells for Used by cells for intakeintake of liquid and food when of liquid and food when substance too large to diffuse across membranesubstance too large to diffuse across membrane

Examples:Examples: PhagocytosisPhagocytosis: name for process if solid : name for process if solid

particle being transportedparticle being transported PinocytosisPinocytosis: name for process if water being : name for process if water being

transportedtransported

ExocytosisExocytosis TransportTransport of things of things outout of cell of cell Some cells produce substance needed outside Some cells produce substance needed outside

cellcell Once substance is madeOnce substance is made, it is surrounded by , it is surrounded by

membrane, forming a vesicle, and moves to cell membrane, forming a vesicle, and moves to cell membranemembrane

Vesicle becomes part of cell membraneVesicle becomes part of cell membrane and and expels its load out of cellexpels its load out of cell

Pathology Connection: Pathology Connection:

Familial HypercholesterolemiaFamilial Hypercholesterolemia Blood cholesterolBlood cholesterol too high; caused by too high; caused by poor dietpoor diet

and and exerciseexercise or or inheritedinherited Normally low density lipoprotein (Normally low density lipoprotein (LDL or “bad LDL or “bad

cholesterolcholesterol”) binds to cholesterol, and allows it to ”) binds to cholesterol, and allows it to be carried into cells via be carried into cells via endocytosisendocytosis; once ; once inside, cholesterol used to make other lipidsinside, cholesterol used to make other lipids

Familial Hypercholesterolemia cont’dFamilial Hypercholesterolemia cont’d

LDL doesn’t move into cellsLDL doesn’t move into cells, and stays in blood; , and stays in blood; causes causes 22 problems problems Too little cholesterol gets into cells, and cells Too little cholesterol gets into cells, and cells

must make more cholesterolmust make more cholesterol LDL that cannot get into cellsLDL that cannot get into cells hangs around in hangs around in

blood; causes plaques in blood vessels which blood; causes plaques in blood vessels which can lead to can lead to blood clotsblood clots, , strokesstrokes, and , and heart heart attacksattacks

RX with diet modifications and cholesterol RX with diet modifications and cholesterol lowering drugslowering drugs

1/500 Americans have moderate form 1/500 Americans have moderate form

Phagocytosis, Pinocytosis & ExocytosisPhagocytosis, Pinocytosis & Exocytosis

CytoplasmCytoplasm

Gel-like substanceGel-like substance composed of water, nutrients, composed of water, nutrients, and electrolytes, which looks a lot like white of and electrolytes, which looks a lot like white of raw eggraw egg

Required by cells for their internal environment Required by cells for their internal environment to thrive and functionto thrive and function

NucleusNucleus

““BrainsBrains” of cell” of cell Dictates activitiesDictates activities of other organelles in cell of other organelles in cell Has double walled nuclear membrane Has double walled nuclear membrane

preventing materials from enteringpreventing materials from entering

Nucleus (cont’d)Nucleus (cont’d)

ChromatinChromatin Contains deoxyribonucleic acid (Contains deoxyribonucleic acid (DNADNA); ); DNADNA

contains blueprints, or specifications, for contains blueprints, or specifications, for creation of new cellscreation of new cells

Will eventually form Will eventually form chromosomeschromosomes, which , which contain genescontain genes

Genes determineGenes determine our inherited characteristics our inherited characteristics

Nucleus (cont’d)Nucleus (cont’d)

NucleolusNucleolus Spherical bodySpherical body made up of dense fibers found made up of dense fibers found

within cell nucleuswithin cell nucleus Major functionMajor function is to synthesize ribonucleic is to synthesize ribonucleic

acid (acid (RNARNA) that forms ribosomes) that forms ribosomes

RibosomesRibosomes

OrganellesOrganelles found on endoplasmic reticulum or found on endoplasmic reticulum or found floating around in cytoplasmfound floating around in cytoplasm

Made ofMade of ribonucleic acid ( ribonucleic acid (RNARNA) and assist in ) and assist in production of enzymesproduction of enzymes and other and other proteinprotein substances needed for cell substances needed for cell repairrepair and and reproductionreproduction

Can be consideredCan be considered “ “remodelerremodeler” of cell, taking ” of cell, taking existing structure and maintaining and repairing existing structure and maintaining and repairing itit

CentrosomesCentrosomes

Act as building contractorAct as building contractor, building new , building new structures as need arisesstructures as need arises

Contain centriolesContain centrioles that are involved in that are involved in divisiondivision of of cellcell

Centrioles areCentrioles are tubular shaped and usually found tubular shaped and usually found in pairsin pairs

MitochondriaMitochondria

Tiny Tiny bean-shaped organellesbean-shaped organelles, act as , act as power plantpower plant to provide up to to provide up to 95%95% of bodies’ energy needs for of bodies’ energy needs for cellular cellular repairrepair, , movementmovement, and , and reproductionreproduction

If cell needs more power, it increases number of If cell needs more power, it increases number of mitochondria in cellmitochondria in cell

Liver cellsLiver cells, which are quite active, have up to , which are quite active, have up to 2,000 mitochondria2,000 mitochondria in each cell in each cell

Mitocondria cont’dMitocondria cont’d

Contain special enzymesContain special enzymes that help to take in that help to take in oxygen for use in producing energyoxygen for use in producing energy

Energy produced is in form of Energy produced is in form of ATP ATP (adenosine (adenosine triphosphate) created by mitochondriatriphosphate) created by mitochondria

Endoplasmic ReticulumEndoplasmic Reticulum

Series of channelsSeries of channels set up in cytoplasm that are set up in cytoplasm that are formed from folded membranesformed from folded membranes

Has two distinct forms:Has two distinct forms: One has One has sandpaper-like surfacesandpaper-like surface, with , with

ribosomes on it, called ribosomes on it, called rough endoplasmic rough endoplasmic reticulumreticulum; responsible for synthesis of protein; responsible for synthesis of protein

Second form Second form has no ribosomeshas no ribosomes and appears and appears smooth, called smooth, called smooth endoplasmic smooth endoplasmic reticulumreticulum; synthesizes lipids and steroids; synthesizes lipids and steroids

Golgi ApparatusGolgi Apparatus

Looks like a bunch of flattened membranous Looks like a bunch of flattened membranous sacssacs

Once protein from the endoplasmic reticulum is Once protein from the endoplasmic reticulum is received, it further processes and stores itreceived, it further processes and stores it

Takes processed proteinTakes processed protein to cell membrane to cell membrane where it is releasedwhere it is released

Salivary glands and pancreatic glandsSalivary glands and pancreatic glands have have higher numbers of Golgi apparati because they higher numbers of Golgi apparati because they have higher level of secretion or storagehave higher level of secretion or storage

LysosomesLysosomes

Organelles containing powerful enzymesOrganelles containing powerful enzymes that that take care of cleaning up intercellular take care of cleaning up intercellular debris and debris and other wasteother waste

Lysosomes help keep us healthyLysosomes help keep us healthy; they ; they destroy destroy unwanted bacteriaunwanted bacteria by participating in process of by participating in process of phagocytosisphagocytosis

Other Interesting PartsOther Interesting Parts

VesiclesVesicles: vans which take stuff & travel to other : vans which take stuff & travel to other sites within cellsites within cell

CytoskeletonCytoskeleton: provides shape to cell and allow : provides shape to cell and allow cell and its contents to be mobilecell and its contents to be mobile

FlagellaFlagella: whip-shaped tails that move some : whip-shaped tails that move some cells, like sperm, to other locationscells, like sperm, to other locations

CiliaCilia: hair-like projections located on outer : hair-like projections located on outer surface of some cells; move particles using surface of some cells; move particles using wavelike motionwavelike motion

Pathology Connection: Pathology Connection: Organelle DisordersOrganelle Disorders

Lysosomal storage disorderLysosomal storage disorder Occur whenOccur when lysosomes lysosomes missingmissing one of their one of their

enzymesenzymes Results inResults in some molecules not breaking some molecules not breaking

down and accumulating in cellsdown and accumulating in cells Many kindsMany kinds of lysosomal storage disorders of lysosomal storage disorders

• All are All are geneticgenetic• Most lack Most lack effective therapieseffective therapies

Pathology Connection:Pathology Connection:

Tay Sachs DiseaseTay Sachs Disease

Enzyme missingEnzyme missing in lysosomes of in lysosomes of nervousnervous system cells system cells

As resultAs result, , glycoproteins accumulateglycoproteins accumulate in cells in in cells in nervous systemnervous system

Build upBuild up causes causes inflammationinflammation and eventual and eventual cellular cellular destructiondestruction

Symptoms includeSymptoms include mental regressionmental regression, , dementiadementia and and paralysisparalysis appearing within first appearing within first year of patient’s lifeyear of patient’s life

Found mostly in Found mostly in Ashkenazi JewsAshkenazi Jews: German : German JewsJews

Tay Sachs con’tTay Sachs con’t

DiagnosisDiagnosis: appearance of : appearance of cherry red spotcherry red spot on on back of patient’s eyes; abnormalities in back of patient’s eyes; abnormalities in startle startle reflexreflex

No treatmentNo treatment; disease generally ; disease generally fatalfatal within within twotwo or or threethree years of onset years of onset

Availability of genetic testAvailability of genetic test has decreased has decreased incidence in recent yearsincidence in recent years

Pathology Connection:Pathology Connection:Cigarettes and paralyzed ciliaCigarettes and paralyzed cilia

Smoking causesSmoking causes cilia in respiratory tract to cilia in respiratory tract to become become paralyzedparalyzed

As a result, cannot keep lungs cleanAs a result, cannot keep lungs clean Over timeOver time, can lead to chronic obstructive , can lead to chronic obstructive

pulmonary disease (pulmonary disease (COPDCOPD) and other smoking-) and other smoking-related lung problemsrelated lung problems

Passive smokingPassive smoking (second hand smoke (second hand smoke exposure) also increases risk of lung problemsexposure) also increases risk of lung problems

EnzymesEnzymes

Facilitate important chemical reactionsFacilitate important chemical reactions in body in body One way is by One way is by speeding up reactionsspeeding up reactions Not used upNot used up by reactions that they facilitate; by reactions that they facilitate;

instead, act like carrier moleculesinstead, act like carrier molecules Very specificVery specific; each only facilitates (catalyzes) ; each only facilitates (catalyzes)

certain reactions certain reactions

Pathology Connection: Pathology Connection: PhenylketonuriaPhenylketonuria (PKU) (PKU)

Genetic conditionGenetic condition; enzyme disorder; enzyme disorder Most common inMost common in CaucasiansCaucasians of Irish, Scottish, or of Irish, Scottish, or

Scandinavian descent Scandinavian descent Patients missing enzyme: phenylalanine Patients missing enzyme: phenylalanine

hydroxylasehydroxylase Without enzymeWithout enzyme, amino acid phenylalanine builds , amino acid phenylalanine builds

up in cellsup in cells Build up affects nervous systemBuild up affects nervous system; causes ; causes

progressive progressive mental retardationmental retardation if not treated if not treated

Phenylketonuria (PKU) con’tPhenylketonuria (PKU) con’t

Other signs includeOther signs include Light pigmentation of skin, hair and eyesLight pigmentation of skin, hair and eyes Abnormalities of Abnormalities of postureposture and and gaitgait EpilepsyEpilepsy

DiagnosisDiagnosis Blood tests & genetic testsBlood tests & genetic tests Every newborn in US routinely screenedEvery newborn in US routinely screened

Phenylketonuria (PKU) con’tPhenylketonuria (PKU) con’t

TreatmentTreatment: : low phenylalanine dietlow phenylalanine diet includes includes avoidance of high protein foods and products avoidance of high protein foods and products sweetened with aspartame (sweetened with aspartame (NutraSweet™NutraSweet™)) Consequences of goingConsequences of going “off diet” “off diet”

• ChildrenChildren: cognitive defects : cognitive defects • AdultsAdults: depression, anxiety, or other : depression, anxiety, or other

neurological changesneurological changes

Pathology Connection: Pathology Connection: CancerCancer

When body is healthyWhen body is healthy, cells grow in , cells grow in orderly orderly fashion; control system prevents cells from fashion; control system prevents cells from reproducing too fastreproducing too fast

Sometimes conditionsSometimes conditions are altered that are altered that triggertrigger changes in way cells reproduce; this wild, changes in way cells reproduce; this wild, uncontrolleduncontrolled reproduction can lead to too many reproduction can lead to too many cells being produced, creating a lump, or tumorcells being produced, creating a lump, or tumor

TumorsTumors can generally be either can generally be either benignbenign or or malignant malignant !!!!!!

Cancer con’tCancer con’t Benign tumors Benign tumors

SlowSlow growth growth Tend to Tend to push push healthy cells out of the wayhealthy cells out of the way GenerallyGenerally non–life threatening non–life threatening

MalignantMalignant tumors tumors RapidRapid growth growth Tend to Tend to invadeinvade healthy tissues healthy tissues Can enter blood or lymphatic system and start Can enter blood or lymphatic system and start

new tumors in other parts of body; this kind of new tumors in other parts of body; this kind of spread called spread called metastasismetastasis

Malignant TumorsMalignant Tumors

Staging TumorsStaging Tumors

PrognosisPrognosis often determined by stage at often determined by stage at diagnosis; two basic strategies for staging diagnosis; two basic strategies for staging cancerscancers Staging based on amount of metastasisStaging based on amount of metastasis

• Stage IStage I: no cancer spread: no cancer spread• Stage IIStage II: spread to nearby tissues: spread to nearby tissues• Stage IIIStage III: spread to the lymphatic system: spread to the lymphatic system• Stage IVStage IV: spread to distant organs: spread to distant organs

Diagnosis of cancerDiagnosis of cancer Imaging techniques (MRI, CAT, X-ray, etc.)Imaging techniques (MRI, CAT, X-ray, etc.) Blood testsBlood tests Biopsy (surgical examination of abnormal Biopsy (surgical examination of abnormal

tissue)tissue)

Treatment of cancerTreatment of cancer

Four main typesFour main types; typically ; typically 22 types of RX types of RX ChemotherapyChemotherapy: uses : uses chemicalschemicals to kill rapidly to kill rapidly

dividing cellsdividing cells Radiation therapyRadiation therapy: uses : uses energyenergy to target to target

cancer cellscancer cells SurgerySurgery: : removesremoves cancer cells from body cancer cells from body Biological or immunotherapyBiological or immunotherapy: trains body’s : trains body’s

natural defensesnatural defenses to fight cancer cells to fight cancer cells

MicroorganismsMicroorganisms

Four primary microorganismsFour primary microorganisms BacteriaBacteria VirusesViruses FungiFungi ProtozoaProtozoa

BacteriaBacteria

Bacteria can be harmfulBacteria can be harmful, as in case of , as in case of pathogenspathogens, or can be harmless and essential for , or can be harmless and essential for lifelife

Harmless bacteriaHarmless bacteria sometimes called sometimes called normal floranormal flora Certain bacteria in intestinesCertain bacteria in intestines help to help to digest digest

foodfood Some help to synthesizeSome help to synthesize vitamin Kvitamin K, needed , needed

for for blood clottingblood clotting

3 Types of Cocci Bacteria3 Types of Cocci Bacteria

VirusesViruses

Infectious particlesInfectious particles that have core containing that have core containing genetic material surrounded by protective genetic material surrounded by protective protein coat called a “protein coat called a “capsidcapsid””

Cannot growCannot grow, , eateat, or , or reproducereproduce by themselves; by themselves; must enter another cellmust enter another cell and use that cell for and use that cell for energy to grow and reproduceenergy to grow and reproduce

Do not respond to antibioticsDo not respond to antibiotics; can stay dormant ; can stay dormant in body and become active in body and become active later in lifelater in life

VirusVirus

FungiFungi Plural form of fungusPlural form of fungus; can be one-celled or multi-; can be one-celled or multi-

celled organism; plant-like organisms with tiny celled organism; plant-like organisms with tiny filaments, called mycelia, that travel out from cell to filaments, called mycelia, that travel out from cell to find and then absorb nutrientsfind and then absorb nutrients

Good fungiGood fungi, like edible , like edible mushroomsmushrooms, are harmless; , are harmless; others can cause disease or others can cause disease or deathdeath

Fungi spreadFungi spread through release of “ through release of “sporesspores”” Examples of fungal infections include athlete’s foot, Examples of fungal infections include athlete’s foot,

thrush, or candidiasisthrush, or candidiasis

ProtozoaProtozoa

One-celled, animal-like organismsOne-celled, animal-like organisms that can be that can be found in found in water and soilwater and soil

Diseases caused by Diseases caused by swallowingswallowing them or from them or from being being bitten by insectsbitten by insects that carry them in their that carry them in their bodies Ex: bodies Ex: MalariaMalaria

Types of ProtozoaTypes of Protozoa

Pathology Connection: Pathology Connection: How Microorganisms Cause DiseaseHow Microorganisms Cause Disease

BacteriaBacteria Destroy body tissues: Destroy body tissues: Destroy blood cells: Destroy blood cells: Inhibit ribosomesInhibit ribosomes Cause fluid lossCause fluid loss Cause high feverCause high fever Cause decreased blood pressureCause decreased blood pressure Increase blood clottingIncrease blood clotting Cause fluid in the lungsCause fluid in the lungs Cause paralysis Cause paralysis

Signs and symptoms of bacterial infectionSigns and symptoms of bacterial infection High feverHigh fever Rapid pulseRapid pulse Rapid breathingRapid breathing Abnormal, often foul-smelling discharge from Abnormal, often foul-smelling discharge from

infected areainfected area Pain at infection sitePain at infection site Swelling at infection siteSwelling at infection site

AntibioticsAntibiotics

Antibiotics used to treat bacterial infectionsAntibiotics used to treat bacterial infections Chemicals killChemicals kill prokaryotic bacteria without prokaryotic bacteria without

harming eukaryotic cellsharming eukaryotic cells Most antibioticsMost antibiotics produced naturally by other produced naturally by other

microorganismsmicroorganisms

FungalFungal (Non-bacterial infections) (Non-bacterial infections)

Fungal infectionsFungal infections Spores are Spores are inhaledinhaled Spores enter body through Spores enter body through open woundsopen wounds

SporesSpores: tiny bodies resistant to environmental : tiny bodies resistant to environmental changes (able to stay dormant until conditions changes (able to stay dormant until conditions are just right)are just right)

Most fungal sporesMost fungal spores do not cause disease in do not cause disease in otherwise healthy individuals; exception is fungal otherwise healthy individuals; exception is fungal infections of skin (such as infections of skin (such as athlete’s foot and jock athlete’s foot and jock itchitch) )

Fungal Fungal infections Continfections Cont

Many fungal infections opportunisticMany fungal infections opportunistic (only infect (only infect people with people with compromised immune systemscompromised immune systems or or other underlying disease)other underlying disease)

Symptoms of fungal infectionSymptoms of fungal infection vary depending on vary depending on location location of infectionof infection

Treatment is difficultTreatment is difficult Most anti-fungal drugs are Most anti-fungal drugs are highly toxichighly toxic Many fungal infections are Many fungal infections are resistantresistant to to

treatmenttreatment

Protozoan Protozoan InfectionsInfections

Most protozoan infectionsMost protozoan infections caused by caused by Ingestion of Ingestion of contaminatedcontaminated water water Insect Insect bitesbites

Many protozoansMany protozoans are are parasitesparasites

Protozoan Protozoan Infections Con’tInfections Con’t

Symptoms varySymptoms vary depending on type of protozoan depending on type of protozoan Many are serious disease causing Many are serious disease causing long termlong term

debilitating illness; example: debilitating illness; example: malariamalaria, which is , which is transmitted by transmitted by mosquitoesmosquitoes

Some are relatively mildSome are relatively mild illnesses; example: illnesses; example:

“ “beaver feverbeaver fever” caused by “” caused by “GiardiaGiardia,” a ,” a protozoan that lives in streams and water protozoan that lives in streams and water supplies contaminated by supplies contaminated by fecal matterfecal matter