Anatomy & Anatomy & PhysiologyPhysiology

Chapter 1Chapter 1

A & PA & P

AnatomyAnatomy - study of - study of structurestructure

PhysiologyPhysiology - study of - study of functionfunction

StructureStructure is always related to is always related to functionfunction

Levels of OrganizationLevels of Organization AtomAtom ChemicalChemical

– Molecule Molecule – MacromoleculesMacromolecules– OrganelleOrganelle

CellularCellular TissueTissue OrganOrgan Organ SystemOrgan System OrganismOrganism

Characteristics of Life = Characteristics of Life = MetabolismMetabolism• Movement: internal or gross• Responsiveness : rxn to internal or external

change• Growth: increase in size w/o change in shape• Reproduction: new organisms or new cells• Respiration: use of O2; removal of CO2

• Digestion: breakdown of food into simpler forms• Absorption: movement of substances through

membranes & into fluids• Circulation: movement within body fluids• Assimilation: changing nutrients into chemically

different forms• Excretion: removal of metabolic wastes

Organism RequirementsOrganism Requirements

Water: required for metabolic rxns, transport of substances, temperature regulation

Food: nutrients needed to supply energy & raw materials for building new living matter

Oxygen: releases energy from nutrients

Heat: byproduct of metabolism; rate of rxns

Pressure: force that facilitates movement of air or fluids (atmospheric & hydrostatic)

HomeostasisHomeostasis

condition in which the body’s internal condition in which the body’s internal environment remains within certain environment remains within certain physiological limitsphysiological limits– Ex: Temperature 98.6°FEx: Temperature 98.6°F

ReceptorsReceptors Set PointSet Point EffectorsEffectors Feedback LoopFeedback Loop

– NegativeNegative– PositivePositive

Negative Feedback Loop – change from a set point is detected & the body acts to return to the set point

Ex. Temp 98.6°F or 37°C

Positive feedback is a self-amplifying cycle in which a physiological change leads to even greater change in the same direction.

Ex. oxytocin is secreted in small amounts at the beginning of labor. These small amounts cause more &more oxytocin to be released, causing uterine contractions throughout labor. Only when the baby is expelled does the feedback system shut down.

Anatomical PositionAnatomical Position

The subject stands erect facing the observer, with feet flat on the floor, arms at sides & palms turned forward

Relative Positions (1)Relative Positions (1)add to your listadd to your list

Supine = on back Prone = on belly

Relative Positions (2)Relative Positions (2)

SuperiorSuperior – – – Toward the head Toward the head or upper part of a or upper part of a

structure structure

InferiorInferior – – – Away from the head Away from the head or lower part of or lower part of

a structure a structure

Relative Positions (3)Relative Positions (3)

AnteriorAnterior – Nearer to or at the Nearer to or at the front of the front of the

body body

PosteriorPosterior

- Nearer to or at the - Nearer to or at the back of the back of the body body

Relative Positions (4)Relative Positions (4)

MedialMedial – Nearer to the Nearer to the midlinemidline

LateralLateral – Towards the sides Towards the sides /farther from the /farther from the

midlinemidline

IntermediateIntermediate – Between two structuresBetween two structures

Relative Positions (5)Relative Positions (5)

ProximalProximal– Nearer to the attachment of a limb to Nearer to the attachment of a limb to

the trunk, the trunk, towards the point of origin towards the point of origin

DistalDistal– Farther from the attachment of a Farther from the attachment of a

limb to the trunk, limb to the trunk, away from the away from the point of origin point of origin

Relative Positions (6)Relative Positions (6)

SuperficialSuperficial– Toward the surface Toward the surface of the body of the body

DeepDeep– Away from the surface Away from the surface of the body of the body

Relative Positions (7)Relative Positions (7)add theseadd these

IpsilateralIpsilateral– On the On the same side of the body same side of the body

ContralateralContralateral– On the On the opposite side of the body opposite side of the body

Human / CatHuman / Cat ClarificationsClarifications

AnteriorAnterior = front, = front, VentralVentral = belly = belly – mean the same in humans but in the cat anterior is mean the same in humans but in the cat anterior is

forward and ventral faces the groundforward and ventral faces the ground PosteriorPosterior = rear/behind, = rear/behind, DorsalDorsal = back = back

– mean the same in humans but in the cat posterior is mean the same in humans but in the cat posterior is rear and dorsal faces uprear and dorsal faces up

CranialCranial = toward the head = toward the head – which is which is SuperiorSuperior in humans, but superior is dorsal in in humans, but superior is dorsal in

catscats CaudalCaudal = towards the tail = towards the tail

– which is which is InferiorInferior in humans, but inferior is ventral in in humans, but inferior is ventral in catscats

Directional TermsDirectional TermsReviewReview

Planes/Body Sections Planes/Body Sections (1)(1)

Plane: an imaginary flat surface

Planes/Body Sections Planes/Body Sections (2)(2)

SagittalSagittal - Vertical plane dividing the - Vertical plane dividing the body/organ into left & right halves body/organ into left & right halves

– MidsagittalMidsagittal – Median/midline, – Median/midline, equal sides equal sides

– ParasagittalParasagittal - - Unequal sides Unequal sides

Planes/Body Sections Planes/Body Sections (3)(3) TransverseTransverse - Cross sectional or - Cross sectional or

horizontal plane dividing the horizontal plane dividing the body/organ into superior (top) and body/organ into superior (top) and inferior (bottom) portions inferior (bottom) portions

Planes/Body Sections Planes/Body Sections (4)(4) Coronal/ Frontal Coronal/ Frontal - Divides the - Divides the

body/organ into anterior (front) & body/organ into anterior (front) & posterior (back) portionsposterior (back) portions

Planes/Body Sections Planes/Body Sections (5)(5)add thisadd this ObliqueOblique - Passes through the - Passes through the

body/organ at an angle between body/organ at an angle between transverse & sagittal or frontal transverse & sagittal or frontal planes planes

Body Cavities (1)Body Cavities (1)

Confined spaces containing internal Confined spaces containing internal organs organs – protect, separate & support the organsprotect, separate & support the organs

2 Main Cavities2 Main Cavities– Dorsal & VentralDorsal & Ventral

Each are divided in to smaller cavitiesEach are divided in to smaller cavities VisceraViscera = organs within these cavities = organs within these cavities

Body Cavities (2)Body Cavities (2)

DorsalDorsal - - backback – CranialCranial - the cranial bones & the - the cranial bones & the brainbrain– Spinal (Vertebral Canal)Spinal (Vertebral Canal) – located – located

inside the inside the vertebral column & contains the vertebral column & contains the spinal cordspinal cord

Body Cavities (3)Body Cavities (3)

VentralVentral - - frontfront– ThoracicThoracic - Superior portion, - Superior portion, heart & lungs heart & lungs

PleuralPleural - 2, surround the - 2, surround the lungslungs, fluid filled , fluid filled MediastinumMediastinum - everything except the lungs - everything except the lungs

– PericardialPericardial - - covers the heart covers the heart

– AbdominopelvicAbdominopelvic - Inferior portion - Inferior portion AbdominalAbdominal - Superior portion - Superior portion

– liver, spleen, stomach etc. liver, spleen, stomach etc. PelvicPelvic - Inferior portion - Inferior portion

– Urinary bladder, reproductive organs, lower Urinary bladder, reproductive organs, lower intestines etc.intestines etc.

MembranesMembranes Serous membranesSerous membranes – thin slippery – thin slippery

tissue lining the walls of the ventral tissue lining the walls of the ventral cavity double layeredcavity double layered– VisceralVisceral layer – lines the organs layer – lines the organs – ParietalParietal layer – outer membrane layer – outer membrane

PericardiumPericardium – serous membrane around the – serous membrane around the heartheart

Pleural membranePleural membrane - surrounds lungs - surrounds lungs PeritoneumPeritoneum –lines the abdominopelvic cavity –lines the abdominopelvic cavity

MesenteryMesentery – holds visceral organs of – holds visceral organs of abdominopelvic cavity in placeabdominopelvic cavity in place

Serous Serous MembranesMembranes

1-14

The efforts of all The efforts of all systems must be systems must be coordinated for the coordinated for the animal to survive.animal to survive.

Any organism is a Any organism is a coordinated living coordinated living whole greater than whole greater than the sum of its parts.the sum of its parts.

Major Body Systems Major Body Systems Integument – body coveringIntegument – body covering Skeletal – support & movementSkeletal – support & movement Muscular – support & movementMuscular – support & movement Nervous – integration & coordinationNervous – integration & coordination Endocrine – integration & coordinationEndocrine – integration & coordination Digestive– absorption & excretionDigestive– absorption & excretion Respiratory - absorption & excretionRespiratory - absorption & excretion Circulatory - transportCirculatory - transport Lymphatic/Immune – transport & immunityLymphatic/Immune – transport & immunity Urinary - absorption & excretionUrinary - absorption & excretion Reproductive - reproductionReproductive - reproduction

Abdominal Cavity Abdominal Cavity

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QuadrantsQuadrantsNine Nine regionsregions