ANATOMY & RADIOGRAPHICTERMINOLOGY

Body Planes

1) SAGITTAL PLANE

- Divides entire body or body part into right & left segments

- Passes vertically through the body from front to back

- Midsagittal plane is a specific sagittal plane that passes through the midline of the body& divides it into equal right & left halves

2) CORONAL PLANE- Divides the entire body or a body part into

anterior & posterior segments - It passes through the body vertically from one

side to the other- Midcoronal plane is a specific plane that

passes through midline of the body, dividing it into equal anterior and posterior halves

- Sometimes referred to as Midaxilary plane

3) HORIZONTAL PLANE

- Also known axial, transverse, or cross-sectional plane

- It divides the entire body or body part into superior and inferior portions

4) OBLIQUE PLANE - An oblique plane can pass through a body at

any angle among the early discussed 3 planes

5) INTERILIAC & OCCLUSAL PLANE- These planes are specified to a specific area

of the body only- Interiliac plane transects the pelvis at the

top of the iliac crests at the level of the L4- It is used to position the lumbar spine,

sacrum & coccyx

- Occlusal plane is formed by the biting surface of the upper and lower teeth with the jaws closed

- It is used in positioning of odontoid process & some head projections

- Planes are used in radiographic positioning to centre a body part to the image receptor (IR)

or the central ray & to ensure that body part is properly oriented & aligned with the IR.

- Quality imaging requires attention to all relationships among body planes, the IR, and the central ray.

- Body planes are used CT, MRI & Ultrasound to identify the orientation of anatomic cuts or slices demonstrated in the procedure

BODY CAVITIES- 2 great cavities are Thoracic and Abdominal

cavity- Thoracic is subdivided into Pericardial

segment & 2 pleural portions- Though abdominal cavity has no intervening

partitions, the lower portion is called ?- Sometimes referred to as Abdominopelvic

cavity- What are the principal structures in thoracic &

abdominal cavity ?

DIVISIONS OF ABDOMEN

- Location of organs or the anatomic area can be described by dividing the abdomen by one of the 2 methods :

- 4 Quadrants - 9 Regions

SURFACE LANDMARKS

- Anatomic structures not visualised directly- Use protruberances, tuberosities & other

external indicators to accurately position the patient

- If not used for positioning or used incorrectly, chances for repeating the radiograph increases

- Use Only as GUIDELINES - Ability to compensate is gained through

experience

BODY HABITUS• Common variations in shape of human body

are termed the body habitus• Mills WR determined the primary

classification of body habitus • The specific type of habitus is important in

radiography because it determines the size, shape & position of the organs of the Thoracic & Abdominal cavities

• Body habitus directly affects the location of the following :

-> Heart -> Lungs -> Diaphragm -> Stomach -> Colon -> GallbladderE.g :- Variation in gallbladder position as much

as 8 inches

• How is it important ?• Because of wide variations in physical tissue

density, we have to determine technical & exposure factors for appropriate radiographic density, contrast & radiographic dose

• Radiographers should know these for effective positioning & selection of exposure factors

• Challenging but experienced & professional judgement helps radiographer to determine correct body habitus & to judge the specific location fo the organs

REMEMBER • Not an indication of disease or abnormality• Not determined by the body fat or physical

condition of the patient• Not necessarily associated with height or

weight• Just a simple classification of 4 general shapes

of the trunk of the human body

OSTEOLOGY• Adult human skeleton comprises of 206

bones• Ligaments unite the bone of the skeleton• Bones provide : - Attachment for muscles - Mechanical basis for movement - Protection for internal organs - A frame to support the body

- Storage for calcium, phosphorus & other salts- Production of red & white blood cells

The 206 bones are divided into 2 main groups

1) Axial Skeleton

2) Appendicular skeleton

GENERAL BONE FEATURES

• Strong, dense outer layer -> Compact bone• Less dense inner layer -> Spongy bone• Softer spongy bone contains a network of

interconnecting spaces called Trabeculae• Trabeculae are filled with red & yellow

marrow.• Red marrow produces ??• Yellow marrow produces ??

OSSIFICATION

• There are 2 types of ossification ( development & formation of bone )

1) Primary Ossification

2) Secondary ossification

PRIMARY OSSIFICATION• Starts before birth

• Forms all short & irregular bones

• Forms the CENTRAL shaft of long bones

• During development only the long shaft is called as Diaphysis

SECONDARY OSSIFICATION• Occurs after birth• Separate bone develop at both ends of each

long bone• So this end is called the Epiphysis• At first, epi & di are distinctly separate• As growth occurs, a plate of cartilage develops

b/w the 2 areas -> Epiphyseal plate• Seen in all pediatric patients • Important radiographically as common site of

fracture in pediatric patients

CLASSIFICATION OF BONES

1) Long Bones 2) Short bones 3) Flat bones

4) Irregular bones

5) Sesamoid bones

Long Bones : Femur, humerus, fingersShort bones : Carpals, tarsals are the only short bonesFlat bones : Cranium, scapula,etcIrregular bones : Vertebrae, face, pelvis

Sesamoid bones : Largest ? Where else ?

ANTHROLOGY 3 MAIN TYPES OF JOINTS -- Fibrous Joint -- Cartilaginous Joint

-- Synovial Joint

Syndesmosis & Suture

Gomphosis

Synchondrosis & Symphysis

Synovial

GLIDING HINGE

PIVOT ELLIPSOID

SADDLE BALL-SOCKET

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