Anatomy – Skeletal System

5 major functions◦ Shape and support◦ Movement◦ Protection◦ Blood Production◦ Storage

• Shape and Support - This is our body's framework. It provides shape for our body, holds our vital organs in place and allows us to have a good posture.

• Movement - Our muscles are attached to our bones in a way which allows movement.

• Protection - Protects our delicate organs e.g.-SKULL protects the BRAIN. RIB CAGE protects the HEART and LUNGS etc

• Blood Production - Red and white blood cells are produced in the bone marrow found in many bones.

• RED CELLS carry oxygen to the muscles to enable them to work. They are red in colour because they carry haemoglobin.

• WHITE CELLS fight infection in the body.

• Storage- minerals like calcium are stored in the bones to add strength

When describing the body in anatomical terms, we describe the:◦ FRONT of the body – ANTERIOR◦ BACK of the body - POSTERIOR

ANTERIOR POSTERIOR

Where bones meet they form JOINTS.The movement of the skeleton is helped by joints. There are THREE kinds of joints:

• Fibrous (non-moving e.g.- skull)• Cartilagenous (limited movement e.g.-

vertebrae of spine)• Synovial (a range of movements are

available)

Joints can be separated into FIVE categories:

Ball and Socket Hinge Gliding Pivot Saddle

Two examples of this joint in the human body are the hip and shoulder joints. The rounded head of one bone fits into a cup-shaped socket of another. This joint allows the greatest range of movement.

Pelvis

Femur

Two examples of this type of joint include those found at the knee and elbow. Try flexing (bending) and extending them.

You will find that the movement of the joint can only occur in one direction, just like the hinge of a door.

Humerus

Radius

Ulna

In this type of joint, two surfaces which are flat rub against each other. These small bones can move

over one another to increase flexibility of the hands for example. They are stopped from moving too far by strong ligaments.

Carpals

This joint is made when one bone twists against another.

These are found in the spine. They also allow the head to turn, raise and lower.

This joint allows movement back and forth and up and down, but does not allow for rotation like a ball and socket joint.◦ E.g. CMC (carpometacarpal Joint)

In the Human Body there are 3 different

types of muscle. These are:

SMOOTH – Also known as INVOLUNTARY muscles. Found in the internal organs such as the intestine. They are named as such because we do not have conscious control over them.

CARDIAC – Found only in the heart. We cannot control it and it is constantly working. It enables blood to be pumped from the heart to the body.

SKELETAL – Often called VOLUNTARY or STRIPED muscle. It enables us to move and is under our conscious control.

When muscles contract they cause movement to occur at joints

Muscles act in pairs◦ Agonists – Muscles that contract and shorten◦ Antagonists – Muscles that lengthen and contract

to ‘slow down’ movement

◦ * Complete muscular system worksheet*

Bones Joints

◦ Saddle◦ Ball and Socket◦ Hinge◦ Pivot◦ Gliding

1. The hip and the pelvis are what kind of joint?

2. What type of muscle is in the heart?

3. If the Tricep is the agonist, what is the antagonist?

4. How many bones are in your body?

Movements ◦ Flexion◦ Extension◦ Adduction◦ Abduction◦ Rotation

Muscles that cause movements

This is when the angle between two bones decreases◦ Occurs at BALL and SOCKET and HINGE joints

e.g. flexion of the knee joint

This is the increasing in angle between two bones◦ Occurs at BALL and SOCKET and HINGE joints

Moving away from the centre line of your body

Moving towards the centre line of your body◦ Occurs in a BALL and SOCKET joints

Movement of the bone around a central axis

◦ This occurs at BALL AND SOCKET and PIVOT joints

Using the worksheet, fill in what muscles cause movements at the joints identified in the worksheet

Muscle Antagonist Movements that occur

Bicep TricepElbow joint – The bicep causes the

elbow flexion

Hamstring

Quadricep

Tricep

Deltoid

Abdominals (rectus

abdominus)

Muscle (agonist) Antagonist Movements that occur

Bicep TricepElbow joint – The bicep

causes the elbow flexion

Hamstring Quadricep Knee joint – Flexion of knee joint

Quadricep Hamstring Knee joint – Extension

Tricep BicepElbow joint – The tricep extends the

elbow joint

Deltoid Pectoralis Major

Shoulder joint – Deltoid causes

abduction at shoulder joint

Abdominals (rectus

abdominus)

Back Extensor (erector Spinae)

Flexion of the back/vertebrae

In groups, using the basketball picture you have been given.

Use the picture to answer the questions on the hand out

Be prepared to share with the class

You have 10 minutes to complete task!

http://classtools.net/education-games-php/timer/

Elbow joint (hinge)– is flexed, but will extend once he releases the basketball◦ Biceps cause flexion◦ Triceps cause

extension Wrist joint (saddle)– is

_______, once he releases the basketball the wrist joint will be in __________.◦ Wrist extensors cause

extension◦ Wrist flexors cause

flexion

The study of forces on the human body

There are 3 types of motion, which can be classified as :◦ Linear motion◦ Angular motion◦ General motion