Anatomy NotesAxial Skeleton:The Skull: Cranial Exterior: Frontal Bone (1) Parietal Bones (paired) Temporal Bones (paired) Occipital Bone (1) Sphenoid Bone (1) Foramen Magnum Occipital Condyles External Acoustic Meatus Mastoid Process Cranial Interior: Anterior Cranial Fossa formed primarily by the frontal bone Middle Cranial Fossa formed by sphenoid and temporal bones Posterior Cranial Fossa formed by occipital and temporal bones Hypophyseal (pituitary) Fossa within the sphenoid bone (middleish) Petrous part of the temporal bone boundary between middle and posterior cranial fossas Facial Skeleton: Zygomatic (cheek) bones Maxillae Nasal bones Mandible body, angle ramus The Vertebral Column: Vertebral Column: Cervical (neck) vertebrae (7) Thoracic (thorax) vertebrae (12) Lumbar (abdomen vertebrae (5) Sacral vertebrae (5 fused to form the sacrum) Coccygeal (lower 3-4 fused to form the coccyx) Intervertebral Discs (fibro cartilaginous joints, see week 2, each individual disc) Intervertebral foramina (between vertebrae, formed by notches) Isolated Vertebra: Vertebral Body Vertebral Foramen (canal) Pedicle Lamina Spinous Process Transverse Processes Superior Articular Facet Inferior Articular Facet Superior Vertebral Notch Inferior Vertebral Notch (Only for notch, and facet)Thoracic Cage: Thoracic Vertebrae Sternum (manubrium, sternal body and xiphoid process) 12 ribs: 1-7 ribs are true ribs as the attach directly to sternum via own costal cartilage 8-10 are called false ribs as they attach indirectly to the sternum via shared costal cartilage 11-12 are called floating ribs as they do not attach to the sternum Appendicular Skeleton:Shoulder Girdle: Clavicle long and slender bone that lies horizontally across the base of the neck. Articulates with the sternum and the scapula.

Scapula flat triangular bone on the posterior thoracic wall. Features are: Spine Acromion Glenoid fossa Coracoid process Supraspineous and infraspineous fossae Subscapular fossa The Upper Limb: Humerus long bone, forms the proximal bone of upper limb. Head Greater tubercle Lesser tubercle Shaft Trochlear (head of ulna) Capitulum (head of radius) Medial and lateral epicondyles

Radius lateral bone of forearm, thumb side Head (flat circular shape) Neck Radial tuberosity Shaft Styloid Process (pointy bit at bottom) Ulna medial bone of the forearm Olecranon Process (identifies from radius) Trochlear notch (notch taken out) Ulnar tuberosity (bump on shaft) Head (next to Styloid process) Styloid process (pointy bottom) Pelvic Girdle: Consists of 3 hip bones and the sacrum Ilium, Ischium and Pubis Iliac crest and fossa Anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) Posterior superior iliac spine (PSIS) Obturator foramen (hole) Gluteal surface (ASS) Ischial tuberosity and spine Greater sciatic notch (between ilium and ischium) Acetabulum (formed by all 3)

Lower Limb: Femur: Head Neck Greater trochanter (large lump) Lesser trochanter Shaft Linea Aspera (ridge down posterior side) Medial and lateral condyles (where it articulates) Medial and lateral epicondyles (outside of circles) Patella (knee cap) sesamoid bone that develops within the tendon of the quadriceps muscle Tibia: Medial and lateral condyles (round bits at top) Tibial plateau Intercondylar eminence (between condyles) Tibial tuberosity Shaft Medial malleolus Fibula: Head Shaft Lateral Malleolus Ankle/Tarsus comprised of seven tarsal bones: Talus (back of foot, up top, connects to tibia and fibula) Calcaneus (heel bone) Articular System:Fibrous Joints: Coronal suture between frontal and parietal bones Sagittal suture between the two parietal bones Lambdoid suture between parietal and occipital bones Cartilaginous Joints: Two parts of the intervertebral disc: Nucleus pulposus in the center changes shape when pressure placed on it, enabling movement to occur between adjacent vertebrae Annulus fibrosus consists of fibres arranged in concentric layers and pass obliquely from one vertebra to the next, providing a strong union between them, able to resist excessive movement in most directions These contribute to spinal curvatures Synovial Joints:COME BACK TO ITThe Nervous System: EYE AND EAR:EYE: The Orbit Optic canal (optic nerve passes through on the way to the brain) Superior Orbital Fissure (other nerves and blood vessels enter into the orbit) Eyeball Extra-ocular Muscles (attached to its exterior surface) Optic nerve (transmits sensor information from retina to brain) Lacrimal gland (located superiolaterally beneath upper eyelid) Releases fluid which cleanses and protects the eyes surface as it lubricates and moistens it

The Extra ocular Muscles: Superior rectus muscle elevation and adduction Inferior rectus muscle depression and adduction Medial rectus muscle adduction of the eyeball Lateral rectus muscle abduction of the eyeball (supplied b abducens) Superior oblique muscle depression and abduction (supplied by trochlear nerve) Inferior oblique muscle elevation and abduction Rest supplied by ocular motor nerve The Eyeball: Sclera Cornea Ciliary body Iris diaphragm Lens Pupil Conjunctiva The Retina: Retina Optic Disc Optic Nerve Ganglion cell layer, then bipolar cell layer and finally photoreceptor cell layer The Visual Pathway: Optic nerves, optic chasm, optic tract Visual cortex

Ear: Outer, Middle and Inner Ear: External Acoustic Meatus Tympanic Membrane Ossicles (malleus, incus and stapes) Oval window Auditory tube Bony Labyrinth: Vestibule Cochlear Semicircular Canals and Ampullae Membranous Labyrinth: Semicircular ducts (rotational balance) and their ampullae (swellings at ends of ducts) Utricle (closest to semi-circular canals) and saccule (closer to cochlea swelling not ampullae) Cochlear Duct (also organ of corti in cochlear duct) Organ of Corti: Cochlear Duct Scalae vestbuli and tympani Vestibular membrane Tectorial and basilar membranes Hair cells