ANATOMY

Unit 1 Notes:Organ

Systems & Living

Organization

(1) Living Organization• All living things are made of cells and

atoms/molecules.

• Levels of Organization:– Atoms and Molecules– Organelles and Cells– Tissues– Organs– Organ Systems– Organism

(2) Atoms, Molecules & Reactions

• The basis of all living things is atoms.

• All living things contain at least the following biological elements:C H O N P S

• All cellular processes are driven by energy exchange and the movement and reacting of different molecules.

(3) Homeostasis• Involuntary processes and reactions are in place to

maintain Homeostasis within cells.

• Homeostasis = Internal stability / balance.

• Examples:– Shivering when cold.– Production of red blood cells when oxygen drops.– Buffering of acidic foods using bicarbonate.

(4) Nervous System• Function:– Controls all other organ systems.– Allows you to respond to changes/stimuli.– Allows you to maintain homeostasis.

• Made Up Of:– Brain– Spinal Cord– Nerves – Neurons

(5) Lymphatic System• (A.K.A. The Immune System)

• Function:– Protect body against harmful infectious agents +

compounds.

• Made Up Of:– White Blood Cells– Antibodies and Antigens– Lymph Vessels, Nodes, and Fluid

(6) Cardiovascular System• Function:– Work with the respiratory system to circulate gases.– Pump nutrients throughout the body to working

tissues.

• Made Up Of:– Heart– Blood Vessels– Blood + Blood Cells

(7) Respiratory System• Function:– Work with the cardiovascular system to circulate gases.– Bring oxygen into body + expel carbon dioxide.

• Made Up Of:– Nasal Cavity– Trachea + Bronchioles– Lungs– Diaphragm

(8) Skeletal System• Function:– Provide body support and mobility.– Protect organs.– Store minerals and growth hormones.

• Made Up Of:– Bones– Joints– Cartilage

(9) Muscular System• Function:– Allow for body mobility by working with skeletal

system.– Produce body heat.– Allow for organ function and movement.

• Made Up Of:– Muscle – Ligaments + Tendons

(10) Digestive System• Function:– Break food into smaller pieces.– Metabolize biomolecules within food.– Absorb useful nutrients + expel waste.

• Made Up Of:– Oral Cavity + Esophagus– Stomach– Small + Large Intestine– Rectum + Anus

(11) Excretory System• (A.K.A. The Urinary System)

• Function:– Filter Blood.– Remove excessive / harmful compounds within blood.

• Made Up Of:– Kidneys– Ureters– Bladder– Urethra

(12) Reproductive System• Function:– Pass genes on to produced offspring.

• Made Up Of:– Male Sperm, Testes, Penis– Female Eggs, Ovaries + Uterus, Vagina

(13) Endocrine System• Function:– Produce hormones.– Control and initiate the progress of growth,

development, organ function, and reproduction.

• Made Up Of:– Glands– Hormones

(14) Integumentary System• Function:– Protect internal organs.– Allow for increased manipulation.– Increase heat barrier.– Produce vitamins.

• Made Up Of:– Skin– Nails– Hair