ancient egypt: structural conservatism & material extravagance
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ANCIENT EGYPT: Structural Conservatism & Material Extravagance. The Nile River Valley. due to basic human needs for sustenance it is no surprise the Nile River Valley developed as it did: water fertilization transportation building materials aesthetic inspiration. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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ANCIENT EGYPT:Structural Conservatism &Material Extravagance
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The Nile River Valley• due to basic human
needs for sustenance it is no surprise the Nile River Valley developed as it did:– water– fertilization– transportation– building materials– aesthetic inspiration
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•sepulchral structure built above ground•elaboration of pre-dynastic burial-pit & mound form •generally rectangular in plan with a flat roof and inward-sloping walls• built of brick and faced with limestone slabs
mastabaOld Kingdom (2680–2181 B.C.)
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• angle of repose—natural “structure” of earth when piled• battered—or has a slope
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Pyramids of Giza
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Structural Conservatism• Skiomorphosis - describes that process
whereby a form is invented in one material as a response to the physical properties of that material and then transferred to another material whose properties do not demand that form.
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Segregation of Classes
• Division of class– Royalty– Military – Laboring class– Merchant class
• Segregation of residential districts
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Temple Complex at Karnac
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Trabeated Construction
Post: Vertical Element
Lintel: Horizontal Element
Battered Wall
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Temple of Edfu:
The Main Pylon/Gate
Cavetto Cornice
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Obelisk
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Temple of Amon at Karnac
Path or Axis
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Temple of Amon at Karnac
Axial Planning
Additive Construction
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Hypostyle Hall: Nature’s Grid
NILE
SUN
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Hypostyle Hall
Latin: hypo-inside, style-column
Clerestory
Lotus Flower Capital
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hierarchy of society (statues and restricted spaces) fused in architecture
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The Dense Forest
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Applied Polychromy
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Bas (Low) Relief Carving Incised Carving
HIEROGLYPHICS
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Arab World Institute
Jean Nouvel, Paris France, 1983-87
Notre Dame
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Light Sensitive Windows
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Jean Nouvel’s
Hypostyle Hall
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Interior of Nouvel’s Hypostyle
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Interior of Arab World Institute
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INTERIORS
• Egyptian Pyramids– Eternal
• Egyptian Villas and Palaces– Absence of ceremony and its effect
on the interior– Symbolic journey of life– Importance of the hearth – Movable furniture– Ephemeral
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Model of a Villa of an aristocratic family at Te El Armana, 18th Dynasty, New Kingdom
(reconstructed from archeological evidence)
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Plan of a Villa of an aristocratic family at Te El Armana, 18th Dynasty, New
Kingdom
(reconstructed from archeological evidence)
Walls were a canvas
for carving or painted murals.
Wooden shutters or grilles for windows.
Sun-baked earthen floors cooler than
having textiles.
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Egyptian Furniture
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Products of the Vernacular• Products for ordinary people• Local materials• Priority of function
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Products of the High Style• Products for the elite• Extravagant materials• Followed them to the afterlife
Alabaster Lamp
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table and oil lamps, Old Kingdom
Wrapped Joints
Diagonal Struts
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Wood Joinery
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Bedroom Suite of Queen Hetepheres, c. 2300 BCE Wood encased in gold; loose cushions covered in cotton,
painted leather, metallic cloth
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Folding Bed, Middle Kingdom
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Headrest from the tomb of Tutankhamun, c. 1352 Often wrapped in linen
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Impost Block
Zoomorphic furniture
Lotus Blossom
Reeds
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The Discovery of King Tut’sTomb by Howard Carter(1922)
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The Antechamber
(Evidence of trade; Greek artifacts found in tombs)
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http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Delphi/3499/MUMMY.HTM
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Burial Chamber Entrance
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An Unbroken Seal
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The Primary Sarcophagus of King
Tutankhamen
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http://www.thebanmappingproject.com/
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Stool from the tomb of Tutankhamun, c. 1352 BCE
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• Seating– Stool
Painted and Guilded Stool, 18th dynasty
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• Seating– Stool– Chair
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• Seating– Stool– Chair– Arm chair
Arm Chair from the tomb of Tutankhamun,
c. 1352 BCE
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• Seating– Stool– Chair– Arm chair – Throne
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1. Loose cushion
2. Pads or rolls of fabric secured over the back and seat of chair
3. Leather (cowhide or goat skin) as collapsible sling
Use of textiles on furnishings:
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Shrine Shaped Box, Old Kingdom
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Chest on Legs, Old Kingdom
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Egyptian Decorative Arts
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Ivory hunting dogLate Dynasty 18, 1400-1350 B.C.
Ivory, tinted red inside mouth and black around eyes and on undersides of paws, l. 7 1/8 in.
HippopotamusThebes, area of Deir el-Bahri, Dynasty 18, ca.
1450 B.C.Painting on limestone, 4 11/16 x 4 1/8 in.
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CatPtolemaic Period, 305-30 B.C.
Bronze, h. 11 in.
Prancing Horse, New Kingdom, late Dynasty 18, probably reign of Amenhotep III, ca. 1391–1353 B.C.
EgyptianIvory, garnet inlay; L. 6 in. (15 cm)
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Make-up Palettes in the form of Turtles, Old Kingdom
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Pectoral of Princess Sithathoryunet Lahun
Dynasty 12, reign of Senwosret II, ca. 1897-1797 BCEGold, carnelian, feldspar, garnet, and turquoise; l. 3 1/4 in.
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Egyptian Revivals
• The first occurs in the early 19th century due to Napoleon’s campaigns in Egypt and the resulting Descriptions of Egypt.
• The second is concurrent with Carter’s discovery of King Tut’s Tomb in the early part of the 20th century.
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Clock, 1808, Benjamin Vulliamy
Black Marble and Ormolu
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Grauman’s Egyptian Theater
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Egyptian Theater
Boise, Idaho