FOCUS QUESTION:FOCUS QUESTION:How did geography affect How did geography affect

the development of Ancient the development of Ancient Greece?Greece?

The Geography of Greece

• The MountainsThe Mountains– ¾ of the land¾ of the land– Little Little

farmlandfarmland (few (few streams) streams) supported a supported a small small population)population)

– Divided into Divided into city-statescity-states (polis)(polis)

– Never unitedNever united into one countryinto one country

• The SeaThe Sea– Great sailorsGreat sailors– Traded for Traded for

things they things they didn’t havedidn’t have

GeographyGeography

Aegean Sea

Ionian Sea

Mediterranean Sea

Crete

Athens

Sparta

Troy

What was the origin and What was the origin and structure of the Greek structure of the Greek polispolis? ?

• Polis: city-statePolis: city-state• By 750 BC- By 750 BC- fundamental political fundamental political

unit in ancient Greeceunit in ancient Greece• Made up of a city and its Made up of a city and its

surrounding countryside- surrounding countryside- including numerous villagesincluding numerous villages– Athens, Sparta, IthacaAthens, Sparta, Ithaca

• Where did they meet to discuss Where did they meet to discuss issues?issues?– Acropolis: the highest and most Acropolis: the highest and most

fortified place in the cityfortified place in the city– Slide 21Slide 21

What was the origin and What was the origin and structure of the Greek polis?structure of the Greek polis?

• Why did these develop?Why did these develop?– They began to identify with the They began to identify with the

local area in which they livedlocal area in which they lived• Different types:Different types:

– Monarchy- rule by kingMonarchy- rule by king– Aristocracy – rule by rich Aristocracy – rule by rich

peoplepeople– Oligarchy – rule by a small Oligarchy – rule by a small

group of peoplegroup of people– Tyrant – a dictatorTyrant – a dictator

Review:Review:

What was the polis?What was the polis?

What was the acropolis?What was the acropolis?

Why do people need Why do people need religion?religion?

How did the Greeks use How did the Greeks use religion for that purpose?religion for that purpose?

Describe polytheism in Describe polytheism in the Greek worldthe Greek world

• POLYTHEISTICPOLYTHEISTIC• Greeks developedGreeks developed a rich set of a rich set of

mythsmyths (stories) (stories) about their godsabout their gods• Gave gods human qualitiesGave gods human qualities::

– Love, hate, jealousyLove, hate, jealousy

• Lived foreverLived forever• Mount Olympus- where the gods Mount Olympus- where the gods

livedlived• Gods were worshiped in templesGods were worshiped in temples

– Use of oracles as mediumsUse of oracles as mediums

Zeus

Hera

Athena

Hercules

Bronze Age Greece

Crete: Minoan Civilization

(Palace at Knossos)

Knossos: Minoan Civilization

Minoan Civilization

The Mycenaean Civilization

Homer: The “Heroic Age”

The Mask of Agamemnon

ATHENS: Yesterday & Today

Back to the polis…

Piraeus: Athens’ Port City

What political What political contribution did the contribution did the

Greeks give to Western Greeks give to Western cultures and societies?cultures and societies?

Early Athenian Lawgivers• Draco

• Promoted the idea that all people are equal under the law

• Promoted the use of capital punishment

• Solon Changes to the government

Gave citizens a greater voice

• Cleisthenes All citizens could submit laws for

discussion and passage

created the first (limited) democracy! (free, adult male property owners)

Sparta

Sparta Emerges as a Military State

While the struggle between rich and poor helped Athens develop democracy, a slave revolt in Sparta causes it to transform into a military oligarchy Daily Life centered around military training Individuality discouraged Did not value arts Valued duty and discipline Girls receives some military training Were allowed to run family estates while men were at

war

Persian Wars: 499 BCE – 480 BCE

Persian Wars: Famous Battles Marathon (490 BCE)

Greeks defeat Persians

Pheidippides runs 26 miles to Athens; “Rejoice, we conquer!”

Thermopylae (480 BCE)

300 Spartans at the Mountain pass; all die valiantly and inspire other Greeks

Salamis (480 BCE)

Narrow strait allows smaller Greek ships to take advantage

Athenian navy victorious

Outcome of the Persian Wars

• Delian League: Around 200 Greek city-states work together to fight the Persians

• After the Persians were defeated, Athens emerges as the leader of the Delian League and enters into a Golden Age!

Ch.5.3 Greece’s Golden Age “Age of

Pericles”460 BCE – 429 BCE

Pericles- wise and able Pericles- wise and able statesman who had 3 goals:statesman who had 3 goals:

1. Strengthen Athenian Democracy1. Strengthen Athenian Democracy

2. Hold & Strengthen the empire2. Hold & Strengthen the empire

3. Glorify Athens3. Glorify AthensStrengthen DemocracyStrengthen Democracy

» Increased number of public officials who were Increased number of public officials who were paid- poor could servepaid- poor could serve

» Introduces Direct DemocracyIntroduces Direct DemocracyAthenian EmpireAthenian Empire

» Formed Delian League- used $ from treasury to Formed Delian League- used $ from treasury to make Navy strongest in Mediterraneanmake Navy strongest in Mediterranean

Glorify AthensGlorify Athens» Used treasury money to beautify Athens.Used treasury money to beautify Athens.

PhilosophyPhilosophy

• Philo = lovePhilo = love• Soph = wisdomSoph = wisdom• Therefore, a philosopher is “a Therefore, a philosopher is “a

lover of wisdom”lover of wisdom”

Great Athenian Philosophers• Socrates

• Know thyself!

• question everything “Socratic method”

• Absolute standards did exist for truth and justice

• Died by poison

• Plato• Student of Socrates

• The Academy

• The Republic philosopher-king (person with greatest insight)

Great Athenian Philosophers

• Aristotle• Student of Plato

• The Lyceum school

• Questioned the nature of the world and of human thought

• Provides the basis of the Scientific Method.

• Alexander the Great was his student

What were characteristics What were characteristics of Classical Greece culture?of Classical Greece culture?

Athens: The Arts & Sciences DRAMA (tragedians):

Tragedies

Comedies

THE SCIENCES: Pythagoras Pythagorean

Theorem!

A2 + B2 = C2

Democritus all matter made up of small atoms

Hippocrates “Father of Medicine”

The Classical Greek “Ideal”

Classical Greek art was focused on idealism and beauty.

Phidias’ Acropolis

The acropolis was the fortified hilltop area of the city-state.

the acropolis of athens

The Acropolis Today

Back to the polis!

The Parthenon

The Parthenon was a temple built to the Athenian patron goddess, Athena.

The Agora

Housed in the acropolis was the agora, or the marketplace, where men frequented

to buy/sell or discuss politics.

Olympia

This was the site of the Olympic games that the Greeks attended every year. Though they fought

each other, they would cease war just for the Olympic games.

The Ancient Olympics:

Athletes & Trainers

Olympia: Temple to Hera

Athens’ strength Athens’ strength became their weakness, became their weakness,

and other Greek city-and other Greek city-states grew tired of their states grew tired of their

power…power…

Peloponnesian Wars

Athens vs. Sparta

Sparta grows tired of Athenian domination of the Delian League

SPARTA

Peloponnesian War Ends Peloponnesian War Ends Golden AgeGolden Age

• Athens had stronger navy while Sparta Athens had stronger navy while Sparta had stronger armyhad stronger army

• Sparta burned AthensSparta burned Athens• Pericles responded by bringing residents Pericles responded by bringing residents

into city wallsinto city walls• However, the plague struck and Pericles However, the plague struck and Pericles

dieddied• War continues for year but eventually War continues for year but eventually

leads to a truceleads to a truce• Sparta wins the war, but all of Greece is Sparta wins the war, but all of Greece is

weakened as a result, leaving the door weakened as a result, leaving the door open for…open for…

CONQUEST!!!CONQUEST!!!

Macedonia Under Philip IIPHILIP II CONQUERS

GREECE.

Philip II hated the Greeks because they looked down on the Macedonians, seeing them as uncivilized foreigners (even though many Macedonians saw themselves as Greek)

Philip II of MacedonPhilip II of Macedon• Becomes king of Becomes king of

Macedonia in 359BCMacedonia in 359BC• Quickly proved to be a Quickly proved to be a

brilliant general and brilliant general and ruthless politicianruthless politician

• Was seen as a threat to Was seen as a threat to Greece by some, but the Greece by some, but the Greek city-states could not Greek city-states could not agree on a course of agree on a course of action. action.

• Philip defeats the Greeks Philip defeats the Greeks at the Battle of Chaeronea, at the Battle of Chaeronea, ending Greek ending Greek independence.independence.

• Philip is assassinated at his Philip is assassinated at his daughters wedding! No daughters wedding! No daddy/daughter dance!daddy/daughter dance!

•

Ow! My eyeball!

His son, Alexander the Great, quickly proclaims

himself king

Alexander defeats PersiaAlexander defeats Persia• Conquered the lands from Conquered the lands from

Greece to the Indus ValleyGreece to the Indus Valley– Smashed the Persians, Egypt Smashed the Persians, Egypt

(crowned him pharaoh), Babylon, (crowned him pharaoh), Babylon, Indus River ValleyIndus River Valley

-His soldiers fought for 11 years-His soldiers fought for 11 years

-They miss their families and beg -They miss their families and beg Alexander to go homeAlexander to go home

-Alexander agrees, but never makes -Alexander agrees, but never makes it home. He dies of syphillis at the it home. He dies of syphillis at the age of 32!age of 32!

Alexander the Great’s Empire

The Hellenization of Asia

Hellenism: blend of Greek and Eastern (Persian, Egyptian, and Indian) cultures

Diffusion of Greek Diffusion of Greek cultureculture• Greek culture and language traveled Greek culture and language traveled

with Alexander’s army (notice the with Alexander’s army (notice the influence of his teacher, Aristotle!)influence of his teacher, Aristotle!)

• The blending of Greek, Egyptian, The blending of Greek, Egyptian, Persian, and Indian influences Persian, and Indian influences became known as Hellenistic culturebecame known as Hellenistic culture

• New blended languageNew blended language• Alexandria- Egyptian city became an Alexandria- Egyptian city became an

international community with international community with diverse population; home to some of diverse population; home to some of the world’s foremost scholars!the world’s foremost scholars!

Alexandria

Pergamum: A Hellenistic City

The Colossus of Rhodes

A 100 ft. tall Bronze Statue Toppled by an earthquakeIn 225 BC

The Economy of the Hellenistic World

Hellenistic Philosophers Diogenes promotes

Cynicism ignore social conventions &

avoid luxuries.

citizens of the world.

live a humble, simple life.

Epicurus Promotes philosophy of Epicureanism Avoid pain & seek pleasure.

Advocated moderation in all things

Hellenistic Philosophers Zeno- Promotes

philosophy of Stoicism People should live virtuous

lives in harmony with God’s will

Human desires should be kept in check

Hence the phrase: “He is a stoic individual.”

Hellenism: The Arts & Sciences

Scientists / Mathematicians:

Aristarchus heliocentric theory

Euclid geometry

Archimedes pulley

Hellenistic Art:

More realistic; less ideal than classical art

Showed individual emotions, wrinkles, and age!

What is Hellenism? What is Hellenism?

How did Alexander the How did Alexander the Great’s conquest lead to Great’s conquest lead to

cultural diffusion?cultural diffusion?

What were some What were some characteristics of characteristics of

Hellenistic Greece?Hellenistic Greece?

Alexander’s Legacy

After his death, Alexander’s generals fight for control of the vast empire

Three rise to the top:• Antigonus- took control of

Macedonia and the Greek city-states• Ptolemy- took control of Egypt• Seleucus- took control of the old

Persian Empire

The Breakup of Alexander’s Empire

Who’s Next?

As Hellenistic Greece begins to fade in power around 150 B.C., a new power begins to rise…

ROME!