ancient greece. dorian – western mainland ionian – east coast from athens, across aegean sea to...

90
Ancient Greece

Upload: mitchell-robbins

Post on 20-Jan-2016

227 views

Category:

Documents


1 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Ancient Greece. Dorian – western mainland Ionian – east coast from Athens, across Aegean Sea to western Turkey

Ancient Greece

Page 2: Ancient Greece. Dorian – western mainland Ionian – east coast from Athens, across Aegean Sea to western Turkey

Dorian – western mainlandIonian – east coast from Athens,

across Aegean Sea to western Turkey

Page 3: Ancient Greece. Dorian – western mainland Ionian – east coast from Athens, across Aegean Sea to western Turkey

Temple of Apollo at Delphi, originally Mycenaean and honored the titan goddess, Gaia. After the fall of the Mycenaean civilization, Greeks transformed it into a temple for Apollo. This also marks the transformation from matriarchal to patriarchal societies.

Page 4: Ancient Greece. Dorian – western mainland Ionian – east coast from Athens, across Aegean Sea to western Turkey

Detail of columns at Temple of Apollo in Delphi

Page 5: Ancient Greece. Dorian – western mainland Ionian – east coast from Athens, across Aegean Sea to western Turkey

Plan of the Temple of Apollo

Page 6: Ancient Greece. Dorian – western mainland Ionian – east coast from Athens, across Aegean Sea to western Turkey

Plato, philosopher, no use for artists because they are just imitating nature that is already perfect because it is created by God. Craftsmen are above fine artists because at least they make something functional

Socrates, Plato’s spokesman and teacher – developed a new form of teaching known as the Socratic dialogue, a process of question and answer through which the truth of the argument is elicited through the student

Aristotle, Plato’s most distinguished student and tutor to Alex the Great, known for the diversity of his interests.

Philosophy and aesthetics are very interrelated in Ancient Greece

Page 7: Ancient Greece. Dorian – western mainland Ionian – east coast from Athens, across Aegean Sea to western Turkey

Amphora – two handled vase, used for storing honey, olive oil, water or wine; also given as trophies in Olympics

Lekythos – a flask for storing and pouring oil

Krater – a bowl for mixing water and wine (Greeks drank their wine diluted)

Page 8: Ancient Greece. Dorian – western mainland Ionian – east coast from Athens, across Aegean Sea to western Turkey

Hydria – a water jar with three handles; two horizontal for carrying, one vertical for pouring

Kylix – drinking cup

Oinochoe – (Oenochoe) jug for pouring wine

Page 9: Ancient Greece. Dorian – western mainland Ionian – east coast from Athens, across Aegean Sea to western Turkey

Geometric Style 1000-700 B.C.

Geometric Amphora

Meandering patterns, what is this reminiscent of?

Page 10: Ancient Greece. Dorian – western mainland Ionian – east coast from Athens, across Aegean Sea to western Turkey

Orientalizing Style 700-600 B.C.Compare figures to the boxing children from Minoan frescos

Page 11: Ancient Greece. Dorian – western mainland Ionian – east coast from Athens, across Aegean Sea to western Turkey

Cyclops and Medusa

Page 12: Ancient Greece. Dorian – western mainland Ionian – east coast from Athens, across Aegean Sea to western Turkey

Hercules

Archaic Style 600-480 B.C.Black – figure

Achilles and Atlas playing a board game

Page 13: Ancient Greece. Dorian – western mainland Ionian – east coast from Athens, across Aegean Sea to western Turkey

Exekias, amphora showing Achilles and Penthesilea

Page 14: Ancient Greece. Dorian – western mainland Ionian – east coast from Athens, across Aegean Sea to western Turkey

Late Archaic to Classical Style 530 – 400 B.C.

Red Figure Kylix

Achilles and Penthesilea

Page 15: Ancient Greece. Dorian – western mainland Ionian – east coast from Athens, across Aegean Sea to western Turkey

Niobid Painter, kalyx krater, Death of the Children of Niobe

Page 16: Ancient Greece. Dorian – western mainland Ionian – east coast from Athens, across Aegean Sea to western Turkey
Page 17: Ancient Greece. Dorian – western mainland Ionian – east coast from Athens, across Aegean Sea to western Turkey

Berlin Painter, bell krater showing the Abduction of Europa

Page 18: Ancient Greece. Dorian – western mainland Ionian – east coast from Athens, across Aegean Sea to western Turkey

Classical to Late Classical Style,450 – 323 B.C. Reed Painter, Warrior by a Grave, Funerary vessel, shows artist’s interest in showing forms as they appear in natural, three-dimensional space.

Page 19: Ancient Greece. Dorian – western mainland Ionian – east coast from Athens, across Aegean Sea to western Turkey

The Battle of Issos, Pompeii, c. 300 B.C., Mosaic, a.k.a. the “Alexander Mosaic”Tesserae – little tiles or opus vermiculatum – worm work (because of the circular placement resembles the movement of a crawling worm, 106 ¾ x 201 ½ found on the floors of houses of the wealthy

Page 20: Ancient Greece. Dorian – western mainland Ionian – east coast from Athens, across Aegean Sea to western Turkey

Alexander and his famous horse Bukephalos “ox-head” – wavy hair typical of royalty, staring at the Persian leader Darius

Shows naturalism and foreshortening

Page 21: Ancient Greece. Dorian – western mainland Ionian – east coast from Athens, across Aegean Sea to western Turkey

Sculpture

Page 22: Ancient Greece. Dorian – western mainland Ionian – east coast from Athens, across Aegean Sea to western Turkey

Orientalizing Style: Lions of Delos, considered a fertile island because Apollo and his twin Artemis were born here. Because such a sacred site, constant struggle for control, thus the lion guardians.

Page 23: Ancient Greece. Dorian – western mainland Ionian – east coast from Athens, across Aegean Sea to western Turkey
Page 24: Ancient Greece. Dorian – western mainland Ionian – east coast from Athens, across Aegean Sea to western Turkey

Archaic: New York Kouros, Attica, c. 600 B.C., Marble, 6 ft. life size, no provenience, originally used as grave markers, earliest known life size of a standing male from the Archaic period

Page 25: Ancient Greece. Dorian – western mainland Ionian – east coast from Athens, across Aegean Sea to western Turkey
Page 26: Ancient Greece. Dorian – western mainland Ionian – east coast from Athens, across Aegean Sea to western Turkey

Anavysos Kouros, 530 BCE marble with remnants of paint

Page 27: Ancient Greece. Dorian – western mainland Ionian – east coast from Athens, across Aegean Sea to western Turkey

Cheramyes Master, Hera of Samos, c. 560 B.C., Marble, 6ft. 3 ½ in.

What is encaustic painting? Why does that art term relate to this sculpture?

Page 28: Ancient Greece. Dorian – western mainland Ionian – east coast from Athens, across Aegean Sea to western Turkey

Peplos Kore, c. 530 B.C., retains traces of paint on her dress and in her eyes, reminds us that Greek artists used color to enliven white marble statues.

Page 29: Ancient Greece. Dorian – western mainland Ionian – east coast from Athens, across Aegean Sea to western Turkey
Page 30: Ancient Greece. Dorian – western mainland Ionian – east coast from Athens, across Aegean Sea to western Turkey

Early Classical Style

The Kritios Boy, Acropolis, AthensReflects a moment of self awareness marked by the change from Archaic to Early Classical – the only stylization left is in the hair and curls around the head, the flesh covers an organic structure of bone and muscle

contrapposto-Latin: “contra” – against

“positus” – positionHead is turned slightly and

the right leg, that is forward, bends at the knee so that the left leg appears to hold the body’s weight. The torso shifts so that the right hip and shoulder are

lowered – contrast between rigid and relaxed elements allow the viewer to feel the

inner workings of the human body.

Page 31: Ancient Greece. Dorian – western mainland Ionian – east coast from Athens, across Aegean Sea to western Turkey

Poseidon/Zeus, found in the sea off Cape Artemision, dates to about 30 years after the Kritios Boy, it reflects the Greeks interest in athletics, artists studied athletes practicing in order to create figures in action

Page 32: Ancient Greece. Dorian – western mainland Ionian – east coast from Athens, across Aegean Sea to western Turkey

Lost wax Process:Wax apple rubber mold and hollow cast fire-proof mold final bronze cast

case in plaster in paraffin (clay based) with spruing

Page 33: Ancient Greece. Dorian – western mainland Ionian – east coast from Athens, across Aegean Sea to western Turkey

Diskobolos – Discus Thrower460 – 450 B.C.Only known from marble copies of the bronze original.Based on a circular design with two overlapping arcs, from the head to the knee and from hand to hand. The torso twists to align with the thighs, unity between the domed head, disc, and round base, frozen circular motion of a pivoting athlete

Page 34: Ancient Greece. Dorian – western mainland Ionian – east coast from Athens, across Aegean Sea to western Turkey

Warrior from Riace, c. 450 B.C., also found in the sea off the southern coast of Italy near Raice, eyes are inlaid with bone and glass paste, copper eyelashes, lips and nipples, and silver teeth create a vivid, life-like impression, dated to the end of Early Classical and beginning of Classical, stylized hair is an Early Classical element, while the self confident, dynamic pose and organic for are characteristic of Classical Style. (see fig.5.25 on page 159 for better detail)

Page 35: Ancient Greece. Dorian – western mainland Ionian – east coast from Athens, across Aegean Sea to western Turkey

Classical Style:Polykleitos, Doryphoros (Spear Bearer), marble copy of bronze originalTypical of Roman reproductions are the tree trunk supporting the back of the right leg and the right hand to the thigh. Bronze is stronger than marble and does not require such supports.

Page 36: Ancient Greece. Dorian – western mainland Ionian – east coast from Athens, across Aegean Sea to western Turkey

Attributed to Polykleitos, Wounded Amazon, c. 430 B.C.,Marble copy of bronze original, Amazons were female warriors from the east who helped defend Troy against the Greeks, Visual unity is created through the repetition of movement in the dress and the waves of her hair. It also interrupts the smooth texture of her skin.

Page 37: Ancient Greece. Dorian – western mainland Ionian – east coast from Athens, across Aegean Sea to western Turkey

Grave Stele of Hegeso,c. 410-400 B.C., MarbleHas a mourning look on her face as she looks at a necklace pulled from a box held by her servant.

Page 38: Ancient Greece. Dorian – western mainland Ionian – east coast from Athens, across Aegean Sea to western Turkey

Architecture

Page 39: Ancient Greece. Dorian – western mainland Ionian – east coast from Athens, across Aegean Sea to western Turkey

View of the temple of Apollo at Corinth, c. 550 B.C., limestone originally faced with stucco. Peripteral – (peristyle – open space surrounded by a collonade) temple whose walls are created by columns, proportions and grandeur diminish because “man is the measure of all things” – what does that mean?

Page 40: Ancient Greece. Dorian – western mainland Ionian – east coast from Athens, across Aegean Sea to western Turkey

Plan of the temple of Apollo at Corinth

1 2 3 4 5

6

7

8

1.Opisthodomos (back porch) 2. hallway seperated from naos by a solid wall 3. base of cult statue 4. naos (inner sanctuary) 5. Pronaos (front porch) 6. Solid wall 7. column of peristyle

8. steps

Page 41: Ancient Greece. Dorian – western mainland Ionian – east coast from Athens, across Aegean Sea to western Turkey

Columns do not have a base, the rise out of the edge of the step. The capitals are reminiscent of Minoan columns from the Palace of Knossos, why? What kind of construction is this?

Page 42: Ancient Greece. Dorian – western mainland Ionian – east coast from Athens, across Aegean Sea to western Turkey

entasis

stylobate

stereobate

entablature

Doric drum

Page 43: Ancient Greece. Dorian – western mainland Ionian – east coast from Athens, across Aegean Sea to western Turkey

abacus

Page 44: Ancient Greece. Dorian – western mainland Ionian – east coast from Athens, across Aegean Sea to western Turkey
Page 45: Ancient Greece. Dorian – western mainland Ionian – east coast from Athens, across Aegean Sea to western Turkey

Reconstruction of the façade of the Siphnian Treasury in the sanctuary of Apollo at Delphi, Archaic Style, Ionic order, housed inside, notice the decorative borders, egg and dart, leaf and dart

Page 46: Ancient Greece. Dorian – western mainland Ionian – east coast from Athens, across Aegean Sea to western Turkey

Seated gods from the ionic frieze of the Siphnian treasury, Aphrodite, Artemis and Apollo argue over who won the war.

What is the period style? How can you tell?

Page 47: Ancient Greece. Dorian – western mainland Ionian – east coast from Athens, across Aegean Sea to western Turkey

Early Classical Style: Head of Zeus and Enthroned Zeus, Obverse and reverse of a coin minted by Hadrian to celebrate the 228th Olympiad, they used this coin to recreate the colossal statue of Zeus in the temple of Zeus at Olympia because the statue was destroyed many years before.

Page 48: Ancient Greece. Dorian – western mainland Ionian – east coast from Athens, across Aegean Sea to western Turkey

The temple of Zeus at Olympia, 465-457 B.C., showing the cult statue seen from the façade, colossal statue originally 40 feet high, made of chryselephantine (“chrusos” – gold; “elephantos” – ivory) attached to a wooden frame

Page 49: Ancient Greece. Dorian – western mainland Ionian – east coast from Athens, across Aegean Sea to western Turkey

West façade of Zeus’ temple at Olympia

Page 50: Ancient Greece. Dorian – western mainland Ionian – east coast from Athens, across Aegean Sea to western Turkey

West pediment of Zeus’ temple, Apollo in the middle with a calm solid, stance. With a raised right arm to subdue the centaurs from attacking the Lapith people

Page 51: Ancient Greece. Dorian – western mainland Ionian – east coast from Athens, across Aegean Sea to western Turkey

Centaur from west pediment

Page 52: Ancient Greece. Dorian – western mainland Ionian – east coast from Athens, across Aegean Sea to western Turkey

The east pediment of Zeus’ temple, Zeus is in the middle with Oinomaos and Pelops

Page 53: Ancient Greece. Dorian – western mainland Ionian – east coast from Athens, across Aegean Sea to western Turkey

Metopes showing the 12 labors of Herakles

Page 54: Ancient Greece. Dorian – western mainland Ionian – east coast from Athens, across Aegean Sea to western Turkey

Athena, Herakles and Atlas, the Golden Apples of the Hesperides, from the east side of the temple

Page 55: Ancient Greece. Dorian – western mainland Ionian – east coast from Athens, across Aegean Sea to western Turkey
Page 56: Ancient Greece. Dorian – western mainland Ionian – east coast from Athens, across Aegean Sea to western Turkey

In Greek architecture, a freestanding COLONNADE or covered walkway; also, a long open building with its roof supported by one or more rows of columns parallel to its rear wall. Stoas lined marketplaces and sanctuaries and formed places of business and public promenades. Rooms might back onto the colonnade, and a second story was sometimes added. The Stoa of Attalus in Athens (2nd century BC), a large, elaborate, two-story building with a row of shops at the rear, was a prime example.

Page 57: Ancient Greece. Dorian – western mainland Ionian – east coast from Athens, across Aegean Sea to western Turkey

Stoa of Attalos, used for over 400 years, housed 40 shops

Page 58: Ancient Greece. Dorian – western mainland Ionian – east coast from Athens, across Aegean Sea to western Turkey
Page 59: Ancient Greece. Dorian – western mainland Ionian – east coast from Athens, across Aegean Sea to western Turkey

View of the Acropolis, Athens

Page 60: Ancient Greece. Dorian – western mainland Ionian – east coast from Athens, across Aegean Sea to western Turkey

Plan of the Acropolis

Page 61: Ancient Greece. Dorian – western mainland Ionian – east coast from Athens, across Aegean Sea to western Turkey
Page 62: Ancient Greece. Dorian – western mainland Ionian – east coast from Athens, across Aegean Sea to western Turkey

Propylaea, grand entrance to the Acropolis

Page 63: Ancient Greece. Dorian – western mainland Ionian – east coast from Athens, across Aegean Sea to western Turkey

Parthenon, designed by Iktinos and Kallikrates, artistic direction from Phidias, made of marble, cut and fit without the use of mortar, primarily doric with the exception of four columns inside the treasury and a continuous ionic frieze that runs along the inside of the colonnade, shows the Athenian interest in harmonizing east and west Greece.

Page 64: Ancient Greece. Dorian – western mainland Ionian – east coast from Athens, across Aegean Sea to western Turkey
Page 65: Ancient Greece. Dorian – western mainland Ionian – east coast from Athens, across Aegean Sea to western Turkey

East pediment of the Parthenon, various gods and goddesses, arranged to fit logically in the triangular shape of the pediment

Page 66: Ancient Greece. Dorian – western mainland Ionian – east coast from Athens, across Aegean Sea to western Turkey
Page 67: Ancient Greece. Dorian – western mainland Ionian – east coast from Athens, across Aegean Sea to western Turkey

Doric on the outer colonnade and ionic on the inner colonnade

Page 68: Ancient Greece. Dorian – western mainland Ionian – east coast from Athens, across Aegean Sea to western Turkey

Continuous Ionic frieze, Phidias adopted the convention of isocephaly – all the heads are about the same level, shown are the equestrian group of the north frieze

Metope from Doric frieze, shown is Lapith and Centaur, high – relief sculpture, single combat

Page 69: Ancient Greece. Dorian – western mainland Ionian – east coast from Athens, across Aegean Sea to western Turkey

What it hypothetically looked like.

Page 70: Ancient Greece. Dorian – western mainland Ionian – east coast from Athens, across Aegean Sea to western Turkey

Athena, cult statue, name sake of Athens, reconstruction of Phidia’s originial, found in the naos of the Parthenon.

parthenos – virgin, comes from parthenogenesis meaning virgin birth

Athena sprung from Zeus’ forehead and was not actually born in a human sense. Thus the virgin birth.She is the goddess of war and wisdom

Shown wearing Medusa’s head, holding a statue of Nike

Chryselephantine – gold and ivory statue

Page 71: Ancient Greece. Dorian – western mainland Ionian – east coast from Athens, across Aegean Sea to western Turkey
Page 72: Ancient Greece. Dorian – western mainland Ionian – east coast from Athens, across Aegean Sea to western Turkey

The Temple of Athena Nike from the east of the Acropolis.

Page 73: Ancient Greece. Dorian – western mainland Ionian – east coast from Athens, across Aegean Sea to western Turkey

Temple of Athena Nike, Nike Adjusting Her Sandal, from the balustrade of the temple at Athena Nike. Sheer, almost transparent drapery (wet drapery) appears to cling to the body, elegant repeated folds, graceful curved torso with diagonal planes

Page 74: Ancient Greece. Dorian – western mainland Ionian – east coast from Athens, across Aegean Sea to western Turkey

The Erechtheum, west side of the Acropolis, built for the celebrated king who was worshipped with Athena and various other gods, caryatid porch

Page 75: Ancient Greece. Dorian – western mainland Ionian – east coast from Athens, across Aegean Sea to western Turkey

Theater at Epidauros, c. 350 B.C., diameter 373 ft., curved rows of stone, formed a conical shape, Skene – (scene) stage

Page 76: Ancient Greece. Dorian – western mainland Ionian – east coast from Athens, across Aegean Sea to western Turkey

Shows were performed in honor of the wine god, Dionysos

Page 77: Ancient Greece. Dorian – western mainland Ionian – east coast from Athens, across Aegean Sea to western Turkey

Late Classical

Praxiteles, Aphrodite of Knidos, c. 350.B.C.Marble Roman copy,Praxiteles was the leading Athenian sculptor of Late Classical style. Gentle “S” shape called the “Praxitelean curve” is outlines the stance of most of his statues.Aphrodite was commissioned by Kos but was rejected because of her nudity. She was then accepted by Knidos. It was with this piece that female entered the canon of beauty in Greek art, which was previously restricted to males only. The positioning of her hand shows both modesty yet draws attention to her nudity.

How has the figure changed to classify it as Late Classical rather then Classical? How has the Greek “ideal” of female nude beauty changed to present day “ideal”?

Page 78: Ancient Greece. Dorian – western mainland Ionian – east coast from Athens, across Aegean Sea to western Turkey

Lysippos, Apoxyomenos (athlete with a strigil [an instrument used to scrap moisture from the skin after bathing or exercising]) literally means “one scraping himself”Canon is distinguished from Polykleitos’s Doryphoros, Polykleitos’ figures were idealized youths. Lysippos prefered thinner bodies, smaller heads, more detailed hair and an increase in surface movement. The result was a taller, lighter appearance and livelier stance.

Page 79: Ancient Greece. Dorian – western mainland Ionian – east coast from Athens, across Aegean Sea to western Turkey

Same artist, very different emotions and actions, what do you see?

Page 80: Ancient Greece. Dorian – western mainland Ionian – east coast from Athens, across Aegean Sea to western Turkey

Attic grave stele, from near Athens, c. 350 – 330 B.C., Marble

Shows man in the three stages of his life, from young boy weeping on the steps, to strong confident, heroic man, to old contemplative man. It is believed this stele marked the grave of a young man who died in the prime of his life. (he is the most prominent figure) The old man is a grieving father and the boy and dog added pathos (element of pity) that became typical of Greek art.

Page 81: Ancient Greece. Dorian – western mainland Ionian – east coast from Athens, across Aegean Sea to western Turkey

Hellenistic Style:Extended from the death of Alexander the Great (323 B.C.) to the beginning of the Roman Empire under AugustusRefers to the spread of Greek influence beyond Greece especially to the east as a result of Alexander’s conquests. During the influx of power the is much cross-fertilization (influences) There is an increase of portraiture, becomes very dramatic showing emotion, inner and outer.

Head of Alexander, from PergamonLysippos was the official sculptor of Alexander and established the official royal image. Though none of his images survived, many posthumous portraits by other artists did survive.

Page 82: Ancient Greece. Dorian – western mainland Ionian – east coast from Athens, across Aegean Sea to western Turkey

Polyeuktos, Demosthenes, c. 280 B.C. His life was beset with financial hardship and a speech impediment. He stuttered terribly but taught himself to become the greatest public speaker in Athens. His political enemies succeeded in having him exiled for trumped up charges of corruption, rather than subjugating to the enemy he drank poison to end his life. This statue shows his worn face, furrowed brow, concentrated gaze. The story is important because it shows an integral part of the statue creating a new, biographical accuracy.

Page 83: Ancient Greece. Dorian – western mainland Ionian – east coast from Athens, across Aegean Sea to western Turkey

Winged Nike (Winged Victory), from Samothrace, c. 190 B. C.Marble, the shifting spatial thrusts are characteristic of the new Hellenistic command of form and motion in space.

It is as if she were on the hull of a boat in the naval fleet coming home from victory. Her wings are outstretched as they have not landed yet and her garment is clinging to her legs from the rush of the wind.

Page 84: Ancient Greece. Dorian – western mainland Ionian – east coast from Athens, across Aegean Sea to western Turkey

Sleeping Eros, (Eros/Cupid is the son of Aphrodite), c. 150 B.C., Bronze, Shows relaxation, the body is laying all of it’s weight on the support. His arm is laying over limp from the force of gravity.

Page 85: Ancient Greece. Dorian – western mainland Ionian – east coast from Athens, across Aegean Sea to western Turkey

Boxer, 2nd or early 1st century, wearing the leather straps on his hands of Greek boxers, they reeked havoc on their opponent. The boxer himself show the signs of many years of fighting, broken teeth, scars on his face, the skin across his rib cage is sagging.

Page 86: Ancient Greece. Dorian – western mainland Ionian – east coast from Athens, across Aegean Sea to western Turkey

Laocoon and His Two Sons, Marble, 7 ft., the two figures on the left are original, the boy on the right is a roman addition. Laocoon was a Trojan seer who warned them not to trust the Greeks. Athena sent two serpents to devour him and his sons

Page 87: Ancient Greece. Dorian – western mainland Ionian – east coast from Athens, across Aegean Sea to western Turkey

Altar of Zeus, west front, reconstructed and restored, from Pergamon ( the west coast of Turkey), c. 180 B.C. Marble height of the frieze is 7 ft. 6 in. The frieze portrays the Hellenistic taste for emotion, energetic movement and exaggerated musculature. The outside frieze shows the battle between pre-Greek Titans and Greek Olympians.

Page 88: Ancient Greece. Dorian – western mainland Ionian – east coast from Athens, across Aegean Sea to western Turkey
Page 89: Ancient Greece. Dorian – western mainland Ionian – east coast from Athens, across Aegean Sea to western Turkey
Page 90: Ancient Greece. Dorian – western mainland Ionian – east coast from Athens, across Aegean Sea to western Turkey

Athena Battling with Alkyoneus, (the son of Gaia who was Apollo’s predecessor at Delphi), unlike the classical versions because it is full of melodrama, frenzy and pathos.