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Ancient IndonesiaComprising ov er seventeen thousand islands,

Indonesia has been a strategic center of trade since

ancient times, and is home to the ancient cultures of

Bali, Java and Sumatra

NAMERICA

America

Canada

Guatemala

Mexico

SAMERICA

Argentina

Brazil

Chile

Peru

T H E H I S T O R Y O F T H E I N D O N ES I A N

A R C HI P E LA G O

Home Explore The Map of the Ancient World Ancient Indonesia

The earliest known book to map

world geography w as written by

the Greek astronomer Claudius

Ptolemy toward the end of the first

century AD. In the "Geographia,

Ptolemy wrote about an intriguing

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Denmark

England

Finland

France

Germany

Greece

Hungary

Ireland

Italy

Netherlands

Norway

Poland

Portugal

Romania

Russia

Scotland

Spain

Sweden

N E A R E A S T

Arabia

Armenia

Israel

Iraq

Persia

Turkey

A F RI CA

Egypt

Ethiopia

Nigeria

Head of Bodhisattva

Av alokite shv ara, Central

Java; Vo lcanic ston e, 9th

century

island located to the east of the

Indian subcontinent called

Labadius. The island "... is said to

be a most fruitful one, and to

produce much gold," wrote

Ptolemy. "It has a metropolis on

the north side toward the westcalled Argentea...." The name

Labadius probably was derived

from the Indian Sanskrit word

Yavadvipa, the name that the

natives of the Indian subcontinent

first used to refer to the island of

Java in religious texts that were

written in the third century BCE.

Archaeological digs in western

Java have produced Chinese

ceramics that date from the period of the Han dynasty that once ruled

China during the opening centuries of the Common Era. These

important discoveries demonstrate that western Java had indeed once

been a stop-over point along the m aritime trade route that connected

China with India and Persia. In addition, a Chinese text has been found

that describes a mission to China from an undisclosed port that was

ruled by King Devavarman. Some scholars believe that this port city

may have been located on the coast of western Java.

A nci en t Indi a

The Ancient

Civilizations of India


A nci en t Engl and

The Ancient Cultures

of Brita in


A nci en t Egy pt

The Ancient

Egypt ian World


A nci en t Per sia

The An cient Persian

Empire


A nci en t Net her land s

The A ncient History

of Hollan d


A nci en t Ch in a

The An cient Chinese

Civilization


A nci en t Ch il e

The Ancient Cultures

of Patagonia


A nci en t Gre ece

The A ncient Aegean

World
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South Africa

Tunisia

A SI A

Cambodia

China

India

Indonesia

Japan

Korea

Thailand

Tibet

OCEANIA

Australia

New Zealand

Philippines

the Buddha Vairochana,

from Java 9th century

The Early Indonesian Archipelago

The earliest Indonesians in

the anthropological sense

probably arrived in the

islands of Southeast A sia

betwe en thre e and four

thousand years ago, at

whic h tim e they largely

superseded earlier

populations. The linguistic

and archaeological

evidence suggests thatthese natives may hav e

crossed over from the

Chinese mainland v ia

Taiwan and the

Philippines. I ndonesia's

history, has been

profoundly affected by the

sea. Major waves o f human

immigration to the islandsoccurred as long ago as

300 0 BCE, and continued

piecemeal for the best part

of 3000 y ears. It is not

known, though exactly

where the se p eo ple came

from southern China or

the Pacific islands. Certainly they brought with them the ir language,


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Austro nes ian, Howev er , be cause the y arr iv ed in small groups and

established independently settlements all around the coast, sometimes co-

existing with the distant desc endants of Java Man, this language rapidly

diver sified, so that now there are some thing like 200 different languages, all

derived from Austronesian, spoken within Indonesia.

At the same t ime that pe ople were immigrating to Ind one sia, ear lier

settlement were sailing to other parts of the wor ld in order to trade. The first

reco rds of this are probably in the works fo Pliny Elder, whose "Historia

Naturalis" seems to re fer to trade be tween peo ple from Indonesia and the

cultures of easter n Africa. It was about this time that Hinduism first came to

Indonesia, with the arrival of Indian traders. However, the real impact of

Hinduism was to come to I ndonesia much later, as a deliberate missionary

act by Brahmans, probably in the 5th century, by luck of coincidence some of

the basic ideas of Hindusim accorde d well with existing Indonesian mountain

worship, a nd a strange hy brid o f the two religio ns emer ged . Indo nesia's

major trading partner b y this time was southern China, thus Buddhist

influences also be gan to play a part.

Buddhist and Hindu Kingdoms reaches Sumatra
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5/19


The Buddha Srivijaya,

from an exce ptionally

naturalistic fragme nt of a

once com plete statue

e rs u s s arr ve

in Indonesia from around

100 to 200 AD from India.

One of the most famous

Buddhist kingdoms in

Indonesian history is

Sailendra (75 0-850 A D).

During this period, the

famous Buddhist temple at

Borobudur was built.

Records from these days

in Indonesia are scarce,

but we do kno w that

sophisticated cultures

already existed. The kings

and cities of Sumatra and

Java are mentioned in

reco rds from China,

because ambassado rs

wer e se nt ther e. A rab s and

Persians knew about the

area from traders, and

even the Greeks and

Romans had very distant

reports.Records from

inside Indonesia are very

few, though, since writing

was d one on p alm le av es

and other materials that did not survive well. Much of our knowledge comes

from stone buildings and inscriptions. By the time we start to get a c lear

history of Java and Sumatra, there are already great buildings in stone, fine

sculptures, classical music and dance, much as we know them today.

Under founding of

denmark the picture

of a statue is not gorm

the old, but holger

danske/ ogier the

dane.

Holger Danske is

normally regarded as a

Danish national

symbol. He is first

mentioned in

literature as one of the

French king

Charlemagnes

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The kris or keris is a

distinctive, asymmetrical

dagger indigenous to

In don esia, and are o ften

considered to have an

spiritual presenc e

Srivijaya empire

The Srivijaya empire was a maritime and comme rcial kingdom that flourished

betwe en the 7 th and the 1 3th century in the Mala y Arc hipelago. The

kingdom, which originated in Palembang on Sumatra, soon ext ended its

influence and c ontrolled the Strait of Malacca. The kingdom's power was

based o n its c ontro l of int ernationa l sea trade . I t es tab lished t rade relatio ns

not only with the st ates in the archipelago but also with China and India.

Until perhaps as late as the

7 th century the peoples of

Indonesia still retained

their multiplicity of

comparatively small

communities, trading and

sometimes fighting with

each other. By then,however, a major Buddhist

kingdom, Srivijay a, had

established itself with its

center probably just to the

west of modern

Palembang, in Sumatra. It

seems the rulers of

Srivijaya had considerable

wea lth as a re sult of bo th

an extensive trade

network and great

industry in the region. At

the end of the 7 th century Srivijaya moved to conquer all the smaller

communities along the northern coast of Sumatra and thereby snatched a

monopoly of the lucrative trade with China. The Maharajahs made various

treaties with the nativ es of smaller islands in the region so that merc hant

warriors in La

Chanson de Roland

from around 1060. In

this Chanson he is

called Oger le Danois,

his name being the

only link to Denmark.

In the later epos La

Chevalerie dOgier de

Danemarche (1200-

1215) he is portrayed

as the main character

and is described as a

son of the Danish king

Gudfred (d. 810), an

enemy of

Charlemagne.

His first appearance in

Nordic literature is in

the saga

Karlemagnssaga

from the latter part of

the 1200s, which in

the main consists of

passages translated

from French texts. His

name here is given as

Oddgeir danski. T his

saga was translated

into Danish during the
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7/19


The Hindu God Shiva, from

a Javanese temple

ships could pass unmolested. In this way, the kingdom surviv ed until the10th

century, it being convenient for the Chinese to deal with only one center.

However, the Chinese then began trading with local production centers

elsewhere in the region, and there was little Srivijaya could do to stop them.

The kingdom may have dragged on until sometime in the 14th ce ntury, but

by the n its p ower was a mere husk.

Srivijaya was also a religious cente r in the

region. It adhere d to Mahayana Buddhismand soon became the stopping point for

Chinese Buddhist pilgrims on their way to

India. The kings of Srivijay a eve n founded

monasteries at Negapatam in India.

Srivijaya co ntinued to grow; by the ye ar

100 0 it controlled most of Java but soon

lost it to Co?a, an Indian maritime and

comme rcial kingdom, which found

Srivijaya an obstacle on the sea routebetwe en South and East A sia. In 1 02 5 Co ?a

seized Palembang, captured the King, and

carried o ff his treasures and also attacked

other par ts of the kingdom. By the end of

the 12th century , Srivijaya had been

reduce d to a small kingdom and its

dominant role in Sumatra was taken by

Malayu (based in Jambi), a vassal of Java.

A Jav anese kingdo m, Majapahit , so on b egan to dominate t he I ndo nesian

political scene.

Central Javanese Kingdoms

Meanwhile, from about the 8th century, central Java had been ruled by the

Sailendra princes. Their small kingdom was argriculturally rich, and they

14 00s and thereafter

Holger Danske

became part of Danish

folklore with several

accounts in the Danish

Chronicle first

published around

1509.

The Danish national

writer Hans Christian

Andersen in 1845

wrote the fairytale

Holger Danske, where

he is described as

sitting fast asleep in

the casemates of the

Castle of Kronborg,

with his beard having

grown into the table in

front of him and his

sword in his lap,

prepared to wake up

to action in case of

Denmark being

threatened from

outside forces. T oday

his statue can be seen

in the casemates of

Kronborg as described

by Hans Christian
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8/19


A scene for th e Ram ayana,

a Hindu epic poem

wer e ab le to sp end lav ishly on the e rect ion of re ligio us monu ments. The v ast

sanctuary and burial edifice of Borobudur was built over some 50 years from

the end of the 8th century onwards. The Temple to Siva at Prambanan began

to be c onstructed at about the same time that Borobudur was completed,

although its builder were not the Sailendras. However , something seems to

have happened at about the start of the 1 0th century, for there was a sudden

cessation in the production of monuments, inscriptions and other artifacts

from central Java.

In 12 68, the Javanese s King Kertanagara came to the thro ne, and within a fewy ear s he ex tended his kingdom t o inc lude southern Sumatra's anc ient

kingdom of Malayu. He was over thrown and killed in 12 92, but not be fore he

stupidly se nt the env oy of Kublai Khan home with his nose c ut off and 'No'

tattoo on his forehead. By the time a punitive Mongol expedition arrived in

Java, the usurp er himself had been despatche d by Kertanagara's son-in-law

Kertarajasa, who used wile to repel the threat from overseas, then set up his

new capital at Majaphit. Kertarajasa and his successor s gradually established

.

During the German

occupation of

Denmark in 194 0-45

one of the principal

partisan organizations

was named after

Holger Danske.

in Ancient Denmark

A nice article full of

facts about the

Netherlands, but not

very usefull as a

realistic

representation of thehistory of this area.

Moreover, a

disproportionate

share of this article is

about the history of

the ancient Frisians

(who are different

from the modernFrisians) and the more

internationaly

political, military and

religious

developments and not

particulary about the
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9/19

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One of the dem on guards at

dominance ov er most of today 's Indonesia as well as parts of Malaysia.

The Hindu Kingdom of Mataram

The dynasty 's replace ment, the Hindu kingdom of Mataram began the era of

Hindu kingdoms. The mightiest Hindu kingdom in Indone sia's ancient history

was the Majapahit Empire. Under the reign of King Hay am Wuru k (133 1-1364

AD), the emp ire enjo y ed t rib utary re lationships with territo ries as far away

as Viet nam, Cambodia, and the Philippines. Mataram was an Indianized

kingdom based in Central Java bet ween the 8th and 10 th centuries A D and

was e stablished by king Sanjay a, he was a lso known as t he fo unde r o f Sanjay a

dynasty. The Sanjaya dynasty reign the kingdom, but then in later period the

kingdom was ruled by Isyana Dynasty. Although initially eclipsed in power

by the riv al Sailendra Dyna sty , by 850 it had b ec ome the d ominant po wer in

Java and was a serious rival to the hegemonic Srivijaya Empire.

The early account of

Mataram kingdom is

mentioned in Canggal

inscription, dated 73 2,

discovered in Canggal

v illage, So uthwest fro m

the town of Magelang. This

inscription was written in

Pallava letters and in

Sanskrit, and tell abo ut the

erec tion of a lingga

(symbo l of Shiva) on the

hill in the Kunjarakunja

area. This area is located

at a noble island called

Y awad wipa (Jav a) which

blessed with abunda nce of

is just a part of the

Netherlands, just like

Friesland). There is so

much more to tell

about the ancient

history of the

Netherlands! I hopeyou will find this

feedback usefull, and

if you need/like to

have any help, you can

contact me.

p.s.: Pier Gerlofs

Donia is not a national

hero of the Dutch, but

a regional hero to

some Frisians. Hes

also not someone who

could count as an

ancient hero, as he

was born in 1480

in Ancient Netherlands

hello, id just like to

add the fact that these

polynesians belong to

the austronesian race.

They share similar

cultures and languages

(Mada ascar Cham
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10/19

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the Plaosan Temple

Mataram

An 18 th c entury

lithograph showing Bugis

Warriors, from Mataram

rice and gold. This

inscription tells that

Y awad wipa was r eigned by

king Sanna, which his long per iod of reign was mar ked with wisdom and

v irtue. After king Sanna died the kingdom fell into disu nity . Confused because

lost of ruler and patron, Sanjaya ascend to thro ne, he was the son of Sannaha

(sister of Sanna). He was king that mastered holy scripture s, martial art, and

also military prowess. He conquered neighboring area around his kingdom,

his wise reign blessed his land with peace and prosperity for all his subjects.

King Sanna and Sanjaya also known in Carita Parahyangan, a book from later

period whic h mainly tell the histo ry of Pasundan (Sunda Kingdom). This book

mentioned that Sanna was defeated by Purbasora, king of Galuh, then he

retreate d to mount Merap i. Later Sanna's succe ssor Sanjaya rec laim Sanna's

kingdom and ruled West Jav a, East Java, and Bali. He also involv ed in battle

with Malay u and Keling (against the ir king Sang Sriv ijay a). I n main the me o f

Carita Parahyangan is co rrespo nds to Canggal inscription.

From the time of its founding until 928, the

kingdom was ruled by the Sanjaya Dynasty.

The first king of Mataram was Sanjaya, who

left inscriptions in stone. Although little is

known about the kingdom at this time due

to the do minance of the Sailendra. The

kingdom leaves several temples and

monuments. The monumental Hindu

temple of Prambanan in the vicinity ofY ogy akarta built dur ing Hindu Ma taram

era, is the fine example of ancient Mataram

art and architecture. The grand temple

complex was dedicated to Trimurti (Shiva,

Brahma, Vishnu), the three highest god in

Hindu pantheon. I t was the largest Hindu

temple ever built in Indonesia, the evidence of immense wealth and cultural

achievement of the kingdom.

from Vietnam,

Philippines, Malaysia,

Indonesia, etc)

i like most of the infos

though. Very

informative.

in Ancient New Zealand

nice article and posts!!

My only comment is,

why is the Philippines

in the Oceana

continent and not with

its southeast asian

neighbors?in Ancient Philippines

You used to have a

fantastic interactive

map of Mesoamerica.

Wheres it gone? The

site is not the same

without it.in Ancient Mexico

This is a fascinating

subject. Ive been

interested in Native

American civilization

for years. Ive read an
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11/19

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At cer tain p oint of the time , the c entre of the kingdo m was shifted from

Central Java to East Java by Mpu Sindok, who established the Isy ana

Dynasty. The exact cause of move of location still uncertain. However

probably have been caused by an eruption of the volcano Gunung Merapi or

a power st ruggle. The later king Dharmawangsa ordered t he translation of the

Mahabharata into Old Javanese in 996 . The kingdom collapsed at the end of

Dharmawangsa's reign under military pressure from Srivijaya. A irlangga, a

son of Uday ana of Bali and a relativ e of Dharmawangsa re-established thekingdom (including Bali) under the name of Kahuripan. In 1 045 Airlangga

abdicated his throne to resume the life of an ascetic, and divided the kingdom

betwe en his two so ns, Jangala and Kediri and fro m this point on the kingdom

is known as Kediri.

The Arrival of Islam

In the 1 1th c entury, traders brought Islam to the islands of the archipelago.

Just as the Indonesian had earlier adapted Buddhism to their own needs and

beliefs, so the y acce pte d Is lam v ery muc h on the ir o wn te rms. Gujarati and

Persian merchants who embraced Islam started to visit Indonesia in the 13th

century. Along with trade, they introduced Islam to the Indonesian Hindus,

particularly in the coastal areas of Java. Islam then spread further east to the

Bone and Goa Sultanates in Sulawesi, Ternate and Tidore in the northern part

of Maluku, and the east part of Lombok. Besides those areas, Islam also

exp anded to into Banjarmasin, Palembang, Minangkabau, Pasai, and Perlak.

Altho ugh Mu slim t raders first tr av ele d thro ugh So uth East A sia e arly in the

Islamic era, the earliest evidence of Islamized populations in Indonesia dates

to the 13th century in northern Sumatra. Although it is known that the spread

of Islam began in the west of the archipelago, the fragmentary evidence does

not suggest a rolling wave of conversion through adjacent areas; rather, it

suggests the process was complicated and slow. The spread of Islam was

driven by increasing trade links outside of the archipelago; in general, traders

account of one tribe of

people who came to

America about 600 BC

from the Israel area

and set up a

civilization under the

Law of Moses. Its

called the Book ofMormon and gives

some background into

the formation of the

Native American

tribes, ancient military

history on the

continent, and some of

the ruins found inMesoAmeria. Its quite

interesting.

in Ancient America

What a shame! You

used to have a

fantastic interactive

map of Mesoamerica.Wheres it gone? The

site is not the same

without it.

Sadly,

R. Nathan (Teacher at

La una Blanca School
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12/19df di b PRO i A d l ? T t th HTML t PDF API

and the royalty of major kingdoms were the first to adopt the new religion.

Other I ndonesian areas gradually adop ted Islam, making it the dominant

religion in Java and Sumatra by the end of the 16th century. For the most

part, Islam ov erlaid and mixed with ex isting cultural and religious influences,

whic h shaped the predominant for m of Isla m in I ndo nesia, part icular ly in

Java. Only Bali retained a Hindu majority. In the e astern archipe lago, both

Christian and Islamic missionaries were activ e in the 16t h and 17 th centuries,

and, currently, there are large communities of both religions on theseislands.

History of Bali

Bali has been inhabited for a long time. Sembiran, a village in nort hern Bali,

was b elie ved t o ha ve been home t o the p eo ple of the I ce Age, prov en b y the

discovery of stone axes and adzes. Further discoveries o f more sophisticated

stone too ls, agricultural technique s and basic pott ery at Cekik in Bali's far

west, point to the people o f the Neo lith ic e ra. At Cekik, there is ev idence of a

settlement together with burial sites of around a hundred people thought to

be from the Neo lithic t hro ugh to the Bronze A ge. The m assive dr ums of the

Bronze Age, together with their stone moulds have bee n discovered

throughout the Indonesian archipelago, including the most famous and

largest drum in Southeast A sia, the Moon of Pejeng, nearly two mete rs wide,

now housed in a temp le in east Ubud. In East Java and Bali, there has also

been a c onc entrat ion o f car ved s tone sarc ophagi, which we c an se e in the Bali

Museum in Denpasar and Purbakala Museum in Pejeng.

in Santa Barbara, CA)

in Ancient Mexico

OUR SPONSORS

You r support keeps the

An cie nt We b runnin g!
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The Ulundanu Water

Temple in Bali

Bali was busy with trade from as early as 200 BC. The prasasti, or metal

inscriptions, Bali's earliest written rec ords from the ninth century AD, show a

significant Buddhist and Hindu influence; esp ecially in the statues, bronzes

and rock-cut cav es around Mount Kawi and Gajah Cave. Balinese soc iety was

pretty sophisticated by about 900 AD. Their marriage portrait of the Balinese

King Udayana to East Java's Princess Mahendratta is capture d in a stone

carv ing in the Pura Korah Tegipan in the Batur area. Their son, Erlangga, born

around 991 AD, later succeeded to the throne of the Javanese kingdom and

brought Jav a and Bal i to gether unti l his d eat h in 1 04 9.

In 12 84, Bali was conquere d by Kertanegara, the r uler of the Singasari; until

the turn of the c entury , saw Bali under its own rule under the hands o f King

Bedaulu of Pejeng, east of Ubud. 1 343 AD, is an important date in Bali's

history. It was then that the whole island was conquered by East Java under

the mighty Hindu Majapahit kingdom. This resulted in massive changes in

Balinese society, including the introduction of the caste system.

B li h did t b th h
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The Hindu and Balinese

Goddess of Rice, Dewi Sri

Balinese who did not embrac e the changes

fled to the isolated and remote

mountainous areas and hill areas. Their

descendants are known today as Bali Aga

or Bali Mula that means t he "original

Balinese". They still live separate ly in

v illages l ike Tengana n near Dasa Temple

and Trunyan on the sho res of Batur Lake,

and maintain their ancient laws and

traditional way s. When Majapahit in East

Java fell in 1515, the many small Islamic

kingdoms in the island merged into the

Islamic Mataram empire , Majapahit's most

dedicated Hindu priests, craftsmen,

soldiers, nobles and artists fled east t o Bali,

and flooded the island with Javanese

culture and Hindu practices. Considering

the huge influence and power of Islam at

the time, it is worth ponder ing why and

how Bali still remained strongly Hindu and

Buddhist.

Batu Renggong, also known as Dewa

Agung, means gr eat god , be came king in

155 0, and this title became hereditary

through the succeeding generations of the

kingdom of Gelgel, and later Klungkung,until the twentieth century. Bali reached

the pinnacle of its Golden Era under the

reign of the Batu Renggong, the great god

ruler. Bali's dec line started when Batu

Renggong's grandson, Di Made Bekung, lost

Blambangan, Lombok and Sumbawa. DI Made Bekung's c hief minister, Gusti

Agung Ma rut i, eventually rebelled and reigned from 1 65 0 till 1 686, when he

in turn was killed by DI Made Bekung's son Dewa Agung Jambe who the n


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in turn was killed by DI Made Bekung s son, Dewa Agung Jambe , who the n

mov ed the co urt to Klungkung, and named his new palace the Semarapura,

Abo de o f the Go d of Lo ve.

The Temples of Prambanan

Prambanan is the largest Hindu temple c ompound in Central Java in

Indonesia, located approximately 1 8 km east of Yo gyakarta. And it is

characterised by its tall and pointed architecture, typical of Hindu temple

architecture, and by the 47 m high central building inside a large complex of

individual temples. Prambanan was built around 850 CE by either Rakai

Pikatan, king of the sec ond Mataram dy nasty, or Balitung Maha Sambu,

during the Sanjaya Dynasty . Not long after its construction, the t emple was

abandoned and began to deteriorate. Reconstruction of the compound began

in 1918.


16/19

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The Prambanan Temple

Complex, a m asterwork of

In don esian Arch itecture

The Prambanan temple complex consists of three zones. The outer zone is a

large space marked by a rectangular wall (destroy ed). The original function is

unknown; possibilities are that it was a sacred p ark, or prie sts' boarding

school (ashram). The supporting buildings for the temple complex were madefrom organic material; as a consequence no remains occur.

The middle zone co nsisted of four rows o f 224 individual small shrines and

these concentric rows of temples were made in identical design. These

shrines are c alled "Candi Perwara" or c omplementary temples, the additional

buildings of the m ain temp le. Some believed it was offer ed t o the king as a

sign of submission. The Perwara are arranged in four rows around the c entral

temples, some believed it has something to do with four castes, made

according to the rank of the people allowed to enter them; the row nearest to


17/19

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The Prambanan Temple

with it's central spires is

dedicated to Shiva

according to the rank of the people allowed to enter them; the row nearest to

the central compound was accessible to the priests only, the o ther three were

reserved for the nobles, the knights, and the simple people respectiv ely.

The central compound is the holiest among the three zones. Its the square

elevated platform surrounded by square stone wall with stone gates on each

four cardinal points. This holiest compound is assembled of eight main

shrines or candi. The three main shrines, called Trimurti ("three forms"), are

dedicated to the three gods: Brahma the Creator, Vishnu the Keeper, andShiva the Destroye r. The other thr ee shrine in front of three main temples is

dedicated to vahana of each gods.

The Shiva shrine at the center contains five chambers, four small chamber in

every cardinal direction and one bigger main chamber in central part of the

temple. The east chamber connect to ce ntral chamber that houses a three

meter high statue of Shiva Mahadeva. The statue o f Shiva stands on Y oni

pedestal that bears the carving of Naga serpents on north side of pedestal.


18/19


pedestal that bears the carving of Naga serpents on north side of pedestal.

The other thre e smaller chamber s contain statues of Hindu Gods related to

Shiva; his consort Durga, the rishi A gastya, and Ganesha, his son. Statue of

Agasty a oc cu py the south chamb er, the we st c hamber ho uses the st atue of

Ganesha, while the north c hamber co ntains the statue of Durga

Mahisasuramardini depicting Durga as the slayer of Bull demon. The shrine o f

Durga is also called the t emple of Lara Jonggrang (Javanese: slender virgin),

after a Javanese legend of princess Lara Jonggrang.

The two other main shrines are that of V ishnu on the north side of Shiva

shrine, and the one o f Brahma on the so uth. In front of each main temple is a

smaller temples on the east side, dedicated to the mounts (vahana)of the

respec tive go ds - the bull Nandi for Shiva, the gander A ngsa for Brahma, and

Vishnu's Eagle Garuda. Garud a ho lds im po rtant role for Ind one sia, whic h

serves as the national symbol of Indonesia till this day.

The bas-reliefs along the balustrades on the gallery ar ound Shiva and Brahma

temple depic t the Ramayana legend. They illustrate ho w Sita, the wife of

Rama, is abducted by Ravana. The monkey king Hanuman brings his army to

help Rama and rescue Sita. This story is also shown by the Ramayana Ballet,

regularly pe rformed at full moon at Trimurti open air theater in west side of

the illuminated Prambanan complex . On the balsutrades in V ishnu temple

there is series of bas-relief depict the story of lord Krishna.

The popular legend of Lara Jonggrang is what connec ts the site of the Ratu

Boko Palace, the o rigin of the Durga statue in northern ce ll/chamber o f the

main shrine, and the origin of the Sewu temple co mplex near by . The legend

tells of the story about Prince Bandung Bondowoso who fell in lov e withPrincess Lara Jonggrang, the daughter o f King Boko. But the pr incess rejec ted

his propo sal of marriage bec ause Bandung Bondowoso had killed King Boko

and ruled her kingdom. Bandung Bondowoso insisted on the union, and

finally Lara Jonggrang was force d to agree for a union in marriage, but she

posed one impo ssible condition: Bandung must build her a thousand temples

in only one night.

The Prince entered into meditation and co njured up a multitude of spirits

(demons) from the earth Helped by supernatural beings he succeeded in


19/19


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(demons) from the earth. Helped by supernatural beings, he succeeded in

building 999 te mples. When the princ e was about to co mplete the c ond itio n,

the princess woke her palace maids and ordered the women of the village to

begin pounding ric e and set a fire in the e ast of the te mple, atte mpt ing to

make the prince and the spirits believe that the sun was about to rise. As the

cocks began to crow, fooled by the light and the sounds of morning time, the

supernatural helpers fled back into the gro und. The prince was furious about

the trick and in revenge he cursed Lara Jonggrang to stone. She became the

last and the most beautiful of the thousand statues. Acc ording to the

traditions, the unfinished thousandth temple created by the demons become

the Sewu temple c ompounds nearb y (Sewu means "thousands" in Javanese),

and the Princess is the image o f Durga in the north c ell of the Shiva temp le at

Prambanan, which is still known as Lara Jonggrang or Slender Virgin.
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