ancient origins & basic concepts of world geography
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THE ANCIENT ORIGINSTHE ANCIENT ORIGINS & BASIC CONCEPTS & BASIC CONCEPTS
OF OF WORLD GEOGRAPHYWORLD GEOGRAPHY
DR. DUKUZUMURENYIDR. DUKUZUMURENYI
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II
WHAT DOES GEOGRAPHY MEAN?WHAT DOES GEOGRAPHY MEAN?
WHY STUDY WORLD GEOGRAPHY?WHY STUDY WORLD GEOGRAPHY?
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WHAT DOES GEOGRAPHY MEAN?GEOGRAPHIA
1. GEO- THE GREEK WORD FOR EARTH.
2. GRAPHIA- THE GREEK WORD FOR GRAPH.GRAPH- A NETWORK OF LINES CONNECTING POINTS. A GRID SYSTEM.
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WHAT IS A GRID SYSTEM?
A GRAPH WHICH ALLOWS THE LOCATION OF A POINT ON A MAP OR ON THE EARTH’S SURFACE TO BE DESCRIBED IN A WAY THAT IS MEANINGFUL AND UNIVERSALY UNDERSTOOD.
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GRID SYSTEM
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WHAT IS WORLD GEOGRAPHY?THE SCIENCE THAT STUDIES-
THE AREAL DIFFERENTIATION OF THE EARTH’S SURFACE. [AREAL DIFFERENTIATION- DIFFERENCES ON THE EARTH’S SURFACE.]
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TYPES OF DIFFERENCES ON THE EARTH’S SURFACE
1. CHARACTER: VARIOUS APPEARANCES. DIFFERENT PLACES LOOK DIFFERENT.
SAHARA DESERT
AMAZON RAIN FOREST
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TYPES OF DIFFERENCES ON THE EARTH’S SURFACE
2. ARRANGEMENT: PATTERN. DIFFERENT PLACES ARE ORGANIZED DIFFERENTLY.
MALI VILLAGENICARAGUAN VILLAGE
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TYPES OF DIFFERENCES ON THE EARTH’S SURFACE
3. INTERRELATIONS: CONNECTIONS. DIFFERENT PLACES HAVE DIFFERENT TYPES OF INTERACTION.
GHANA MARKET
FALLUJAH, IRAQ
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ELEMENTS OF WORLD GEOGRAPHY1. CLIMATE: WEATHER
CONDITIONS OF A REGION.2. ELEVATION: THE ALTITUDE
OR HEIGHT OF A PLACE.
MT. KILIMANJAROTORNADO
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ELEMENTS OF WORLD GEOGRAPHY
3. SOIL: DISINTEGRATED [BROKEN DOWN] ROCK AND HUMUS [ORGANIC MATERIAL-DEAD ANIMALS & PLANTS].
4. VEGETATION: PLANT LIFE.5. POPULATION: NUMBER OF
PEOPLE IN A PLACE.
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ELEMENTS OF WORLD GEOGRAPHY6. INTERNATIONAL
ORGANIZATIONS: PROTECT THE INTERESTS OF MEMBER NATIONS. EXAMPLES: UNITED NATIONS [UN]; AFRICAN UNION [AU]; ORGANIZATION OF PETROLEUM EXPORTING COUNTRIES [OPEC].
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ELEMENTS OF WORLD GEOGRAPHY7. POLITICAL ASSOCIATIONS:
NATIONS OF THE WORLD. EXAMPLE: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA; THE PEOPLES REPUBLIC OF CHINA; FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF NIGERIA; GREAT SOCIALIST PEOPLES LIBYAN ARAB JAMAHIRIYA.
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IIII
WHY STUDY WORLD GEOGRAPHY?WHY STUDY WORLD GEOGRAPHY?
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PREPARES YOU TO PARTICIPATE IN SOCIETY.
It allows you to obtain a range of learning experiences and skills which make you highly attractive to a wide range of future employers. The skills practiced in geography are used by many professionals: urban and regional planners, resource managers, attorneys, legislators, business and political leaders, architects, marketing consultants and engineers. It is an ideal stepping stone to a wide range of careers.
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IT IS A BROAD DIVERSE SUBJECT THAT ENCOMPASSES A WIDE
ARRAY OF KNOWLEDGE. Geography is a broad flexible subject,
which may be classified as an art, science or social science. Geography, as a discipline, is as diverse as the problems facing our planet. From saving a forest to planning a downtown development project, geographers are there.
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STUDYING GEOGRAPHY PROMOTES ENVIRONMENTAL LITERACY.
Education is the most effective means that society possesses for confronting the challenges of the future. In order to address the environmental challenges society is currently faced with, people are needed who can think broadly and understand the systems, connections, and patterns of the physical and cultural world. We desperately need people equipped with the analytical skills necessary to rebuild neighborhoods, towns, and communities.
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STUDYING GEOGRAPHY EXPANDS OUR KNOWLEDGE OF OUR PLANET. Studying Geography can take you to
distant lands and cultures. You can develop the skills that will help you recognize and make sense of the patterns, distributions, and interactions between living things and their environment. Geographers often study places by experiencing them first-hand. They use cutting edge technology to study the landscapes and patterns that define who we are and what we do.
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IIIIIITHE ANCIENT ORIGINS OF THE ANCIENT ORIGINS OF
WORLD GEOGRAPHYWORLD GEOGRAPHY
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ANCIENT ORIGINS
THE GREEKS WROTE THAT THE WORLD’S OLDEST RACE OF MEN DEVELOPED ALL OF THE SCIENCES, INCLUDING GEOGRAPHY. HERODOTUS
484 B.C. - 432 B.C.
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ANCIENT ORIGINS
THE DEVELOPERS OF GEOGRAPHY WERE THE BLACK MEN AND WOMEN OF CLASSICAL KEMET [EGYPT] & TA-SETI [NUBIA: THE SUDAN]
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ANCIENT ORIGINS
THE PRIESTS OF CLASSICAL KEMET USED GEOGRAPHY TO ALIGN THE GREAT PYRAMIDS WITH TRUE NORTH.
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ANCIENT ORIGINS
THE PRIESTS OF KEMET SHOWED THE GREEKS HOW TO MEASURE THE CIRCUMFERENCE OF THE EARTH, USING LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE.
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ANCIENT ORIGINSTHE GREEK LIBRARIAN
ERASTOSTHENES [275 BC - 193 BC] WAS THE FIRST GREEK TO LEARN OF THE AFRICAN METHOD FOR MEASURING THE EARTH’S CIRCUMFERENCE.
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ANCIENT ORIGINS
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EARTH CIRCUMFERENCE FORMULA
A/360 = D/CWHERE,
A = SHADOW ANGLE360 = DEGREES IN CIRCLED = DISTANCE FROM
EQUATOR.C = CIRCUMFERENCE
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ANCIENT ORIGINSPIRI REIS MAP - MADE IN
CONSTANTINOPLE IN 1513 BY ADMIRAL PIRI IBN HAJI MEHMED.
SHOWS ANTARTICA FREE OF ICE. EUROPEANS DID KNOW ABOUT ANTARTICA UNTIL 1818 AND THE INTERIOR OF ANTARTICA UNTIL 1958.
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ADMIRAL PIRI REIS MAPTHE MAP GIVES EXACT
INFORMATION ABOUT THE WESTERN COAST OF AFRICA, EASTERN COAST OF SOUTH AMERICA AND NORTHERN COAST OF ANTARTICA.
IT IS BASED ON MUCH OLDER MAPS.
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ADMIRAL PIRI REIS MAP
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IVBASIC CONCEPTS OF WORLD GEOGRAPHY
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1.FIVE THEMES OF WORLD
GEOGRAPHY
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LOCATION
RELATIVE LOCATIONABSOLUTE LOCATION
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PLACE
HUMAN CHARACTERISTICSPHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
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HUMAN ENVIRONMENTAL INTERACTIONS
HUMANS ADAPT TO THE ENVIORNMENT.
HUMANS MODIFY THE ENVIRONMENT.HUMANS DEPEND ON THE
ENVIRONMENT.
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MOVEMENT
PEOPLEGOODSIDEAS
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REGIONS
FORMAL REGION: ONE ESSENTIAL UNIFORMITY IN ONE OR A LIMITED NUMBER OF RELATED PHYSICAL OR CULTURAL FEATURES.
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REGIONS[CONTINUED]
FUNCTIONAL REGIONS: A SPATIAL SYSTEM, WHOSE PARTS ARE INTERCONNECTED. HAS A CORE AREA SURROUNDED BY TOTAL SUBORDINATE AREAS.
VERNACULAR [PERCEPTUAL]
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REGIONS[CONTINUED]
REALM: THE LARGEST LOGICAL REGIONS INTO WHICH GEOGRPAHERS DIVIDE THE WORLD. DEFINED IN TERMS OF A COMPOSITE OF ITS LEADING CULTURAL, ECONOMIC, HISTORICAL, POLITICAL AND APPROPRIATE ENVIRONMENTAL FEATURES.
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GEOGRAPHY REALMS
NORTH AFRICASOUTHWEST ASIASUB-SAHARAN AFRICASOUTHEAST ASIAPACIFIC REALMNORTH AMERICA
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GEOGRAPHY REALMS[CONTINUED]
CENTRAL AMERICASOUTH AMERICA EUROPERUSSIAEAST ASIASOUTH ASIAAUSTRAILIA
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2.GEOGRAPHIC PERSPECTIVES
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SPATIALWHERE THINGS ARE.THINGS EXIST IN SPACE. THINGS CREATE SPATIAL PATTERNS,
WHICH ARE PATTERNS IN THE SPACES INHABITED BY HUMANS, OR A SPATIAL SYSTEM.
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ECOLOGY
RELATIONSHIPS AMONG LIFE FORMS AND PHYSICAL ELEMENTS.
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HISTORICAL
WHEN AND WHY SOMETHING HAPPENED AT A PARTICULAR TIME.
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ECONOMIC
HOW SOCIETIES PRODUCE AND EXCHANGE RESOURCES TO MEET THE NEEDS OF ITS PEOPLE.
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CULTURAL
HOW A PARTICULAR ETHNIC GROUP/RACE VIEWS REALITY.
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3.BRANCHES OF WORLD
GEOGRAPHY
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PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHYTHE STUDY OF THE EARTH’S
ENVIRONMENT: PROPERTIES OF LAND, WATER, AIR, PLANTS AND ANIMALS, THEIR DISTRIBUTION AND INTERRELATIONS.
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CULTURAL GEOGRAPHY
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PEOPLE AND THEIR ENVIRONMENT. ANALYZES THE SPATIAL VARIATIONS OF MATERIAL TRAITS, SUCH AS HOUSE TYPES AND SPIRITUAL SYSTEMS.
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POLITICAL GEOGRAPHYPOLITICALLY ORGANIZED AREAS
[NATIONS OR STATES], THEIR RESOURCES AN EXTENT, AND THE REASONS FOR THE GEOGRAPHICAL FORMS WHICH THEY ASSUME.
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HUMAN GEOGRAPHYAKA ANTHROPOGEOGRAPHY.
ANTHROPO: MAN [ANTHROPOLOGY: THE STUDY OF MAN]
DEALS WITH MAN IN HIS GEOGRAPHIC ASPECTS, SUCH AS HIS LOCATION, REGION, ENVIRONMENTAL INTERACTION, MOVEMENT, SOCIETY.
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HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY
USES THE FIVE THEMES TO STUDY THE GEOGRAPHY OF THE PAST.
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URBAN GEOGRAPHYSTUDY OF THE PROBLEMS
ASSOCIATED WITH CITIES, AND TOWNS AND THE GROWTH ASSOCIATED WITH URBANIZATION, WHICH IS THE GROWTH OF CITIES AS A RESULT OF RURAL MIGRATIONS TO CITIES.
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CARTOGRAPHY
THE SCIENCE OF THE CONSTRUCTION (MAKING) OF MAPS USING MATHEMATICS, STATISTICS AND COMPUTERS.
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4.RELATED FIELDS OF STUDY
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GEOMETRYGEOMETRIA: LAND MEASURERDEALS WITH THE DEDUCTION OF THE
PROPERTIES, MEASURMENT AND RELATIONSHIP OF POINTS, LINES, ANGLES AND FIGURES IN SPACE FROM THEIR DEFINING CONDITIONALS BY MEANS OF CERTAIN ASSUMED PROPERTIES OF SPACE.
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GEODESYGEODAISIA: EARTH DIVISION.DEALS WITH MEASUREMENT OF
THE SHAPE OF AN AREA AND DISTANCES BETWEEN LARGE TRACTS OF LAND, THE EXACT POSITION OF GEOGRAPHICAL POINTS, AND THE CURVATURE, SHAPE AND DIMENSION OF THE EARTH.
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5.CONCEPTS
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SCALETELLS THE RELATIONSHIP
BETWEEN THE SIZE OF AN AREA ON A MAP AND THE ACTUAL SIZE OF THE MAPPED AREA ON THE EARTH’S SURFACE.
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SPATIAL INTERACTION
COLLABORATION BETWEEN PLACES OCCURING IN STRUCTURED AND COMPREHENSIBLE WAYS.
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SPATIAL INTERACTION[CONTINUED]
AFFECTED BY:DISTANCE: LINEAR DISTANCE PSYCHOLOGICAL DISTANCETIME DISTANCE.
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SPATIAL INTERACTION[CONTINUED]
DISTANCE DECAY: DECREASE IN INTERACTION AS DISTANCE INCREASES.
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SPATIAL INTERACTION[CONTINUED]
ACCESSIBILITY: HOW DIFFICULT OR EASY IS IT TO OVERCOME TIME OR SPACE SEPARATION.
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SPATIAL INTERACTION[CONTINUED]
CONNECTIVITY: ALL THE TANGIBLE AND INTANGIBLE WAYS PLACES ARE CONNECTED.
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SPATIAL DIFFUSION
THE PROCESS OF DISPERSION OF A THING OR IDEA.
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SPATIAL DISTRIBUTIONSTHE BASIS OF REGIONS. THEY ARE
THE TERRITORIAL OCCURRENCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL, HUMAN, OR ORGANIZATIONAL FEATURES SELECTED FOR STUDY.