Ancient RomeAncient Rome

From Republic to EmpireFrom Republic to Empire

The Geography of The Geography of RomeRome

The Geography of The Geography of RomeRome

GeographyGeography• The Sea:The Sea:

– Italy located in the middle of the Italy located in the middle of the Mediterranean SeaMediterranean Sea• Makes it a center for tradeMakes it a center for trade

• Rely more on land than sea however for Rely more on land than sea however for growth of civilization (unlike the Greeks)growth of civilization (unlike the Greeks)

• The Land:The Land:– Mountainous terrain, but also includes Mountainous terrain, but also includes

many navigable rivers and fertile many navigable rivers and fertile valleys.valleys.

– Soil adept to agricultureSoil adept to agriculture• Wheat and grapesWheat and grapes

Italy in 750 BCEItaly in 750 BCEItaly in 750 BCEItaly in 750 BCE

Influence of the Influence of the Etruscans and the Etruscans and the

GreeksGreeks

Influence of the Influence of the Etruscans and the Etruscans and the

GreeksGreeks WritingWriting ReligionReligion The ArchThe Arch

Roman Republic Video Roman Republic Video TopicsTopics

• During the video (part one and During the video (part one and two) take notes on the following two) take notes on the following topics: 15 totaltopics: 15 total– Romulus and Remus StoryRomulus and Remus Story– Geography of RomeGeography of Rome– Republic Structure of GovernmentRepublic Structure of Government– Roman Conquests/SoldiersRoman Conquests/Soldiers– Slaves/RevoltsSlaves/Revolts

The Mythical Founding The Mythical Founding of Rome:of Rome:

Romulus & RemusRomulus & Remus

The Mythical Founding The Mythical Founding of Rome:of Rome:

Romulus & RemusRomulus & Remus

Republican Republican GovernmentGovernmentRepublican Republican GovernmentGovernment• Republic: a form of government where citizens Republic: a form of government where citizens

have the right to vote for their officialshave the right to vote for their officials• Rome’s Republic: Rome’s Republic:

– At first dominated by the wealthy aristocratic class At first dominated by the wealthy aristocratic class called the Patricianscalled the Patricians

• Conflict of the Orders:Conflict of the Orders:– The lower class (98% of the population) called the The lower class (98% of the population) called the

Plebians fight for increased decision making power Plebians fight for increased decision making power in the government processin the government process

– Compromise:Compromise:• 2 elected officials from the Plebian class called Tribunes 2 elected officials from the Plebian class called Tribunes

serve as the head of the Assemblyserve as the head of the Assembly• Twelve Tables – a written code of law hung in the Forum Twelve Tables – a written code of law hung in the Forum

where all citizens could read and know the laws (creates where all citizens could read and know the laws (creates equality under the law)equality under the law)

The Roman ForumThe Roman ForumThe Roman ForumThe Roman Forum

Republican Republican GovernmentGovernmentRepublican Republican GovernmentGovernment• Branches of Rome’s Republic Government:Branches of Rome’s Republic Government:

– ConsulsConsuls : 2 elected leaders of Rome who served for one : 2 elected leaders of Rome who served for one year periods (in charge of overseeing the government year periods (in charge of overseeing the government and the army)and the army)

– SenateSenate: chosen from aristocratic class and seats often : chosen from aristocratic class and seats often passed down from father to son – in charge of law passed down from father to son – in charge of law makingmaking

– AssembliesAssemblies: drawn from the lower class with limited : drawn from the lower class with limited authority to propose laws or veto laws (led by Tribunes)authority to propose laws or veto laws (led by Tribunes)

– DictatorDictator: one man elected in times of crisis to command : one man elected in times of crisis to command thee Republic with sole authority (term limit of 6 months)thee Republic with sole authority (term limit of 6 months)

– Roman ArmyRoman Army: divided into legions and controlled by : divided into legions and controlled by Generals. Soldiers were volunteers and professionals but Generals. Soldiers were volunteers and professionals but must be land owners (i.e. citizens).must be land owners (i.e. citizens).

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yhnWyRvC1dUwww.youtube.com/watch?v=yhnWyRvC1dU

Describe how the Roman Republic used Describe how the Roman Republic used Checks and Balances?Checks and Balances?

The Twelve Tables, 450 The Twelve Tables, 450 BCEBCE

The Twelve Tables, 450 The Twelve Tables, 450 BCEBCE

Providing political and social rights for the plebeians.

Written on a series of tablets hung in the forum Significant because it allowed greater

equality under the law

Roman LawRoman Law

• The Twelve Tables were an early The Twelve Tables were an early example of the importance of written example of the importance of written law and set a precedent for further law and set a precedent for further equality guaranteed by law to all equality guaranteed by law to all citizens:citizens:– the right to receive equal treatment under the

law.– the right to be punished only for actions, not

thoughts.– the right to be considered innocent until proven

guilty.

Collapse of the Roman Collapse of the Roman RepublicRepublic

Collapse of the Roman Collapse of the Roman RepublicRepublic

• Economic:Economic: growing gap between rich and poor growing gap between rich and poor– Wealthy landowners increasingly used slaves which put small Wealthy landowners increasingly used slaves which put small

farmers and laborers out of workfarmers and laborers out of work

• Social Unrest:Social Unrest: growing unemployment led to social growing unemployment led to social unrestunrest– Poor farmers moved into overcrowded citiesPoor farmers moved into overcrowded cities

– Lack of jobsLack of jobs

– Shortage of grain suppliesShortage of grain supplies

– RiotsRiots

– Senators using violenceSenators using violence

• Military Upheaval:Military Upheaval: soldiers loyalty gradually changed soldiers loyalty gradually changed from the Roman state to their generalsfrom the Roman state to their generals

Collapse of the Republic Cont.Collapse of the Republic Cont.

– Julius Caesar: Rome’s most infamous Julius Caesar: Rome’s most infamous general general http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JO565zLOQSchttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JO565zLOQSc

• Became governor of Gaul (modern day France) after his Became governor of Gaul (modern day France) after his army conquered itarmy conquered it

• Republic government not able to maintain peace so Republic government not able to maintain peace so Caesar and 2 other generals form a Triumvirate of rulers Caesar and 2 other generals form a Triumvirate of rulers (3 rulers divide duties of governing Roman territories) (3 rulers divide duties of governing Roman territories) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z88_UTf23nchttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z88_UTf23nc

• Eventually Caesar marches his army into Rome and Eventually Caesar marches his army into Rome and defeats that other generals and proclaims himself Dictator defeats that other generals and proclaims himself Dictator for lifefor life

• Makes reforms, creates jobs, redistributes land to the Makes reforms, creates jobs, redistributes land to the poorpoor

• Senators assassinate him - grow weary of his ego and Senators assassinate him - grow weary of his ego and power trip and they conspire to himpower trip and they conspire to him

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z88_UTf23nchttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z88_UTf23nc

Beware the Ides of Beware the Ides of March!March!44 BCE44 BCE

Beware the Ides of Beware the Ides of March!March!44 BCE44 BCE

The Roman EmpireThe Roman EmpireThe Roman EmpireThe Roman Empire• Augustus: First Emperor of RomeAugustus: First Emperor of Rome

– Caesar’s death kicks off a 15 year long civil war Caesar’s death kicks off a 15 year long civil war with his adopted son and nephew Octavian as with his adopted son and nephew Octavian as the victorthe victor

– Essentially dismantles the Republic and creates Essentially dismantles the Republic and creates an Imperial governmentan Imperial government

• One ruler, the Emperor, has sole authorityOne ruler, the Emperor, has sole authority• Senate still exists however their power is sharply Senate still exists however their power is sharply

decreased.decreased.

– He creates the first Civil ServiceHe creates the first Civil Service• He hires people from the plebian class to work for the He hires people from the plebian class to work for the

government to help administer the Empiregovernment to help administer the Empire

– His policies set off a 200 year peace within the His policies set off a 200 year peace within the realm which historians call the realm which historians call the Pax Romana or Pax Romana or Roman PeaceRoman Peace

Augustus r. 27 BCE – 14 CEAugustus r. 27 BCE – 14 CE

The Roman WorldThe Roman WorldThe Roman WorldThe Roman World

• Values:Values:– Emphasized loyalty, disciplineEmphasized loyalty, discipline

– A practical people who valued strength more than beauty and A practical people who valued strength more than beauty and usefulnessusefulness

• SlavesSlaves– Important to the Roman economy, perhaps more so than in Important to the Roman economy, perhaps more so than in

any other civilization at the timeany other civilization at the time

– Most were war captives (men, women and children)Most were war captives (men, women and children)

– Some forced to be GladiatorsSome forced to be Gladiators

• Gods:Gods:– Polytheistic (belief in many gods)Polytheistic (belief in many gods)

– Public and private worshipPublic and private worship

– Took on Greek GodsTook on Greek Gods

The Roman WorldThe Roman World• Culture:Culture:

– Wealthy lived extravagantly while the poor barely Wealthy lived extravagantly while the poor barely survived relying on grain supplies from the survived relying on grain supplies from the governmentgovernment

– Games – gladiator fights, naval battles, chariot racesGames – gladiator fights, naval battles, chariot races• http://www.youtube.com/watch?http://www.youtube.com/watch?

v=xvRWUCfAPs0&feature=relmfuv=xvRWUCfAPs0&feature=relmfu• http://www.youtube.com/watch?http://www.youtube.com/watch?

v=dfSTZUEH95Q&feature=relatedv=dfSTZUEH95Q&feature=related• http://www.youtube.com/watch?http://www.youtube.com/watch?

v=CWCwnkdPPCc&feature=relatedv=CWCwnkdPPCc&feature=related• http://www.youtube.com/watch?http://www.youtube.com/watch?

v=s66zFW3nogU&feature=relmfuv=s66zFW3nogU&feature=relmfu

– Roman Baths/AqueductsRoman Baths/Aqueducts• http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/lostempires/roman/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/lostempires/roman/• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6snVyK6gQCEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6snVyK6gQCE

The Roman The Roman ColosseumColosseumThe Roman The Roman ColosseumColosseum

Octavian Augustus:Octavian Augustus:Rome’s First Rome’s First

EmperorEmperor

Octavian Augustus:Octavian Augustus:Rome’s First Rome’s First

EmperorEmperor

Pax RomanaPax Romana: : 27 BCE – 27 BCE – 180 CE180 CE

Pax RomanaPax Romana: : 27 BCE – 27 BCE – 180 CE180 CE

The Greatest Extent The Greatest Extent of the Roman Empire of the Roman Empire

– 14 CE– 14 CE

The Greatest Extent The Greatest Extent of the Roman Empire of the Roman Empire

– 14 CE– 14 CE

The Rise of The Rise of ChristianityChristianityThe Rise of The Rise of ChristianityChristianity

St. Paul: St. Paul: Apostle to the Apostle to the

GentilesGentiles

St. Paul: St. Paul: Apostle to the Apostle to the

GentilesGentiles

The Spread of The Spread of ChristianityChristianity

The Spread of The Spread of ChristianityChristianity

Imperial Roman Road Imperial Roman Road SystemSystem

Imperial Roman Road Imperial Roman Road SystemSystem

The Empire in Crisis: The Empire in Crisis: 3c3c

The Empire in Crisis: The Empire in Crisis: 3c3c

The Empire in Crisis: 3The Empire in Crisis: 3rdrd Century Century• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3PszVWZNWVAhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3PszVWZNWVA

• Rome’s Economy Weakens:Rome’s Economy Weakens:– Hostile tribes from Asia, Germany, France etc… Hostile tribes from Asia, Germany, France etc…

invade Roman territory disrupting tradeinvade Roman territory disrupting trade– Pirates on the Mediterranean disrupt tradePirates on the Mediterranean disrupt trade– Gov’t raised taxesGov’t raised taxes– Inflation – decrease in the value of money while Inflation – decrease in the value of money while

prices go upprices go up– Over worked soil led to food shortages and famineOver worked soil led to food shortages and famine

• Military and Political Turmoil:Military and Political Turmoil:– Rome could no longer supply enough of their own Rome could no longer supply enough of their own

soldiers and hired mercenaries (foreign soldiers soldiers and hired mercenaries (foreign soldiers who fought for money)who fought for money)

– Loss of patriotismLoss of patriotism

Emperor’s Attempt ReformEmperor’s Attempt Reform• Diocletian r. 284 CE – 305 CEDiocletian r. 284 CE – 305 CE

– Claimed to be descended from Roman Claimed to be descended from Roman GodsGods

– Severely limited personal freedoms and Severely limited personal freedoms and restored orderrestored order

– Doubled the size of the EmpireDoubled the size of the Empire– Controlled inflation by setting pricesControlled inflation by setting prices– Divided the Empire in 2 parts:Divided the Empire in 2 parts:

• East – Greek speakingEast – Greek speaking

• West – Latin speakingWest – Latin speaking

• Purpose was to better administer the large Purpose was to better administer the large EmpireEmpire

Diocletian Splits the Diocletian Splits the Empire in Two: Empire in Two: 294 294

CECE

Diocletian Splits the Diocletian Splits the Empire in Two: Empire in Two: 294 294

CECE

Constantine: 312 - Constantine: 312 - 337337

Constantine: 312 - Constantine: 312 - 337337

ConstantineConstantine

• Gained control of the western part in Gained control of the western part in 312 CE312 CE– Continued many of Diocletian’s reformsContinued many of Diocletian’s reforms

– Secured control of the east through military Secured control of the east through military campaigns thus reuniting the Empirecampaigns thus reuniting the Empire

– Moved the capital from Rome to Istanbul in the Moved the capital from Rome to Istanbul in the east and renamed it Constantinopleeast and renamed it Constantinople

• Strategically located for trade and defenseStrategically located for trade and defense

• Shifted power from west to eastShifted power from west to east

• After his death the empire was again After his death the empire was again divided and would never recoverdivided and would never recover

Constantinople: “The 2Constantinople: “The 2ndnd Rome” (Founded in 330)Rome” (Founded in 330)Constantinople: “The 2Constantinople: “The 2ndnd Rome” (Founded in 330)Rome” (Founded in 330)

The The WesternWestern Empire Crumbles Empire Crumbles• Germanic Invasion: 370 CE Mongol nomads, Huns Germanic Invasion: 370 CE Mongol nomads, Huns

invaded Germanic tribes on Rome’s Northern border.invaded Germanic tribes on Rome’s Northern border.– Causes Germanic tribes to flee their lands into Roman Causes Germanic tribes to flee their lands into Roman

territoryterritory

– Invaded Roman lands in Italy, Gaul, and SpainInvaded Roman lands in Italy, Gaul, and Spain

– Even attacked and ransacked the city of Rome itself in Even attacked and ransacked the city of Rome itself in 410 CE410 CE

• Attila the Hun: united the Huns into a powerful Attila the Hun: united the Huns into a powerful fighting forcefighting force– Took an army of 100,000 and terrorized both the east Took an army of 100,000 and terrorized both the east

and western parts of the Empireand western parts of the Empire• Protective walls around Constantinople were successful in Protective walls around Constantinople were successful in

keeping the Huns outkeeping the Huns out

• Attila’s army went after the city of Rome itself but were unable Attila’s army went after the city of Rome itself but were unable to control it due to disease, famine and then Attila’s own to control it due to disease, famine and then Attila’s own deathdeath

Barbarian Invasions: Barbarian Invasions: 4c-5c4c-5c

Barbarian Invasions: Barbarian Invasions: 4c-5c4c-5c

Attila the Hun:Attila the Hun:“The Scourge of “The Scourge of

God”God”

Attila the Hun:Attila the Hun:“The Scourge of “The Scourge of

God”God”

Survival of the Eastern EmpireSurvival of the Eastern Empire

• Eastern Empire Lives On:Eastern Empire Lives On:– Last Roman Emperor – 14 year old Last Roman Emperor – 14 year old

boy who fled from power due to boy who fled from power due to continued German attacks in 476 CEcontinued German attacks in 476 CE• Left the west in disarray and leaderlessLeft the west in disarray and leaderless

– Eastern Half Survives:Eastern Half Survives:• Came to be known as the Byzantine Came to be known as the Byzantine

EmpireEmpire– Was never taken by the Huns or the Germanic Was never taken by the Huns or the Germanic

tribestribes

– Emperors continue to rule, trade flourishes, Emperors continue to rule, trade flourishes, remains an important Mediterranean influence remains an important Mediterranean influence for another 1000 years.for another 1000 years.

Byzantium:Byzantium:The Eastern Roman The Eastern Roman

EmpireEmpire

Byzantium:Byzantium:The Eastern Roman The Eastern Roman

EmpireEmpire

The Legacy of The Legacy of RomeRome

The Legacy of The Legacy of RomeRome Republic GovernmentRepublic Government

Roman LawRoman Law Latin LanguageLatin Language Roman Catholic ChurchRoman Catholic Church City PlanningCity Planning Romanesque Architectural Romanesque Architectural

StyleStyle Roman EngineeringRoman Engineering

• AqueductsAqueducts• Sewage systemsSewage systems• DamsDams• CementCement• ArchArch

Rome’s Early Road Rome’s Early Road SystemSystem

Rome’s Early Road Rome’s Early Road SystemSystem

Roman Roads: Roman Roads: The The Appian WayAppian WayRoman Roads: Roman Roads:

The The Appian WayAppian Way

Roman AqueductsRoman AqueductsRoman AqueductsRoman Aqueducts

The Colosseum The Colosseum InteriorInterior

The Colosseum The Colosseum InteriorInterior

Circus MaximusCircus MaximusCircus MaximusCircus Maximus

The Byzantine EmpireThe Byzantine EmpireDuring the Reign of During the Reign of

JustinianJustinian

The Byzantine EmpireThe Byzantine EmpireDuring the Reign of During the Reign of

JustinianJustinian

The Byzantine The Byzantine Emperor JustinianEmperor Justinian

The Byzantine The Byzantine Emperor JustinianEmperor Justinian